Deposits of ferrous metals. Iron
Ferrous metal ores
Elements of this broad group, as a rule, do not form their own minerals and are present as isomorphic impurities in minerals of more common elements. In addition to the four elements discussed below, these include rubidium, cadmium, indium, scandium, rhenium, selenium and tellurium.
Uranus. Processing 1 kg of uranium produces the same amount of energy as burning 15 tons of coal. Uranium ores serve as raw materials for the production of other radioactive elements, such as radium and polonium, and various isotopes, including light isotopes of uranium. The main minerals of uranium ores are uranium pitch uranite (pitched pitch) and carnotite (yellow uranium-vanadium mineral that forms dissemination of small grains in sandstones).
Most of the US uranium reserves are concentrated in coarse- and fine-grained carnotite sandstones with pitchblende, which are developed in the states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. Utah has large deposit uranium tar (Marysvale). In the USA in 1995, the total volume of uranium production was 2360 tons (in 1980 - 20 thousand tons). Almost 22% of electricity in the United States is generated by nuclear power plants, which operate 110 nuclear reactors, which is much higher than the corresponding indicators in other countries. For example, in the USSR in 1987 there were 56 operating reactors and 28 at the design stage. France occupies the leading place in the world in terms of nuclear energy consumption, where nuclear power plants produce approx. 76% of electricity (1995).
The largest explored reserves of uranium (1995) are found in Australia (approx. 466 thousand tons, more than 20% of world reserves), Kazakhstan (18%), Canada (12%), Uzbekistan (7.5%), Brazil and Niger (7 each). %), South Africa (6.5%), USA (5%), Namibia (3%), Ukraine (3%), India (approx. 2%). A large deposit of Shinkolobwe uranite is located in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. China (Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces), Germany and the Czech Republic also have significant reserves.
After the recent discovery of rich uranium deposits in Canada, this country ranked first in the world in terms of uranite reserves. In Russia, industrial uranium reserves are concentrated mainly within the Streltsovskaya caldera in Eastern Transbaikalia. A large deposit was recently explored in Buryatia.
Thorium used for alloying alloys and is a potential source of obtaining nuclear fuel– light isotope of uranium-233. The only source of thorium is yellow translucent grains of monazite (cerium phosphate), containing up to 10% thorium and found in coastal marine and alluvial deposits. Placer deposits of monazite are known in Australia, India and Malaysia. “Black” sands, saturated with monazite in association with rutile, ilmenite and zircon, are common on the east and west (more than 75% of production) coasts of Australia. In India, monazite deposits are concentrated along the southwestern coast (Travancore). In Malaysia, monazite is mined from alluvial tin deposits. The United States has small reserves of thorium in coastal-marine monazite placers in Florida.
NON-METALLIC MINERAL RESOURCES
Diamonds. The most famous of precious stones– diamonds also play important role in industry due to their exceptionally high hardness. Industrial diamonds are used primarily as abrasives for grinding and polishing, as well as for drilling. hard rocks. They reinforce metal-cutting tools. Of natural diamonds, only a small part (by weight) is jewelry grade, the rest are technical crystals of non-jewelry quality (boret and carbonado). Bort and carbonado (black diamonds) are dense cryptocrystalline or granular aggregates. Industrial diamonds are also obtained artificially. Only synthetic diamonds are produced in the USA. Natural diamonds have been discovered in Arkansas and Colorado, but their extraction is not economically feasible.
Typically, diamonds are found in tubular bodies - explosion tubes (diatrems), composed of volcanic rock - kimberlite. However, a significant part of diamonds is mined from alluvial placer deposits formed as a result of the erosion of kimberlite pipes. About 90% of the world's production of natural industrial diamonds in 1993 accounted for five countries: Australia (44.3%), Congo (DRC, 16.2%), Botswana (12.2%), Russia (9.3%) and South Africa (7.2%).
World diamond production in 1993 amounted to 107.9 million carats (the unit of mass of precious stones, a carat, is equal to 200 mg); including 91.2 million carats (84.5%) of industrial diamonds and 16.7 million carats (15.5%) of jewelry diamonds. In Australia and Congo (DRC) the share of jewelry diamonds is only 4–5%, in Russia – approx. 20%, in Botswana – 24–25%, South Africa – more than 35%, in Angola and the Central African Republic – 50–60%, in Namibia – 100%. In Russia, diamonds are mined mainly in Yakutia (Sakha); diamonds are found in placers in the Urals. Large diamond deposits have been discovered in Arkhangelsk region(bedrock and placers).
Mica. Two types of natural mica are of industrial importance: muscovite and phlogopite. Mica is valued for its very perfect cleavage, transparency and, above all, for its high thermal and electrical insulating properties. Mica sheet is used in the electrical industry as a dielectric for capacitors and as an insulating material. The world's leading producer of sheet mica is India, where 6 thousand tons of sheet muscovite were mined in 1995 (with world production of 7 thousand tons). Large deposits of sheet mica are known in Brazil and Madagascar. In Russia, sheet muscovite from pegmatites is mined mainly in the Mamsko-Chuysky region Irkutsk region and in the Karelo-Kola region. Muscovite pegmatites are also known in the Eastern Sayan (along the Biryusa River). Phlogopite is mined on the Kola Peninsula, Aldan and in the Baikal region. The largest deposit of phlogopite has been explored in Taimyr.
Scrap (ground waste from the production of sheet mica and other mica products) and fine-flaked mica are used for the manufacture of mineral paints, soft roofing materials, rubber products, in particular tires, as a heat insulator in steam boilers, for polishing paper, when drilling oil wells, etc. Naturally occurring fine-flaky mica occurs in granites, pegmatites, gneisses, metamorphic schists, and clayey sediments. The United States ranks first in the world in the production of mica scrap and fine flake mica, with 60% of the production coming from North Carolina (pegmatites). Large reserves of fine-flaky muscovite are contained in the gneisses of Northern Kazakhstan.
Optical quartz and piezoquartz. Quartz ranks second in abundance in the earth's crust after feldspars, but its pure, defect-free crystals (colorless transparent - rock crystal; dark, almost black, translucent or opaque - morion) are extremely rare. Meanwhile, it is precisely this quartz that plays an important role in optical instruments (rock crystal) and in modern communications, radio engineering, electronics, hydroacoustics, flaw detection, in quartz watches and many other devices that use the piezoelectric properties of quartz (piezoelectric quartz - rock crystal and morion) . The most important application of piezoelectric quartz is frequency filters and frequency stabilizers in electronic devices, microphones, etc.
The main supplier of natural piezoquartz (rock crystal) is Brazil. In the US, Arkansas produces high-quality rock crystal crystals, which are widely used in jewelry. Quartz with defects is also mined there, unsuitable for electronics, but used for growing artificial piezoquartz crystals. In 1995, 500 tons of such quartz were mined in the USA and 300 tons of synthetic quartz crystals were produced on its basis.
In Russia, rock crystal crystals are mined in the Southern and Subpolar Urals and on Aldan. In Ukraine, morion is mainly mined from pegmatites of the Volyn Upland. Rock crystal deposits are being developed in Kazakhstan.
Lesson topic: Minerals. Ferrous metal ores.
The purpose of the lesson: To form in children a holistic view of the world, to determine a person’s place in it.
Lesson objectives:
1. Give students not only theoretical knowledge about man, society and nature, but also to develop their creative thinking, the ability to independently reveal the meaning of things and phenomena, and draw certain conclusions.
2. Familiarize yourself with the variety of minerals and some of their properties, methods of their extraction. Explain what ferrous metal ores are and how they are used in everyday life. To form concepts about ferrous metal ores, the most common among minerals of ore origin.
3. Foster a love of knowledge.
Equipment,visibility, TSO: Textbook “Knowledge of the World”, notebook, illustrations, collection of minerals, diagrams, map of minerals of Kazakhstan, contour map of minerals of Kazakhstan.
Lesson type: Ur OK learning new knowledge.
Methodsteaching: Informational, informative, explanatory, instructive, stimulating, motivating.
Methodsteachings: Performing, reproductive, practical, partially retrieval, search.
Stages and structure of the lesson.
Basic knowledge: Concepts about ore. Ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metal ores: magnetic iron ore, red and brown iron ore. The group of ferrous metals is iron and its alloys: steel and cast iron. The main deposits of iron ore in Kazakhstan.
Basic knowledge: General concepts about minerals acquired by students in 3rd grade.
I. Organizing time.
Psychological attitude
Every day - always, everywhere,
In class, in play
We speak boldly and clearly,
But we sit quietly.
Come on. check it out, my friend,
Are you ready to start the lesson?
Is everything in place?
Everything is fine,
Pen, book and notebook?
Is everyone sitting correctly?
Is everyone watching carefully?
State the topic and purpose of the lesson.
As the epigraph of the lesson, I chose the words of the remarkable scientist A.E. Fersman: “There is no land in the whole world where so much wealth would be stored, where the forces of the subsoil would be so powerful...”
How do you understand the word subsoil? (What's inside the earth)
What kind of mineral wealth are we talking about? (About minerals)
How do you understand the meaning of the words “benefit”, “dig”?
Benefit- good, positive consequences, benefits.
Dig- 1) loosen, fall off, separating and lifting;
2) roll off the earth and make indentations;
3) roll away the earth, take it out, remove it.
Now apply your knowledge to explain the meaning of the topic of our lesson.
(the name “Minerals” written on the board opens)
There are many useful objects in the world for humans. For example, a tree
Can we call it a mineral? Why?
What do you propose to classify as minerals?
Do they always need to be “dug up” from the depths of the earth?
Name the minerals that lie right under our feet (clay, sand).
Formulate the concept of “mineral resources”.
II. Practical work.
A) Pick up products made of cast iron, steel, aluminum, lead, tin, silver, etc. Apply a magnet to each of them. Some of them are attracted by a magnet, some are not.
Magnetically attracted - these are ferrous metals, non-attractive – non-ferrous metals.
Where does a person get metals from? (From Ore)
2) Working with the textbook: p.29
Reading the definition of what ore is.
The teacher shows a collection of minerals and asks the children to name which ones they recognize.
Tell us how you can use minerals you are familiar with in the country's economy.
Next, students complete practical work The studied properties of minerals are entered into the table by students independently as they are determined. Practical work It is better to organize in groups.
Properties of minerals.
Name
State
Density
Color
Flammability
Iron ore
Hard
Dense
Black
-
Oil
Liquid
-
Brown
Limestone
Solid
Dense
White
-
Clay
Hard
Loose
Red-brown
-
Coal
Solid
Dense
Black
Look carefully at the table. What properties can different minerals have?
III. Getting to know new material.
A) The concept of minerals.
The entire surface of the Earth consists of rocks. Pebbles on the river bank, chalk we use to write in class, coal - all this rocks. All rocks that are useful to humans are called minerals. Why fossils?
Because many of them are underground, hidden from our view, they need to be extracted (“excavated,” they said in the old days) from under the ground.
Minerals - This natural resources, which people extract from the depths of the earth or from its surface and use in their households.
For example:
In construction (sand, clay, granite, limestone).
As fuel (oil, gas, coal, peat).
For cooking (rock salt).
B)Mining.
Look at the map of Kazakhstan. Numerous icons of various configurations and colors indicate places of extraction of various minerals.
Places where mineral resources are found in quantities sufficient for development are called deposits mineral.( hang it on the board and on the children’s desks)
B) Introduction to minerals
Kazakhstan ranks third after Russia and Ukraine in the CIS in terms of iron ore reserves (16.6 billion tons). The deposits are located mainly in Northern Kazakhstan, where 85% of proven iron ore reserves are concentrated. The Kacharskoye and Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye fields are of particular importance.
The Sarbai iron deposit was discovered in 1948 by pilot M. Surgutanov. While flying over the field, he noticed a sharp deviation of the compass needle under the influence of a magnetic anomaly. Soon a rare iron deposit was discovered. The ores of these deposits High Quality and contain 50-60% pure iron. Ores of sedimentary origin are found in the Ayatskoye and Lisakovskoye deposits in the Kostanay region and are mined open method at a depth of 30 meters. The content of pure iron in the ore is 37-40%. There are small deposits of iron ore in the Karaganda (Kentobe, Karatas) and North Kazakhstan (Atansor) regions.
Children's message (shown on map)
Manganese . (dark purple) The largest manganese deposits include Atasuskoye and Zhezdinskoye, located in Central Kazakhstan. In local ores the manganese content reaches 27%. Manganese deposits were also discovered in Saryarka (in particular, Ulytau), Karatau and Mangystau.
Chromium. 99% of chromium deposits are found in the Mugojar Mountains. The Kempirsay and Don groups of deposits containing high-quality ores are very famous. Chromite deposits have also been discovered in the Kostanay and East Kazakhstan regions.
Kazakhstan has taken second place in the world in terms of reserves and annual production of chromite ores (dark green). These ores are an essential component in the smelting of stainless steel. Chrome is exported to 40 countries. 97% of chromites in the CIS are mined in Kazakhstan.
Nickel (green). Significant nickel reserves are concentrated in Mugodzhary. More than 40 large nickel deposits are located in Buryktal, Kempirsay massif in the Aktobe region. Large reserves of high-quality nickel have been explored in the Akkarga and Aktau deposits in the Kostanai, Karaganda and East Kazakhstan regions.
Aluminum (light yellow). The main aluminum raw material in Kazakhstan is bauxite. The main deposits are located in the northeast of Saryarka (outskirts of Astana) and in the Turgai trough (Amangeldy group). Their bauxite reserves are insignificant. Therefore, the opportunity is being sought to use other sources of raw materials that contain alumina. Kazakhstan occupies one of the first places in the CIS in aluminum production.
Copper (green). Kazakhstan has richest reserves copper ore. The main industrial types of ores are cuprous sandstones (71%) and porphyry copper (24%). The largest deposit of cuprous sandstone ore is Zhezkazgan. Zhezkazgan ore deposits rank first in the CIS and second in the world in terms of their potential. Kazakhstan ranks seventh in the world in copper mining. 92% of copper is exported to foreign countries.
Large deposits of porphyry copper ore are Kounyrat, Bozshakol. They are mined by open-pit mining, but the ores have a low metal content.
Polymetals . Polymetallic ores contain valuable components - lead and zinc, as well as copper compounds, gold, silver and other metals. The richest deposits of lead and zinc - Ridderskoye, Zyryanovskoye and others - are located in Rudny Altai. Local ores contain a lot of metals. Polymetallic deposits are found in Tekeli - in the Zhungar Alatau, in Achisai and Myrgalymsay - in the Karatau Mountains. IN last years Rich deposits of lead have been explored in Central Kazakhstan (Kyzylespe, Kaskaaygyr, etc.).
Gold . There are 190 gold deposits in Kazakhstan. Gold is mined in the east of the republic - in Altai, in the Kalbinsky ridge region, in the northwest - in the Zhetygarinsky district of the Kostanay region. Gold deposits on the northern outskirts of Central Kazakhstan (Stepnyak, Aksu, Maykain) are represented by quartz veins, secondary quartzites and placers. Deposits in the Kalbinsky ridge area also contain quartz veins and placers. There are small quartz vein deposits in the Zhungarsky and Zailiysky Alatau.
Rare metals . This group includes tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, bismuth, antimony, etc. In terms of the number and industrial significance of deposits, Central Kazakhstan ranks first in the CIS. Some rare metals (cadmium, indium, bismuth, selenium, mercury, etc.) are also found in the polymetallic deposits of Zungaria and Altai.
Iron ore is a mineral from which iron is obtained.
Iron ores include red iron ore, magnetic iron ore, and brown iron ore.
Red iron ore (hematite) contains 70% iron. It is red in color, has a semi-metallic sheen, leaves a cherry-red streak on ceramic tiles, is hard (leaves a scratch on glass), and is heavier than water. This is the main ore for iron production.
Magnetic iron ore (magnetite) contains up to 73% iron. It is black in color, has a metallic sheen, is harder than glass, leaves a black streak on ceramic tiles, and is heavier than water. This ore has very great importance for the national economy.
Brown iron ore (limonite) contains up to 60% iron. The color of brown iron ore is different - brown, yellow, black; it is softer than glass, leaves a brown streak on ceramic tiles, and is heavier than water. This ore is the most common on the surface of the Earth.
Cast iron, steel, and iron are smelted from iron ore. And from them, in turn, household items are made: knives, scissors, machine parts, carriages, tractors, railway rails.
In some places, iron ore lies shallow; in such deposits it is mined by opencast mining. First, the seam is blasted, and then in the resulting quarry, huge excavators scoop up ore and load it into cars or railway cars.
In other places, the ore lies deep, then deep mines are dug to extract it.
On physical map Iron ore deposits are indicated by a black triangle.
In terms of iron ore reserves, Kazakhstan occupies one of the first places among other countries in the world. More than 85% of the republic’s total iron ore reserves are concentrated in the Kostanay region.
The largest Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye field was discovered using an airplane (what affected the magnetic needle of the airplane instrument?). Other iron ore deposits are located in Saryarka, in the north of the Aral Sea.
The teacher explains how iron ore is mined in mines and open pits.
In our country, iron ore is mined mainly by open-pit mining, since this mining method is profitable.
Shows the largest deposits iron ores on the map.
Iron ore is used to produce iron and steel. They are not found in nature in their pure form. The metal is mixed with other substances. First, pig iron is smelted from ore in blast furnaces. Currently, blast furnaces are fully mechanized. The height of the stoves exceeds a 10-story building, and the outside is covered with a steel frame.
Small trolleys continuously deliver ore and coke to the blast furnace. Hot air is constantly blown in from the bottom hole of the blast furnace. In the blast furnace, iron is reduced from oxides.
The temperature inside the furnace reaches 20,000 C. The metal contained in the ore melts and flows down, accumulating at the bottom of the furnace. The collected metal gradually flows out of the lower opening of the furnace into a huge ladle located on a moving iron rails trolley. Next, the movable ladle pours the cast iron into the molds.
Blast furnace Blast furnace
(schematic illustration)
The cooled, hardened cast iron is sent to smelting furnaces. Steel is smelted here from cast iron.
Kazakhstan has the most large plant, where steel is smelted, is located in the city of Temirtau. The first President of our Republic, Nursultan Nazarbayev, began his career as a steelmaker at this plant.
This is interesting
Teacher's story.
The human body also contains metals. There is most iron in the human body, and most of it is found in the blood in special bodies - red blood cells. They live up to 100 days and are replaced by new ones. During a person's life, they produce 500 kg of red blood cells. For this he needs 0.5 kg of iron. Iron enters the human body with food. Most iron in seaweed, beef liver, beans, parsley, oatmeal, etc.
IV. Working with the textbook.
pp. 38-40 Reading the text, answering questions after the text and completing assignments.
What applies to ferrous metals?
Name the types of ferrous metals.
How are steel and cast iron made from iron ore?
What products are made from cast iron and steel?
Name the places where iron ore is mined.
V
. Lesson summary. I would like to end the lesson with a poem
Dzhambula Dzhabayeva
Look -
Illuminated and shining -
Kazakhstan became dressed in rays...
Karatau will give lead,
Kokshetau drives sheep,
Altai stretches its arms with gold,
Karsakpai gives copper abundantly,
Shymkent gives white cotton,
Golden as in the fairy tale of bread.
Aktoba is raising for the people...
Loading trains day and night
Black gold Karaganda...
There are proud towers in Emba,
And the oil waterfall is boiling.
Rice is ripening in the Karamcha steppe.
Gardens rose in Alatau,
And in the gardens sweeter than sleep and dreams
The apples of Almaty are ripe.
VI. Homework assignment.
B) Describe objects made of cast iron and steel found in everyday life.
B) Label on contour map iron ore deposits.
VII. Reflection.
Lesson:
attracted me to...
Limestone
Solid
Dense
White
-
Clay
Hard
Loose
Red-brown
-
Coal
Solid
Dense
Black
No. 8 Ferrous metal ores.
16.05.2011 11133 1022Topic No. 8. “Ferrous metal ores.”
Iron is smelted from ferrous metal ores. It is part of steel and cast iron.
Ferrous metal ores:
1. magnetic iron ore – attracts a magnet;
2. brown iron ore;
3. red iron ore.
All these ores are called iron ore.
Iron ore is mined:
1. open pit - quarry - Rudny - Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoe
field.
2. closed method – mine –
The ore is very hard. Therefore, they first blow it up, then load it into wagons.
At metallurgical plants in blast furnaces, it is first smelted cast iron. And they melt it out of it steel.
Cast iron and steel are iron alloys.
Iron is not used in its pure form, as it quickly becomes covered with rust.
Kazakhstan occupies one of the leading places in terms of ore reserves.
More than 85% All iron ore reserves of Kazakhstan are located in the Kostanay region.
The largest deposit, Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye, was discovered from an airplane. The pilot of a small plane noticed that while flying over certain place The compass needle begins to rush around in a circle. It turned out that in this area close to the surface of the earth lies magnetic iron ore.
Other iron ore deposits are locatedin Saryarka, in the northern Aral Sea region. (cities: Zhezkazgan, Karazhal, Aralsk)
Last name, first name of the student:_____________________ Date, month: __________
Test sheet No. 8. Topic: “Ferrous metal ores.”
1. What is smelted from ferrous metal ore? Where does it go?
________________________________________________________________
.
2. List the ores of ferrous metals:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. How is iron ore mined?
4. What property does it have? What do they do first to get it?
___________________________________________________________________
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5. What is smelted in blast furnaces at metallurgical plants?
__________________________________________________________________
6. What are they called?
__________________________________________________________________
7. Why is iron not used in its pure form, but only in the form of alloys?
_____________________________________________________________________
8. Where are the richest iron ore reserves in Kazakhstan? How
what is this deposit called?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Tell us how the largest deposit in Kazakhstan was discovered.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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10. Where are other iron ore deposits?
__________________________________________________________________
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Ferrous metal ores, depending on the main mineral forming the ore, are divided into the following main types: hematite, magnetite, goethite and siderite.
Hematite ores or red iron ores are iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3), characterized by comparative chemical purity and low content of harmful impurities (sulfur - 0.08-0.20%, phosphorus - 0.02-0.08%). Hematite ores and their varieties have a dark steel-gray color with a metallic sheen, which sometimes turns into red-brown or blue (hematite-martite variety). According to the structure, ores of this type can be dense, low-porosity (with porosity no more than 5%, and also loose (with porosity up to 30%). The moisture content of hematites varies within 1.6-7.0%, density - 2.4-2 .8 t/m 3. According to the granulometric composition, they can be from coarse to powdery. The iron content in the ores is 50-66%.
The main consumer of hematite ores is ferrous metallurgy. However, various other methods and purposes for using hematite ores are known. For example, for painting the underwater parts of ships, iron structures and roofs of buildings, in order to protect against corrosion, a special red-brown dye is used - red lead, which is a finely ground one of the varieties of hematite ores containing 75-90% iron and having a high density .
Magnetite ores or magnetic iron ores, magnetites, are compounds of iron and oxygen in the form of oxide and oxide (FeO Fe 2 O). Magnetite ores are black in color with a metallic luster, have magnetic properties, a dense, medium- and fine-grained structure, sometimes coarse-crystalline, easily destroyed. Loose ores with high porosity are also found. The moisture content of this type of ore is 2-12%.
Brown iron ores (goethites) They are aqueous iron oxide, have low fusibility, and can be directly used in the blast furnace process. Depending on the iron content, the color of brown iron ores varies from light yellow to dark brown, and the density is in the range of 0.6-2.0 t/m 3. Brown iron ores are in most cases very porous, amorphous compounds. Porosity ranges from 16 to 44%. The granulometric composition of unsorted brown iron ores consists of 60% fractions with sizes of individual pieces of 10-150 mm with a moisture content of 8-16%.
Brown iron ores contain 30-40% iron, brown iron ores of the Kerch deposit have a special metallurgical value due to the presence in them of a high content of such useful impurities as phosphates (0.8-1.1%), manganese (2-3%), vanadium (0.07%).
Sometimes brown iron ores may be accompanied by minerals of sulfur pyrites, zinc blende, and lead luster, which is the reason for the appearance of harmful impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus in the ore.
Finely ground brown iron ore, which contains clay rocks, is known as ocher and is a common yellow dye.
Spar iron ores or siderites containing iron carbonate (FeCO 3), have a color from gray to brown-gray, dense in structure, humidity 6%, iron content ranging from 26% to 37%; spar iron ores often have sulfur compounds of iron and zinc as companions.
All ferrous metal ores are transported in bulk on open rolling stock and are frozen goods. When transporting in the cold season, it is necessary to provide special preventive measures, the main ones of which are indicated in the “Rules for Cargo Transportation”. Ore raw materials should be loaded into cars evenly. Treatment of the surface of the cargo in the car in order to reduce losses from blowing with oncoming air flows depends on the density and fractional composition and may include the following operations: leveling, compaction with a roller, vibration compaction, coating with a special composition that, when hardened, forms a protective film. When transporting ore cargo consisting of small fractions, it is also necessary to take special measures to prevent the cargo from spilling into the cracks of the floor and walls of the car.
Ores must be stored strictly according to grades and grades in open areas, pre-planned and concreted. During storage, it is necessary to avoid clogging with dust-generating loads and foreign objects.
Sulfur pyrite ores are sulfur compounds of iron, have a yellowish or greenish-gray color with a metallic sheen. The density of ores of this type is approximately 2.2-2.8 t/m3. The following main iron sulfur compounds are distinguished: sulfur pyrite FeS 2 (pyrite), magnetic pyrite FeS (pyrrhotite) and copper pyrite CuFeS 2 (chalcopyrite). In nature, sulfur pyrites are rarely found in chemically pure form; they are usually produced industrially during the enrichment of copper and polymetallic ores. Useful integral part sulfur pyrite is iron disulfide, which in its pure form contains 53.5% sulfur and 46.5% iron. The high sulfur content makes sulfur pyrite unsuitable for direct smelting of cast iron. These raw materials are mainly used in chemical industry for the production of sulfuric acid. The processing products remaining after firing in the form of iron oxide - cinders - are used to smelt cast iron.
For transportation by railways Depending on the pre-treatment and enrichment, sulfur pyrites are presented: ordinary, sorted, granulated and flotation.
Pyrite sulfur ordinary is a mixture of fractions of the most different parameters, it is produced as a by-product during the extraction of copper pyrites and during the development of sulfur pyrites deposits. The particle sizes of sulfur pyrites vary from 0 to 400 mm. Based on the size of the pieces, this pyrite is divided into five classes, and based on the iron content - into 4 grades. The natural humidity of such cargo is 4-7%, and the density is about 2.5 t/m3.
Sorted sulfur pyrite has the same division into classes and grades, but its granulometric composition is more stable.
Granulated sulfur pyrite is crushed ordinary pyrite with a sulfur content of 35-50%, density 2.0+2.5 t/m 3, angle of repose 45°. Granulated sulfur pyrite has significant hardness and, consequently, abrasiveness, and has a strong abrasive effect on metals. The humidity of granulated pyrite is 2-4%, and its moisture capacity during storage and transportation remains almost unchanged. Humidity environment does not have a significant effect on the moisture capacity of sulfur pyrites. Under influence atmospheric precipitation Only the surface layer is moistened, turning into a protective coating, while the sulfur pyrites are oxidized and covered with a white film of sulfides.
Flotation sulfur pyrite is produced during the enrichment of copper and polymetallic ores. By chemical composition flotation pyrite is similar to ordinary pyrite and differs only in the size of the fractions. The bulk of particles (75-80%) have sizes less than 0.1 mm. The humidity of flotation sulfur pyrites should be no more than 4.5%. When the humidity is less than 0.5% (dry pyrite), cargo particles have increased mobility, generate dust in the air and seep through leaks in storage or transportation containers. An increase in humidity to 2-3% reduces the mobility of particles, and caking appears during long-term storage.
Sulfur pyrites are stored on clean concrete areas, strictly according to classes and brands. Stacks of pyrites of different grades and classes must be separated by barriers that prevent mixing. Granulated sulfur pyrite has the ability to be crushed during loading and unloading operations, so the number of reloading operations should be minimal, and the height from which the pyrite is dropped should also be minimal. When stored, sulfur pyrites pose a fire hazard, since due to their high sulfur content they are capable of spontaneous combustion. The temperature inside the stack should not exceed 60 °C.
Sulfur pyrites are transported in bulk in hopper cars, universal gondola cars with sealed body cracks, which prevents loss of cargo through the cracks. When transporting in the cold season, it is necessary to carry out prevention against freezing in accordance with the “Rules for the transportation of goods.”
Iron ores, ranking second in terms of production volume in Russia's material sector after fuel and energy resources and first among metal ones, are the basis of the country's economy. The share of iron and its alloys currently accounts for more than 90% of the total amount of metals used in technology.
Russia's iron ore base is the largest in the world, but in terms of iron content in mined ore it is inferior to the main producing countries.
In Russia, iron ores play a significant role. In 2004, 17.0 million tons of commercial iron ores and concentrates were exported; imports amounted to 4.0 million tons (mainly from metallurgical plants And Western Siberia).
Iron ore potential of the country at the beginning of the twentieth century. is estimated at 206.2 billion tons and meets the need Russian economy and export supplies.
On the state balance sheet of Russia there are 193 iron ore deposits, of which 174 with reserves of 101.0 billion tons, including in categories A+B+C1 - 56.8 billion tons with an average iron content of 35.87% and in category C2 - 44.2 billion tons with iron content 46.5%; the remaining 19 are deposits with off-balance reserves. Inferred resources are estimated at 105 billion tons, including 90 billion tons in the P1 category. Reserves and inferred resources are distributed unevenly across the country.
A feature of Russia's iron ore base is the concentration of iron ore resources in unique and very large-scale deposits. Thus, of the total reserves of iron ores of categories A+B+C1+C2, the reserves of 19 unique (more than 3 billion tons) and very large (1–3 billion tons) account for 82.7%, 22 large (from 300 thousand tons to 1 billion tons) - 10.4%, 42 medium (50–300 million tons) - 5.8%, 91 small (up to 50 million tons) - 1.1%. At the same time, the average iron content in ores is 39.45%; 32.83%; 34.79% and 36.93%. The increased iron content in the ores of very large and unique deposits is associated with significant reserves of rich (iron content - up to 60.0%) hematite-martite ores in the Belgorod ore region of the Kursk magnetic anomaly.
In 2004, the country produced 97.1 million tons of commercial iron ore. The share accounted for 54.5% of the country's total iron ore production, while in 1991 it was 39.6%, which indicates a shift in the center of iron ore mining to the Kursk magnetic anomaly.
The largest operating enterprises of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly - Mikhailovsky, Lebedinsky, Stoilensky, Korobkovsky mining and processing plants and the Yakovlevsky mine under construction, in the Republic - Kostomuksha mining and processing plant, in the Urals - Kachkanarsky are highly provided with explored licensed reserves.
With a satisfactory overall supply of Russian ferrous metallurgy with explored and developed reserves of iron ore and with sufficient production of commercial iron ore in the country, due to the uneven distribution of iron ore resources, metallurgical plants in Western Siberia, where two-thirds of their capacities are concentrated, are experiencing an acute shortage of local commercial ores. , and a third of the iron ores are mined. This deficit is and will be covered by the import of ores from the European part of Russia and imports from Kazakhstan, at least until 2015.
