Presentation on the topic of solving world problems. Presentation on history "global problems of humanity"

Slide 4

The problem of disarmament and maintaining peace on Earth

Slide 5

Consequences of wars...

Scientists have calculated that over the past 5.5 thousand years there have been 15 thousand wars on our planet.

In the 20th century alone, more than 100 million people died in two world and local wars.

In the second half of the same century, nuclear weapons appeared and a real possibility arose of the destruction of entire countries and even continents, that is, almost the entire modern civilization.

Slide 6

Deadly weapon...

For every inhabitant of the planet there is a quantity of explosives that is enough to destroy all life more than once.

The arms race annually robs humanity of about 1 trillion. dollars, which is comparable to the national income of a country like Japan.

The armies of the world's states employ 26 million people separated from productive labor, and this is equal to the entire economically active population of a country like Germany.

Global arms trade

Slide 7

The result of global detente

The change in the political situation in the world, which began in the mid-1970s. (dubbed "détente"), and the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s. gradually led to the end of the struggle between the two systems, which kept the whole world in fear for almost forty years after the end of the Second World War.

Slide 8

Contradictory consequences...

In many developed countries, and especially in the former Soviet republics, the process of conversion of military production is actively underway.

The global confrontation has given way to an intensification and increase in the number of various types of local conflicts over territorial, ethnic, religious differences that threaten to turn into regional or global conflicts with the corresponding involvement of new participants.

Slide 9

Hotbeds of military conflicts

Slide 10

International terrorism - the scourge of the twentieth century

The problem of international terrorism, which can provoke various conflicts up to and including nuclear blackmail and a global nuclear conflict, also poses a great danger these days (some researchers identify international terrorism as a new global problem).

Slide 11

Ways to solve...

Program

“International cooperation for peace, solving global security problems, disarmament and conflict resolution”

is intended to support and develop relations between international non-governmental organizations, authorities and society in the field of improving international security.

Slide 12

Questions

Why do you think the problem of maintaining peace and preventing nuclear war is considered a priority among global problems?

Explain why the improvement of relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, and then with Russia, is traditionally associated with a “warming” in international relations in general?

Using media data, show specific recent steps in establishing cooperation and mutual understanding among peoples in solving the problem of maintaining peace on Earth.

Imagine yourself for a moment as the head of a “world government.” For what needs of humanity would you spend the 1 trillion saved on the arms race? dollars?

Slide 13

Ecological problem

Slide 14

The essence of the problem...

An environmental problem is a problem of the relationship between society and nature, and the preservation of the environment.

It became especially acute in the second half of the 20th century, when the load on the environment increased sharply.

As a result of a sharp increase in population, intensive industrialization and urbanization of our planet, economic pressures began to everywhere exceed the ability of ecological systems to self-purify and regenerate.

As a result, the natural cycle of substances in the biosphere was disrupted, and the health of the current and future generations of people was under threat.

Slide 15

Main aspects of the problem

• Problems of the state of natural resources and the environment.
• Water and air pollution.
• Changes in soil, forests, wildlife.

Slide 16

The scale of the problem...

• Local: contamination of groundwater with toxic substances.
• Regional: damage to forests and degradation of lakes as a result of atmospheric deposition of pollutants.
• Global: possible climate changes due to an increase in the content of carbon dioxide and other gaseous substances in the atmosphere, depletion of the ozone layer.

Slide 17

Ways to solve...

The international community proceeds from the fact that the main way to solve the environmental problem is

such an organization of production and non-production activities of people that would ensure normal “eco-development” - the transformation of the environment in the interests of all humanity and each person.

Slide 18

Ecology of developed countries

Awareness of the environmental problem has led to the greening of economic development in industrialized countries.

• Firstly, this was reflected in the fact that the costs of the state and monopolies for environmental protection have increased sharply.
• Secondly, the production of cleaning equipment has been established - an “eco-industry” and “eco-business” have emerged - an international market for environmentally friendly equipment and environmentally friendly products.
• Thirdly, a system of laws and organizations for environmental protection (relevant ministries and departments) was formed. Environmental development programs for individual countries and regions were developed.
• Fourth, international coordination in the field of environmental protection has increased.

Slide 19

Ecology of developing countries

The center of gravity of the global problems of our time is increasingly moving to the world of developing countries.

Here, environmental pressure is also increasing, since along with “pre-industrial” pollution (desertification and massive deforestation), new pollution is increasingly emerging, associated with the invasion of transnational corporations (TNCs), with the “export” of polluting industries to the “third world”.

Modern "industrial" pollution in developing countries is caused by the transfer of many polluting industries to the "third world", primarily the construction of metallurgical and chemical plants. The concentration of population in the largest agglomerations is growing.

“New” pollution in developing countries is also determined by the chemicalization of agriculture.

So, all new models of environmental development, all new technologies are so far the lot of the developed world, which accounts for about 20% of the Earth's population.

Slide 20

Questions

Climate change caused by the strengthening of the greenhouse effect can lead to a shift in the boundaries of natural zones towards the poles. How will this affect landscapes, forests, and environmental systems?

According to scientists' forecasts, the level of the World Ocean as a result of an increase in the average global temperature of surface air layers by 1.5 - 4.5˚C may rise by 20 - 165 cm. What adverse consequences of this phenomenon can humanity expect?

For every inhabitant of the planet, about 20 tons of mineral raw materials are mined annually, 97 - 98% of it then enters the soil, water, and air in the form of waste. Currently, the mass of waste and pollutants has reached 40 billion tons. How can I pause this process?

Every year, 11 million hectares of tropical forests disappear from the face of the Earth, which is 10 times the scale of reforestation. Name the factors influencing changes in forest area.

At the same time, the desertification process is underway. It annually withdraws about 6 million hectares of land from agricultural production. Name the areas in which the process of desertification is particularly pronounced.

Many countries of the world are faced with serious water resource problems, which consist not only of quantitative water shortages, but also of clean fresh water. Name the most polluted rivers and lakes in the world.

Slide 21

Resolution to save the planet from global warming

I, …………………, undertake, together with my family, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1 ton in 1 year. To do this I can do the following:

Replace a 100 W incandescent light bulb with a 27 W fluorescent light bulb, which will prevent 80 kg of carbon from entering the Earth's atmosphere per light bulb;

Replace a 75 W incandescent light bulb with an 18 W fluorescent light bulb, which will prevent 60 kg of carbon per light bulb from entering the Earth's atmosphere;

turning off indoor lights when not needed, which will prevent 60 kg of carbon per room from entering the Earth's atmosphere;

Seal the windows for the winter, which will prevent 800 kg of carbon from entering the Earth's atmosphere with electric heating and 350 kg with gas heating;

Donate waste paper (1 newspaper per day), which will prevent 25 kg of carbon from entering the Earth's atmosphere.

Slide 22

Demographic problem

Slide 23

The essence of the problem...

The demographic problem is a problem that has opposite aspects:

• the problem of the demographic crisis in developed countries, which has led to rapid aging and population decline (depopulation process);
• the problem of rapid population growth in developing countries.

Slide 24

Population growth

Slide 25

Population

Slide 26

A "reasonable" person...

Homo sapiens - Homo sapiens as a species of living beings, the pinnacle of the creation of life forms on Earth - has existed on the planet for about 100 thousand years, but only about 8 thousand years ago there were about 10 million people on Earth.

The number of earthlings increased very slowly while they lived by hunting and gathering, leading the lifestyle of nomads, but with the transition to settled agriculture, to new forms of production, especially industrial, the number of people began to increase rapidly.

Since the middle of the 20th century, there has been an unprecedented increase in the world population in the history of mankind.

Slide 27

How many of us...

If this growth continues for at least another couple of centuries, the entire earth's surface will be filled with residents with the population density of today's Moscow. And in six centuries, there will be only 1 square meter left for every inhabitant of the planet. m. of land.

According to UN experts, by 2025 the world population will reach 8.3 billion people. Currently, more than 130 million people are born on the globe each year, and 50 million die; Thus, the population growth is approximately 80 million people.

Slide 28

Population policy

Countries around the world have realized the need to regulate population numbers.

Developing countries are trying to reduce it through certain bans. Thus, the government of the most populous country, the PRC, set out to limit the birth rate by prohibiting families from having more than one child.

Developed countries are creating conditions to increase its numbers by improving reproductive health, promoting a healthy lifestyle, moral encouragement of responsible parenthood, reducing maternal mortality, providing targeted support for low-income families with children and certain categories of the population in need of special social protection.

Slide 29

Questions

It is known that the population census is a reflection of the demographic process occurring on the planet. How objective is the information she provides?

Aggravated in the 90s. In the 20th century in Russia, depopulation processes are often explained by the economic crisis and the low level of well-being of citizens. How, in this case, can one explain the high birth rate in countries with an even less prosperous economic situation than in Russia?

Modern demographic science offers a regime of population reproduction in which the demographic situation in the world can stabilize. What mode do you think this is? How many children should every woman in the world have on average?

Currently, developing countries are pursuing policies to reduce the birth rate. Which countries have not yet been covered by this process? Why?

Slide 30

Food problem

Slide 31

The essence of the problem...

A food problem is a problem that manifests itself in food shortages and insufficient calorie content, in a lack of vitamins and proteins of animal origin.

Scientists believe that the medical norm for caloric content of food consumed should be no less than 2300-2600 kcal.

Slide 32

Nutrition of people

Slide 33

Geography of the problem...

There is a clear gap between the main areas of food production and consumption and the areas suffering from hunger and malnutrition:

The United States, Canada and Western Europe have a food surplus, while developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America have a food shortage.

In recent years, this problem has worsened in countries formerly the USSR due to the disruption of previous economic ties and the imperfection of existing agrarian relations

Slide 34

Types of nutrition according to G. Cariel

Slide 35

Ways to solve...

The extensive path, which consists of further expansion of arable, pasture and fishing grounds.

An intensive path associated with a direct increase in food production associated with the intensification of the agricultural use of the territory through mechanization, chemicalization, irrigation, increased energy availability, the use of higher-yielding and disease-resistant varieties and the most productive breeds of livestock.

Slide 36

Questions

Why are many developing countries forced to import food, although agriculture occupies a leading place in their economy?

Is there a direct relationship between food exports and countries' good supply of land?

What socio-economic indicators need to be considered to analyze the food situation in the country?

Why are there fewer hungry people in the Sahel countries in bad years than in good years?

Slide 37

Energy and raw material problems

Slide 38

The essence of the problem...

The energy and raw materials problem is that:

• proven reserves of oil, natural gas and other fuels and raw materials are limited,
• mining and chemical production conditions are deteriorating,
• the territorial gap between production and consumption areas is increasing,
• mining areas are shifting to new development areas with extreme natural conditions.

Slide 39

Figures and facts...

Scientists have calculated that coal will last for 600 years, oil for 90, natural gas for 50 uranium for 27 years, and all types of fuel in all categories will be burned in 800 years.

By 2010, the demand for mineral raw materials in the world will increase 3 times compared to today's level.

Annual energy consumption in the world is approaching 10 billion tons of standard fuel, and by 2010 it will reach, according to expert forecasts, 20-27 billion tons.

If energy production grows at today's pace, then all types of fuel currently used will be used up in 130 years, that is, at the beginning of the 22nd century.

Slide 40

Geography of mineral resources

Slide 41

Ways to solve...

Slide 42

The reality of life...

Reducing production volumes is very problematic, because The modern world needs more and more raw materials and energy, and their reduction will certainly result in a global crisis.

Increasing efficiency is also unpromising, because its implementation requires large capital investments, in addition, raw material reserves are not unlimited.

As a result, priority is given to alternative energy sources.

Slide 43

Alternative energy sources

• Energy of rivers
• Energy of sun
• Atomic Energy
• Wind energy
• Earth Energy
• Ocean Energy

Slide 44

Questions

Give examples that prove that mineral reserves are limited.

Are the forecasts for the rapid depletion of oil, gas and coal resources correct?

Give arguments that may indicate either the imminence of the decline of the “nuclear era” in the energy sector due to the technical imperfections of nuclear power plants, or that push back this “sunset” indefinitely.

Should we set limits to global energy growth? Give arguments for and against.

Why is the energy dependence of developed countries on third world countries not decreasing, but increasing?

Slide 45

The problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries

Slide 46

The essence of the problem...

The problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries lies in the existence of a huge gap in per capita income between many developing countries and the leading industrial powers.

For example, the “gap” between the US and Ethiopia is 100:1, and it is trending wider.

Slide 47

The main region of the problem...

Having three times more population than highly developed countries, young African states produce 6 times less industrial output, and per capita 15 - 16 times less; they still use wood for heating; electricity consumption per capita is thousands of times less; every third person under the age of 15 and older here is illiterate; The average life expectancy is about 40 years.

This problem is aggravated by the fact that its geography coincides with the geography of demographic and food problems.

Slide 48

Ways to solve...

The global problem of poverty and backwardness can only be solved through dialogue and partnership of all civilizations.

Slide 49

The partnership involves:

Careful study and use of the experience of the European Union in the formation of programs and mechanisms for bringing up backward countries, China, and India.

Using the experience of some Latin American countries in overcoming economic and technological backwardness.

Develop a concept and long-term global program for overcoming poverty and backwardness and adopt it at a world conference within the UN.

Creation of global and intra-civilizational funds for the implementation of this program by establishing international control over the activities of TNCs, withdrawing for these purposes part of the natural rent appropriated by them, environmental anti-rent, as well as funds allocated by developed countries for economic and technical assistance to poor countries.

Creation of a special UN body to implement this global program.

Slide 50

Questions

A special working group of the UN Development Planning Committee has developed the “Backwardness Scale”. In it, the group used three main criteria: 1) GDP per capita - below $100 per year; 2) the share of manufacturing industry in GNP – up to 10%; 3) literacy rate of the population over the age of 15 – up to 20%. What are the pros and cons of this approach to identifying backward countries?

Give examples of differences in backwardness between Asian, African and Latin American countries.

Give examples of states that were able to change the status of developing to developed status. What contributed to such a metamorphosis?

Slide 51

Ocean problem

Slide 52

The essence of the problem...

The importance of the World Ocean for all life on Earth is enormous: but life originated in it, it ensures its further development due to its role as a temperature regulator and oxygen producer; The transport, mineral, and bioresource use of the Ocean is growing.

The problem of the World Ocean is that more than 1 million tons of oil, industrial and urban waste, including heavy metals and radioactive waste in containers, enter it annually, which ultimately leads to a reduction in its fish productivity and a decrease in the recreational opportunities of the coasts.

Slide 53

Ocean Mineral Resources

Slide 54

Fish resources of the World Ocean

Slide 55

The attraction of the ocean...

Since ancient times, man has sought to explore the underwater world.

Even Alexander the Great (356 - 323 BC) plunged into the sea in a large glass vessel, and in his military operations he resorted to the help of divers (for example, during the siege of Tire in 334 BC).

Slide 56

Ways to solve...

The scientific and technological revolution opens up enormous opportunities for solving the problem of the World Ocean.

The solution to such issues as: more complete extraction of minerals from the bowels of the Earth, reduction of energy and material intensity of production, discovery of new and development of previously inaccessible deposits, involvement of inexhaustible energy resources in economic circulation, progress in the field of nuclear and hydrogen energy, MHD depends on it -generators, fuel cells and much more.

Slide 58

Questions

More than 1 million tons of oil, industrial and urban waste, including, enter the World Ocean annually. heavy metals and even radioactive waste in containers. At the same time, we should not forget about the pollution of the World Ocean with household waste and garbage. Which parts of the World Ocean are the most polluted and why?

In the mid-twentieth century, aquaculture accounted for an insignificant part (a few percent) of the used biomass of the world's oceans. Can aquaculture today be considered one of the general directions in the development of the modern world economy? Why?

What is the profitability of extracting gold from sea water, if it is known that the content of this metal in 1 km³ of the continental crust is 5 tons, and in sea water of average salinity - 0.1 tons?

Slide 59

Slide 60

Questionnaire

1. What general impression did you get from everything you saw? Why?

2. Indicate two or three regions of the world with the most pressing social and natural global problems.

3. Do these regions coincide and why?

4. Which region of the world, in your opinion, is relatively prosperous from the point of view of global problems?

5. Would you like to change anything in the surrounding reality, if so, what?

View all slides