home » Haircuts » The legendary river Rubicon. Which river did Caesar cross? Alternative crossword questions for the word rubicon

The legendary river Rubicon. Which river did Caesar cross? Alternative crossword questions for the word rubicon

Rubicon is a river flowing in Northern Italy. The length of this river is 29 kilometers. It runs down the Apennine Mountains and flows into the Adriatic Sea. Famous saying - « cross the Rubicon", is connected precisely with this geographical object...

In 49 BC. Gaius Julius Caesar was returning from a campaign of conquest and crossed the Rubicon. Thus, the ruler broke the law and secretly declared war on the neighboring country. The Rubicon River was the natural border line between the two countries - Italy And Caesalpine Gaul.

If you believe historians, then, approaching the river, Gaius Julius Caesar was not entirely sure of the correctness of his actions, but the ruler said: “The die is cast,” and crossed the border. Subsequently, the phrase “cross the Rubicon” became a catchphrase. It means the accomplishment of some fateful deed, after which a return to the previous one is not possible.
During the reign Emperor Augustus The Italian border was moved. The Rubicon River has lost its main purpose. Soon it completely disappeared from topographic maps.

The plain through which the river flowed was constantly flooded. So modern river seekers for a long time failed. Researchers had to delve deeper into historical information and documents. The search for the famous river dragged on for almost a hundred years.

In 1933 many years of work was a success. The current river, called Fiumicino, was officially recognized as the former Rubicon. The current Rubicon is located near the town of Savignano di Romagna. After the Rubicon River was found, the city was renamed Savignano sul Rubicon.

Unfortunately, there is no material historical data left about Julius Caesar’s crossing of the river, so the Rubicon does not attract masses of tourists every year and is not of much interest to archaeologists. And there is little left of the once mighty river: flowing in industrial area The Fiumicino River is polluted, local residents intensively collect water for irrigation, and in the spring the river completely disappears due to natural drying out.

The expression “cross the Rubicon”, that is, to do some defining act that no longer provides the opportunity for correction decision taken, is known quite well. Most are also aware that this expression owes its appearance to Gaius Julius Caesar.

Much less is known about what crossed the Rubicon and under what circumstances Caesar himself crossed, and why this step of the politician and commander went down in history.

By the middle of the 1st century BC, the Roman Republic was experiencing an internal crisis. Along with great successes in the campaigns of conquest, problems arose in the system government controlled. The Roman Senate was mired in political squabbles, and the leading Roman military leaders, who had gained fame and popularity in campaigns of conquest, thought about abandoning the republican system in favor of dictatorship and monarchy.

The successful politician and military leader Gaius Julius Caesar was one of those who not only spoke out for centralized power, but was not averse to concentrating it in his own hands.

In 62 BC, the so-called triumvirate formed in Rome - in fact, the Roman Republic was ruled by three of the most ambitious politicians and military leaders: Gnaeus Pompey, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gaius Julius Caesar. Crassus, who suppressed the rebellion Spartak, and Pompey, who won brilliant victories in the East, had claims to sole power, but by that time they could not cope alone with the opposition of the Roman Senate. Caesar at that moment was more viewed as a politician who managed to persuade the openly hostile Pompey and Crassus to an alliance. The prospects for Caesar himself as the sole head of Rome looked much more modest at that time.

The situation changed after Caesar, who led the Roman troops in Gaul, won the seven-year Gallic War. Caesar's glory as a commander equaled the glory of Pompey, and in addition, he had troops personally loyal to him, which became a serious argument in the political struggle.

Bust of Julius Caesar in the museum. Photo: www.globallookpress.com

Caesar vs Pompey

After Crassus died in Mesopotamia in 53 BC, the question came down to which of two worthy opponents, Pompey or Caesar, would succeed in becoming the sole ruler of Rome.

For several years, opponents tried to maintain a fragile balance, not wanting to slide into civil war. Both Pompey and Caesar had legions loyal to them, but they were located in the conquered provinces. According to the law, the commander did not have the right to enter the borders of Italy at the head of an army if there were no military operations on the peninsula itself. A violator of this law was declared an “enemy of the Fatherland,” which in its consequences was comparable to being declared an “enemy of the people” in the Stalinist USSR.

By the autumn of 50 BC, the crisis in relations between Pompey and Caesar had reached its peak. Both sides, having failed to agree on a new “division of spheres of influence,” began to prepare for a decisive clash. The Roman Senate initially took a neutral position, but then Pompey's supporters managed to sway the majority in his favor. Caesar was denied the renewal of his office as proconsul in Gaul, which would have allowed him to command his troops. At the same time, Pompey, who had legions loyal to him at his disposal, positioned himself as the defender of the republican “free system” from the usurper Caesar.

On January 1, 49 BC, the Senate declared Italy under martial law, appointed Pompey as commander-in-chief and set the task of ending the political unrest. The end of the unrest meant Caesar's resignation as proconsul in Gaul. In case of his persistence, military preparations were begun.

Caesar was ready to relinquish military power, but only if Pompey agreed to the same, but the Senate did not agree to this.

Main decision

On the morning of January 10, 49 BC, Caesar, who was in Gaul, received news of the military preparations of the Senate and Pompey from his supporters who had fled from Rome. Half of the forces loyal to him (2,500 legionnaires) were located on the border of the province of Cisalpine Gaul (now northern Italy) and Italy itself. The border ran along the small local Rubicon River.

Caesar's troops after crossing the Rubicon. Fragment of an ancient engraving. Source: www.globallookpress.com

For Caesar, the time had come for a key decision - either, submitting to the Senate, resigning, or crossing the river with loyal troops and marching on Rome, thereby violating the existing laws, which in case of failure threatened with inevitable death.

Caesar had no confidence in success - he was popular, but Pompey was no less popular; his legionaries were hardened by the Gallic War, but Pompey's warriors were no worse.

But on January 10, 49 BC, Gaius Julius Caesar decided with his troops to cross the Rubicon and march on Rome, predetermining not only his own fate, but also the further course of the history of Rome.

Having crossed the Rubicon at the head of his troops, Caesar thereby began civil war. The swiftness of Caesar's actions discouraged the Senate, and Pompey, with the available forces, did not dare to advance and even defend Rome, retreating to Capua. Meanwhile, the garrisons of the cities he occupied went over to the side of the advancing Caesar, which strengthened the confidence of the commander and his supporters in ultimate success.

Pompey never gave a decisive battle to Caesar in Italy, having gone to the provinces and counting on winning with the help of the forces located there. Caesar himself, only passing through Rome, which had been captured by his supporters, set off to pursue the enemy.

Caesar's choice cannot be changed

The civil war would drag on for four long years, although Caesar's main opponent Pompey would be killed (against Caesar's wishes) after his defeat at the Battle of Pharsalus. The Pompeian party would be finally defeated only in 45 BC, just a year before the death of Caesar himself.

Formally, Caesar did not become an emperor in the current sense of the word, although from the moment of his proclamation as dictator in 49 BC, his powers only grew, and by 44 BC he had almost the full set of attributes of power inherent in a monarch.

The consistent centralization of power by Caesar, accompanied by the loss of influence of the Roman Senate, became the reason for the conspiracy of supporters of preserving Rome as a republic. On March 15, 44 BC, conspirators attacked Caesar in the Senate building, inflicting 23 stab wounds. Most of the wounds were superficial, but one of the blows still turned out to be fatal.

The killers did not take into account one thing: Caesar was extremely popular among the lower and middle layers of Rome. The people were extremely angry at the conspiracy of the aristocrats, as a result of which they themselves had to flee Rome. After the death of Caesar, the Roman Republic fell completely. Caesar's heir, his great-nephew Gaius Octavius, became the sovereign Roman emperor, now known as Octavian Augustus. The Rubicon had already been crossed.

Which river did Caesar cross?

The first letter is "r"

Second letter "y"

Third letter "b"

The last letter of the letter is "n"

Answer for the question "Which river did Caesar cross?", 7 letters:
Rubicon

Alternative crossword questions for the word rubicon

River in Caesar's campaign

The irrevocably crossed river

Border River Ancient Rome, by crossing which Julius Caesar began the civil war

The river that Caesar crossed

The river, which in 49 BC. e. Caesar crossed over and started the Civil War in Rome

Famous river what Caesar crossed

Main river in the life of Caesar

Definition of the word rubicon in dictionaries

Big Soviet Encyclopedia The meaning of the word in the dictionary Great Soviet Encyclopedia
[lat. Rubico (n)], a river on the Apennine Peninsula, flowing into the Adriatic Sea, north of the city of Rimini. Served until 42 BC. e. border between Italy and the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul. January 10, 49 BC e. Julius Caesar with an army, contrary to the law (as...

Wikipedia Meaning of the word in the Wikipedia dictionary
Rubicon - river on Far East, on the border of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Kamchatka Territory of Russia. The name was given by the navigator F. K. Gek in 1885. Probably, the polar explorer, describing the shores of the Bering Sea, took a decisive step by crossing...

Dictionary Russian language. D.N. Ushakov The meaning of the word in the dictionary Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. D.N. Ushakov
(R capital), rubicon, m. In the expression: cross the Rubicon (book) - to commit a decisive act, to take an irrevocable step (after the name of the river that Julius Caesar crossed in spite of the prohibition of the Senate, starting an internecine war that led to the establishment of the. ..

Examples of the use of the word rubicon in literature.

I've moved on Rubicon My appearance as an expert before the Royal Smallpox Vaccination Commission raised my prestige in the eyes of the people of Denchester.

What prompted Julius Caesar to go across in defiance of all sorts of bad omens? Rubicon?

Yes, lord,” Nereus humbly confirmed, crossing his first Rubicon 26: - To prove my right to be the King of Atlantis, I must be the first and without anyone’s help to bridle and subdue the sacred bull.

Caesar marched from Gaul with his army Rubicon, thereby breaking the law and starting a civil war.

At the first Mongolian station, Belov congratulated her: - Well, Rubicon passed!

On January 10, 49 BC, Gaius Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon, turning the tide of world history.

Let's remember how it was...

Guy Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon River. Fragment of a postcard. © / www.globallookpress.com

The expression “crossing the Rubicon,” that is, doing some decisive action that no longer provides the opportunity to correct the decision made, is known quite well. Most are also aware that this expression owes its appearance to Gaius Julius Caesar.

Much less is known about what crossed the Rubicon and under what circumstances Caesar himself crossed, and why this step of the politician and commander went down in history.

By the middle of the 1st century BC, the Roman Republic was experiencing an internal crisis. Simultaneously with the great successes in the campaigns of conquest, problems arose in the system of public administration. The Roman Senate was mired in political squabbles, and the leading Roman military leaders, who had gained fame and popularity in campaigns of conquest, thought about abandoning the republican system in favor of dictatorship and monarchy.

The successful politician and military leader Gaius Julius Caesar was one of those who not only spoke out for centralized power, but was not averse to concentrating it in his own hands.

In 62 BC, the so-called triumvirate formed in Rome - in fact, the Roman Republic was ruled by three of the most ambitious politicians and military leaders: Gnaeus Pompey,Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gaius Julius Caesar. Crassus, who suppressed the rebellion Spartak, and Pompey, who won brilliant victories in the East, had claims to sole power, but by that time they could not cope alone with the opposition of the Roman Senate. Caesar at that moment was more viewed as a politician who managed to persuade the openly hostile Pompey and Crassus to an alliance. The prospects for Caesar himself as the sole head of Rome looked much more modest at that time.

Caesar vs Pompey

After Crassus died in Mesopotamia in 53 BC, the question came down to which of two worthy opponents, Pompey or Caesar, would succeed in becoming the sole ruler of Rome.

Caesar was ready to relinquish military power, but only if Pompey agreed to the same, but the Senate did not agree to this.

Main decision

Caesar had no confidence in success - he was popular, but Pompey was no less popular; his legionaries were hardened by the Gallic War, but Pompey's warriors were no worse.

But on January 10, 49 BC, Gaius Julius Caesar decided with his troops to cross the Rubicon and march on Rome, predetermining not only his own fate, but also the further course of the history of Rome.

By crossing the Rubicon at the head of his troops, Caesar thereby started a civil war. The swiftness of Caesar's actions discouraged the Senate, and Pompey, with the available forces, did not dare to advance and even defend Rome, retreating to Capua. Meanwhile, the garrisons of the cities he occupied went over to the side of the advancing Caesar, which strengthened the confidence of the commander and his supporters in ultimate success.

Caesar's troops after crossing the Rubicon. Fragment of an ancient engraving. Source: www.globallookpress.com

Caesar's choice cannot be changed

The consistent centralization of power by Caesar, accompanied by the loss of influence of the Roman Senate, became the reason for the conspiracy of supporters of preserving Rome as a republic. On March 15, 44 BC, conspirators attacked Caesar in the Senate building, stabbing him 23 times. Most of the wounds were superficial, but one of the blows still turned out to be fatal.

However, finding this river in modern Italy was not so easy. To begin with, it’s worth remembering what we know about this river? The word Rubicon itself is derived from the adjective “rubeus”, which means “red” in Latin; this place name appeared due to the fact that the waters of the river had a reddish tint due to the fact that the river flowed through clay. The Rubicon flows into the Adriatic Sea, and is located between the cities of Cesena and Rimini.

During the reign Emperor Augustus The Italian border was moved. The Rubicon River has lost its main purpose. Soon it completely disappeared from topographic maps.

The plain through which the river flowed was constantly flooded. So modern river seekers have long failed. Researchers had to delve into historical information and documents. The search for the famous river dragged on for almost a hundred years.

In 1933, many years of work were crowned with success. The current river, called Fiumicino, was officially recognized as the former Rubicon. The current Rubicon is located near the town of Savignano di Romagna. After the Rubicon River was found, the city was renamed Savignano sul Rubicon.

Unfortunately, there is no material historical data left about Julius Caesar’s crossing of the river, so the Rubicon does not attract masses of tourists every year and is not of much interest to archaeologists. And there is little left of the once mighty river: the Fiumicino River flowing in the industrial area is polluted, local residents intensively collect water for irrigation, and in the spring the river completely disappears due to natural drying out.