Where is the metallurgical plant located? The largest metallurgical plant in the post-Soviet space

The metallurgical complex is a set of industries producing various metals. This complex consumes up to 25% of coal and energy, and accounts for up to 30% of freight traffic.

The complex includes black and color metallurgy.

90% of all metals used in modern production are ferrous metals, i.e. iron and alloys obtained on its basis. However, the number of non-ferrous metals is much larger (there are more than 70), they have very valuable properties. Therefore, non-ferrous metallurgy is of great importance for industries that ensure the development of scientific and technological progress in the national economy.

Peculiarities.

The metallurgical complex of Russia is characterized by a number of features that influence its geography:

1. Metallurgy covers the entire process of metal production: mining and preparation of ores, fuels, metal production, production of auxiliary materials. Therefore, in metallurgical production it is widely developed combination. In ferrous metallurgy, combination based on the sequential processing of raw materials (ore - cast iron - steel - rolled products) predominates, in non-ferrous metallurgy - based on its complex use: for example, several metals are obtained from polymetallic ores. The plants produce all the pig iron, the bulk of the steel and non-ferrous metals.

2. In metallurgy high level of concentration and monopolization of production. The 200 largest enterprises (5% of their total number) produce 52% of ferrous metallurgy products and 49% of non-ferrous metallurgy.

3. Metallurgy – labor intensive industry(a large number of builders, workers + city near the plant of 100,000 people).

4. Characteristic of metallurgy high material consumption. A modern metallurgical plant receives the same amount of cargo as Moscow.

5. High creation costs and maintenance of the plant, with its slow payback.

6. Metallurgy – largest polluterenvironment. 14% of industrial emissions into the atmosphere come from ferrous metallurgy and 21% from non-ferrous metallurgy. In addition, the metallurgical complex produces up to 30% of pollution Wastewater.

Placement factors.

features of the raw materials used;

type of energy used to produce metal;

geography of raw materials and energy sources;

transport routes;

the need to protect the environment;

enterprises associated with the final stage of metallurgy - metal processing, are most often located in areas where finished products are consumed.

Geography of the metallurgical complex.

Ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry that produces various ferrous metals. She covers the prey iron ore and production of ferrous metals – cast iron – steel – rolled products. Cast iron and steel are used in mechanical engineering, rolled steel in construction (beams, roofing iron, pipes) and transport (rails). The military-industrial complex is a major consumer of rolled steel. Russia fully meets its needs for ferrous metallurgy products and exports them.

Steel consumption per unit of production in mechanical engineering in Russia exceeds this figure in other countries. developed countries. With economical use of metal, Russia could increase the size of its exports.

Cast iron is smelted in blast furnaces - huge and expensive structures made of refractory bricks. The raw materials for the production of cast iron are manganese, iron ore, refractories (limestone). Coke and natural gas are used as fuel. 95% of coke is produced by metallurgical plants.

Steel is smelted in open hearth furnaces, converters and electric furnaces. The raw materials for steel production are cast iron and scrap metal. The quality of steel increases with the addition of non-ferrous metals (tungsten, molybdenum). Rolled steel is produced on rolling machines.

The structure of the ferrous metallurgy stimulated the development of intra- and inter-industry plants. Combination is the unification at one enterprise (plant) of several technologically and economically related industries of various industries (see Fig. 45, Dronov, p. 134). Most metallurgical plants in Russia are plants that include three stages of metal production: cast iron - steel - rolled products (+ coke plant, + thermal power plant or nuclear power plant, + production of building materials, + hardware plant).

For every ton of cast iron, 4 tons of iron ore, 1.5 tons of coke, 1 ton of limestone, and a large amount of gas are consumed, i.e., ferrous metallurgy is a material-intensive production that is associated with raw materials or fuel sources (coke). Placement factors:

Therefore, full-cycle enterprises are located: at iron ore or coke; at sources of raw materials and coke; between coke and raw materials (Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant). After the collapse of the USSR, 60% of ferrous metallurgy remained in Russia (the majority remained in Ukraine). 50% of rolled products and 60% of steel are produced using outdated equipment.

The country's prospects are connected with technical re-equipment and the latest technologies. We are talking about modernizing existing enterprises. It is planned to replace open-hearth steel production with new production methods - oxygen-converter and electric steelmaking at factories in the Urals and Kuzbass. Steel production using the converter method is increasing up to 50%.

This industry includes the following types of enterprises:

Full cycle metallurgical plants (Combines) producing cast iron - steel - rolled products (3/4 of all cast iron and 2/3 of all steel).

Steel smelting and steel rolling plants , and metallurgy enterprises – steel – rolled products. Such enterprises smelt steel from cast iron or scrap metal and are located in large mechanical engineering centers.

Domain enterprises (production of cast iron only). There are few of them. These are mainly factories in the Urals.

Non-furnace metallurgy enterprises , where iron is produced in electric furnaces by direct reduction from iron ore pellets.

Small metallurgy enterprises with the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants.

Pipe factories .

Ferroalloy production – iron alloys with alloying metals (manganese, chromium, tungsten, silicon).

Due to high electricity costs - 9000 kW/h per 1 ton of products, ferrous metallurgy enterprises gravitate towards cheap sources of electricity, combined with the resources of alloying metals, without which the development of high-quality metallurgy is impossible (Chelyabinsk, Serov - Ural).

In 1913, Russia ranked 5th in the world (USA, Germany, England, France) in iron ore mining and metal production. 1980 – 1990 – one of the first places in the world in iron ore mining and first in steel and cast iron smelting. Now Russia has been pushed aside by Japan and the USA.

Russia is fully provided with raw materials for ferrous metallurgy, except for manganese ores, which are imported from Ukraine and Georgia, as well as chrome ores, which are imported from Kazakhstan. Russia has 40% of the world's iron ore reserves. 80% of iron ore is mined open method. Russia exports 20% of its ore.

Geography of iron ore deposits:

In the European part, KMA is rich in iron ore. It contains ores rich in content (iron is up to 60%), which do not require beneficiation.

In the Urals - the Kachkanar group of deposits. There are large reserves of iron ore, but it is poor in iron (17%), although it can be easily enriched.

Eastern Siberia - Angara-Ilimsky basin (near Irkutsk), Abakan region.

Western Siberia– Mountain Shoria (south of Kemerovo region).

Northern region – Kola Peninsula – Kovdorskoye and Olenegorskoye deposits; Karelia - Kostomuksha.

There are ores in the Far East.

Geography of manganese deposits:

Western Siberia - Usinsk (Kemerovo region).

Historically, ferrous metallurgy originated in the central part of the country. Starting from the 18th century, ferrous metallurgy production appeared in the Urals. The development of capitalism in Russia and the successful combination of iron ore with coal and manganese, as well as the favorable territorial and geographical position in relation to the main areas of metal consumption, brought the south to the fore (Donbass and the Dnieper region of Ukraine).

Metallurgical enterprises They are not distributed evenly on the territory of Russia, but are concentrated in certain areas. A group of metallurgical enterprises that uses common ore or fuel resources and provides the main needs of the country is called metallurgical base . Within Russia there are three metallurgical bases: Central, Ural and Siberian.

Ferrous metallurgy bases:

Ural – produces 43% of steel and 42% of rolled products. Used imported coke from Kuzbass and Karaganda. Iron ore 1/3 uses its own - the Kachkanar group of deposits (north of the Sverdlovsk region), and 2/3 - imported (Sokolovsko-Sarbayskoye deposit in the Kustanai region, as well as KMA ore). Manganese - from the Polunochnoe deposit (north of the Sverdlovsk region). Western slopes of the Urals – pigment metallurgy. The eastern slopes are plants created in Soviet times.

Combines– Nizhny Tagil (Sverdlovsk region), Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk (Chelyabinsk region), the city of Novotroitsk (Orsko-Khamilovsky plant). They use their own alloying metals and produce the bulk of the metal.

Particle metallurgy– Yekaterinburg (Verkhne-Isetsky plant), Zlatoust (Chelyabinsk region), Chusovoy (Perm region), Izhevsk. Scrap metal is used.

Pipe factories– Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk (Sverdlovsk region).

Ferroalloys– Chelyabinsk, Chusovoy (Perm region).

Central base is actively developing and today is almost equal to the Ural one. It produces 42% of steel and 44% of rolled products. The bulk of the products are produced in the Central Black Earth and Northern economic regions.

Coke- imported from the eastern wing of Donbass, the Pechora basin, Kuzbass. Iron ore– from KMA, manganese – from Nikopol (Ukraine). Scrap metal is used.

Full cycle– Cherepovets plant, located between the iron ore of Karelia (Kostomuksha) and the Kola Peninsula (Olenegorsky, Kovdorsky) and the coke of the Pechora basin. Novolipetsk and Novotulsky plants use KMA ore. Within the KMA, the production of metallized pellets arose together with Germany. Based on them, a domainless electrometallurgy(Stary Oskol - Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant).

There are many enterprises within the central base pigment metallurgy(Moscow Elektrostal, etc.).

Siberian base produces 13% steel and 16% rolled products.

Combines– Novokuznetsk (Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant), 20 km from Novokuznetsk (West Siberian Metallurgical Plant). Both enterprises use Kuzbass coke; iron ore from Mountainous Shoria, Khakassia and the Angara-Ilim basin; manganese from the Usinsk deposit.

Particle metallurgy– Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky (Chita region), Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Ferroalloys– Novokuznetsk.

Currently time is running formation of the Far Eastern metallurgical base. There is a conversion plant in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 2 pages.

1.Structure of the metallurgical complex………………………….4 pages.

1.1.The main metallurgical bases of Russia………………………4pp.

1.2. Ferrous metallurgy……………………………………………. 6 pages

1.3.Non-ferrous metallurgy…………………………………………………………….9 p.

2. Current situation of the metallurgical complex…………p. 14.

2.1. Problems and prospects for the development of the metallurgical complex………………………………………………………………14p.

2.2. Russia's share in world metallurgy…………………………..14pp.

2.3. Environmental problems of the metallurgical complex.....17p.

Conclusion……………………………………………………..19p.

References…………………………………………………….20pp.

Introduction.

Metallurgical complex is a set of industries covering all stages of technological processes: from the extraction and enrichment of raw materials to the production of products in the form of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. It includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. 90% of all metals used in modern production are ferrous metals, i.e. iron and alloys obtained on its basis. However, the total number of non-ferrous metals is much larger (there are more than 70 types), they have more valuable properties. Non-ferrous metallurgy is of great importance for industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technical process in the national economy.

The metallurgical complex is an interdependent combination of the following technological processes:

— extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing (extraction, enrichment, agglomeration, obtaining the necessary concentrates, etc.);

- metallurgical limit - the main technological process for the production of cast iron, steel, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, pipes, etc.;

— production of alloys;

— recycling of primary production waste and obtaining secondary products from them.

Depending on the combination of these technological processes, the following types of production in the metallurgical complex are distinguished:

1) full-cycle production, which are represented, as a rule, by plants in which all the mentioned stages of the technological process operate simultaneously;

2) incomplete cycle production is an enterprise in which not all stages of the technological process are carried out, for example, in ferrous metallurgy only steel or rolled products are produced, but there is no production of cast iron, or only rolled products are produced. The incomplete cycle also includes electrothermy of ferroalloys, electrometallurgy, etc.

Incomplete cycle enterprises, or “small metallurgy”, are called marginal enterprises, are presented in the form of separate divisions for the production of foundry iron, steel or rolled products as part of the country’s large machine-building enterprises.

The location of metallurgical plants is greatly influenced by:

— features of the use of raw materials (ore);

— the type of energy used to produce metal;

— geography of raw materials and energy sources;

— provision of the territory with transport routes.

There are some differences in the location of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Non-ferrous metal ores have a low metal content, so non-ferrous metallurgy, especially the production of heavy metals, focuses mainly on raw materials. To obtain light metals, a lot of electricity and water are required. Therefore, enterprises that smelt them are, as a rule, concentrated near large hydroelectric power stations.

In the territorial structure National economy In Russia, the metallurgical complex has regional and complex-forming significance. Modern metallurgical enterprises, by the nature of internal technological connections, are metallurgical and energy chemical plants.

In addition to the main production, metallurgical enterprises are creating production based on recycling various kinds secondary resources, raw materials and supplies (sulfuric acid production, heavy organic synthesis for the production of benzene, ammonia and other chemical products, production building materials– cement, block products, as well as phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.).

1.Structure of the metallurgical complex.

1.1. Metallurgical bases of Russia.

One of the features of the location of metallurgical enterprises is unevenness, as a result of which metallurgical complexes are distributed in “clumps”.

The Ural metallurgical base is the largest in Russia and is second in terms of ferrous metal production volumes only to the Southern metallurgical base of Ukraine within the CIS. On a Russian scale, it also ranks first in the production of non-ferrous metals. The share of Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of cast iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals from the volumes produced on a large scale former USSR. It is the oldest in Russia. The Urals use imported Kuznetsk coal. Our own iron ore base is depleted, so a significant part of the raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan, the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly and Karelia. The development of its own iron ore base was associated with the development of the Kachkanar titanomagnetite deposit (Sverdlovsk region) and the Baikal siderite deposit (Chelyabinsk region), which account for more than half of the region’s iron ore reserves. The largest enterprises producing them are the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Baikal Mining Administration. Formed in the Urals largest centers ferrous metallurgy: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc.

The Urals is one of the main production regions steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines, the largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk, Kamensk - Uralsk.

The Central Metallurgical Base is an area of ​​intensive development of cheap iron ore mining. The development of ferrous metallurgy is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the KMA, as well as metallurgical scrap and imported coal - Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk.

The central metallurgical base includes large enterprises of the full metallurgical cycle: the Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works and the Novotulsky Plant, the Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant (Lipetsk), Elektrostal near Moscow.

The zone of influence and territorial connections of the Center also includes the metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia, which accounts for more than 5% of the iron ore reserves of the Russian Federation and over 21% of iron ore production. Quite large enterprises operate here: the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, the Olenegorsk and Kovdor Mining and Processing Plants, etc.

The metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. Siberia and the Far East account for approximately a fifth of the cast iron and finished products produced in Russia and 15% of steel. The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia, the Angaro-Ilimsk iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Modern production is represented by two large enterprises: the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant and the West Siberian Plant.

The country's iron ore base is presented the following enterprises. In the north-west of the country: OJSC Olenegorsk GOK, OJSC Kovodvorsky GOK and OJSC Karelsky Okatysh. They fully meet the needs of Severstal OJSC for iron ore raw materials.

.

The Siberian base is the youngest of the country's bases and is in the process of formation. Prospects for its development are associated with the construction of metallurgical plants in Eastern Siberia(Taishet) and in the Far East.

A new metallurgical base began to form in the Northern region, namely in the city of Cherepovets, where one of the largest metallurgical plants in the country is located. The Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant uses iron ore from the Kola Peninsula (Kovdorsky and Olenegorsky GOK) and Karelia (Kostomuksha GOK), coking coal from the Pechora basin. There is a conversion plant in St. Petersburg.

1.2. Ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the most important industries economic complex Russia, serves as the foundation for the development of many industries and, first of all, mechanical engineering.

In terms of production of ferrous metals (annual steel production is approximately 50 million tons, or 7% of global production), Russia ranks 4th in the world - after China (107 million tons), Japan (105 million tons) ) and the USA (about 100 million tons) and 1st in their exports (about 25 million tons, or more than 10% of world exports).

The ferrous metallurgy of Russia is distinguished by the complexity of its composition, high level concentration and combination of production. The overwhelming majority (about 9/10) of cast iron, steel and rolled products here are produced by large enterprises with a full technological cycle - metallurgical plants.

The country's metallurgical complex also includes plants that produce only cast iron and steel or separately cast iron, steel and rolled products (that is, pig metallurgy enterprises). Special group form small metallurgy enterprises), steel and rolled products production at machine-building plants) and enterprises with electrometallurgical production of steel and ferroalloys.

The location of full cycle enterprises (cast iron - steel - rolled products), conversion, small metallurgy and electrometallurgy is determined by the action of various factors.

For the placement of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises decisive role have a raw material and fuel-energy factor, i.e. the provision of raw materials (iron ore) and fuel (coal, coke). Great importance It also has water resources (up to 30 cubic meters of circulating water are required to smelt 1 ton of pig iron).

In Russia in 1997, 71 million tons of iron ore were mined and about 28 million tons of coke were produced.

The Central Chernozem region is the leader in the production of iron ore (concentrating more than 30% of the total volume of its production in the country), where the KM A with its deposits and mining and processing plants of world importance is located. Next comes the Urals, Northern region, Eastern and Western Siberia. In coke production, the first is the West Siberian region (Kuznetsk basin), then the European North (Pechora basin) and the Far East (South Yakutsk basin).

In all these areas of iron ore and coking coal mining, powerful (the largest in the country) metallurgical plants arose - Novolipetsk (in the Central Black Earth region), Cherepovets (in the North), Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk and Orsko-Khalilovsky ( in the Urals), West Siberian and Kuznetsk (in Western Siberia).

Conversion metallurgy enterprises are mainly focused on regions and centers of developed mechanical engineering, which have large sources of secondary raw materials and at the same time are places of consumption of finished products (steel, rolled products). They were created in the North Caucasus (Krasny Sulen, Taganrog), in the Volga region (Volgograd, Naberezhnye Chelny, Togliatti, etc.), Volgo-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Central (Moscow, Elektrostal), Northwestern -padny (St. Petersburg), Ural (Ekaterinburg, Izhevsk, etc.), West Siberian (Novosibirsk), East Siberian (Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, etc.) and Far Eastern (Komsomolsk - on - Amur ) areas, i.e. in almost all economic regions of the country. Small (shop) metallurgy is located directly at large machine-building plants.

Electrometallurgy of ferroalloys, due to high electricity costs (up to 9 thousand kWh per 1 ton of metal), has developed in areas where the production of cheap electricity is combined with the resources of alloying metals. (Chelyabinsk in the Urals, etc.). The totality of ferrous metallurgy enterprises (of all types), located in one or neighboring regions, together with their raw material and fuel base form the regions (bases) of ferrous metallurgy.

Siberian base (West Siberian, East Siberian and Far Eastern region) . The raw material base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia, Angara-Ilimsky, Angara-Pitsky and Aldan basins. Fuel base - Kuzbass and South Yakutsk basin. There are large mining and processing plants - Korshunovsky and Rudnogorsk in the Irkutsk region. Metal production is represented by the Kuznetsk and West Siberian metallurgical plants (both are located in Novokuznetsk), processing plants (Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), ferroalloy plants (Novokuznetsk).

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Metallurgical enterprises of Russia

A list of metallurgical plants operating in Russia has been expanded. Contact information allows you to clarify the location of the organization, as well as find out the phone number and go to the official website of the plant of interest.

Metallurgical plants can be divided into two areas based on their products: ferrous metallurgy and non-ferrous metallurgy. Products manufactured by enterprises are produced in a number of industries:
1. Extraction of nonmetallic raw materials (for example, refractory clays).
2. Production of various pipes (production of steel and cast iron pipes).
3. Creation of ferrous metals (steel, rolled products, cast iron, ferrous metal powders and much more).
4. Creation of coke and coke oven gas, etc.
5. Metal reprocessing. For example, cutting scrap and ferrous metal waste.

Products of metallurgical enterprises are supplied to machine-building and construction organizations, and also exported abroad. When performing all work, all standards and state standards are observed to ensure the quality of the final product.

List of operating organizations

Asha Metallurgical Plant (Asha city)

Abinsk Electrometallurgical Plant (Abinsk)

Alapaevsk Metallurgical Plant (Alapaevsk)

Barnaul chain plant (Barnaul)

Verkhnesaldinsky Metallurgical Plant (Verkhnyaya Salda)

Volgograd Metallurgical Plant (city.

Metallurgy of Russia

Volgograd)

Verkh-Isetsky Metallurgical Plant (Ekaterinburg)

Vyartsilya Metallurgical Plant (Vyartsilya)

Verkhnesinyachikha metallurgical plant (Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha city)

Vyksa Metallurgical Plant (Vyksa city)

Vishnegorsk Metallurgical Plant (Vishnegorsk)

Guryev Metallurgical Plant (Gurievsk)

Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant (Zlatoust city)

Izhevsk plant of forging and pressing equipment (Izhevsk)

Izhevsk Metallurgical Plant (Izhevsk)

Kamensk-Uralsky Metallurgical Plant (Kamensk-Uralsky city)

Kulebaki Metallurgical Plant (Kulebaki city)

Kosogorsk Metallurgical Plant (Tula)

Kaluga Non-Ferrous Metals Processing Plant (Kaluga)

Krasnoyarsk Metallurgical Plant (Krasnoyarsk)

Lysva Metallurgical Plant (Lysva)

Moscow Metallurgical Plant (Moscow)

Metallurgical Plant named after A.K. Serov (city of Serov)

Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (Magnitogorsk)

Nizhny Novgorod Metallurgical Plant (Nizhny Novgorod)

Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant (Norilsk)

Novgorod Metallurgical Plant (Veliky Novgorod)

Nizhneserginsky hardware and metallurgical plant (Revda)

Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant (Nizhny Tagil)

Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (Novokuznetsk)

Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (Lipetsk)

Nytva Metallurgical Plant (Nytva city)

Novosibirsk Metallurgical Plant named after. Kuzmina (Novosibirsk)

Oskol Metallurgical Engineering Plant (Stary Oskol)

Omutninsky Metallurgical Plant (Omutninsk city)

Podolsk Chemical and Metallurgical Plant (Podolsk)

Revda Non-Ferrous Metals Processing Plant (Revda)

Salda Metallurgical Plant (Nizhnyaya Salda)

Sredneuralsk Metallurgical Plant (city of Sredneuralsk)

Samara Metallurgical Plant (Samara)

Sverdlovsk Metallurgical Plant (Ekaterinburg)

Stupino Metallurgical Plant (Stupino)

Staroutkinsk Metallurgical Plant (Staroutkinsk)

Sulinsky Metallurgical Plant (Krasny Sulin)

Taganrog Metallurgical Plant (Taganrog)

Ufaleysky Metallurgical Engineering Plant (Verkhny Ufaley)

Ural Metallurgical Plant (Ekaterinburg)

Chusovoy Metallurgical Plant (Chusovoy)

Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant (Chelyabinsk)

Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant (Cherepovets)

Shchelkovo Metallurgical Plant (Shchelkovo)

Overview of the Russian metallurgical industry

Ferrous metallurgy

Ferrous metallurgy includes sub-sectors:

1. Extraction of non-metallic raw materials for ferrous metallurgy: refractory clays, flux raw materials, etc.
2. Production of ferrous metals, including steel, cast iron, rolled metal, ferrous metal powders, blast furnace ferroalloys.
3. Pipe production: production of steel and cast iron pipes.
4. Coke and chemical production: production of coke, coke oven gas, etc.
5. Secondary processing of ferrous metals: cutting of scrap and waste of ferrous metals.

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises can have a full cycle (production of cast iron, steel and rolled products), belong to pigment metallurgy (only steel and rolled products, without the production of cast iron) or small metallurgy (machine-building plants producing steel and rolled products).

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located close to sources of raw materials. Metallurgical plants producing iron and steel are located near iron ore deposits and forests (since charcoal is needed to reduce iron).

Metallurgical complex of Russia - main centers of metallurgy and problems

When constructing metallurgical enterprises, the availability of electricity, natural gas and water is also taken into account.

Ural metallurgical base

Sources of ore: Kachkanar deposits, Kursk magnetic anomaly, Kustanai deposits (Kazakhstan).

Largest enterprises full cycle: Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (the largest in Russia), Chelyabinsk Iron and Steel Works (Mechel OJSC), Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works (EVRAZ), Ural Steel Works (Novotroitsk, Metalloinvest holding), Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works (Mechel OJSC), Ashinsky Metallurgical Plant, A.K. Serov Metallurgical Plant (Serov; UMMC holding), Chusovsky Metallurgical Plant (United Metallurgical Company holding).

The largest processing metallurgy enterprises: Viz-Stal LLC (Ekaterinburg, former Verkh-Isetsky Metallurgical Plant), IzhStal (Izhevsk, Mechel OJSC), Chelyabinsk Pipe Rolling Plant (ChTPZ holding), Chelyabinsk Ferroalloy Plant plant (the largest in Russia for the production of ferroalloys), Serov Ferroalloy Plant, Pervouralsk New Pipe Plant (ChTPZ holding), Ural Pipe Plant (Pervouralsk), Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant, Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant.

Central metallurgical base

Ore sources: Kursk magnetic anomaly, deposits of the Kola Peninsula.

The largest full-cycle enterprises: Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant (OJSC Severstal), Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, Kosogorsky Metallurgical Plant (Tula), Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant (Stary Oskol).

The largest processing metallurgy enterprises: Cherepovets Steel-Rolling Plant (JSC Severstal), Oryol Steel-Rolling Plant, Electrostal Metallurgical Plant (Elektrostal), Hammer and Sickle Metallurgical Plant (Moscow), Izhora Pipe Plant (St. -Petersburg, JSC Severstal), Vyksa Metallurgical Plant (Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod Region, JSC OMK).

Siberian metallurgical base

Sources of ore: deposits of Gornaya Shoria, Abakan deposits, Angaro-Ilim deposits.

The largest full-cycle enterprises: Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (EVRAZ), West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (Novokuznetsk, EVRAZ), Novokuznetsk Ferroalloy Plant.

The largest metallurgical enterprises: Novosibirsk Metallurgical Plant named after Kuzmin, Sibelektrostal Metallurgical Plant (Krasnoyarsk), Guryevsky Metallurgical Plant (ITF Group holding), Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky Metallurgical Plant.

Non-ferrous metallurgy

Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the following processes:

• Extraction and enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores.
• Smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys: heavy (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, tin) and light (aluminum, magnesium, titanium).

Enterprises for the production of heavy non-ferrous metals are located near sources of ore, since they do not require a large amount of energy. Enterprises producing light non-ferrous metals are located near sources of cheap energy.

Copper

The largest enterprises: Buribaevsky GOK, Gaisky GOK (UMMC holding), Karabashmed, Krasnouralsk copper smelting plant, Kirovgrad copper smelting plant, Mednogorsk copper and sulfur plant (UMMC holding), Ormet (Gazprom), Polymetal production (UMMC holding "), Safyanovskaya copper (UMMC holding), Svyatogor (UMMC holding), Sredneuralsky copper smelter (UMMC holding), Uralelectromed (UMMC holding).

Lead and zinc

The largest enterprises: Bashkir copper-sulfur plant, Belovsky zinc plant, Gorevsky GOK, Dalpolimetal, Ryaztsvetmet, Sadonsky lead-zinc plant, Uchalinsky GOK, Chelyabinsk electrolyte-zinc plant, Electrozinc.

Nickel and cobalt

The largest enterprises: MMC Norilsk Nickel (owned by the Interros company), Rezhnikel Production Association (Gazprom), Ufaleynickel, Yuzhuralnickel.

Tin

The largest enterprises: Far Eastern Mining Company, Dalolovo (NOK company), Deputatskolovo, Novosibirsk Tin Plant, Khingan Olovo (NOK company).

Aluminum

Largest enterprises: Achinsk Alumina Refinery (RusAL Holding), Boguslav Aluminum Smelter (SUAL Holding), Belokalitvinsk Metallurgical Production Association (RusAL Holding), Boksitogorsk Alumina Refinery, Bratsk Aluminum Smelter (RusAL Holding), Volgograd Aluminum Smelter , Volkhov aluminum smelter, Irkutsk aluminum smelter (SUAL holding), Kamensk-Ural metallurgical plant (SUAL holding), Kandalaksha aluminum smelter (SUAL holding), Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelter (RusAL holding), Mikhalyum (holding "SUAL"), Nadvoitsky Aluminum Plant (SUAL Holding), Novokuznetsk Aluminum Plant (RusAL Holding), Samara Metallurgical Plant (RusAL Holding), Sayan Aluminum Plant (RusAL Holding), Stupino Metallurgical Company (" Gazprom"), Ural Aluminum Plant (SUAL holding), Foil Rolling Plant.

Tungsten and molybdenum

The largest enterprises: Hydrometallurg, Zhirekensky GOK, Kirovgrad Hard Alloy Plant, Lermontov Mining Company, Primorsky GOK, Sorsk GOK.

Titanium and magnesium

The largest enterprises: AVISMA, VSMPO, Solikamsk magnesium plant.

Rare earth metals

The largest enterprises: Zabaikalsky GOK, Orlovsky GOK, Sevredmet (ZAO FTK).

The metallurgical complex occupies third position in the structure of industrial production and belongs to the basic sectors of the industry. Ferrous metallurgy plays an important role in the development of the economy of any country.

Its industry composition includes organizational and technological activities for the production of cast iron and rolled products. In addition, it includes:

• mining, ore dressing;
• obtaining nonmetallic and auxiliary raw materials for this industry;
• secondary redistribution;
• production of refractories;
• metal products for industrial purposes;
• coking of coal.

Ferrous metallurgy products have found application in most areas of the economy. Its main consumers are the engineering and metalworking industries, construction, and railway transport. It is also interconnected with the light and chemical industries.

Ferrous metallurgy is a dynamically developing industry. But this is a complex production sector and Russia has quite strong competitors in Japan, Ukraine, and Brazil. It manages to maintain one of the leading positions, while standing out due to its low cost. In the field, as well as iron smelting and coke production, she managed to achieve the greatest success. This is facilitated by the constant improvement of technological processes, the development of strategic plans and the improvement of crisis management.

Types and features of enterprises

The natural basis of ferrous metallurgy is fuel and...

Russia is rich in minerals and raw materials for the development of this industry, but their territorial distribution is uneven. Therefore, the construction of plants is tied to certain areas. There are three types of ferrous metallurgy, the geographical location of production complexes directly depends on them:

• full-cycle metallurgy, implying the presence of all production stages that are carried out on the territory of one enterprise;
• incomplete cycle metallurgy is distinguished by the fact that one of the processes is separated into a separate production;
• small metallurgy, which is characterized by separate metallurgical shops as part of machine-building complexes.

The full production cycle includes both the main production of cast iron, steel, rolled products, and the preparatory stage for the smelting of iron ore - its enrichment to increase the iron content in it. To do this, waste rock is removed and roasted to eliminate phosphorus, carbon dioxide, .

To ensure quality final product the following components are required:

• process fuel;
• water;
• alloying metals;
• fluxes;
• fireproof materials.

The fuel used is mainly coke from high-calorie, low-ash, low-sulfur and high-strength coal, as well as gas. Full-cycle metallurgical enterprises are mostly located close to fuel, raw materials and water resources, as well as auxiliary materials.

During production, 90% of costs go to fuel and raw materials. Of these, coke accounts for about 50%, iron ore for 40%. Full cycle enterprises are located close to raw material sources - in the Center and in the Urals, fuel depots - complexes in Kuzbass, as well as factories between points - in Cherepovets.

Full cycle

In partial cycle metallurgy, the emphasis is on one type of product - cast iron, steel or rolled products. Conversion plants are a separate group specializing in the production of steel without smelting iron; it also includes pipe rolling plants.

The location of such production depends on proximity to sources of recyclable materials and consumers of finished products. In the case of machine-building plants, this is one person, since they are both consumers and sources of scrap metal.

For small metallurgy, which is part of enterprises, as is clear from the location, the main reference point is consumers.

The production of ferroalloys and electric steel is also part of the ferrous metallurgy industry.

The first are alloys with alloying metals such as ferrosilicon and ferrochrome. They are produced at conversion plants (cast iron-steel, cast iron) or full-cycle plants.

They are important for the development of high-quality metallurgy. They are produced electrometallurgically at specialized plants, but this consumes a large amount of electricity - up to 9 thousand kWh is needed for 1 ton. The production of electric steel is most developed in areas where there is a necessary accumulation of scrap metal and energy sources.

In modern mechanical engineering, which requires metal of different grades, high quality, and limited quantities, the products of mini-factories are in particular demand. They do not require large powers and are capable of expeditiously to smelt a specific metal in small quantities.

Their advantage is a quick response to changes in market conditions, maximum satisfaction of consumer demands and high quality of the resulting steel, a feature of melting using the progressive electric arc method.

Production and use of cast iron and steel

Metallurgical bases: characteristics and location

Metallurgical enterprises that use common resources - fuel and ore, providing the country with the required volume of metal are called metallurgical bases. The oldest of them is located in the Urals. Since the 18th century, it has been smelting the largest volume of cast iron and steel in Russia and remains the leader to this day.

The next positions are occupied by the Central and Northern regions, as well as Siberia and the Far East. In addition, outside the main ones, there are other centers of ferrous metallurgy - Severstal (Cherepovets), a full-cycle plant, as well as a conversion plant - in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus.

The Ural ferrous metallurgy uses imported fuel - Kuznetsk, Karaganda coal, and minerals mined in the Kizelovsky basin can only be used in a mixture.

Raw materials are supplied from Kazakhstan, as well as from the Kursk magnetic anomaly. Its own raw material base is represented by the promisingly developing Kachkanar and Bakal deposits.

There is a lot of iron ore in the Urals, which contains alloying components, and there are also deposits of manganese ores in the Polunochnoe deposit.

Full-cycle enterprises play the leading role in this area, while small factories have been preserved and are developing.

Part-cycle enterprises are predominantly located on the western slopes. The peculiarity of the region is that only there they produce smelting of natural alloy metals and cast iron on charcoal.

The central metallurgical base uses imported fuel. Ore mining is mainly carried out in the Kursk and Belgorod regions. Most of the steel and cast iron is smelted by the Novolipetsk plant - one of the largest and most technologically advanced in Russia.

Of particular interest is the plant located in Stary Oskol, where iron and electric steel are produced from iron ore concentrate through chemical reduction, while bypassing the iron smelting stage.

Features of the method

This progressive method does not require the use of coke or large water consumption, which is important for an area with a shortage of fresh water and its own fuel resources. Large iron foundries, steel foundries and steel rolling metallurgical plants include:

• Novotulsky;
• "Electrostal";
• enterprise in Orel;
• Kosogorsky.

Less powerful steel mills in the Volga-Vyatka region: Vyksa, Kulebak, Omutninsky. central District It is famous for its small-scale metallurgy and has a huge advantage - its location next to the iron ore basin, as well as its proximity to mechanical engineering centers and other consumers.

Siberian and Far Eastern metallurgical bases operate on Kuzbass coal, as well as iron ores Gorny Altai, Angara region.

Factories and full-cycle plants are located there - Kuznetsk and West Siberian.

Conversion plants operate in the following cities:

• Krasnoyarsk;
• Komsomolsk-on-Amur;
• Zabaikalsk;
• Novosibirsk

Engaged in the production of construction and engineering metal profiles, the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant produces 44% of the total volume of reinforcement and 45% of wire, and also exports products to 30 countries.

The smelting of ferroalloy - ferrosilicon - takes place at the largest Kuznetsk ferroalloy plant in Russia.

Iron and steel production process

Market condition and industry development trends

In Russia, the volume of exports in ferrous metallurgy exceeds domestic consumption. The share of production is directly affected by the ability to export, as well as the level of competition and trade policies of importers.

If exports decline, there is a reduction in investment activity, and, accordingly, the active development of this area. Under such circumstances, the industry is more dependent on domestic demand - industries that need these products.

The main trend in the industry's prospects is the transition to higher quality and cleaner ferrous metallurgy.

The time is coming for economically alloyed steels, characterized by high tensile strength.

The manufactured structures are metal-intensive and have long term operation.

In the development of the ferrous metallurgy sector, the following areas are becoming relevant:

• Modernization, use of the latest technologies, reorientation of enterprises whose products are uncompetitive. The main producers will remain Cherepovets, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Kuznetsk, Novolipetsk, Chelyabinsk and other large pipe factories.
• An increase in the share of metallurgical production, since such metal is cheaper. It is promising to create mini-factories that are maximally focused on consumer needs. They are able to provide high quality metals, be highly specialized and fulfill small orders.
• Focus on consumers, which is associated with the development of scientific and technological progress, improvement of ore beneficiation methods, and a large accumulation of recyclable materials in old industrial areas.
• Construction of factories away from densely populated areas, as greater importance is given to measures for nature protection and environmental safety.
• Closing of factories where outdated equipment is still used on the “lower” floors.
• Strengthening the specialization of factories to improve the quality of steels and complex types of rolled products. Metal production for the transport, construction, automotive and electronics industries will begin.

Technologies and production safety

The pace of technological re-equipment of the Russian ferrous metallurgy exceeds other industrial sectors.

The modernization of basic processing units carried out in recent years has made it possible to reduce production costs, which is the main competitive advantage.

Energy efficiency and the need for resources have also increased, which has led to a reduction in energy costs for environmentally harmful fuel, which is now produced at converter and electric steel-smelting facilities.

One of the pressing problems at this stage of metallurgy development is the rational use of natural resources and ensuring environmental safety. When operating equipment used in the production of ferrous metals, harmful emissions are released into the atmosphere, which negatively affects both surrounding nature and on people's health.

In terms of air emissions, this industry is in third place, ahead of it only the energy sector and.

Among the main sources of pollution with harmful substances are crushing and grinding equipment, sintering machines, and pellet roasting machines. Places where loading and unloading operations and transfer of materials occur are also dangerous.

In cities where large factories operate that process, smelt and produce goods from this industry, there is a level of pollution in the air with various impurities with high class danger.

A particularly high concentration of impurities is recorded in Magnitogorsk, where ethylbenzene and nitrogen dioxide have alarming indicators, as well as a similar situation in Novokuznetsk with nitrogen dioxide.

An increase in production provokes an increase in waste discharges, that is, water pollution occurs. According to research results, every ninth cubic meter of wastewater generated during the operation of Russian industrial enterprises is waste from ferrous metallurgy.

Although this problem is quite acute, in the current situation of ever-increasing competition with producers from the CIS, large-scale work that requires serious financial investments aimed at solving environmental problems is unlikely. The importance of iron and steel industry often exceeds the importance of ecology in the country. Enterprises specializing in steel production rarely think about the cleanliness of the environment. That is why a company arises that specializes in checking the work of black enterprises.

The largest factories in the USSR were represented by high-tech enterprises in the metallurgical (Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, Zhdanov Iron and Steel Works, Krivorozhstal, Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works), machine-building (NKMZ), and automotive (AZLK, Volzhsky Automobile Plant) industries.

“Build giant factories” is one of the main mottos of the industrialization period. Indeed, during the communist rule, the largest factories in the USSR were built or modernized. The highest technology and level of organization of production processes, a competent policy of personnel motivation helped to achieve incredible results. Moreover, unlike the goals of capitalist competitors, Soviet production was not focused on making a profit, but on achieving results measured in physical terms, including man-hours, tons of raw materials and materials while minimizing costs.

It was the production capacity and the number of jobs of the giants that formed the basis for compiling a list of the largest factories in the USSR, which included metallurgical and machine-building enterprises. Unfortunately, not all of them were able to maintain their power after the transition to capitalism.

Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works named after. IN AND. Lenin

Location: Russia, Chelyabinsk region, Magnitogorsk

Construction work on the world's largest metallurgical plant, as originally planned by the Soviet authorities, began in 1929. In record short time Magnitka was born: in 1932 the first blast furnace was launched.

The plant reached its planned capacity of 2.15 million tons of cast iron, 1.92 million tons of steel and 1.64 million tons of rolled products by the end of the 30s.

Manufactured products: rolled products, cast iron, steel, sinter, ferroalloys

As of 1991, the degree of wear and tear of production facilities was 89%

Current name: OJSC MMK, privatized in 1992.

Personnel policy: 18,600 people

Today it is a highly profitable enterprise with a full metallurgical cycle, included in the list of the 20 largest steel mills in the world.

Zhdanovsky Iron and Steel Works named after Ilyich

Location: Ukraine, Donetsk region, Mariupol

The launch of the pipe shop of the Nikopol-Mariupol Mining and Metallurgical Society in 1897 is considered the birthday of the Ilyich plant. The second birth occurs on post-war years, when 70% of capacity was restored after the return of equipment sent for evacuation to factories in the Urals and Siberia.

Between 1954 and 1969:

• The number of blast furnaces increases to 5 units.
• An open-hearth shop with the largest furnaces in the world is put into operation.
• The largest sinter plant in Europe is being built.

This is where engineers experiment to develop continuous casting technology.

Modern name: OJSC Ilyich Iron and Steel Works, privatized in 2000.

As of 2004, the plant employed 95,000 people.

A number of reorganizations and changes in ownership led to a reduction in the number of people to 17,904 people in 2016.

Metallurgical plant "Krivorozhstal"

Location: Ukraine, Dnepropetrovsk region, Krivoy Rog

The first blast furnace of the plant was launched in 1934 on August 4, which became the starting point in the history of the development of one of largest giants THE USSR. During the war, part of the equipment was evacuated to Nizhny Tagil, and the plant itself was completely destroyed by the Germans.

Completely restored and expanded in the post-war years. Moreover, since 1956, new capacities have been commissioned annually.

In 1974, the 9th blast furnace was launched, which was the largest in the world.

The largest producer of rolled steel in Ukraine. Specialized in the production of reinforcement, wire rod, cast iron, steel, long and shaped steel.

Current name: PJSC Arcelor Mittal Krivoy Rog, privatized in 2004, reprivatized in 2005.

In 2005, the company employed 52,000 people. By the end of 2014, the number was 28,625 people.

Today the plant is a full-cycle metallurgical enterprise, as a coke production plant and a mining and processing plant were attached to it.

Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant

Location: Russia, Kemerovo region, Novokuznetsk

Construction of the giant continued from 1929 to 1932. But due to the inability of technology to weather conditions It reached full capacity only in 1936.

The structure of the enterprise included coke, blast furnace, open-hearth, rolling and electric furnace production. The reserve metallurgical base of the Union turned out to be in great demand during the war, but could not survive the economic shocks of the 90s.

In 1996-1997 The plant's workforce was 32,488 people. But constantly changing management companies led to a deep crisis, as a result of which the enterprise was liquidated in 2001.

More than a dozen diversified organizations have been created on its premises. The main successor of the production facilities was the Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant, founded in 2003.

The main product was the production of railway rails. Blast furnace and foundry production has been completely liquidated, and coke oven batteries have been mothballed.

AZLK

Location: Russia, Moscow

Construction of the plant took place in 1929-1930. with the involvement of FORD specialists. It is with the assembly of Fords that the history of the enterprise begins.

Subsequently, the giant of the automotive industry produces in different years:

• GAZ cars;
• small CMM machines;
• passenger cars "Moskvich".

The plant's capacity was designed to produce 10,000 units of cars per year.

IN better times the number of workers reached 25,000 people.

Production ceased in 2001. Formal liquidation occurred in 2010.

NKMZ

Location: Ukraine, Donetsk region, Kramatorsk

The plant was built in 1929-1931. to provide metallurgical enterprises with equipment. The official launch took place in 1934. In addition to the production of its main products, the engineering giant was focused on fulfilling defense orders.

During the war it was completely destroyed. But already in 1944 the first post-war machine was produced, and the company began to receive government orders, including for export deliveries.

Modern name: PJSC "NKMZ", privatized in 1990.

Today NKMZ is the largest heavy engineering enterprise in the country and in the world, specializing in the production of:

• metallurgical and rolling equipment;
• mining machines;
• forging and press and power equipment;
• lifting and transport machines;
• special machines;
• execution of individual orders.

At the time of privatization in 1990, the city-forming plant employed 30,000 people. As of 2013, the number had decreased to 11,500 workers.

Volzhsky Automobile Plant

Construction of a large automobile plant began in Tolyatti in 1966.

The first bodies and VAZ-2101 cars themselves rolled off the assembly line in 1970.

Current name: PJSC AvtoVAZ

Having survived the difficult times of the 90s, the company was unable to overcome the financial difficulties of the crisis of 2008-2009. As a result, the number of employees was reduced from 100,000 people to 43,516 people in 2016.

Despite government subsidies, change in management policy, the company is in a pre-bankruptcy state.

Metallurgy is one of the most developed industries in the Russian economy. By importance for Russian economy, the metallurgical industry ranks second after the oil and gas industry. Metallurgy is divided into ferrous and non-ferrous. Overall in Russian Federation operates about 28,000 various organizations related to metallurgical production (including organizations related to the extraction and processing of precious metals). According to statistics, 1 worker employed in steel production provides 25 jobs in related sectors of the economy.

At the end of 2014, the metallurgical industry of the Russian Federation employed about 2.2% of all workers in the country, which in quantitative terms is 955 thousand people. It should be noted that the number of workers in this area is decreasing every year. This is primarily due to the automation of the industry and the reorganization of enterprises.

Average wage in the industry at the end of 2014 was just under 48 thousand rubles. This is almost 1.5 times more than the average salary in Russia. The highest salaries in the industry are received by employees of large metallurgical plants.

The share of the metallurgical industry in the country's GDP is 4.7%, while the share of metallurgical production in Russian industry is 12%. Metallurgical enterprises use about 20% of electricity from the general industrial level, and the share of the metallurgical industry in freight rail transportation is 18.8%.

At the end of 2014, enterprises in the metallurgical industry produced and shipped goods worth more than 4.32 trillion. rubles This is a record figure in the latest Russian history. Compared to 2013, sales growth was 8.6%.

Several factors contributed to this. First of all, this is a reduction in the supply of Ukrainian-made metallurgical products. Behind last year, Ukrainian metallurgists reduced production volumes by 38%. Thus, on the world metal market, demand exceeded supply and Russian metallurgists took advantage of this, securing new sales markets for themselves. The second factor is the ruble. By purchasing the raw materials necessary for production for rubles and receiving part of the proceeds in foreign currency, Russian metallurgists have significantly increased their profits. At the end of 2014, the share of enterprises in the metallurgical complex was 16.7%; the same figure for the industry in 2013 was 9.9%.

At the end of 2014, enterprises of the metallurgical industry exported products worth 31.78 billion US dollars. Of these, ferrous metallurgy accounted for 64.5% of exports, and non-ferrous metallurgy for 35.5%. The following products were exported most:

• Cast iron – 4,359 thousand tons;
• Semi-finished carbon steel – 13,511 thousand tons;
• Flat rolled carbon steel – 7,614 thousand tons;
• Unprocessed aluminum – 2,910 thousand tons;
• Ferroalloys – 912 thousand tons;
• Refined copper – 290 thousand tons;
• Unprocessed nickel – 238 thousand tons.

Ferrous metallurgy

Ferrous metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry that includes the production of cast iron, steel, rolled products, ferroalloys, as well as the extraction and beneficiation of iron ore and the production of refractories. The structure of the ferrous metallurgy of the Russian Federation includes more than 1.5 thousand enterprises, of which more than 70 are city-forming. This branch of the metallurgical industry employs 2/3 of the workers in Russian metallurgy.

The technological process for producing cast iron and steel involves the use of iron ore and coking coal. Therefore, in order to reduce the cost of delivering these necessary raw materials, metallurgical plants were built in areas rich in these minerals. In Russia there are three main bases of ferrous metallurgy:

• Ural;
• Central;
• Siberian.

The Ural base is the oldest and largest in Russia. Now about half of all ferrous metallurgy products in the country are produced here. The Ural metallurgical base is connected with Kuzbass coal and Ural iron ore deposits. The centers of metallurgy in the Urals are Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, and Yekaterinburg. The largest enterprises are the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, the Chelyabinsk Iron and Steel Works, the Chusovsky Metallurgical Plant, etc.

Since the iron ore deposits in the Urals are practically exhausted, the Siberian one is being built to replace the Ural metallurgical base. On this moment this base is at the stage of formation and is represented by only two large metallurgical enterprises - the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant and the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant in Novokuznetsk.

The Central Metallurgical Base uses its own iron ore deposits, which are located in the Kursk and Belgorod regions. Ore mining here is very cheap and is mined by open pit mining. There is no coal here, but due to convenient geographical location, enterprises are supplied with coal from three basins - Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk. The largest enterprises are the Cherepovets Iron and Steel Works, the Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works, and metallurgical plants in Tula and Stary Oskol.

The development of metallurgy in Russia was greatly facilitated by the presence of large deposits of iron ore. Russia ranks third in the world in terms of iron ore reserves, behind Australia and Brazil. The explored reserves of iron ore in Russia are about 25 billion tons, which in terms of pure iron is 14 billion tons.

The annual production of iron ore condensate in the Russian Federation over the past 5 years has been approximately 100 million tons. According to this indicator, the Russian Federation ranks 5th in the world, trailing leader China by almost 15 times. About a quarter of the iron ore mined in Russia is exported. In 2014, 23 million tons were exported, in 2013 and 2012 – 25.7 and 25.5 million tons, respectively.

The main indicator of the performance of ferrous metallurgy is the amount of steel produced. In total, according to the results of 2014, 1,662 million tons were produced in the world. The undisputed leader in steel production is Asia, where 1,132 million tons were produced. The EU produced 169.2 million tons, North America – 121.2 million tons, and South America – 45.2 million tons. The CIS countries decreased steel production compared to 2013 by 2.8%, mainly due to Ukraine, to 105.3 million tons.

The world leader in steel production is China; it is almost 8 times ahead of its closest competitors, the Japanese. And the United States of America closes the top three, 10 times behind the Chinese.

Compared to 2013, global steel production growth was 1.2%. Production growth in China slowed down slightly and amounted to only 0.9% compared to 2013. And the greatest growth was demonstrated by: Poland – 8.4% (from 8 million tons to 8.6) and South Korea– 7.5% (from 66.1 million tons to 71), such an increase in production allowed the Koreans to displace Russia from 5th place. And the largest decline in steel production at the end of 2014 was observed in Ukraine - (-17.1%) to 27.2 million tons.

Steel production growth in the Russian Federation in 2014 was 2.2%, which is 1% more than global growth, and this is the seventh highest growth rate among all countries in the world. The confident growth of metallurgical production in the Russian Federation in the context of the crisis and anti-Russian sanctions allows us to hope in 2015 for repeating or exceeding the record for steel production in the country, which was recorded in 2007 - 72.4 million tons.

Iron production is also the most important indicator work in the metallurgical industry. In 2014, the world produced 1.18 billion tons of pig iron. As in steel production, Asia occupies a leading position - 911 million tons of cast iron produced. EU countries produced - 95.1 million tons, North America - 41.1 million tons, South America - 30.6 million tons. Pig iron production in the CIS countries amounted to 79.55 million tons.

China also occupies the leading position by a large margin. The Japanese, who are in second place, are 9 times behind, and the Indians, who are in third place, are more than 13 times behind.

Global growth in iron production was almost the same as steel production – 1.3%. The growth of pig iron production in China was also lower than the global one and amounted to 1%. A greatest growth South Korea achieved - 12.5%, the largest decline compared to 2013 was recorded in Ukraine - (-15%).

In the Russian Federation, pig iron production increased by 2.9%. In 2014, the 2007 figure was almost achieved. In 2015 it is planned to exceed it.

Also, based on the results of 2014, the production of finished rolled ferrous metals and coated flat products in Russia increased. During the year, 61.2 million tons of finished ferrous products and 5.8 million tons of coated flat products were produced. The increase in production compared to 2013 was 3.3% and 6.9%, respectively.

The Russian ferrous metallurgy industry is based on 6 large vertically and horizontally integrated holdings, which account for more than 93% of all products produced.

• PJSC Severstal;
• "EVRAZ";
• OJSC Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant (NLMK);
• OJSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK);
• OJSC "Metalloinvest";
• OAO Mechel.

EVRAZ is a vertically integrated metallurgical and mining company founded in 1992. The company has assets in Russia, the USA, Canada, the Czech Republic, Kazakhstan and other countries. In 2014, the company's total revenue exceeded $13 billion. In Russia, EVRAZ owns two large metallurgical plants - the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (ZSMK) and the Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant (NTMK). The share of EVRAZ shares in both companies is 100%.

ZSMK is the fifth largest metallurgical plant in Russia, located in Novokuznetsk. This is the easternmost of all Russian metallurgical plants. The plant includes coke-chemical, agglomerate, steel-smelting, rolling steel production, and a blast furnace shop. ZSMK produces more than 100 profiles of various rolled products. The West Siberian Metallurgical Plant is the general supplier of rail products to JSC Russian Railways. At the end of 2014, the plant produced 5.9 million tons of pig iron and 7.5 million tons of steel. The company employs more than 22.5 thousand employees.

NTMK is a metallurgical plant founded in 1940. The main types of products are construction metal products (I-beams, channels, angles). At the end of 2014, the company produced 4.8 million tons of cast iron, 4.2 million tons of steel and more than 2.8 tons of various rolled metal products.

Severstal is one of the main steel producers in Russia. The presenter is Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant (CherMK). Based on the results of 2014 total production steel of Severstal PJSC amounted to 11.3 million tons, cast iron - 9.1 million. Compared to 2013, these figures increased by 6% and 4%, respectively. The total turnover of the company, including the mining industry, at the end of 2014 amounted to 8.3 billion US dollars. In total, the company employs about 60,000 people.

OJSC Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant is a public company that includes the third largest metallurgical plant in Russia. OJSC NLMK has assets not only in Russia, but also in Europe and the USA; the company's foreign factories produce rolled metal and small volumes of finished steel. At the end of 2014, foreign enterprises of NLMK OJSC produced 0.7 million tons of steel, while in Russia 15.2 million tons of steel and 12.14 million tons of cast iron were produced. The company's Russian enterprises employ 56.4 thousand employees.

OJSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works is the largest metallurgical plant in Russia. The company's assets represent a metallurgical complex with full production cycle. The company supplies products to the domestic Russian market, as well as to European and Asian countries. At the end of 2014, MMK's production indicators reached record results; 13 million tons of steel and 10.3 million tons of cast iron were produced. The company's total revenue for the past year was just over $7.9 billion. More than 56,000 people work at the enterprises included in MMK's structure.

OJSC Metalloinvest is a large Russian mining and metallurgical holding. The company includes two large metallurgical enterprises - the Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant and the Ural Steel Plant. The company owns largest reserves iron ore in the world. The number of employees of OJSC Metalloinvest exceeds 62 thousand people. Total turnover for 2014 is 6.36 billion US dollars, steel production is 4.5 million tons, cast iron is 2.3 million tons.

Mechel OJSC is a large Russian metallurgical and mining company. Mechel's assets are located not only in Russia, but also in neighboring countries. Russian metallurgical enterprises included in the company's structure: Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant, Beloretsk Metallurgical Plant, Izhstal. The turnover of Mechel OJSC in 2014 amounted to 6.4 billion US dollars. The company has about 80 thousand employees. In 2014, the company's enterprises produced 4.3 million tons of steel and 3.9 million tons of cast iron.

Pipe production

The pipe industry is a branch of ferrous metallurgy, which has been developed into a hotel industry. Last years In the Russian Federation, this branch of metallurgy is on a high rise. Over 12 years, pipe companies have invested more than 360 billion rubles in the development of the industry, of which 35 billion rubles in 2014. The production capacity of Russian pipe manufacturers increased from 9 million tons in 2000 to 19 million tons. The production of pipes using electric welding (electric welded pipes) on average accounts for about 70% of all production, the remaining 30% comes from the production of seamless pipes.

The main factor in the development of pipe companies is the high demand for products in the domestic market. In 2014, pipe consumption in Russia increased by 6.8% compared to the previous year and amounted to 9.3 million tons. At the same time, the demand for large-diameter pipes, which are used in the construction of gas and oil pipelines, has sharply increased. Compared to 2013, the growth was 35.3%. This is primarily due to the start of construction of the Power of Siberia gas pipeline. In general, the pipe products industry looks like this:

• Pipeline transport and hydrocarbon production – 70%;
• Housing and communal services – 24%
• Mechanical engineering – 4%
• Energy – 2%