Presentation "Nuclear Weapons and Their Destructive Factors". Presentation on obstetrics on the topic "nuclear weapons and their damaging factors" The damaging effect of radioactive contamination

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An aerial nuclear explosion is an explosion produced at an altitude of 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air blasts are classified as low or high. Strong radioactive contamination of the area is formed only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Infection of the terrain along the trail of a cloud has no significant effect on the actions of personnel.

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The main damaging factors of an air nuclear explosion are: an air shock wave, penetrating radiation, light radiation, an electromagnetic pulse. With an air nuclear explosion in the epicenter area, the soil swells. Radioactive contamination of the terrain, which affects the military operations of troops, is formed only from low air nuclear explosions. In areas where neutron munitions are used, induced activity is generated in the soil, equipment and structures, which can cause damage (irradiation) of personnel.

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An aerial nuclear explosion begins with a short blinding flash, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (in a ground explosion), which is a source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful stream of gamma radiation and neutrons, which are formed during a nuclear chain reaction and in the process of decay of radioactive fragments from fission of a nuclear charge, spreads from the explosion zone into the environment. The gamma quanta and neutrons emitted by a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the influence of instant gamma radiation, the atoms of the environment are ionized, which leads to the appearance of electric and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short duration of action, are usually called the electromagnetic impulse of a nuclear explosion.

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In the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the substance of the charge turns into a high-temperature plasma that emits X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of incandescent gases of the luminous region, striving to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in different directions. Since the density of the gases that make up the fireball is much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball quickly rises upward. This forms a mushroom-shaped cloud containing gases, water vapor, small soil particles and a huge amount of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching the maximum height, the cloud under the influence of air currents is transported over long distances, scatters and radioactive products fall to the surface of the earth, creating radioactive contamination of the area and objects.

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Ground (surface) nuclear explosion

This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous region touches the surface of the earth (water), and the dust (water) column from the moment of its formation is connected to the explosion cloud. A characteristic feature of a ground (surface) nuclear explosion is a strong radioactive contamination of the area (water) both in the area of ​​the explosion and in the direction of movement of the explosion cloud.

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The striking factors of this explosion are: air shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the area, seismic explosive waves in the ground.

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During ground-based nuclear explosions on the surface of the earth, an explosion funnel is formed and a strong radioactive contamination of the terrain both in the area of ​​the explosion and along the trail of a radioactive cloud. With ground and low air nuclear explosions in the ground, seismic explosive waves are generated, which can disable buried structures.

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Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion

Underground nuclear explosion with soil release

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Underground nuclear explosion

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This is an explosion produced underground (under water) and characterized by the release of a large amount of soil (water) mixed with the products of a nuclear explosive (uranium-235 or plutonium-239 fission fragments). The damaging and destructive effect of an underground nuclear explosion is determined mainly by seismic explosive waves (the main damaging factor), the formation of a crater in the ground and strong radioactive contamination of the area. There is no light emission and no penetrating radiation. A characteristic feature of an underwater explosion is the formation of a sultan (water column), a base wave formed when the sultan (water column) collapses.

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The main damaging factors of an underground explosion are: seismic explosive waves in the ground, an air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the terrain and atmosphere. In the case of a comaflet explosion, the main damaging factor is seismic explosive waves.

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Surface nuclear explosion

A surface nuclear explosion is an explosion carried out on the surface of water (contact) or at such a height from it when the luminous area of ​​the explosion touches the surface of the water. The main damaging factors of a surface explosion are: an air shock wave, an underwater shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, an electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the water area and the coastal zone.

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Underwater nuclear explosion

An underwater nuclear explosion is an explosion produced in water at a certain depth.

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The main damaging factors of an underwater explosion are: underwater shock wave (tsunami), air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the water area, coastal areas and coastal objects. In underwater nuclear explosions, the ejected soil can block the river bed and cause flooding of large areas.

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High altitude nuclear explosion

A high-altitude nuclear explosion is an explosion produced above the boundary of the Earth's troposphere (above 10 km). The main damaging factors of high-altitude explosions are: an air shock wave (at an altitude of 30 km), penetrating radiation, light radiation (at an altitude of up to 60 km), X-rays, a gas flow (scattering explosion products), an electromagnetic pulse, ionization of the atmosphere (at an altitude over 60 km).

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Stratospheric nuclear explosion

High-altitude nuclear explosions are subdivided into: stratospheric - explosions at altitudes from 10 to 80 km, space explosions at altitudes over 80 km.

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The striking factors of stratospheric explosions are: X-ray radiation, penetrating radiation, air shock wave, light radiation, gas flow, ionization of the medium, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive air contamination.

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Cosmic nuclear explosion

Cosmic explosions differ from stratospheric explosions not only in the values ​​of the characteristics of the accompanying physical processes, but also in the physical processes themselves. The striking factors of cosmic nuclear explosions are: penetrating radiation; X-ray radiation; ionization of the atmosphere, due to which there is a luminescent glow of the air, which lasts for hours; gas flow; electromagnetic pulse; weak radioactive contamination of the air.

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The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

The main damaging factors and the distribution of the share of the energy of a nuclear explosion: shock wave - 35%; light radiation - 35%; penetrating radiation - 5%; radioactive contamination -6%. electromagnetic pulse –1% The simultaneous impact of several damaging factors leads to combined damage to personnel. Armament, equipment and fortifications fail mainly from the impact of the shock wave.

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Shock wave

A shock wave (SW) is a region of sharply compressed air that propagates in all directions from the center of the explosion at a supersonic speed. Hot vapors and gases, striving to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding air layers, compress them to high pressures and densities, and heat them to high temperatures (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents the shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the shock front. The SW front is followed by a vacuum region, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the velocity of SW propagation is several times higher than the speed of sound. With increasing distance from the explosion site, the wave propagation speed decreases rapidly. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound propagation in air.

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The shock wave of a medium-power ammunition passes through: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second - in 4 s; the fifth - in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: high-speed pressure; excess pressure in the shock front and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

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Human exposure to HCs can be direct or indirect. With direct exposure, the cause of injury is an instant increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect exposure, people are struck by flying debris of buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

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With an overpressure of 20-40 kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf / cm2), unprotected people can get light injuries (minor bruises and contusions). Exposure to hydrocarbons with an overpressure of 40-60 kPa leads to moderate lesions: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocation of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe injuries, often fatal, are observed at an overpressure of over 100 kPa.

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The degree of shock damage to various objects depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the effects of hydrocarbons, the following should be used: trenches, slots and trenches, which reduce this effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts - 2-3 times; shelters - 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

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Light emission

Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy that includes ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of a nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause burns to the skin (skin), damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people and the ignition of combustible materials of objects. At the moment of the formation of the luminous region, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main damaging factor of light radiation is a light pulse.

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Light pulse - the amount of energy in calories falling on a unit of surface area perpendicular to the direction of radiation for the entire duration of the glow. Attenuation of light radiation is possible due to its screening by atmospheric clouds, uneven terrain, vegetation and local objects, snowfall or smoke. So, a thick leukemia attenuates a light pulse by A-9 times, a rare one - by 2-4 times, and smoke (aerosol) curtains - by 10 times.

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To protect the population from light radiation, it is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, and the protective properties of the area. Any obstruction that can create a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and prevents burns.

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Penetrating radiation

Penetrating radiation is a flux of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the zone of a nuclear explosion. The duration of its action is 10-15 s, the range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons make up about 30%, in the explosion of neutron munitions - 70-80% of the Y-radiation. The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. In addition, neutrons interact with the atomic nuclei of some materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.

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Y radiation - photon radiation (with a photon energy of 1015-1012 J), arising from a change in the energy state of atomic nuclei, nuclear transformations or annihilation of particles.

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Gamma rays are photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave carrying energy. In air, it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with atoms of the medium. Intense gamma rays, if left unprotected, can damage not only the skin but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials such as iron and lead are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.

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The main parameter characterizing penetrating radiation is: for y-radiation - dose and dose rate of radiation, for neutrons - flux and flux density. Permissible radiation doses of the population in wartime: single - within 4 days 50 R; multiple - within 10-30 days 100 R; during the quarter - 200 R; during the year - 300 R.

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As a result of the passage of radiation through environmental materials, the radiation intensity decreases. The laxative effect is usually characterized by a layer of half weakening, i.e. such a thickness of the material, passing through which the radiation is reduced by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is weakened by 2 times: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm. up to 5000 times. A pound layer of 1.5 m protects against penetrating radiation almost completely.

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Radioactive contamination (contamination)

Radioactive contamination of the air, terrain, water area and objects located on them occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances (RS) from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At a temperature of about 1700 ° C, the glow of the glowing region of a nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud, to which a dust column rises (therefore, the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of the wind, and PB falls out of it.

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The sources of radioactive substances in the cloud are fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), unreacted part of nuclear fuel, and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These radioactive substances, being on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which, in fact, is a damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: the radiation dose (according to the effect on people), the radiation dose rate - the radiation level (according to the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of the damaging factors: radioactive contamination in an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation in a nuclear explosion.

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Scheme of radioactive contamination of the area in the area of ​​a nuclear explosion and on the trail of the cloud movement

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The radiation levels at the outer borders of these zones 1 hour after the explosion are, respectively, 8, 80, 240, 800 rad / h. Most of the radioactive fallout, causing radioactive contamination of the area, falls out of the cloud 10-20 hours after a nuclear explosion.

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Electromagnetic pulse

An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a combination of electric and magnetic fields resulting from the ionization of atoms in a medium under the influence of gamma radiation. Its duration is several milliseconds. The main parameters of EMP are currents and voltages induced in wires and cable lines, which can lead to damage and disablement of electronic equipment, and sometimes damage people working with the equipment.

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In ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of a nuclear explosion. The most effective protection against electromagnetic impulse is the shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

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Situation developing with the use of nuclear weapons in the centers of destruction.

The focus of nuclear destruction is the territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, there have been mass destruction and death of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects.

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Areas of the focus of a nuclear explosion

To determine the nature of possible destruction, the volume and conditions of emergency rescue and other urgent work, the focus of nuclear destruction is conventionally divided into four zones: total, strong, medium, weak destruction.

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Zone of total destruction

The zone of complete destruction has an excess pressure at the shock front of 50 kPa at the border and is characterized by: massive irrecoverable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), complete destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility and technological networks and lines, as well as parts civil defense shelters, the formation of solid blockages in settlements. The forest is completely destroyed.

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Zone of great destruction

The zone of severe destruction with excess pressure at the shock front from 30 to 50 kPa is characterized by: massive irrecoverable losses (up to 90%) among the unprotected population, complete and severe destruction of buildings and structures, damage to utility and technological networks and lines, the formation of local and solid blockages in settlements and forests, preservation of shelters and most of the basement-type anti-radiation shelters.

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Medium destruction zone

Zone of medium destruction with overpressure from 20 to 30 kPa. It is characterized by: irrecoverable losses among the population (up to 20%), medium and severe destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal blockages, continuous fires, the preservation of utility and energy networks, shelters and most anti-radiation shelters.

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Zone of weak destruction

The zone of weak destruction with an excess pressure of 10 to 20 kPa is characterized by weak and medium destruction of buildings and structures. The lesion focus, but the number of dead and injured, can be comparable to or exceed the lesion focus in an earthquake. So, during the bombing (bomb power up to 20 kt) of the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, most of it (60%) was destroyed, and the death toll was up to 140,000 people.

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Exposure to ionizing radiation

The personnel of economic facilities and the population falling into the zones of radioactive contamination are exposed to ionizing radiation, which causes radiation sickness. The severity of the disease depends on the dose of radiation (radiation) received. The dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the magnitude of the radiation dose is shown in the table on the next slide.

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Dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the magnitude of the radiation dose

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In the conditions of hostilities with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories may appear in the zones of radioactive contamination, and the irradiation of people may take on a mass character. To exclude overexposure of personnel of facilities and the population in such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of facilities of the national economy in conditions of radioactive contamination in wartime, allowable radiation doses are established. They are: with a single irradiation (up to 4 days) - 50 glad; repeated exposure: a) up to 30 days - 100 glad; b) 90 days - 200 glad; systematic irradiation (within a year) 300 glad.

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Rad (rad, abbreviated from the English radiationabsorbeddose - the absorbed dose of radiation), an off-system unit of the absorbed dose of radiation; it is applicable to any type of ionizing radiation and corresponds to a radiation energy of 100 erg absorbed by an irradiated substance weighing 1 g. 1 rad = 2.388 × 10-6 cal / g = 0.01 J / kg.

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SIWERT (sievert) - a unit of the equivalent dose of radiation in the SI system, equal to the equivalent dose in the event that the dose of absorbed ionizing radiation multiplied by the conventional dimensionless factor is 1 J / kg. Since different types of radiation cause different effects on biological tissue, a weighted absorbed dose of radiation is used, also called an equivalent dose; it is obtained by modifying the absorbed dose by multiplying it by the conventional dimensionless factor adopted by the International Commission on X-ray Protection. Currently, the sievert is increasingly replacing the obsolete physical equivalent of an X-ray (FER).

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Radioactivity: alpha, beta, gamma radiation

The word "radiation" comes from the Latin radius and means a ray. In principle, radiation is all types of radiation existing in nature - radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet, and so on.

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Definition Nuclear weapons are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier, for example, isotope nuclei helium.

Nuclear weapons occupy a special place among modern weapons of warfare - they are the main means of engaging the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the means of mass destruction of the enemy, inflict large losses in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy structures and other objects, infect the terrain with radioactive substances, and also exert a strong moral and psychological impact on the existing composition and thereby create a side, using nuclear weapons, favorable conditions for achieving victory in the war.

Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: atomic weapons (devices that use fission chain reactions), thermonuclear weapons. The peculiarities of the destructive effect of a nuclear explosion in relation to personnel and military equipment depend not only on the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also on the type of nuclear charger.

Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. It is customary to characterize the power of nuclear weapons by the TNT equivalent, i.e. so much TNT in tons, the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. In terms of power, nuclear munitions are conventionally divided into: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt), super-large (over 1 Mt).

Types of nuclear explosions and their damaging factors Depending on the tasks solved with the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be carried out: in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and water. In accordance with this, explosions are distinguished: air, ground (surface), underground (underwater).

This is an explosion produced at an altitude of up to 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air blasts are classified as low or high. Strong radioactive contamination of the area is formed only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Infection of the terrain along the trail of a cloud has no significant effect on the actions of personnel.

The main damaging factors of an air nuclear explosion are: an air shock wave, penetrating radiation, light radiation, an electromagnetic pulse. With an air nuclear explosion in the epicenter area, the soil swells. Radioactive contamination of the terrain, which affects the military operations of troops, is formed only from low air nuclear explosions. In areas where neutron munitions are used, induced activity is generated in the soil, equipment and structures, which can cause damage (irradiation) of personnel.

An aerial nuclear explosion begins with a short blinding flash, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (in a ground explosion), which is a source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful stream of gamma radiation and neutrons, which are formed during a nuclear chain reaction and in the process of decay of radioactive fragments from fission of a nuclear charge, spreads from the explosion zone into the environment. The gamma quanta and neutrons emitted by a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the influence of instant gamma radiation, the atoms of the environment are ionized, which leads to the appearance of electric and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short duration of action, are usually called the electromagnetic impulse of a nuclear explosion.

In the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the substance of the charge turns into a high-temperature plasma that emits X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of incandescent gases of the luminous region, striving to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in different directions. Since the density of the gases that make up the fireball is much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball quickly rises upward. This forms a mushroom-shaped cloud containing gases, water vapor, small soil particles and a huge amount of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching the maximum height, the cloud under the influence of air currents is transported over long distances, scatters and radioactive products fall to the surface of the earth, creating radioactive contamination of the area and objects.

Ground (surface) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous region touches the surface of the earth (water), and the dust (water) column from the moment of its formation is connected to the explosion cloud. A characteristic feature of a ground (surface) nuclear explosion is a strong radioactive contamination of the area (water) both in the area of ​​the explosion and in the direction of movement of the explosion cloud.

Ground (surface) nuclear explosion In ground nuclear explosions on the surface of the earth, an explosion funnel is formed and a strong radioactive contamination of the terrain both in the area of ​​the explosion and in the wake of the radioactive cloud. With ground and low air nuclear explosions in the ground, seismic explosive waves are generated, which can disable buried structures.

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced underground (under water) and characterized by the release of a large amount of soil (water) mixed with the products of a nuclear explosive (uranium-235 or plutonium-239 fission fragments). The damaging and destructive effect of an underground nuclear explosion is mainly determined by seismic explosive waves (the main damaging factor), the formation of a crater in the ground, and strong radioactive contamination of the area. There is no light emission and no penetrating radiation. A characteristic feature of an underwater explosion is the formation of a sultan (water column), a base wave formed when the sultan (water column) collapses.

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underground explosion are: seismic explosive waves in the ground, an air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the terrain and atmosphere. In the case of a comaflet explosion, the main damaging factor is seismic explosive waves.

Surface nuclear explosion A surface nuclear explosion is an explosion carried out on the surface of water (contact) or at such a height from it when the luminous area of ​​the explosion touches the surface of the water. The main damaging factors of a surface explosion are: an air shock wave, an underwater shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, an electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the water area and the coastal zone.

The main damaging factors of an underwater explosion are: underwater shock wave (tsunami), air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the water area, coastal areas and coastal objects. In underwater nuclear explosions, the ejected soil can block the river bed and cause flooding of large areas.

High-altitude nuclear explosion A high-altitude nuclear explosion is an explosion produced above the boundary of the Earth's troposphere (above 10 km). The main damaging factors of high-altitude explosions are: an air shock wave (at an altitude of 30 km), penetrating radiation, light radiation (at an altitude of up to 60 km), X-rays, a gas flow (scattering explosion products), an electromagnetic pulse, ionization of the atmosphere (at an altitude over 60 km).

Cosmic nuclear explosion Cosmic explosions differ from stratospheric explosions not only in the values ​​of the characteristics of the accompanying physical processes, but also in the physical processes themselves. The striking factors of cosmic nuclear explosions are: penetrating radiation; X-ray radiation; ionization of the atmosphere, due to which there is a luminescent glow of the air, which lasts for hours; gas flow; electromagnetic pulse; weak radioactive contamination of the air.

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion The main damaging factors and distribution of the share of the energy of a nuclear explosion: shock wave - 35%; light radiation - 35%; penetrating radiation - 5%; radioactive contamination -6%. electromagnetic pulse –1% The simultaneous impact of several damaging factors leads to combined damage to personnel. Armament, equipment and fortifications fail mainly from the impact of the shock wave.

Shock Wave A shock wave (SW) is a region of sharply compressed air that propagates in all directions from the center of the explosion at a supersonic speed. Hot vapors and gases, striving to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding air layers, compress them to high pressures and densities, and heat them to high temperatures (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents the shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the shock front. The SW front is followed by a vacuum region, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the velocity of SW propagation is several times higher than the speed of sound. With increasing distance from the explosion site, the wave propagation speed decreases rapidly. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound propagation in air.

Shock wave The shock wave of a medium-power ammunition travels: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second in 4 s; fifth in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: high-speed pressure; excess pressure in the shock front and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

Shock wave The impact of hydrocarbons on people can be direct and indirect. With direct exposure, the cause of injury is an instant increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect exposure, people are struck by flying debris of buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

Shock wave At overpressure kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf / cm 2), unprotected people can get light injuries (minor bruises and contusions). Exposure to hydrocarbons with excessive pressure kPa leads to moderate lesions: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocation of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe injuries, often fatal, are observed at an overpressure of over 100 kPa.

Shock wave The degree of shock wave damage to various objects depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the effects of hydrocarbons, the following should be used: trenches, slots and trenches, which reduce this effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts 2-3 times; shelters 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

Light radiation Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy that includes ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of a nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause burns to the skin (skin), damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people and the ignition of combustible materials of objects. At the moment of the formation of the luminous region, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main damaging factor of light radiation is a light pulse.

Light emission Light pulse is the amount of energy in calories incident on a unit of surface area perpendicular to the direction of radiation during the entire duration of the glow. Attenuation of light radiation is possible due to its screening by atmospheric clouds, uneven terrain, vegetation and local objects, snowfall or smoke. So, thick leukemia attenuates the light pulse by A-9 times, rare by 2-4 times, and smoke (aerosol) curtains by 10 times.

Light radiation To protect the population from light radiation, it is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, the protective properties of the area. Any obstruction that can create a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and prevents burns.

Penetrating radiation Penetrating radiation is a flux of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the zone of a nuclear explosion. The duration of its action is s, the range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons are approximately 30%, in the explosion of neutron munitions,% of Y-radiation. The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. In addition, neutrons interact with the atomic nuclei of some materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.

Penetrating radiation Y radiation photon radiation (with the energy of photons J), arising from a change in the energy state of atomic nuclei, nuclear transformations or annihilation of particles.

Penetrating radiation Gamma radiation is photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave carrying energy. In air, it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with atoms of the medium. Intense gamma rays, if left unprotected, can damage not only the skin but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials such as iron and lead are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.

Penetrating radiation The main parameter characterizing penetrating radiation is: for y-radiation, the dose and radiation dose rate, for neutrons, the flux and flux density. Permissible radiation doses of the population in wartime: single dose within 4 days 50 R; multiple times during the day 100 R; during the quarter 200 R; during the year 300 R.

Penetrating radiation As radiation passes through materials in the environment, the radiation intensity is reduced. The laxative effect is usually characterized by a layer of half weakening, i.e. such a thickness of the material, passing through which the radiation is reduced by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is weakened by 2 times: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete 10 cm, soil 14 cm, wood 30 cm.As protection against penetrating radiation, protective structures of HE are used, which weaken its effect from 200 to 5000 times ... A 1.5m pound layer protects against penetrating radiation almost completely.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radioactive contamination of the air, terrain, water area and objects located on them occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances (RS) from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At a temperature of about 1700 ° C, the glow of the glowing region of a nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud, to which a dust column rises (therefore, the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of the wind, and PB falls out of it.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Sources of radioactive substances in the cloud are fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), unreacted part of nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These radioactive substances, being on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which, in fact, is a damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: radiation dose (according to the effect on people), radiation dose rate, radiation level (according to the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of the damaging factors: radioactive contamination in an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation in a nuclear explosion.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) The radiation levels at the outer borders of these zones 1 hour after the explosion are, respectively, 8, 80, 240, 800 rad / h. Most of the radioactive fallout, causing radioactive contamination of the area, falls out of the cloud one hour after a nuclear explosion.

Electromagnetic impulse Electromagnetic impulse (EMP) is a combination of electric and magnetic fields resulting from the ionization of atoms in a medium under the influence of gamma radiation. Its duration is several milliseconds. The main parameters of EMP are currents and voltages induced in wires and cable lines, which can lead to damage and disablement of electronic equipment, and sometimes damage people working with the equipment.

Electromagnetic impulse In ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of an electromagnetic impulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of a nuclear explosion. The most effective protection against electromagnetic impulse is the shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

Situation developing with the use of nuclear weapons in the centers of destruction. The focus of nuclear destruction is the territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, there have been mass destruction and death of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects.

Zone of complete destruction The zone of complete destruction has an excess pressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa at the border and is characterized by: massive irrecoverable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), complete destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility and technological networks and lines, as well as parts of civil defense shelters, the formation of solid blockages in settlements. The forest is completely destroyed.

The zone of severe destruction The zone of severe destruction with excess pressure at the shock front from 30 to 50 kPa is characterized by: massive irrecoverable losses (up to 90%) among the unprotected population, complete and severe destruction of buildings and structures, damage to utility and energy and technological networks and lines, the formation of local and solid blockages in settlements and forests, the preservation of shelters and most of the basement-type anti-radiation shelters.

Zone of medium destruction Zone of medium destruction with overpressure from 20 to 30 kPa. It is characterized by: irrecoverable losses among the population (up to 20%), medium and severe destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal blockages, continuous fires, the preservation of utility and energy networks, shelters and most anti-radiation shelters.

Zone of weak destruction The zone of weak destruction with an overpressure of 10 to 20 kPa is characterized by weak and medium destruction of buildings and structures. The lesion focus, but the number of dead and injured, can be comparable to or exceed the lesion focus in an earthquake. So, during the bombing (bomb power up to 20 kt) of the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, most of it (60%) was destroyed, and the death toll was up to people.

Exposure to ionizing radiation The personnel of economic facilities and the population falling into the zones of radioactive contamination are exposed to ionizing radiation, which causes radiation sickness. The severity of the disease depends on the dose of radiation (radiation) received. The dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the magnitude of the radiation dose is shown in the table on the next slide.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Degree of radiation sickness Radiation dose causing disease, glad people animals Mild (I) Medium (II) Severe (III) Extremely severe (IV) More than 600 More than 750 Dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the amount of radiation dose

Impact of Ionizing Radiation Under the conditions of hostilities with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories may appear in the zones of radioactive contamination, and the exposure of people may take on a mass character. To exclude overexposure of personnel of facilities and the population in such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of facilities of the national economy in conditions of radioactive contamination in wartime, allowable radiation doses are established. They are: with a single irradiation (up to 4 days) 50 glad; repeated exposure: a) up to 30 days 100 glad; b) 90 days 200 glad; systematic irradiation (within a year) 300 glad.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Rad (rad, abbreviated from the English radiation absorbed dose), an off-system unit of the absorbed dose of radiation; it is applicable to any type of ionizing radiation and corresponds to a radiation energy of 100 erg absorbed by an irradiated substance weighing 1 g of a dose of 1 rad = 2.388 × 10 6 cal / g = 0.01 J / kg.

Exposure to ionizing radiation SIEVERT is a unit of the equivalent dose of radiation in the SI system, equal to the equivalent dose if the dose of absorbed ionizing radiation multiplied by the conventional dimensionless factor is 1 J / kg. Since different types of radiation cause different effects on biological tissue, a weighted absorbed dose of radiation is used, also called an equivalent dose; it is obtained by modifying the absorbed dose by multiplying it by the conventional dimensionless factor adopted by the International Commission on X-ray Protection. Currently, the sievert is increasingly replacing the obsolete physical equivalent of an X-ray (FER).

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The presentation on "Nuclear Weapons and Their Defeating Factors" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: OBZH. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report - click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 10 slide (s).

Presentation slides

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Nuclear weapon

Completed by: teacher of OBZH Savustyanenko Viktor Nikolaevich G. Novocherkassk MBUSOSH №6

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Damaging factors

Shock wave Light radiation Ionizing radiation (penetrating radiation) Radioactive contamination of the area Electromagnetic pulse

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Shock wave

The main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion. It is an area of ​​sharp compression of the medium, propagating in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed.

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Light emission

A radiant energy stream including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays. It spreads almost instantly and lasts up to 20s, depending on the power of a nuclear explosion.

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Electromagnetic pulse

A short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with atoms in the environment.

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Depending on the type of nuclear charge, one can distinguish:

thermonuclear weapons, the main energy release of which occurs during a thermonuclear reaction - the synthesis of heavy elements from lighter ones, and a nuclear charge is used as a fuse for a thermonuclear reaction; neutron weapon - a low-power nuclear charge, supplemented by a mechanism that provides the release of most of the explosion energy in the form of a stream of fast neutrons; its main damaging factor is neutron radiation and induced radioactivity.

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Soviet intelligence had information about the work on the creation of the atomic bomb in the United States, coming from atomic physicists sympathizing with the USSR, in particular Klaus Fuchs. This information was reported by Beria to Stalin. However, it is believed that a letter from the Soviet physicist Flerov, addressed to him in early 1943, was of decisive importance, and he was able to explain the essence of the problem in a popular way. As a result, on February 11, 1943, a GKO decree was adopted to begin work on the creation of an atomic bomb. General management was entrusted to the deputy chairman of the GKO V.M. Molotov, who, in turn, appointed I. Kurchatov as the head of the atomic project (his appointment was signed on March 10). Information received through intelligence channels facilitated and accelerated the work of Soviet scientists.

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On November 6, 1947, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR V. M. Molotov made a statement regarding the secret of the atomic bomb, saying that "this secret has not existed for a long time." This statement meant that the Soviet Union had already discovered the secret of atomic weapons, and it had these weapons at its disposal. Scientific circles in the United States of America took this statement of V.M.Molotov as a bluff, believing that the Russians could acquire atomic weapons no earlier than 1952. US reconnaissance satellites have discovered the exact location of Russian tactical nuclear weapons in the Kaliningrad region, which contradicts Moscow's claims that it has denied the transfer of tactical weapons there.

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