Industrial waste management. Stages of waste management
49. Management of production and consumption waste.
Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” Article 51. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when handling production and consumption waste
1. Production and consumption waste, including radioactive waste, is subject to collection, use, neutralization, transportation, storage and burial, the conditions and methods of which must be safe for the environment and regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
2. It is prohibited:
discharge of production and consumption waste, including radioactive waste, into surface and underground water bodies, into drainage areas, into the subsoil and onto the soil;
placement of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in areas adjacent to urban and rural settlements, in forest parks, resorts, medical and recreational areas, on animal migration routes, near spawning grounds and in other places where a danger to the environment may be created, natural ecological systems and human health;
burial of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in catchment areas of underground water bodies used as sources of water supply, for balneological purposes, for the extraction of valuable mineral resources;
import of hazardous waste into the Russian Federation for the purpose of its burial and neutralization;
import of radioactive waste into the Russian Federation for the purposes of their storage, processing or disposal, except for cases established by this Federal Law and the Federal Law “On the Management of Radioactive Waste and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”;
burial in production and consumption waste disposal facilities of products that have lost their consumer properties and contain ozone-depleting substances, without recovery of these substances from these products in order to restore them for further recycling (recycling) or destruction.
Waste production- these are the remains of raw materials, materials, substances, products, items formed during the production of products, performance of work (services) and which have lost completely or partially their original consumer properties. For example: metal shavings, sawdust, paper scraps, etc. Industrial waste also includes associated substances generated during the production process that are not used in this production. For example: solids captured during the treatment of process off-gases or wastewater. Along with production waste, industrial enterprises also generate consumer waste, which mainly includes solid, powdery and pasty waste (garbage, cullet, scrap, waste paper, food waste, rags, etc.) generated as a result of the life activities of enterprise employees.
Industrial and consumer waste not only requires significant storage space, but also pollutes the atmosphere, territory, surface and ground waters with harmful substances, dust, and gaseous emissions. In this regard, the activities of the resource user should be aimed at reducing the volume (mass) of waste generation, introducing low-waste technologies, converting waste into secondary raw materials or obtaining any products from them, minimizing the generation of waste that cannot be further processed, and disposal them in accordance with current legislation. In accordance with Article 11 of the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste,” individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, when operating enterprises, buildings, structures, structures and other facilities related to waste management, are obliged to:
comply with environmental requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection;
develop draft standards for waste generation and limits on waste disposal in order to reduce the amount of waste generation;
introduce low-waste technologies based on scientific and technical achievements;
carry out an inventory of waste and its disposal facilities;
monitor the state of the natural environment in the territories of waste disposal sites;
provide, in the prescribed manner, the necessary information in the field of waste management;
comply with the requirements for preventing accidents related to waste management and take urgent measures to eliminate them;
in the event of the occurrence or threat of accidents related to waste management that cause or may cause damage to the natural environment, health or property of individuals and legal entities, immediately inform the specially authorized federal executive authorities in the field of waste management, executive authorities subjects of the Russian Federation, local governments.
In accordance with Article 14 of the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities whose activities generate waste are required to confirm that the waste is assigned to a specific hazard class. A passport must be drawn up for hazardous waste, which is a document certifying that the waste belongs to the waste of the corresponding type and hazard class, and also containing information about its composition.
Article 9 of the federal law “On Production and Consumption Waste” prescribes that hazardous waste management activities are subject to licensing. The procedure for licensing hazardous waste management activities is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with Article 19 of the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities operating in the field of waste management are required to keep, in accordance with the established procedure, records of generated, used, neutralized, transferred to other persons or received from other persons, as well as disposed waste. Statistical accounting in the field of waste management is carried out in the form 2tp - (toxic waste) (see explanation below).
Failure to comply or improper compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of waste management by officials and citizens entails disciplinary, administrative, criminal or civil liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
In the absence of a technical or other opportunity to ensure safety for the environment and human health, hazardous waste management activities may be limited or prohibited in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
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On December 23, 2014, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted in two readings the bill “On amendments to the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”, certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation and the recognition as invalid of certain legislative acts (provisions of legislative acts) of the Russian Federation” . On December 25, the bill was approved by the Federation Council, and on December 29, the President of the Russian Federation signed Federal Law No. 458-FZ dated December 29, 2014 with the corresponding title (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 458-FZ). This law makes significant changes to the legislation regulating waste management. The entry into force of many provisions was postponed until January 1, 2016, some provisions until 2017 and even until 2019. This article provides an overview of the main changes in legislation that have already entered into force and will enter into force in the near future. Since the changes are too extensive, we will dwell in detail only on the most relevant in our opinion. Some of the new legislation will require additional regulations, but we will briefly touch on these provisions as well.
The bill was submitted by the Government of the Russian Federation to the State Duma on July 21, 2011, and was adopted in the first reading on October 7 of the same year. It took more than three years for the law to be finally adopted. Initially, the goal of the bill was to create economic incentives for involving waste in economic circulation as secondary material resources, but in the process of working on the bill, the goals were expanded. Thus, the adopted Federal Law No. 458-FZ is intended to:
- increase the efficiency of regulation in the field of waste management;
- create new economic instruments for involving waste in economic circulation;
- create conditions for attracting investment in the field of municipal waste management.
Let's try to figure out what the essence of the changes in legislation provided for by Federal Law No. 458-FZ is.
First of all, changes have been made to the terminology used in the field of waste management. First of all, they touched upon Art. 1 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ of June 24, 1998 “On Production and Consumption Waste” (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 89-FZ).
A NEW DEFINITION OF WASTE
Formulation of the concept familiar to everyone "production and consumption waste" was changed (highlighted and underlined by the author):
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[…] - remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products that formed in progress production or consumption, and goods (products) that have lost their consumer properties; |
production and consumption waste […] — substances or items, which educated in progress production, performance of work, provision of services or in progress consumption, which are deleted, intended for deletion or subject to deletion in accordance with this Federal Law; |
If previously waste (according to the wording of the previous edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ) could be generated exclusively in the process production or consumption, and when goods and products lose their consumer properties, then waste can now also be generated when performing work And provision of services. Of course, this clarification is quite logical, and one can only wonder why it was made only now. True, the new wording excludes mention of goods that have lost their consumer properties, but legislators have separated such waste (along with some other waste) into separate categories, which will be discussed further.
Taking a closer look at the new formulation, you can see that previously the concept "waste" was determined only from the point of view of the process education(appearance) of waste. Now, in addition to the actual description of the waste generation process, the wording includes a mention of removal appropriately formed substances and objects. At the same time, the second part of the new definition (if we consider it in the context of domestic legislation) raises many questions:
1. What in this case should be understood by deletion substances or objects? In Federal Law No. 89-FZ itself, the term “deletion” is not disclosed. The linguistic interpretation of this rule of law can lead us into a dead end, since in the Russian language there are many meanings of this word and different dictionaries give different interpretations of the noun “removal” and, accordingly, the verbs “delete”/“delete”. In GOST R 53692-2009 “Resource conservation. Waste management. Stages of the waste technological cycle" (hereinafter - GOST R 53692-2009) (clause 3.1.26) there is the following definition: "waste removal is the last stage of the waste technological cycle, at which the decomposition, destruction and/or disposal of waste of classes I-IV is carried out dangers while ensuring environmental protection." However, we note that here we are no longer talking about substances or subjects, and about waste, while disposal is considered as the last stage of the waste technological cycle.
2. For what purpose was the definition supplemented by reference to deletion waste? Was it meant that certain substances and objects, formed accordingly, may not be subject to removal and not to be intended for removing? If such substances and objects were formed during the activities of the enterprise, then in this case they should not be considered waste?
3. How can you determine whether a substance or item should be removed? Or did it mean that ALL appropriately formed substances and objects should be removed?
4. For what purpose is the reservation made? ...in accordance with this Federal Law"? Perhaps this is just an unnecessary mention (in addition to paragraph 2 of Article 2 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ) that the disposal of certain substances and objects may be regulated by relevant legislation? Or did it mean that the disposal of ordinary waste can occur in ways not specified in Federal Law No. 89-FZ, and in this case the substances or objects will not be considered waste?
In general, much in the new formulation seems incomprehensible. But specialists familiar with Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal(hereinafter referred to as the Basel Convention), when looking at this wording it immediately becomes obvious that it is a hybrid of the wording from the early edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ and the wording of the Basel Convention: ““waste” are substances or objects that are disposed of, intended for deletion or are subject to deletion in accordance with the provisions of national law." But, firstly, the scope of the Basel Convention is quite specific - waste that is the object of transboundary transport, the transport of waste itself and its disposal. Secondly, the Basel Convention makes reference to How the term should be understood "waste removal"(a specific list of waste handling operations is provided). And if the reference to national legislation in the Basel Convention is clear (since legislation may differ in different countries), then a copy of it “...in accordance with this Federal Law” in the new wording of Federal Law No. 89-FZ looks somewhat strange.
It seems to us that the mechanical transfer of the provisions of the Basel Convention to Federal Law No. 89-FZ was not very successful. Let us assume that the resulting “hybrid” formulation and the absence of the concept "delete" in federal legislation will cause a lot of problems for enterprises in the future, especially given the new provisions of the legislation in the field of licensing (which will be discussed below). If removal is considered as the movement of substances or objects from the territory of an enterprise, this is one situation. If we consider removal and recycling within the same enterprise as disposal, the situation is different. And if disposal is considered to be operations with waste in accordance with GOST R 53692-2009 (destruction, decomposition or burial) - the third situation.
OTHER CHANGES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT TERMINOLOGY
1. Instead of the concept "waste use" the term has now been introduced "recycling" , and the definition of this concept is given precisely through the noun "usage"(highlighted and underlined by the author):
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Previous version of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1) |
New edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1) |
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waste use — use of waste for the production of goods (products), performance of work, provision of services or for energy production; |
recycling — usage waste for the production of goods (products), performance of work, provision of services, including waste reuse, including reuse of waste for its intended purpose ( recycling), their return to the production cycle after appropriate preparation ( regeneration), as well as the extraction of useful components for their reuse ( recovery); |
In one of the articles published in previous issues of the journal, we have already addressed the topic of the relationship between concepts "waste use" And "recycling" , keeping in mind the bill that preceded the appearance of Federal Law No. 458-FZ. Taking into account amendments to changes in legislation, this material largely remains relevant.
Let us recall that in the mentioned article we wrote that in the current practice, waste disposal could mean anything, including waste disposal; and even serious companies involved in waste management, when concluding contracts, often indicated waste disposal in their subject matter, although in fact it was about neutralization. Now the law has a definition of the term "recycling" . Therefore, we advise environmentalists of enterprises to be especially careful when concluding contracts and insist on the use of terms in accordance with the law.
It is important to note that waste disposal now also means recycling, And regeneration, And recovery. Let's return to this when discussing the issue of licensing.
2. An additional type has been added to the types of waste management - waste treatment .
According to the new provision of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (underlined by the author) waste treatment - preliminary waste preparation for further disposal, including their sorting, disassembly, cleaning.
Note that waste treatment (if it is carried out) is the stage preceding waste disposal in its new meaning. But can it be considered waste treatment, for example, sorting a batch of waste intended for disposal, from which 10-15% of waste suitable for further disposal (glass, metals, paper, cardboard, rubber, polyethylene) is selected? Indeed, in this case, sorting is essentially the preparation of waste for further disposal. Most likely, supervisory authorities will interpret sorting as waste treatment, especially since the extraction of useful components for their reuse is classified as waste disposal. On the other hand, now regulatory authorities will not be tempted to call sorting neutralization (which, of course, it is not). We also wrote about such curiosities at one time.
3. Concept « waste disposal" a new definition is given (highlighted and underlined by the author):
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Previous version of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1) |
New edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1) |
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waste disposal — waste treatment, including waste incineration and disinfection in specialized installations, in order to prevention harmful |
waste disposal — reducing the mass of waste, changing its composition, physical and chemical properties (including combustion and (or) disinfection in specialized installations) in order to reduction negative the impact of waste on human health and the environment; |
As in the previous edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, neutralization waste is characterized by its purpose . This is the main criterion when determining what should be considered waste disposal (we also pointed out this). Earlier in the formulation it was about preventionharmful impact, now - about decreasenegative impact.
Adjective replacement "harmful" on "negative", probably related to the provisions of Art. 4.1 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, according to which “waste is divided depending on the degree of negative impact on the environment[…]into five hazard classes". That is, based on the criteria for reducing negative impacts (hazard classes) specified in Art. 4.1, it is possible to determine whether the reduction in waste mass or change in waste composition constitutes neutralization.
Noun replacement "prevention" on "decrease", apparently, is due to the fact that not always, after carrying out the appropriate procedure (process), the resulting waste can be classified as practically non-hazardous waste (i.e., class V). After all, if before the implementation of the process the waste belonged to hazard class I, and the output was another waste of hazard class III or IV, then the negative impact of the waste decreased (although it was not completely prevented). Of course, such a process is also neutralization. Therefore, we believe that the new formulation of the concept "waste disposal" more logical.
4. Definition of the term "waste storage" has also been corrected (highlighted and underlined by the author):
As before the term "accumulation of waste" , concept "waste storage" now revealed through a noun "warehousing". A new deadline has been established for waste storage - more than 11 months. Accumulation of waste until January 1, 2016, temporary storage of waste for a period of no more than 6 months will be considered, and from January 1, 2016- for a period of no more than 11 months. What type of waste management will include the storage of waste for a period of time? from 6 to 11 months in 2015? This question remains open at the moment.
5. According to the new edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (highlighted and underlined by the author) waste management - activities related to collection, accumulation, transportation, processing, recycling, neutralization, disposal of waste.
6. The previous edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ provided a definition of the concept "waste disposal facility" . Now the law has some clarification (emphasis added):
Definitions are given separately new concepts:
- waste disposal facilities — subsoil plots provided for use in the established manner, underground structures for the disposal of waste of hazard classes I-V in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on subsoil resources;
- waste storage facilities — specially equipped facilities that are equipped in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and are intended for long-term storage of waste for the purpose of their subsequent disposal, neutralization, and burial.
7. Federal Law No. 89-FZ introduced the concept "waste disposal facilities" — “specially equipped facilities that are equipped in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and are intended for waste disposal”.
CHANGES IN THE FIELD OF LICENSING WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
According to the amendments made to Art. 9 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ s July 1, 2015 will have the title “Licensing of activities for the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, and disposal of waste of I-IV hazard classes.” From July 1, 2015 The contents of this article will also be changed (emphasis added by the author): "1. Licensing of activitiescollection, transportation, processing, recycling , neutralization and disposal of waste of I-IV hazard classes is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of May 4, 2011 No. 99-FZ "On licensing of certain types of activities" taking into account the provisions of this Federal Law[…]» .
Federal Law No. 458-FZ also made corresponding changes to paragraph 30 of Part 1 of Art. 12 of the Federal Law of May 4, 2011 No. 99-FZ “On licensing of certain types of activities”, classifying them as licensed types of activities collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, disposal of waste of I-IV hazard classes. These changes come into force on July 1, 2015.
Thus, from July 1, 2015, all types of waste management activities, except for accumulation, must be licensed (accordingly, waste generation is also not subject to licensing).
What to do with previously issued licenses for waste disposal and disposal (including unlimited ones)? Federal Law No. 458-FZ gives an answer to this question that is stunning in its simplicity: “Licenses for activities for the neutralization and disposal of waste of hazard classes I-IV, issued before the date of entry into force of this Federal Law, are valid until June 30, 2015.”
Well, as they used to say in the old days: “Here’s St. George’s Day for you, grandma!” Today's grandmothers - to paraphrase a modern song - can only nervously smoke a pipe... Judge for yourself: not only did perpetual licenses suddenly become urgent (and enterprises that recently received licenses will be forced to start the licensing process anew in a few months), but You also need to obtain a license for all waste management operations (except for the generation and accumulation of waste - and thank you for that!).
For example, if at the enterprise during the production of the main products any substances and materials are formed (including defective products) that can be used (we deliberately do not say "disposed of") at the same enterprise (for example, re-included in the production process in the same workshop or sent to a neighboring workshop to produce another type of product), then our predicted position of the supervisory authorities will be that they will require the enterprise to have a license (and if In its absence, the company will face penalties). The same problem may arise when agreeing on draft standards for waste generation and limits on their disposal (hereinafter referred to as NRWR): Rosprirodnadzor authorities will require that the specified substances and materials be included in the waste nomenclature, and a license be attached to the draft NRWR...
Or another example: let’s say, in a large office building, where baskets are installed to accumulate office waste (if it is waste, it will be waste of hazard class IV), to minimize the cost of removing and burying waste in one of the premises (before moving the contents of the baskets into a common bunker transported to a solid waste landfill) glass, cardboard, metals, etc. are selected. You don’t have to be Cassandra to assume that if an inspection is carried out, Rosprirodnadzor will classify the process of selecting useful components as waste sorting (i.e., waste treatment), which will require an appropriate license.
Thus, many enterprises in the near future will be faced with a dilemma - either to obtain licenses to carry out waste disposal and/or treatment activities, or to prove (during inspections and in court proceedings) that certain substances and materials are not waste. As for the above examples, in the first case it will be necessary to prove that the substances and materials are a by-product (and/or raw material), and in the second - that the substances and materials, called office waste, become waste after glass, cardboard are collected from them , metals. Here it is not only the ambiguity of the term that can come to the rescue "delete" in relation to substances and materials, but also existing arbitration practice, in which the courts noted that individual entrepreneurs and legal entities have the right to independently determine which substances and materials generated as a result of their production activities fall under the definition of “production and consumption waste”.
BY THE WAY
In addition to Art. 1 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, when making decisions and rulings, the judges referred to the corresponding position of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, set out in letter No. 12-47/94 dated January 10, 2013.
We believe that the introduced licensing of new (and “new old”) types of waste management activities - in relation to enterprises specializing in such types of activities - could theoretically contribute to streamlining and effective control in this area. But we fear that the desire to force a significant part of organizations that are de facto not involved in waste processing or disposal to go through the licensing procedure will create unnecessary administrative barriers, which, in a difficult economic situation, will clearly not contribute to economic growth in our country.
CHANGES TO WASTE OWNERSHIP PROVISIONS
Article 4 “Waste as an object of property rights” of Federal Law No. 89-FZ in the new edition has become extremely laconic: “The ownership of waste is determined in accordance with civil law”.
That's all! No more mentions that the ownership of waste belongs to the owner of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products, as well as goods (products), as a result of the use of which this waste was generated. And most importantly, there is no longer a provision that the owner of waste of hazard class I-IV has the right to alienate this waste into the ownership of another person, transfer to him, while remaining the owner, the right to own, use or dispose of this waste, if such a person has a license to carry out activities on the use, neutralization, transportation, disposal of waste of no less hazard class. Let us recall that these conditions were provided for in the previous edition of this article.
It turns out that ownership of waste (including donation) can be transferred to any person, regardless of whether the latter has a license. Another thing is that when developing NLR projects, drawing up technical reports or reporting of small and medium-sized businesses (hereinafter referred to as SMEs), it will still be necessary to indicate the names of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs who will carry out further waste management operations (indicating the types of treatment with waste and license details).
Now waste- How one of the types of movable things- are the object of property rights. The grounds for the emergence and procedure for the exercise of property rights are regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which we recommend that all ecologists study (at least the provisions of the articles on the right of ownership of movable property). It would also be useful to study the chapters and articles on the types of contracts relating to movable property.
Here are excerpts from the Civil Code that may be useful to environmentalists:
Extraction
from the Civil Code of the Russian Federation
Article 136. Fruits, products and income
3. A similar situation will arise from January 1, 2016 in the area of submitting notification reports to SMEs. The procedure for submitting and monitoring reporting on the generation, recycling, neutralization, and disposal of waste (with the exception of statistical reporting) of small and medium-sized enterprises, in the course of economic and (or) other activities of which waste is generated at facilities subject to federal state environmental supervision, will be established by the authorized federal executive body; and on objects subject to regional state environmental supervision, - authorized executive authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
4. The wording on the possibility of suspending the activities of enterprises in cases of violation of the IOLR will be changed. If the previous edition dealt with the suspension of activities in the field of waste management (this provision has remained since the time when waste management included the generation of waste), then from January 1, 2016, this provision of Federal Law No. 89-FZ will be look like this (highlighted and underlined by the author): « In case of violation of waste generation standards and limits on their disposal economic and (or) other activities of individual entrepreneurs, legal entities, during which waste is generated, may be limited, suspended or terminated in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation."
CHANGES IN THE FIELD OF WASTE Certification
Changes will be made to Art. 14 “Requirements for the management of waste of I-V hazard classes” of Federal Law No. 89-FZ:
1. From January 1, 2016 enterprises whose activities generate waste of I-V hazard classes and will be required to carry out assignment of waste to a specific hazard class for confirmation such classification in the manner established by the authorized federal executive body (the same body will carry out the confirmation of the classification of waste of hazard classes I-V to a specific hazard class). This, as they say, is “bad news” (let us remind you that currently the procedure for classifying waste into hazard classes I-IV is still in effect, and for waste of class V, the need to classify waste into hazard classes, as a rule, arises only when developing a NRW project) .
2. The "good news" is that from January 1, 2016, confirmation of assignment to a specific hazard class of waste included in the federal waste classification catalogue, will not be required . We note with sadness that legislators did not take pity on ordinary environmentalists and did not provide for a faster entry into force of this norm.
CHANGES IN THE AREA OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FEES AND ECONOMIC INCENTIVES
Federal Law No. 458-FZ also amended Art. 23 “Payment for negative impact on the environment when disposing of waste” of Federal Law No. 89-FZ. January 1, 2016 The following important provisions come into force:
1. Payment for negative impact on the environment (hereinafter referred to as NVOS) when placing waste (excluding MSW) carried out by individual entrepreneurs, legal entities, in the process of carrying out economic and (or) other activities waste is generated.
2. Fee payers for NVOS when placing MSW are operators for handling MSW, regional operators carrying out activities for their placement.
Thus, many years of disputes (including disputes in high courts) about whether enterprises should pay a fee for NWOS when disposing of waste, as well as who exactly should pay this fee, will now sink into oblivion. The ambiguity of legal norms will be eliminated: ownership of waste, whether it is transmitted or not transmitted, will have nothing to do with the payment for the NVOS.
Speaking about the payment for NVOS when placing MSW, we note another new norm of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (comes into force on January 1, 2016): “The cost of payment for the negative impact on the environment when disposing of municipal solid waste is taken into account when setting tariffs for the operator for handling solid waste.communalwaste, the regional operator in the manner established by the principles of pricing in the field of solid waste managementcommunalwaste". This norm applies not only to environmentalists, but to all citizens. Since these expenses will likely be included in utility bills, the total amount of utility bills will have to increase. Ideally, this should become an incentive to reduce waste generation on the part of users of residential premises - both directly (every resident should strive to reduce waste generation, and return secondary resources to recycling collection points), and by influencing management companies (voluntary or forced organization of separate waste collection).
Federal Law No. 458-FZ amended the provisions of the Federal Law of July 21, 2014 No. 219-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” and certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” on the application of reducing coefficients to payment rates for NVOS(changes will take effect January 1, 2016). Thus, in order to encourage legal entities and individual entrepreneurs engaged in economic and (or) other activities to take measures to reduce the waste pollution when calculating the charge for waste disposal, the following coefficients will be applied to the rates of such payment:
- coefficient 0 - when placing hazard class V waste from the mining industry by filling artificially created cavities in rocks during land and soil reclamation;
- coefficient 0.5 - when disposing of waste of hazard classes IV, V, generated during the disposal of previously disposed waste from the processing and mining industries;
- coefficient 0.67 - when disposing of hazard class III waste generated during the neutralization of hazard class II waste;
- coefficient 0.49 - when disposing of hazard class IV waste generated during the neutralization of hazard class III waste;
- coefficient 0.33 - when disposing of hazard class IV waste generated during the neutralization of hazard class II waste.
January 1, 2016 The provision of Federal Law No. 89-FZ comes into force stating that in the production of packaging, finished goods (products), after the loss of consumer properties which form waste which are presented biodegradable materials(the list will be established by the Government of the Russian Federation), may be applied various economic stimulus measures.
CHANGES IN PROFESSIONAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
The need to amend Art. 15 “Requirements for professional training of persons authorized to handle waste of I-IV hazard classes” of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, many provisions of which (especially after the entry into force of the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation”) Federations”) have turned into a certain kind of atavism (suffice it to say that the concept of “professional training” is not in the latest Federal Law), and is long overdue. Nevertheless, legislators, keen on developing new large-scale concepts, the first two paragraphs of Art. 15 was not touched at all, but paragraph 3 was supplemented with the following content: "3. The procedure for professional training of persons authorized to collect, transport, process, dispose of, neutralize, and dispose of waste of hazard classes I-IV, and the requirements for its implementation are established by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education , in agreement with the federal executive body that carries out state regulation in the field of environmental protection". This provision comes into effect on July 1, 2015, and we are very interested to see how it is implemented.
ABOUT SOME PROHIBITIONS
Earlier we talked about the “carrots” provided for in the new legislation. Now let’s say a few words about the new prohibitions (“whips”) in Federal Law No. 89-FZ:
- from January 1, 2016 in Art. 11 a ban will be introduced on the commissioning of buildings, structures and other facilities that are not equipped with technical means and technologies for the neutralization and safe disposal of waste;
- from January 1, 2016 in Art. 12 is entered ban on the use of MSW for land and quarry reclamation;
- from January 1, 2017 in accordance with the new edition of Art. 12 disposal of waste containing useful components that must be disposed of will be prohibited. The list of types of waste that contain useful components prohibited for disposal will be established by the Government of the Russian Federation. It is not yet known whether previously issued documents approving the NPLR will be cancelled, if these limits allowed for the disposal of useful components.
CONCLUSION
In the article we tried to dwell on the most important, in our opinion, innovations in legislation in the field of waste management. Some of them were touched upon to a greater extent, others were only outlined. The scope of a journal article, especially one written literally “hot on the heels” of the adopted Federal Law No. 458-FZ, does not allow us to talk in too much detail about large-scale changes in the field of waste management. It seems to us that today there are more questions about this legal act than there are answers in it. We are confident that on the pages of the “Ecologist's Handbook” the authors of articles will more than once turn to the analysis of Federal Law No. 458-FZ. Much will become clearer in the process of practical implementation of the provisions of this document, incl. as appropriate by-laws are adopted.
In this regard, I would like to draw your attention to the portal http://regulation.gov.ru, where drafts of all regulations are published and where everyone can take part in official public discussion. Immediately after the adoption of Federal Law No. 458, drafts of several by-laws appeared on this portal. We believe that active participation of the environmental community in formal discussions can help develop optimal versions of regulations.
For example, according to the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. S.A. Kuznetsova (St. Petersburg: Norint, 2009) “remove” - 1) move to a further distance, move away; 2) remove, take out, take out, etc. smb. superfluous, unnecessary, interfering; 3) eliminate somehow. method (remove, cut, tear out, etc.); 4) make the impact or influence of something less noticeable; completely get rid of something influence, impact, etc.
We are talking about emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, discharges of harmful substances into water bodies, substances that destroy the ozone layer, radioactive waste, biological waste, and medical waste.
We mean the new Guidelines for the development of draft waste generation standards and limits on their disposal, approved by Order of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources dated August 5, 2014 No. 349. For more details, see: Prokhorov I.O. New guidelines for the development of PNOLR: comments and reflections // Ecologist's Handbook. 2014. No. 12. P. 9-25.
It seems to us that if this news was first heard at a meeting of ecologists, there should have been a pause after it, followed by loud and prolonged applause... After all, what Rosprirodnadzor “arranged” after August 1, 2014 with the confirmation of classes The dangers of waste - with the release of numerous explanatory letters and especially with the introduction of the so-called “Waste Certification Portal” - will be remembered by environmentalists for a long time.
Removal, processing and disposal of waste from hazard classes 1 to 5
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What is consumer and production waste? This term is disclosed in the law of the Russian Federation (June 24, 1998) - “On production and consumption waste.” All remains of materials, raw materials, products, semi-finished products or products that are the result of the production/consumption process are production and consumption waste. That is, it is garbage from all spheres of human life.
The rules for handling production and consumption waste are established by the Law of the Russian Federation “On Waste Materials of Production/Consumption”. The concept of waste management and its management scheme are described in the Basel Convention.
General provisions of the program
The scheme and rules for handling production and consumption waste are developed by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Waste management methods are described in detail in regulations that regulate the protection of land from this type of waste. Collection, short-term storage, and disposal of waste, subsequent transfer and reuse of waste, that is, all processes should not negatively affect the environment and people.
Environmental programs and SanPin regulations oblige the management of organizations to comply with certain conditions:
- Warehousing or disposal of waste must be carried out in a room with all necessary equipment.
- Maintaining mandatory records that reflect the presence of waste and the possibility of its recycling.
- Timely submit reliable data to SanPin authorities about the availability of waste for recycling and its quantity.
- Proper maintenance of a log of the movement of workings.
- Conduct training for department employees once a year.
SanPin prohibits:
- Uncontrollably dumping waste outside the organization without first neutralizing it.
- Burn waste outside of special equipment (furnaces with a gas cleaning system). It is prohibited to dispose of waste using methods not provided for by SanPin.
- Place a warehouse on the territory of your own enterprise, other organizations and populated areas. Exception: use of a combustion device that complies with air safety regulations.
- Use chemical elements with unknown properties.
- Organize burial grounds for toxic waste.
All rules established by SanPin must be followed. Otherwise, violators are subject to serious sanctions ranging from fines to closure of the organization.
Control programs
The scheme for using hazardous waste in production must comply with sanitary standards.
Basic standards:
- The enterprise appoints a person responsible for waste management (collection, storage, disinfection, recycling)
- All actions with waste must be recorded in a logbook. The designated person is also responsible for them.
- Every month on a set date, all facilities and processes should be inspected.
Classification of industrial waste
The Law (Federal Law No. 89) and SanPin distinguishes five classes of waste. The classification of industrial and consumer waste has been developed based on the potential danger of industrial waste. The following types of waste exist:
- Extremely dangerous. These are toxic substances. Disposal of such substances in landfills is prohibited. They must be isolated and disposed of in another way.
- Highly hazardous waste containing lead.
- Moderate danger. Used automobile oils. According to SanPin, you can send them to burial grounds.
- Low risk. There is a possibility of negative impact. This category includes bitumen, hard asphalt, etc.
- Non-hazardous waste. For example, foam or regular plastic.
The hazard class of a substance dictates the methods and rules for handling it. Before deciding on handling methods, it is necessary to assess and record the hazard class.
Waste management safety programs
The waste management system has established a number of restrictions when handling substances of this origin. The law establishes the means for regulating these rules. Failure to comply with the requirements will result in imprisonment or a large fine.
The following provisions must be observed:
- Persons whose age is equal to or more than 18 years can be allowed to work with waste of classes 1–3. They must undergo preliminary instruction and the necessary training. After which they must be able to quickly respond to any circumstances, including providing first aid.
- It is prohibited to store more production materials than is established by the legislation of the country.
- Storage and disposal of waste is carried out in a room free from heating devices and sparking sources.
- If several types of hazardous substances are stored in the same room, their compatibility must be taken into account.
- It is prohibited to leave personal belongings on the premises.
- After contact with hazardous materials, it is necessary, observing safety precautions, to wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water. If anything bothers you, consult a doctor.
- The premises must be equipped with a fire alarm.
Industrial waste management
Actions related to production and consumption waste must be carried out by specialized services with the necessary transport, personnel and license. Management of production and consumption waste is controlled by environmental agencies.
Disposal of production and consumption waste is carried out in accordance with established rules in special areas:
- Vaults
- Polygons
- Complexes
- Structures
All actions are carried out in accordance with SanPin requirements and with a license to perform any activity involving hazardous mining. The placement of waste materials is also influenced by the conclusion on establishing the degree of danger of waste substances.
The list of waste materials located at solid waste landfills is determined by Rospotrebnadzor authorities. When disposing of used material at a landfill, the entrepreneur must calculate the limit for the placement of waste. In this case it is necessary to indicate:
- Quantity of scrap materials
- Its composition
- Hazard Class
There is a list of substances the placement of which is prohibited in solid waste landfills:
- Recycling materials of hazard classes 1-3
- Radioactive testing of various states of aggregation
- Toxic wastes of 1-3 degrees of harmfulness
- Explosives
- Confiscated raw materials from slaughterhouses of meat processing plants
- Corpses of dead animals
- Recycling materials from medical institutions
To neutralize and bury such raw materials, special buildings are used that meet the requirements of sanitary and environmental authorities. The Russian Federation has established a fee for the disposal of production waste. Limits on fees are set for damage to the environment. The approval of the fee was carried out in accordance with Resolution No. 632 (08/28/1992).
Disposal of waste substances
It is customary to distinguish three types of recycling:
- Primary - the use of waste materials is carried out without preliminary processing
- Secondary – materials obtained as a result of special processing of waste materials are used
- Mixed - a combination of the first two types
It is impossible to dispose of production residues that contain harmful substances: mercury, valuable metals, cadmium and others. For these materials, secondary recycling is used by dividing the waste substance into fractions. Modern methods of recycling industrial waste are represented in the following areas:
- Pyrolysis. The scheme involves burning materials in a special chamber at very high/low temperatures.
- Waste incineration. Such a system helps to quickly reduce the volume of waste and preserve land areas.
- Composting. Suitable for organic residues only. As a result, you can obtain organic fertilizer that can be used in agriculture. It is important to know that industrial waste may contain toxic substances, in which case this disposal method is not suitable.
- System of complex processing by a highly specialized enterprise. The most promising direction of waste disposal. It is carried out at enterprises equipped with modern technological equipment.
- Disposal in landfills/landfills. The cheapest option, but it takes up significant space.
Possible ways to use waste from production
Despite the fact that such waste in most cases is of little use for recycling, there are a number of areas that include programs for the possible use of waste:
- Filling roads, reclamation of areas, etc. In general, all areas in which pebbles, sand and other solid industrial waste are actively used. The economic benefits of such use are obvious, but only 15% of all waste is used for these needs.
- Construction Materials. There are ways to recycle waste for use in the production of building materials.
- Like fertilizer. There are programs developed by agricultural experts that allow you to use waste as fertilizer for the land. For example, ammonium sulfate (NNH4) 2SO4 can be easily obtained from phosphogypsum. The conversion procedure is relatively inexpensive, but there are also problems: there is a possibility of heavy metals in the waste, such as arsenic and selenium, which can harm the soil.
- As fuel. Waste from the forestry and woodworking industries can be used as fuel in industrial activities.
Responsibility for violations of rules in the field of handling hazardous waste
Hazardous waste management programs are regulated by Article 28 of the Federal Law on Waste. According to this act, complete or partial violation of the relevant law will result in administrative, criminal or legal penalties.
- Disciplinary responsibility. If the procedure for handling production and consumption waste is violated. In this case, the head of the organization has the right to apply disciplinary sanctions to workers.
- Property liability. This is a system of liability that applies to legal entities. That is, to those business entities that violated the basic requirements and programs for the management of hazardous waste.
- Civil law
The management of production and consumption waste is currently a pressing problem. According to statistics, in 1997, more than 300 tons of industrial waste were thrown into unauthorized landfills, damage was caused to a huge number of areas, which will only be restored after hundreds of years. This happened almost 20 years ago, but positive trends are still not visible. Environmental programs and laws that have been adopted in the Russian Federation over recent years have contributed to reducing the volume of illegal waste, but the importance still remains high.
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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"Ulyanovsk State Technical University"
Department of Life Safety and Industrial Ecology
Abstract on the discipline "ECOLOGY"
Abstract topic: Management of industrial and consumer waste.
Completed by: student of group TGVbd-11
Gorbunov A.V.
Checked by: teacher Ivanova Yu.S.
Ulyanovsk
Introduction
1. Waste classification
2. Current state of the waste problem in Russia
3. Basic waste processing methods
3.1 Collection and intermediate storage of waste
3.2 Waste disposal
3.3 Incineration
3.4 Recycling
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Human life is associated with the emergence of a huge amount of various waste. The sharp increase in consumption in recent decades has led to a significant increase in the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW).
Solid industrial and household waste (IW and SW) litter and litter the natural landscape around us.
In addition, they can be a source of harmful chemical, biological and biochemical drugs into the environment. This poses a certain threat to the health and life of the population.
On the other hand, TP and BO should be considered as technogenic formations that need to be characterized in an industrially significant way by the content of a number of valuable, practically free components, ferrous, non-ferrous metals and other materials suitable for use in metallurgy, the construction industry, mechanical engineering, the chemical industry, and energy. , in agriculture and forestry.
Solving the problem of processing TP and BO has become of paramount importance in recent years.
In addition, in connection with the upcoming gradual depletion of natural sources of raw materials (oil, coal, ores for non-ferrous and ferrous metals), the full use of all types of industrial and household waste is of particular importance for all sectors of the national economy.
In a market economy, researchers, industrialists and municipal authorities face the need to ensure the maximum possible safety of technological processes and the full use of all production waste.
The complexity of solving all these problems of recycling solid industrial and household waste (IW and BO) is explained by the lack of their clear scientifically based classification, the need to use complex capital-intensive equipment and the lack of economic justification for each specific solution.
1. Waste classification
Waste refers to the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other items or products that were generated during the production or consumption process, as well as goods (products) that have lost their consumer properties.
In practical problems, the following three methods of classifying waste are most often used: by state of aggregation, by origin, by type of impact on the natural environment and humans.
According to their state of aggregation, waste is divided into: solid, liquid and gaseous.
Based on their origin, they are classified as: industrial, agricultural and household waste.
According to the types of impact on the natural environment and humans, they are divided into: toxic; radioactive, flammable, explosive, spontaneously combustible, corrosive, reactive, waste that causes infectious diseases and hazardous waste.
Hazardous waste includes waste that contains harmful substances that have hazardous properties (toxicity, explosion hazard, fire hazard, high reactivity) or contain pathogens of infectious diseases, or that may pose an immediate or potential danger to the natural environment and human health independently or upon coming into contact with other substances.
The hazard class of waste is established using experimental or calculation methods according to the degree of possible harmful effects on the natural environment due to the direct or indirect impact of hazardous waste on it.
To assess the danger of waste to the natural environment, the following hazard classes have been established: Class I - extremely hazardous waste; Class II - highly hazardous waste; Class III - moderately hazardous waste; Class IV - low hazardous waste; Class V - practically non-hazardous waste.
Waste management should be understood as the activity in the process of which waste is generated, as well as activities for the collection, recycling (use), neutralization and destruction, transportation, disposal (storage and burial) of waste.
Waste disposal should be understood as activities related to the processing (including incineration and disinfection) of waste in specialized facilities in order to prevent their harmful effects on human health and the environment.
Waste storage should be understood as the temporary storage of waste in disposal facilities for the purpose of its subsequent disposal, neutralization or use.
Waste disposal refers to the isolation of waste that is not subject to further use in special storage facilities in order to prevent the release of harmful substances into the environment.
Enterprises involved in waste management are divided into three categories (groups) taking into account the hazard class of the waste, the volume of its generation at the enterprise and the procedure for handling it.
Category I (group) of environmental users for waste management includes enterprises (organizations) that have technological cycles for the generation (handling) of industrial waste of hazard classes I and II and/or that use in their activities technological operations for the reception, sorting, burial, neutralization, and recovery of waste , and other methods of their disposal.
Category II (group) of environmental users for waste management includes: enterprises (organizations) with technological cycles (sites) where industrial waste of III and IV hazard classes is generated; users of natural resources not classified in groups I and III.
Category III (group) of environmental users for waste management includes non-production organizations that meet the following criteria: the total amount of waste generated does not exceed 30 tons per year; the bulk of waste consists of waste of hazard classes V and IV; the mass of hazard class III waste does not exceed 1% of the total mass of generated waste; the arrangement of waste disposal sites eliminates their harmful impact on the environment.
The main object of environmental regulation is solid industrial and household toxic and hazardous waste.
The main mechanisms of environmental regulation in the field of waste management are: certification; licensing; limitation, economic regulation.
The main elements of certification in the field of waste management (as one of the mechanisms of environmental regulation) are the development and use of: a state waste cadastre; hazardous waste passports; passports of waste disposal facilities.
The main elements of licensing in the field of waste management (as one of the mechanisms of environmental regulation) are licensing of activities related to waste disposal, waste storage, waste transportation; waste disposal; waste disposal; destruction of waste.
The main elements of economic regulation in the field of waste management (as one of the mechanisms of environmental regulation) are: payments for waste disposal within established limits, payments for waste disposal in excess of established limits.
The waste generation standard determines the established amount of waste of a specific type during the production of a unit of product. Waste disposal limits establish the maximum permissible amount of waste of a particular type, which is allowed to be disposed of in a certain way for a specified period of time in waste disposal facilities, taking into account the environmental situation of the given territory.
2. Current state of the waste problem in Russia
The current situation in the Russian Federation in the field of education, use, neutralization, storage and disposal of waste leads to dangerous environmental pollution, irrational use of natural resources, significant economic damage and poses a real threat to the health of current and future generations of the country.
For almost all subjects of the Russian Federation, one of the main tasks in the field of environmental protection is solving the problems of neutralization and recycling of household and industrial waste.
Every year, the Russian Federation generates about 7 billion tons of waste, of which only 2 billion tons, or 28.6 percent, are used. On the territory of the country, about 80 billion tons of solid waste alone have been accumulated in dumps and storage facilities. Of particular concern is the accumulation of toxic waste, including those containing carcinogenic substances, in dumps and landfills.
On the territory of the Russian Federation, over 1.9 billion tons of hazardous waste have been accumulated in storage facilities, storage facilities, warehouses, burial grounds, as well as in landfills, landfills and other facilities owned by enterprises. An assessment of the situation allows us to conclude that the amount of waste generated in the country is constantly growing. At the same time, the rate of waste use and disposal decreased to 43.3%. Due to the lack of landfills for storing and burying waste, the practice of placing it in unorganized storage areas (unauthorized landfills) is widespread, which poses a great danger to the environment.
Dynamics of waste generation in the Russian Federation from 2002 to 2004. is reflected in the figure, the corresponding data is given in the table.
Table 1
Indicators of industrial and consumption waste management in the Russian Federation, million tons
|Indicator |2002 |2003 |2004 |
|For the reporting year |2034.9 |2613.5 |2634.9 |
|Used in enterprises |1210.8 |1287.8 |1126.4 |
|Decontaminated at enterprises |3.5 |54.9 |14.3 |
|Used and neutralized, % of the amount of waste generated |59.7 |51.4 |43.3 |
|Located on territory owned by enterprises |1305.9 |1747.2 |2355.2 |
Figure 1. Waste generation.
The largest amount of waste was generated in 2004 in the Siberian Federal District (which contributed 62%). The Kemerovo region is located here - a subject of the Federation with the largest amount of waste generated per year, equal to 1.27 billion tons (48.2% of the total Russian amount of waste).
Unused waste is billions of tons of irretrievably lost material resources taken out of economic circulation, many types of which the country practically no longer has.
The transition to a market economy did not cause an increase in waste recycling. The need has become more acute to combine the flexibility of a market economy, capable of rapid reorientation of raw materials, with forward-looking government support that encourages the use of waste and the reduction of its negative impact on the environment.
Due to the insufficient economic interest of enterprises, the low technical level of the technologies used, the lack of funds and modern equipment, only a few dozen types of waste are processed and used. In this regard, the rate of their formation and accumulation (including large-scale waste) on the territory of Russia remains the same.
The rapid growth of the urban population is one of the most important trends of the new century. The amount of various waste, especially solid household waste, which requires timely removal and safe disposal, is also increasing in cities.
In Russia, the share of the urban population is 73%, which is slightly lower than the level of European countries. But, despite this, the concentration of solid waste in large Russian cities has now increased sharply, especially in cities with a population of 500 thousand or more people. The volume of waste is increasing, and the territorial possibilities for its disposal and processing are decreasing. Delivery of waste from the places of its generation to disposal points requires more and more time and money. In Russia, it is necessary to improve the organization of the municipal waste recycling process.
Now waste is simply collected for disposal at landfills, and this leads to the alienation of vacant areas in suburban areas and limits the use of urban areas for the construction of residential buildings. Also, the joint burial of different types of waste can lead to the formation of hazardous compounds.
The problems of increasing the amount of waste and its impact on the environment create great difficulties in the development and implementation of territorial policy. Traditionally, in Russia, such problems were dealt with by city authorities, but recently, due to the transfer of responsibility for solving urban environmental problems to local authorities, the situation is changing. According to the law “On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation”, which has been in force since 1995 and came into force on January 1, 2006, the issues of organizing “collection and removal of household waste and garbage”, as well as “recycling and recycling of household and industrial waste” have been transferred to the local level. waste". But to completely solve the problem, the question of establishing a special sanitary cleaning system in the economic complex of cities must be raised. This system involves the implementation of a whole range of economic activities for the collection, removal and disposal of waste in order to preserve the health of residents and improve the area. In addition to the collection, storage, transportation, neutralization and disposal of waste, the system of sanitary cleaning of populated areas should include measures to reduce the scale of waste generation and organize the processing of secondary resources.
Now in Russia the very concept of sanitary cleaning only means compliance with hygienic requirements and the operation of installations and structures designed for the neutralization and disposal of solid and liquid household and industrial waste. And this concept should include the implementation of programs to work with the population, managers of housing maintenance organizations and specialists involved in waste collection, managers and specialists of waste transportation enterprises, managers and specialists of waste processing enterprises, government officials, and potential investors.
Another important task of sanitary cleaning of the area is the separation of substances from the mass of waste that can be reused or recycled. After all, these are tons of irretrievably lost resources, many of which the country practically no longer has. After all, you can find a large amount of precious metals in landfills.
The competitive capabilities of the city also depend on improving the urban environment. The state of tourist attractiveness of cities depends on this. The competitive advantages of cities are determined by the development of routes for specialized vehicles transporting household and industrial waste.
3. Basic waste processing methods
3.1 Collection and intermediate storage of waste
Waste collection is often the most expensive component of the entire waste management and disposal process. Therefore, proper organization of waste collection can save significant money. The existing solid waste collection system in Russia should remain standardized from the point of view of efficiency. At the same time, additional planning is needed to address new problems (for example, waste from commercial kiosks, for which there are often insufficient resources to collect).
Sometimes a remedy for these new problems can be found by introducing differentiated charges for waste collection.
In densely populated areas it is often necessary to transport waste over long distances. The solution in this case may be a temporary waste storage station, from which waste can be removed by large vehicles or by rail.
In many cities, unitary municipal enterprises for the collection and storage of solid waste have been created on the basis of solid waste landfills and special vehicle fleets. At the same time, a clear division of powers between city organizations in the field of solid waste has not yet occurred. Such organizations include the housing and communal services department, the city sanitary and epidemiological inspection center, the city nature committee, foresters and water workers. Theoretically, they are responsible for residential and industrial zones, suburban forests, water protection and sanitary protection zones. In practice, large urban areas do not have a clear status, no real owner, and unauthorized landfills are primarily formed on them.
Two-stage removal of solid waste using large-capacity transport garbage trucks and removable press containers is being further developed.
3.2 Waste disposal
One of the main methods of disposal (MSW) throughout the world remains burial in the near-surface geological environment.
Considering the high chemical and sanitary-epidemiological danger of unorganized storage and storage of solid waste, before choosing a site for such storage, it is necessary to carefully consider a number of issues: terrain features, terrain, features of the geological structure of the earth's layers of the proposed storage site for solid waste, the prevailing wind rose, features of the surrounding natural landscape.
The unsatisfactory situation with the use, neutralization and disposal of industrial and household waste is due to a number of objective reasons. First of all, this is extremely insufficient funding for the construction of installations for the neutralization and use of waste, waste disposal facilities, as well as the reconstruction or reclamation of existing waste disposal facilities, and the elimination of unauthorized waste disposal sites.
For highly urbanized territories (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk agglomerations, etc.), regardless of the presence of hazardous industries in them from an environmental point of view, a serious problem for the environment is the placement of landfills for storing municipal solid waste (MSW) and sludge. sites for sewage sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants, since suburban areas with valuable recreational and environmental landscapes are used for the construction of these facilities.
In storage facilities, storage facilities, warehouses, burial grounds, landfills, landfills and other facilities there are 1691 million tons of toxic production and consumption waste, of which 2.66 million tons of hazard class I waste, including 4 thousand tons of mercury, 4 ,8 thousand tons of waste from galvanic production, 11.4 thousand tons of organochlorines, 2.6 million tons of hexavalent chromium and others.
Due to the insufficient number of landfills for storing and burying industrial waste, the practice of placing industrial waste in places of unorganized storage (unauthorized landfills) is widespread, which poses a particular danger to the environment. The volume of toxic waste disposed of in unauthorized landfills is constantly growing.
Basic requirements for a solid waste landfill:
Under no circumstances should the landfill for storage and storage of solid waste be filled with flood waters.
The landfill must be surrounded by solid forests and the direction of the prevailing wind rose must be such that air from the surface of the landfill cannot reach nearby populated areas.
Warehousing and storage of solid waste must be carried out on a prepared waterproof base.
Solid waste should be stored and distributed over the site in a relatively thin layer, and this layer should be compacted so that there is no spread of small and light particles.
It is unacceptable for groundwater to enter the base of the landfill site.
The height of the solid waste backfill layer should not exceed 2 m. Compacted solid waste should be covered with an intermediate layer that would prevent the wind from carrying away small and light fractions of solid waste.
Solid waste should be stored, stored and moved to pre-planned areas (maps) as they are separated and processed.
Backfilling with solid waste (taking into account the location of the cards) and the availability of a supply of material for the covering layer.
Preventing the burning of solid waste on the territory of the landfill.
Irrigation of cards with stored solid waste during periods of increased fire danger during the dry summer period.
Joint storage and storage of solid waste with even single animal corpses, as well as toxic and explosive industrial waste, is not allowed. The proper operation of solid waste landfills is constantly monitored by the relevant sanitary epidemiological centers and nature protection committees.
Aging of chemical materials TP and BO containing arsenic As, sulfur S, halogens (chlorine Cl; bromine Br), heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cr, Sn, Ag, Au, Cu, Hg will cause gradual, slow, imperceptible poisoning of the soil. For example, scattered and broken batteries containing PbSO4 also decompose with age and primarily poison the soil and water bodies. Heavy metals have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties.
Aging of TP and BO from substances of organic origin is manifested in the occurrence of a number of processes of a chemical and biochemical nature.
The aging of TP and BP from polymeric materials of synthetic chemistry is dangerous, especially those from which carcinogenic substances (i.e., cancer-causing) can be formed.
Due to various chemical reactions, as well as microbiological activity, the temperature in different places of the landfill can fluctuate from 50 to 100 degrees, causing spontaneous combustion and releasing into the environment thousands of times the maximum permissible concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chemical carcinogens that play a leading role in the occurrence of cancer. When aqueous solutions of aromatics are exposed to light (during evaporation after precipitation, as well as during the combustion of plastics and organic matter), compounds of the dioxin class are formed in abundance. Dioxin is the most powerful poison known in nature, a mutagen, carcinogen, teratogen, extremely stable in the external environment.
Atmospheric precipitation helps the migration of chemical elements, their meeting with each other, contact, and penetration into groundwater. Periodic influx of chemicals from surface and subsurface runoff is dangerous. Toxic gas emissions from a landfill can spread over long distances, mainly in the direction of prevailing winds, and also react with emissions from surrounding industrial facilities, aggravating the already tense environmental situation. An unfortunate side effect of a landfill on nearby homes can be infestations of rats and cockroaches, which are especially resistant to chemicals.
At landfills, waste undergoes intense biochemical decomposition. Under burial conditions, where almost 80% of the total waste flow is received, anaerobic conditions quickly form in which bioconversion of organic matter (OM) occurs with the participation of the methanogenic community of microorganisms. As a result of this process, biogas or so-called landfill gas (LFG) is formed. Emissions of landfill gases (LFG) entering the natural environment create negative effects of both local and global nature.
3.3 Incineration
Incineration is the most complex and “high-tech” waste management option. Combustion requires pre-treatment of solid waste (to produce so-called fuel extracted from waste). When separating from solid waste, they try to remove large objects and metals (both magnetic and non-magnetic) and further crush it. In order to reduce harmful emissions from waste, batteries and accumulators, plastic, and leaves are also removed. Incineration of an unseparated waste stream is now considered extremely dangerous. Thus, incineration can only be one component of a comprehensive recycling program.
Incineration makes it possible to reduce the weight of waste by approximately 3 times, eliminate some unpleasant properties: odor, release of toxic liquids, bacteria, attractiveness to birds and rodents, and also obtain additional energy that can be used to generate electricity or heating.
Serious problems also arise with the disposal of ash from waste incineration, which by weight accounts for up to 30% of the original weight of waste and which, due to its physical and chemical properties, cannot be disposed of in conventional landfills. For safe disposal of ash, special storage facilities with control and treatment of wastewater are used.
In Russia, waste incineration plants are not mass-produced. Speaking about the socio-economic aspects of waste incineration, it should be noted that usually the construction and operation of an incineration plant is beyond the means of the city budget. equipment recycling storage waste
It is MSZ, according to experts, that are the main sources of super poisons - dioxins.
3.4 Recycling
Recycling is the reuse or return into circulation of industrial waste or garbage.
The disposal method, from an economic point of view, is ineffective, requiring enormous budgetary costs. And these costs are in no way justified from an environmental point of view: there is an irreversible loss of irreplaceable natural resources.
Options for collecting recyclable materials in different countries and territories may vary depending on local conditions: garbage collection centers near your home, specialized collection centers for recyclable materials, paid collection centers. Depending on the type of waste collection, the transport for its transportation is selected. The next stage is the choice of the type and capacity of the processing enterprise: a number of small local plants, a large company of a territorial unit, or transportation of raw materials to a large regional processing enterprise.
After dividing solid waste into fractions, each of the fractions enters the next technological stage - the stage of processing into the final product.
Glass is usually recycled by crushing and melting (preferably the original glass is the same color). Low quality broken glass after crushing is used as a filler for building materials (for example, the so-called glassphalt).
Steel and aluminum cans are melted down to obtain the corresponding metal.
Paper waste of various types has been used for many decades along with conventional cellulose to make pulp - the raw material for paper. Mixed or low-quality paper waste can be used to make toilet paper, wrapping paper and cardboard. Unfortunately, in Russia only on a small scale there is a technology for producing high-quality paper from high-quality waste (printing house scraps, used paper for copiers and laser printers, etc.).
Recycling plastic in general is a more expensive and complex process. It should be noted that not all types of polymers are used for recycling, but only some. In Russia, plastic recycling is carried out in small quantities.
The main problem in recycling recyclables is not the lack of recycling technologies - modern technologies make it possible to recycle up to 90% of the total amount of waste - but the separation of recyclables from the rest of the garbage (and the separation of various components of recyclables). There are many technologies that allow you to separate waste and recyclables. The most expensive and complex of them is the extraction of recyclable materials from the already formed general waste stream at special enterprises.
The organization of the procurement process should begin with work with the population. At the same time, without the participation of private companies, the implementation of projects for the collection and subsequent disposal of solid waste seems unlikely. A prerequisite is a clear organization of the collection process and a gradual, step-by-step allocation of secondary raw materials, as well as a closed chain, i.e. products obtained from selected waste. At the same time, the decisive point in determining the strategy for attracting residents to selective collection will be the economic factor: the price of receiving secondary raw materials at the processing plant. The role of the federal center should be to prepare conditions for their successful implementation of projects for the selective collection and recycling of solid waste and the formation of a regulatory and tax framework that will facilitate the establishment of a market for secondary raw materials.
Conclusion
In Russia, the processing industry is poorly developed, work is poorly done to prepare and educate the population for the separate collection of waste, a system for collecting secondary resources is not organized, a system for removing generated waste is not established everywhere, and there is weak control over its formation. This entails deterioration of the environment and a negative impact on human health.
It is obvious that no technology by itself will solve the problem of solid waste and landfills are sources of emissions of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and other hazardous substances. The effectiveness of technologies can only be considered in the general chain of the life cycle of consumer goods - waste.
Landfills will remain the main method of waste disposal (processing) in Russia for a long time. The main task is to develop existing landfills, extend their life, and reduce their harmful effects.
In order to further reduce environmental pollution from waste and save natural resources through the use of waste, it is necessary to: carry out certification of waste from any natural resource user with a clear definition of their danger and certification; creating the necessary conditions to reduce the volume of waste generation, increasing the level of their use by improving legal, economic, organizational, managerial and other regulators of waste generation and use.
Bibliography
1. Dreyer, A.A. Solid industrial and household waste, their properties and processing / A.A. Dreyer, A.N. Sachkov, K.S. Nikolsky, Yu.I. Marinin, A.V. Mironov. - M.: Collection, 1997.
2. Justification for choosing the optimal method for neutralizing solid household waste from housing stock in Russian cities. [Electronic resource]/ Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources - Electronic. Text data. - M.: Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, 2009. - Access mode: http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/Global/russia/report/toxics/Comments_Prirodnadzor.pdf - Cap. from the screen.
3. Website of the National Information Agency "Natural Resources" (NIA-Priroda) [Electronic resource] / Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. - Electron. text data - M.: Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, 2009. - Access mode: http://www.priroda.ru/regions/waste/ - Cap. from the screen.
4. The current situation with waste disposal in Russia. [Electronic resource] / Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. - Electron. text data - M.: Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, 2012. - Access mode: http://www.naturetooday.ru/naturs-1099-1.html - Cap. from the screen.
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In a number of countries, waste management policies today are based on waste recycling. Unfortunately, this is not developed in Russia, because... ours is full of resources. Without using recycled materials, we accumulate a large amount of garbage, which does not go anywhere.
As you remember, With There are three ways to dispose of waste: bury, incinerate and recycle.
Waste disposal
In most cases, a significant part of the waste is buried, which could, at the current level of technology, be recycled with great benefit to society. This approach is extremely dangerous for the environment and human health.
Garbage is usually dumped in quarries or other places. The thickness of the garbage layer (or more correctly, the “landfill body”) can reach 80 meters or more. During the decomposition of this mixture, watered by rain, a filtrate is formed - a liquid saturated with waste products, which penetrates the soil and pollutes groundwater with toxic substances and heavy metal compounds.
Since household waste contains many flammable substances, spontaneous combustion of the landfill body regularly occurs in the summer, which is almost impossible to extinguish. As a result of combustion, not only fire gases (carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides and furans), but also such extremely dangerous super-ecotoxicants as dibenzofurans and dioxins enter the atmosphere. In total, any landfill releases more than one hundred toxic substances into the environment that have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Also, do not forget that in addition to toxic gases, landfills produce huge amounts of the greenhouse gas methane as a result of the decomposition of organic waste. It is one of the main gases, the accumulation of which in the atmosphere leads to an increase in the greenhouse effect.
Dioxins
Dioxins are 67,000 times more potent than cyanide. By interfering with the process of formation of new cells in the body, they provoke the development of cancer; affect the delicate functioning of the endocrine glands, which in turn leads to a complete imbalance of all vital functions of the body; strongly affect reproductive function, often inhibiting puberty or even leading to infertility. The lethal dose is so microscopic that it makes dioxins more dangerous than chemical warfare agents. And one more terrible characteristic is that they are weakly broken down and are capable of accumulating both in the human body and in the environment, moving from one natural cycle to another.
Every year, more than 300 million tons of waste are sent to landfills and natural dumps in Russia. There is no exact data on how much area is currently occupied by garbage, but even approximate figures are impressive. Thus, the country's landfills cover about 1 million hectares, which is approximately 10 areas of Moscow! What if we add to this “unaccounted for” illegal waste disposal sites? This figure may have to be increased significantly.
Today, Russia operates landfills that were opened in the 30-50s. 20th century. The vast majority of landfills are located in waste quarries and do not meet environmental standards. It’s hard to even imagine the damage these objects cause to ecological systems. But regarding emissions of methane gas into the Earth’s atmosphere, it is known that landfills and landfills in Russia annually emit up to 1 million tons of methane (about 90 billion m3) into the atmosphere, which is approximately 3% of the planetary flow.
What about other countries? All developed countries have long been implementing mechanisms to reduce the negative impact of landfills on the environment. Thus, modern landfills are equipped in accordance with strict requirements that exclude contact of waste with soil, and include systems for collecting and discharging leachate and biogas.
A modern polygon should look something like this. The pit prepared for backfilling is lined with an inert and impermeable film, which makes it possible to reliably separate the body of the landfill and the leachate from the ground. An embankment is created around the landfill to protect it from wind drift. When dumped, waste is compacted and covered with layers of inert soil. And finally, even during the design, a system for monitoring and collecting wastewater and biogas generated is laid out. In a number of countries, special installations are used at landfills to collect and utilize the methane released. The collected gas is used to produce heat and electricity.
Burning
Incineration is another method of waste disposal, which, moreover, allows you to significantly reduce the volume of waste and even gain benefits - the energy generated during combustion can be used.
However, it is important to note a few points.
Relatively safe waste incineration technology, Firstly, always involves preliminary waste sorting. Mixed waste has low combustible properties, as it may contain a large proportion of non-combustible fractions, resulting in the need to support the combustion process with additional fuel. Pre-sorting also eliminates the possibility of burning hazardous waste. Secondly, the combustion process itself must take place under strictly defined characteristics (the combustion temperature must be at least 1000°C), which allows the formation of environmentally hazardous products (in particular, dioxins) to be minimized. Third, the plant must be equipped with an expensive ventilation system, which must be properly maintained throughout its operation. And fourthly, the plant must ensure the processing and safe disposal of ash generated as a result of waste combustion and accounting for about 1/5 of the original volume of waste.
Summarizing the experience of many countries, we can summarize that the waste incineration route is the most expensive. It is impossible to completely stop burning waste. However, the use of this technology can be justified only after the selection and processing of useful fractions.
In Russia, waste incineration is poorly developed. There are about a dozen factories throughout the country.
