Definition of noun and adjective. What are qualitative adjectives: examples

An adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that

1) indicate a non-procedural attribute of the subject and answer the questions which?, whose?;

2) change according to gender, number and cases, and some - according to completeness/brevity and degrees of comparison;

3) in a sentence they are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Classes of adjectives by meaning

There are three categories of adjectives according to their meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.

Qualitative adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size (large), shape (round), color (blue), physical characteristics(cold), as well as the tendency of the subject to perform an action (talkative).

Relative adjectives denote the attribute of an object through the relationship of this object to another object (book), action (reading) or another attribute (yesterday). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and adverbs; the most common suffixes of relative adjectives are the suffixes -n- (forest-n-oy), -ov- (ezh-ov-y), -in- (topol-in-y), -sk- (warehouse-sk-oh) , -l- (run-l-y).

Possessive adjectives denote that an object belongs to a person or animal and is formed from nouns with the suffixes -in- (mam-in), -ov- (otts-ov), -iy- (fox-iy). These suffixes appear at the end of the adjective stem (cf. the possessive adjective fathers-ov and the relative adjective fathers-ov-sk-ii).

Qualitative adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all linguistic levels:

1) only qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic that may manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;

2) qualitative adjectives can have antonyms (deep - shallow);

3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;

4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute (strict-ness) and adverbs ending in -o (strict-o), as well as adjectives with a suffix of subjective assessment (blue-enk-y, evil-yush-y);

5) only qualitative adjectives have a full/short form and degrees of comparison;

6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very large, but not *very reading).

Thus, we see that qualitative adjectives are grammatically opposed to relative and possessive adjectives, which, in turn, are grammatically very similar. The difference between relative and possessive adjectives manifests itself only in the type of their declension (see declension of adjectives), which gives grounds for many researchers to combine them into one group of relative adjectives, into which, with the consistent grammatical separation of parts of speech, also ordinal numbers and pronominal adjectives fall.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

SYKTYVKA FORESTRY INSTITUTE (BRANCH)

"ST. PETERSBURG STATE

FORESTRY ACADEMY named after. S. M. KIROVA"

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES

TEST

Discipline: Russian language

On the topic: Adjective as a part of speech

Option: No. 44

Completed by: Kovalenko Inna Sergeevna

FZO student

Correspondence form training

Specialty TD

Code No. 050654

Checked by: Machurova Nadezhda Nikolaevna

Syktyvkar 2006

Introduction

1. general characteristics adjective

2. Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives

3.1 Comparative degree

3.2 Superlatives

6. Conclusion

7. Bibliography

Introduction

The Russian language is one of the richest and most developed languages ​​in the world. This is the language of the great Russian people, the bearer and creator of wonderful spiritual values, world-famous works of art and literature. Throughout the centuries-old history of the people, language has always been a form of expression of Russian national culture and national identity.

The Russian language is characterized by extraordinary richness vocabulary, plasticity grammatical forms and meanings, a variety of stylistic means.

There are many words in the language, and they all have their own meanings. In morphology, all words are distributed into groups (classes), which are called parts of speech. One of the independent parts of speech is the adjective, which will be discussed in my test work.

Each item has characteristics that indicate its peculiarity. There are special words in the language to name the characteristics of objects. These are adjectives. They help us select the desired item from many identical items. For example, we need a pencil, and you say to your friend, “Give me a pencil.” - "Which?" - "Red". So, with the help of an adjective, one object is distinguished from several of the same type.

Adjective - independent part speech that denotes a feature of an object.

The general grammatical meaning of an adjective is a sign of the subject.

Morphological features of an adjective - gender, number, case. It changes by gender, number and case. By naming the characteristics of objects, adjectives serve and explain nouns. Therefore, the morphological features of an adjective help it to be more closely associated with nouns, that is, they are likened to them in the form of gender, number and case. An adjective is a very flexible word: it can adapt to any noun.

Syntactic features adjectives - in a sentence, adjectives are modifiers or predicates and agree with nouns in gender, number and case.

The purpose of my work is to reveal the meaning of an independent part of speech - the adjective. Go deeper into the study of: lexical and grammatical categories, degrees of comparison of adjectives, types of declension and the use of adjectives in modern texts.

1. General characteristics of an adjective as a part of speech

Adjectives include a category of words that denote the characteristics of an object and have forms of gender, number, and case that depend on the noun (naming this object): “red ball”, “log cabin”, “summer morning”. In a sentence, adjectives are either definitions: “How good it is then for me to remember the familiar pond and the hoarse ringing of the alder tree” (Es.), or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: “We were tall, fair-haired. You will read in books, like a myth, about people who left without loving, without finishing the last cigarette” (N. Mayorov).

2. Lexico-grammatical categories of the adjective name

Depending on their meaning and grammatical properties, adjectives are usually divided into three categories:

1. relative;

2. possessive;

3. quality.

2.1 Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives name a characteristic that does not change quantitatively and is expressed indirectly, through a relationship to something: material (“linen shirt”, “brick wall”; time (“morning performance”, “yesterday”); action (“bedroom carriage", "copy paper", "smoking room"); place ("Arbatsky Lane", " reindeer"); object (“silverware”, “cherry pit”); phenomenon (“stagnant period”, “rental contract”), etc. Each relative adjective can be replaced by a synonymous construction with the word from which the adjective is derived (“linen shirt” - “shirt made of flax”, “Arbat lanes” - “Arbat lanes”). The common meaning of all relative adjectives is that they call constant signs objects and phenomena.

Relative adjectives are formed using suffixes: -n- (finished), -enn- (straw), -onn- (portioned), -an- (leather), -yan- (linen), -ichesk- (hydraulic), - ov- (smoke), -ev- (combatant), -sk- (French), etc.

2.2 Possessive adjectives

This is a group of adjectives denoting belonging to a person or animal (they are formed with the suffixes –in-, -yn-, -ov-, -ev-, -иj-, which are attached to the noun denoting this person, this animal): “mother’s gift ", "girlfriend's story", "father's inheritance"; “fox hole”, “dog barking”.

Unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, which do not have any special stylistic properties common to all words of each category, possessive adjectives are stylistically marked. Thus, the use of adjectives that are formed with the suffixes –ov-, -ev-, -in-, -yn- and denote belonging to either a person or an animal is limited in modern literary language. Most of them are of a colloquial nature: mothers, grandfathers, sisters, fathers, etc. Therefore, in modern speech, among the adjectives of this group, those formed either from colloquial words or from nouns that have an informal character are used: mother’s, father’s, uncle’s , Petin, Valin, Sashin, Sinichkin, Koshkin, as well as “Matrenin’s Dvor”, “Fedorino’s Grief”, “Ivan’s Childhood” (names of famous literary works A. Solzhenitsyn, K. Chukovsky and A. Tarkovsky’s film), etc. The rest are replaced either by adjectives with the suffixes –sk-, -ovsk-, -insk-: Pushkinsky, paternal, maternal, or (much more often) a combination of nouns with the genitive accessories: “sister’s apartment”, “grandfather’s pipe”.

In stable expressions, geographical names (which generally tend to retain unproductive modern language forms) possessive adjectives with the suffixes –ov-, -ev-, -in-, -yn- are found quite often: “crocodile tears”, “Achilles heel”, “Strait of Magellan”, “Barents Sea”. They also contain some terminological names: “Euclidean geometry”, “caesarean section”.

Possessive adjectives are also such surnames as Ivanov (Ivanov’s son), Petrov, Sidorov, etc.

Adjectives with the suffix – иj, indicating that they belong to an animal, are not stylistically marked and therefore are not limited in any way in their use.

2.3 Qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives serve as direct names for such features that are directly perceived by us as natural properties of this object or phenomenon.

The semantic uniqueness of qualitative adjectives lies in the fact that they are capable of denoting characteristics of two kinds:

1) signs that are objectively inherent in a bottom object, regardless of the speaker’s attitude towards them (a tall house, a deep well, an old man, a hard stone, black earth, weak muscles) and 2) signs that are not only objectively inherent in a given object, but also reflecting by their name the qualitative assessment of a given feature on the part of the speaker in various connotative aspects (bad weather, brave act, shameful flight, insinuating voice, suspicious rustle).

· Signs of color and color shades: blue, red, cyan, yellow, green, violet, orange, black, white, light, gray, red-blue, light green;

· Signs of space and place: distant, close, long, short, high, low, wide, narrow;

· Moral and intellectual characteristics of a person: smart, stupid, kind, evil, brave, courageous, courageous, courageous, cowardly, timid, truthful, lying, false, warm-hearted, heartless;

· Signs emotional state person: joyful, cheerful, kind, sad, mournful, sad, gloomy;

· Signs of quality: excellent, excellent, wonderful, good, decent, satisfactory, mediocre, bad, nasty, worthless and other signs.

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by certain semantic, word-formation and morphological features.

These features are that qualitative adjectives:

· They have full and short forms: young man - young man, young woman - young woman, young generation - young generation, young people - young people;

· Form degrees of comparison: smart - smarter - smartest, simple - simpler - simplest;

· Combines with adverbs of degree: very young, extremely smart, too arrogant;

· They form forms of subjective assessment and incompleteness of quality: young - young, smart - smart; stupid - stupid, pale - pale;

· Form adverbs starting with -о, -е, -и: cheerful - cheerfully, sad - sad, depressing - depressing, soporific - soporific, fatherly - fatherly, friendly - friendly;

· They enter into antonymic relationships: good - evil, brave - cowardly, strong - weak, light - dark, joyful - sad;

· They form nouns with the name of a qualitative attribute: cheerful - cheerfulness, rough - rudeness, fresh - freshness, white - whiteness, yellow - yellowness, simple - simplicity, blind - blindness.

Not all qualitative adjectives have the full set of these features. For example, qualitative adjectives in –sk (ii) do not have short forms and do not form synthetic forms of degrees of comparison; many qualitative adjectives do not form forms of subjective assessment and incompleteness of quality (ignorant, responsible, courageous); a number of adjectives are not included in the word-formation model for the formation of nouns with an abstract name for quality (wonderful, smart), etc.

3. Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have two degrees of comparison:

1. comparative,

2. excellent.

3.1 Comparative degree

adjective speech text declension

The comparative degree indicates that a given object (person) manifests a characteristic to a greater extent than other objects (persons), or that a given object manifests a characteristic to a greater extent than the same object in other cases: “I know – the nail in my boot is more nightmarish than Goethe’s fantasy!” (Lighthouse.); “The sky was already breathing in autumn, the sun was shining less often, the days were getting shorter” (P.).

This is the meaning comparative degree can be expressed in two ways: synthetic (using suffixes) and analytical (using an auxiliary word).

The synthetic form of the comparative degree is formed using the suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she: longer, shorter, further. The most numerous forms with the suffix -ee(s), which is attached to the base of the adjective: more specific, more intelligent, more unstable. With the suffix -e, the comparative degree is formed in those adjectives whose stem ends in the consonant sounds g, k, x, d, t, z, st, sk: tight - tighter, light - lighter, dry - drier, young - younger, rich – richer, clean – cleaner, flat – flatter, etc. With the suffix -she, only individual adjectives form the comparative degree: thin - thinner, bitter - bitter, distant - further, long - longer. Several adjectives: small, small, good, bad - the comparative degree is formed in a suppletive way: less (for small and small), better, worse. Sometimes in the formation of the comparative degree, the prefix "-" takes part simultaneously with the suffix: longer, narrower, further away.

It should be borne in mind that not all adjectives can be formed into a synthetic comparative form. Such restrictions may be caused by:

· Features of the word-formation structure of the adjective, which includes some suffixes that prevent the formation of a synthetic form;

· The fact that the adjective is not qualitative in origin, but became so as a result of the figurative use of the word;

· Features of the semantics of adjectives.

So, they do not have a synthetic form of comparative degree:

1. adjectives with the suffixes –sk-, -ov-: ironic, tragic, advanced, businesslike;

2. some adjectives with the suffixes –k-, -n-: timid, avid, early;

3. adjectives with suffixes of subjective assessment: pretty, clean, as well as adjectives with those prefixes and suffixes that in themselves indicate the degree of manifestation of the characteristic: cheerful, cute, thin, furious, reddish, cramped, fat;

4. those adjectives with the meaning of color that are relative in origin: coffee, cream, raspberry, lilac, chocolate, amber;

5. adjectives that are participles in origin: outstanding abilities, brilliant mind, upturned face, open look; fallen voice;

6. many verbal adjectives with the suffix -l-: backward, seedy, sunken;

7. adjectives denoting the colors of horses: piebald, black, bay, etc.;

8. traditionally classified as qualitative adjectives, lexical meaning which is an indication of the absolute degree of manifestation of the characteristic: barefoot, widowed, alive, dead, single, etc.

In artistic speech there are individual formations of comparative degree from the listed groups of words. For example: “Water wool in gold - what’s more vulgar?” (Lighthouse.); “It’s your shadow that has become like this - even older and more rabid” (P. Ant.); “The coffin was also brought from Moscow, silver in color, metal, with white decorations. It made my mother’s face even more dead and alien, more terrible” (A. Tsvet.). Such individual-authored formations, as deviating from modern literary norm, require assessment on a case-by-case basis.

If the formation of a synthetic form is impossible, then in order to express the meaning of the comparison, an analytical form is used.

The analytical form of the comparative degree can be formed from all qualitative adjectives, so in the case where a synthetic form is possible, the two forms are synonymous.

3.2 Superlatives

The superlative degree of comparison indicates the greatest, maximum degree of manifestation of a characteristic in a given object compared to other objects: “What should I do, a singer and first-born, in a world where the blackest is grey!” (Color.). “I may be the most handsome of all your sons!” (Lighthouse.); “You, queen, are the cutest of all, the most rosy and white” (P.).

The meaning of superlatives is expressed in three ways. Accordingly, synthetic, analytical and complex superlative forms are distinguished.

The synthetic form is formed from the base of the adjective using the suffixes -eysh-, aish-: the most important, the stupidest, the highest. Sometimes, along with the suffix, the prefix nai- is added to the adjective: the most important, the most serious.

The synthetic superlative form also has limitations in its formation. It is absent mainly in the same groups of adjectives, from which it is impossible to form a synthetic form of the comparative degree. This:

1. Adjectives with the suffixes -sk-, -ov-: ironic, tragic, businesslike, advanced;

2. individual adjectives with the suffix -k-: caustic, catchy, accurate, timid (but: rare - rarest, low - lowest, short - shortest);

3. verbal adjectives with the suffix -l-: emaciated, faded, tired

4. participles used in figurative meaning: outstanding, brilliant;

5. a number of adjectives whose stem is not derivative: big, young, long, dry, tight, etc.

The analytical form is formed using the auxiliary words most and most, which are combined with the original form of the adjective: the strongest, the most influential, the most profitable, the most popular.

The complex form is a combination of the synthetic form of the comparative degree of the adjective with the word all or everything: older than all, tastiest of all.

4. Types of adjective declension

The case forms of adjectives are dependent in nature, since they “reflect” the gender, number and case values ​​of the noun with which the adjective is agreed.

Full qualitative and relative adjectives are declined in the same way. There are two types of declension:

1. Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant form a hard declension;

2. adjectives with a base on a soft consonant - soft declension.

It should be remembered that:

· In the masculine and neuter singular, adjectives have common endings, except for the nominative and accusative cases;

· Special generic endings adjectives have a feminine singular;

· In plural adjectives of all genders have common endings.

Analysis of adjective declension allows us to draw the following conclusions:

1. the differences between the hard and soft declensions are not typological and are caused only by the influence of the hard or soft consonant base on the subsequent vowel ending sound;

2. adjectives of the solid declension in the masculine gender in the nominative singular case under stress have the ending –ой, in the unstressed position –ой;

3. in instrumental case singular adjectives female, along with the main ending -oy, -ey, have a variant ending -oy, -ey, which has a connotation of bookishness;

4. according to modern phonetic norms, for adjectives with a back-lingual stem, all forms of hard declension that have an initial sound [s] at the end are replaced by forms of soft declension with the sound [i], softening the preceding consonant: deep ditch, back alleys, dear friends;

5. adjectives with stems zh, sh should be classified as hard declension, although spellings may indicate soft declension endings: big houses, nice days;

6. The orthographic notation of the endings of adjectives in some cases sharply diverges from their sound composition: white - [b'el-ъвъ], summer - [l'etn-въ], etc.

Possessive adjectives are inflected slightly differently than qualitative and relative adjectives. In some cases they have the usual endings of adjectives, and in others - endings of nouns. For example: I.p.: grandfather’s long-awaited inheritance; R.p.: grandfather's long-awaited inheritance; D.p.: grandfather's long-awaited inheritance; V.p.: long-awaited grandfather's inheritance; etc.: long-awaited grandfather's inheritance; P.p.: about the long-awaited grandfather’s inheritance. These matches depend on which suffix the adjective is formed with and what kind of noun it refers to.

5. Use of adjectives in modern texts

Both qualitative and relative adjectives have no restrictions in their use and are not specifically assigned to any type of speech. However, the functions that adjectives of these two categories perform in texts are different and are associated with the typical semantics of the words included in these categories.

Firstly, relative adjectives denote constant, unchanging and therefore independent of the subjective perception of the speaker/writer properties of objects: “plank fence”, “Russian literature lesson”, “television documentary" and so on. Qualitative adjectives have the ability to reflect a characteristic to the extent of its manifestation, which is established by the speaker: “Among all the successes and troubles, I loved you because the yellowed white light made you whiter” (Past.).

Secondly, relative adjectives quite rarely have synonyms, and the number of components forming these synonymous series is usually small: world-worldwide; English-British; market-bazaar and some others.

In contrast, qualitative adjectives, as a rule, are included in rich synonymic series, in which a significant part of the components are conceptual synonyms. From these, the speaker can choose exactly the word that most accurately reflects his thought, the nuances of individual perception.

Therefore, the use of qualitative adjectives is more typical for texts that have a subjective, personal character. And the use of relative adjectives is associated with the communication of objective, non-personal information.

Let's illustrate this with examples. Irakli Andronikov’s article “The Image of a Poet,” which precedes the collected works of M.Yu. Lermontov, ends with the following phrases: “Lermontov’s great humanity, the plasticity of his images... the combination of simplicity and sublimity, naturalness and originality are properties not only of Lermontov’s creations, but also of himself. And throughout our lives we carry the image of this in our souls. sad person, strict, gentle, powerful, modest, brave, noble, caustic, dreamy, mocking, shy, endowed with powerful passions and will and a penetrating, merciless mind. A poet of genius who died so early. Immortal and forever young."

Here, each of the adjectives used is qualitative, and the choice of each given word is determined by the fact that it adequately expresses the assessment that the researcher gives to Lermontov and his work.

Qualitative adjectives also contain great opportunities to add figurativeness to the description of a particular object. It is significant that the overwhelming majority of both traditional definitions-epithets and individual epithets are precisely qualitative adjectives. An illustration can be the famous poem by N.V. Krandievskaya-Tolstaya:

Sky called blue,

Sun they call it golden,

Time is called irrevocable,

The sea is called immense,

They call a woman beloved,

They call death irreversible,

They call truths holy,

Passions are called fatal.

What should I call my love?

To avoid repeating anything?

Each of the highlighted traditional poetic definitions is a qualitative adjective, denoting either a figurative characteristic of an object, or an assessment that has been developed and consolidated in artistic speech by the literary tradition.

The richest material in this regard is provided by the Dictionary of Russian Epithets literary language» K.S. Gorbachevich and E.P. Khablo. For example, to the noun birch (and the image

birch, being almost a national poetic symbol, is present, as you know, in the works of many Russian writers and poets) 54 definitions are given, and only 8 of them- adjectives relative (white-sided, white-legged, white-trunked, white-bodied, straight-trunked, thin-trunked, hundred-year-old, green-tailed). Listing the epithets that characterize the impression made by a birch tree, its psychological perception, the compilers of the dictionary indicate the following adjectives: cheerful, sad,

dormant, thoughtful, sweet, naive, sad, dejected, timid, bright, sad, gloomy, chaste, each of which is qualitative. Mainly with the help of qualitative adjectives, as the dictionary shows, writers and poets describe the appearance of birch: white, pale, branched, tall, curly, elegant, transparent, silver, etc.

At the end of the dictionary entry after the sign *, so-called logical definitions are given (i.e. definitions of an everyday and terminological nature), and they are mainly relative adjectives: warty, Daurian, decorative, wild-growing, iron, yellow, stone, Karelian , dwarf, shrub, etc.

Turning to the encyclopedic dictionary, which, as is known, primarily describes the objective properties of phenomena that do not depend on individual assessment and individual perception, in the dictionary entry for the same word birch we find some of the above logical definitions, as well as other definitions, which, in turn, are basically relative adjectives: “ Birch - genus trees and shrubs of the birch family. About 120 species, in temperate and cold zones of the Northern Hemisphere and in the mountains of the subtropics; There are about 50 species in the USSR. Forest-forming and decorative breed. Greatest economic importance have warty birch and downy birch. Wood is used in furniture production and crafts; buds and leaves - for medicinal purposes (as a diuretic, choleretic agent).”

Possessive adjectives can also play the role of a stylistic device that increases the figurativeness of speech. This happens when specific suffixes of possessive adjectives -ov-, -ev-, -in-, -yn-, иj are attached to the productive stem of an inanimate noun: “platelkiny edges”, “river banks”, “cucumber tail”, “door handle", "window sill edge". As a result, animation occurs, the personification of that object, which is called the producing basis: a plate, river, cucumber, door, window sill are perceived as living beings. This formation of occasional adjectives helps to implement the technique of personification, i.e. endowing phenomena with the properties of living beings.

V. Mayakovsky often resorted to this technique. Along with other linguistic means (primarily metaphors), he also widely uses “personifying” possessive adjectives. For example: “The violin jerked, begging, and suddenly burst into tears so childishly that the drum could not stand it: “Okay, okay, okay!” But he himself was tired, did not listen to the end of the violin’s speech, rushed into the burning Kuznetsky and left”; “But he managed to hit him on the rib of the destroyer”; “Thunder came out from behind the clouds, like a beast, his huge nostrils defiantly blew his nose, and for a second his heavenly face contorted with the stern grimace of Bismarck.”

Adjectives created in a similar way are also characteristic of the poetry of B. Kirsanov, who generally inherited a lot from the poetics of Mayakovsky. And in Kirsanov’s poems we find: “pumpkin face”, “wave foam”, “tomato cheeks”, “car love”, etc.

Conclusion

The adjective in the lexical aspect has a rich set of very diverse denotative and connotative meanings, which allows it to serve as one of the main means of depiction and visual instrumentation of the text.

For the morphology of an adjective, the most important thing is to understand those features on the basis of which the adjective is distinguished into an independent grammatical class of words, as well as the uniqueness of the lexico-grammatical categories of words that function in the depths of this part of speech. The supporting link in the morphological structure of an adjective is the presence of dependent forms of gender, number and case, duplicating the corresponding meanings of nouns.

Our speech without adjectives would be like a picture painted with gray paint. They allow us to convey the beauty, brightness, and diversity of the objects around us, making our speech more expressive and accurate.

With adjectives, speech is like a colored picture, perhaps even richer than a picture, since they not only denote the colors of objects, their sounds, smells, taste, but also express the attitude towards the objects being spoken about:

The forest is like a painted tower,

Lilac, gold, crimson,

A cheerful, motley wall

Standing above a bright clearing.

Bibliography

1. Rakhmanova, L.I. Modern Russian language (Vocabulary. Phraseology. Morphology) / L.I. Rakhmanova, V.N. Suzdaltseva. – M.: Aspect Press, 2003. – 322 p.

2. Rosenthal, D.E. Russian language: A guide for applicants to universities / D.E. Rosenthal. – M.: Bustard, 1995. – 49 p.

3. Dudnikov, A.V. Modern Russian language / A.V. Dudnikov. – M.: graduate School, 1990. – 227 p.

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NAME ADJECTIVE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC

On the other hand, it relates. adjectives used in a figurative, qualitative meaning can form a) short forms and b) compare forms. degrees. A) Moon Where-That behind, above city, river under shadow his black And velvety (Gork .); Wooden brother is yours, wooden... brain at him straight which-That(Leon.); IN my Revolution I believe! Word my – iron . AND words more iron-clad - There is not! (R. Rozhd.); More are languishing mothers And children | V in vain waiting fathers. | They Not lie, What Sveta No on light, | What world terrible – stuffy And lead (Inconsistent); Today's Bryusov even V their revolutionary works too much yesterday (journal); b) Gently brighten lips And shadow more golden Near sunken eye(Color.); Maple nails more useful, – tested by sea rains; | maple nails more iron-clad | faceted Germanic nails! (Inconsistent); WITH everyone during the day All longer, All glassier evening dawn(Yu. Kazak.).

Possessive, ordinal and pronominal adjectives, as separate lexico-grammatical categories, have specific morphological features: they have neither correlative full and short forms, nor comparative forms. degrees. Changes in the semantics of adjectives of the three groups listed do not entail changes in their morphological behavior: developing figurative qualitative meanings, possessive, ordinal and pronominal. adjectives do not simultaneously acquire the ability to form comparative forms. degrees (about single deviations from general rule cm. § ); in addition, possessive, ordinal and pronominal. adjectives differ from each other and from all other adjectives in the nature of inflection.

In conjunction with the words pluralia tantum, forms of adjectives with plural inflections. h. do not indicate the plurality of defined objects in the event that when n. there is no lexical indication of quantity: big sled– perhaps “one” or “several” sleds; new glasses– both “one” and “several” points are possible. The plurality of objects in attributive combinations with the words pluralia tantum is indicated only by counting words: two couples new scissors; some peasant sleigh; V flow five long days; raked hay several rake.

Comparative forms are used in combination with gender. n. name or in association with a union how: foxes more cunning wolves – foxes more cunning, how wolves. However, the absolute (without a dependent word form) use of the comparative is also normal. Moreover, if the dependent word form is not implied, then the comparative compares different states of the same object: Nails no wonder slyly looking, No wonder, O roses, on yours sheets Hotter blush, fresh aroma: I Understood, Who disappeared, buried V flowers! (Tyutch.); Memory O Sun V heart weakens, Yellow grass, Wind snowflakes early blows Barely, barely(Ahm.).

Note 1. Adjectives with suf. - eish-, -aish- (stupidest, most honest, deepest, the cruelest), sometimes called the superlative degree, in their meaning of a large degree of manifestation of a characteristic, they are correlated with other adjectives with a similar meaning like enormous, hefty, cheerful, flyweight, beautiful. They do not express any special morphological meaning and represent word-formation types (see §, paragraph 2c).

Note 2. The meaning of a high degree of manifestation of a characteristic can also be expressed in a descriptive way using word combinations most with adj. form in positive degrees ( most Beautiful, most brave), as well as using combinations of pronouns. adj. all in the form of kind. p.un. hours avg. R. ( Total) or in the form gen. p.m. h. ( everyone) with the form adj. in compare degrees: more seriously Total, louder everyone; You on light everyone cuter , Everyone blush And whiter (Fluff.); IN present time more useful Total negation – We we deny(Turg.).

WORD CHANGE ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVE DECLINATION

All adjectives whose final - th And - Ouch(in the form of a name, male, p. unit) belong to the base (that is, they are not inflection), to the adjectival clause. do not apply; are: 1) pronominal. adjectives: my, is yours, mine, whoa(obsolete); 2) possessive. adjectives like wolfish, fox; 3) ordinal adjective third. They are all in their uniform. n. have zero inflection and vary according to mixed declination (see §).

Phonemic composition of inflections of adjectival adjectives. next:

Singular
	Masculine	Neuter gender	Feminine
AND.	-|иj|/-|оj|	-|oj a 1 |	-|aj a 1 |
R.		-|ovo|	-|oj|
D.		-|omu|	-|oj|
IN.	like them. or gen. P.	like them. P.	-|yjy|
TV		-|im |	-|oj|(-|ojy|)

Etc.		-|ohm|	-|oj|
Plural
AND.	-|иj a 1 |
R.	-|their|
D.	-|im|
IN.	like them. or gen. P.
TV	-|im’i|
Etc.	-|their|

Note: In the forms named after and wine p. husband R. units including morphs -|иj|/-|oj| are distributed depending on the stress: when stressed on the base – morph -|иj| ( red-|andj|, si|н "-иj|), and when accented on inflections – the morph -|oj| ( great-|оj|, simple-|оj|).

With spelling point of view (depending on the spelling of inflections), there are four types of adjectival inflections. (differences in the spelling of inflections are due to the nature of the final consonant stem): 1) adj. with a base on a paired-hard consonant; 2) adj. with a base on a paired soft consonant; 3) adj. with base to sizzling; 4) adj. with a base on |k|, |g|, |x|. All varieties of adjectival cl. are characterized by the following features of the formation of case forms.

1) Adj. with a base on a paired hard consonant and with an emphasis on inflections, they differ from adj. with unstressed inflection only in forms named after. and wine p.un. h. husband R.: young-Ouch, sick-Ouch, But new-th, kind-th.

2) Forms of wines. p.un. h. husband and Wednesday R. and wine p.m. h. are identical to the corresponding forms of them. p. (i.e. forms named after male and average r. units or forms named after plural) in cases where adj. defines a noun denoting an inanimate object and the gender of the corresponding forms. n. (i.e., forms of gender. p. masculine. p. singular part. or forms of gender. p. plural. part.) in cases where adj. defines a noun denoting an animate object.

3) All adj. wives R. have variant forms of TV. p. on - Ouch, -oh And - to her, -by her: young-Ouch, new-Ouch And young-oh, new-oh, syn-to her And syn-by her. The basic form for the modern language is the form in - Ouch, -to her; form on - oh, -by her found in book speech and poetry: AND above thoughtful In the summer Cane revived sounded(Ahm.); AND Now Always He breathes | above June Moscow | that military anxiety, | unforgettable melancholy(Tushn.).

Samples declination adjectives

§. Declension of adjectives with a base on a paired-hard consonant ( hard variety).

Singular
	Masculine		Neuter gender
AND.	new - th	young - Ouch	new - oh	young - oh
R.		new - Wow	young - Wow
D.		new - wow	young - wow
IN.	new- th And new - Wow	young- Ouch And young - Wow	new - oh	young - oh
TV		new - th	young - th
Etc.		(O ) new - ohm	(O ) young - ohm

	Feminine
AND.	new - and I	young - and I
R.	new - Ouch	young - Ouch
D.	new - Ouch	young - Ouch
IN.	new - wow	young - wow
TV	new - Ouch (- oh )	young - Ouch (- oh )
Etc.	(O ) new - Ouch	(O ) young - Ouch

	Plural
AND.	new - s	young - s
R.	new - s	young - s
D.	new - th	young - th
IN.	new- s And new - s	young- s And young - s
TV	new - them	young - them
Etc.	(O ) new - s	(O ) young - s

§. Declension of adjectives with a base on a paired soft consonant ( soft variety).

Singular
	Masculine		Neuter gender
AND.	syn - th	home - th	syn - her	home - her
R.		syn - his	home - his
D.		syn - to him	home - to him
IN.	syn- th And syn - his	home- th And home - his	syn - her	home - her
TV		syn - them	home - them
Etc.		(O ) syn - eat	O home - eat

	Feminine
AND.	syn - yaya	home - yaya
R.	syn - to her	home - to her
D.	syn - to her	home - to her
IN.	syn - yuyu	home - yuyu
TV	syn - to her (- by her )	home - to her (- by her )
Etc.	(O ) syn - to her	(O ) home - to her

	Plural
AND.	syn - no	home - no
R.	syn - their	home - their
D.	syn - them	home - them
IN.	syn- no And syn - their	home- no And home - their
TV	syn - them	home - them
Etc.	(O ) syn - their	(O ) home - their

Note: In the 19th century many adjectives had variant forms - with a base on a hard and soft consonant and formed case forms in both hard and soft varieties. These include: boundless, interior, old, further, long-term, annual, country, nonresident, sincere, primordial, minor, perennial, unilateral, late, local(simple). The following uses of these words are different from the modern ones: Soulful torment magic healer, My Friend Morpheus, my old comforter(Fluff.); For shores fatherland distant You left edge stranger(Fluff.); IN suburbs distant , Where, How black snakes, flying Clubs smoke from pipes colossal(Nekr .); Nonresident can address V Newspaper expedition(Pushk.).

In modern language adj. interior, old further, long-term, nonresident, sincere, perennial, unilateral, late form all case forms according to the soft variety, adj. annual, country, primordial, suburban– according to the solid variety. Usage that does not comply with this rule is obsolete: Dalnaya friend sheltered my kids(journal); Tame Russia And Then rob her, How before wars robbed Turkey, China, How are going rob Germany, – Here sincere wish imperialists(Gorky). In the formation of case forms adj. boundless, intercity And lofty(book) fluctuations are allowed, and forms with bases on a soft consonant predominate: Division, advancing, went deeper V endless forests(Kazakevich); Let's go on intercity station(Simon.); Praised theater, using incredible quantity foreign words And pompous expressions(N. Virta). Let's compare: Forest on horizon drowned V endless water(G. Berezko); Beketov lived And increased V endless sands Turkmenistan(Gaidar); Removes phone, calls on our intercity (Field.); None pompous requirements To him Not present(Fed.).

§. Declension of adjectives with a sibilant stem.

Singular
	Masculine		Neuter gender
AND.	fresh - th	great - Ouch	fresh - her	great - oh
R.		fresh - his	great - Wow
D.		fresh - to him	great - wow
IN.	fresh- th And fresh - his	great- Ouch And great - Wow	fresh - her	great - oh
TV		fresh - them	great - them
Etc.		(O ) fresh - eat	(O ) great - ohm

	Feminine
AND.	fresh - and I	great - and I
R.	fresh - to her	great - Ouch
D.	fresh - to her	great - Ouch
IN.	fresh - wow		Plural
AND.	fresh - no	great - no
R.	fresh - their	great - their
D.	fresh - them	great - them
IN.	fresh- no And fresh - their	great- no And great - their
TV	fresh - them	great - them
Etc.	(O ) fresh - their	(O ) great chalk - th	chalk - oh		chalk - and I
	dry - Ouch		dry - oh		dry - and I
R.		strict - Wow			strict - Ouch
		chalk - Wow			chalk - Ouch
		dry - Wow			dry - Ouch
D.		strict - wow			strict - Ouch
		chalk - wow			chalk - Ouch
		dry - wow			dry - Ouch
IN.	strict - th			strict - oh	strict - wow
	chalk - th			chalk - oh	chalk - wow
	dry - Ouch			dry - oh	dry - wow
	And
	strict - Wow
	chalk - Wow
	dry - Wow
TV		strict - them			strict - Ouch (- oh )
		chalk - them			chalk - Ouch (- oh )
		dry - them			dry - Ouch (- oh )
Etc.		(O ) strict - ohm			(O ) strict - Ouch
		(O no			chalk - no	dry - no
R.	strict - their	chalk - their	dry - their
D.	strict - them	chalk - them	dry - them
IN.	strict - no	chalk - no	dry - no
	And	And	And
	strict - their	chalk - their	dry - their
TV	strict - them	chalk - them	dry - them
Etc.	(O ) strict - their	(O ) chalk - their	(O ) dry - their

Note 1. In app. with base on |g|, |k|, |x| and with unstressed inflection in forms named after. p.un. h. husband R. the last consonant of the base is pronounced in two ways - as hard or as soft, although inflection is th spelling no different from inflections adj. with a base on a soft consonant ( strict, liquid And blue, summer). In TV forms. p.un. h. husband and Wednesday R. and in all plural case forms. h. adj. with a base on |g|, |k|, |x|, regardless of the place of stress, consonants |g|, |k|, |x| positionally softened.

Note 2. In indirect. pad. pronominal adj. no preposition position – after negation: Neither at Which relatives I Not was; Neither With what student Not met; Neither O what meetings speeches Not was.

In pronouns. adj. with initial some-, whoa- the position of the preposition can be before a morpheme some- and after it: With some-what instructions, V some-which home and – less often – some With what instructions, some V which home.

Note 3. By type adj. with base on |g|, |k|, |x| the pronoun changes. adj. some (some, some, some). Under the influence of declination obsolete. pronominal adj. whoa forms gen., dat., tv. and sentence p.un. h. husband and Wednesday R. this adjective is based on |j|: some, to a certain, some(And some), O some(And O no one); forms gen., dat., tv. and sentence n. female R. can also be based on |j|: some(And some): Equilibrium became other, How would from some internal rigor(Lidin) and: Soon let's start We suspect presence some of magic(Soloukh.). In plural hours are used outdated. forms some, some, some instead of some(gen. and preposition p.), some(dat. p.) and some(tv.p.). Plural forms are also acceptable in use. Part gen. P. some, date P. some, TV P. some, sentence P. O some: Are formed snowflakes V form tiny products... – some concentric octagons, some versatile crosses..., some stars With transverse crossbars on everyone beam(Olesha).

Adjective categories

Discharge is the only constant morphological feature this part of speech. There are three categories of adjectives:

Most qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form. The full form changes according to cases, numbers and genders. Adjectives in short form vary according to number and gender. Short adjectives are not inflected; in a sentence they are used as predicates. Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes indicating high degree sign, and adjective, which are part of terminological names (fast train, deep rear). Qualitative adjectives can be combined with the adverb very and have antonyms. Qualitative adjectives have a comparative and superlatives comparisons. In form, each degree can be simple (consists of one word) or compound (consists of two words): the harder, the quietest.

• relative(answer the question “which one?”)
  • relative adjectives have no degrees; indicate the material from which the object is made, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the object: tree - wood, January - January, freezing - frosty;
  • most relative adjectives cannot be combined with the adverb “very”;

Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that cannot be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent. Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with the adverb very, and do not have antonyms. Relative adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).

• possessive- answer the question “whose?” and denote belonging to something living or a person ( paternal, sisters, fox).

Possessive adjectives denote that something belongs to a person and answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose? Possessive adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).

To assign an adjective to any category, it is enough to find at least one sign of this category in the adjective.

The boundaries of the lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are flexible. Thus, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive), dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).

Agreement of adjectives with nouns

Adjectives agree with the nouns they refer to in gender, number and case.

• Example: adjective "blue"
  • blue (Singular, m.r., Imp.) house (Singular, m.r., Imp.)
  • blue (singular, sr.r., im.p.) sky (singular, sr.r., im.p.).

Declension of adjectives.

The gender, case and number of an adjective depend on the corresponding characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition in relation to the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.

• solid: red th, red Wow, red wow
• soft: syn th, syn his, syn to him
• mixed: great Ouch, more Wow, more them.

The declension of adjectives includes changes in numbers, and in the singular - also in cases and genders.

The form of an adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number and case.

Short adjectives change only by gender and number.

The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, but are the same in other forms.

There are different forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular masculine and in the plural, referring to animate and inanimate nouns:

• V.p. = I.p. for inanimate nouns:
  • “For the violent raid he doomed their villages and fields to swords and fires” (A. Pushkin);
• V.p. = R.p. with animate nouns:
  • “Masha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman” (A. Pushkin);
  • “And the whole earth should praise forever ordinary people, to whom I would pour stars into medals for their victories” (V. Sysoev).

Masculine adjectives in -Ouch bow in the same way as on th, but always have a stressed ending: grey, young - gray, young - gray, young - about gray, about the young.

The letter designation of the endings of adjectives in a number of cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - bel[ъвъ], letn-him - letn[въ].

Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives:

• solid declination;
• soft declination;
• mixed declension.

Hard declension of adjectives

Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant are inclined according to the hard type, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, dear, boring, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.

Formation of adjectives

Adjectives are most often formed in a suffixal way: swamp - swamp n y. Adjectives can also be formed by prefixes: Not big, and prefix-suffix ways: under water n y. Adjectives are also formed in a complex suffix way: flax O seed peeler identifiable. Adjectives can also be formed by combining two stems: pale pink, three-year-old.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

1. General grammatical meaning.
2. Initial form. The initial form of an adjective is the singular form, nominative case, masculine ( blue).
3. Constant signs: discharge.
4. Non-permanent features: used in short/long (only for high-quality ones); degree of comparison (only for high-quality ones); number, gender, case (blue - used in full form, singular)
5. syntactic role - definition

Transition to other parts of speech

Most often, participles become adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives ( He's not much of an artist).

Adjectives, in turn, can be substantivized, that is, become nouns: Russian, military.

Features of adjectives in other languages

Notes

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Synonyms:

See what “Adjective” is in other dictionaries:

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 adjective (2) Dictionary of synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

Adjective- see Adjective... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Part of speech characterized by; a) designation of a feature of an object (quality, property, accessory, etc.) (semantic feature); b) changeability by cases, numbers, genders (morphological feature); c) used in a sentence as a function... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes a characteristic of an object and answers the question “which”/“whose”. In Russian, adjectives change according to gender, case, number and person, and can have a short form. In a sentence, adjectives can be... ... Wikipedia

A numeral is an independent part of speech, denoting the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: how much? which? Numerals are divided into three lexical and grammatical categories: quantitative (two, five, twenty, ... ... Wikipedia

It is a separate part of speech, denoting an object and having a developed morphology, inherited mainly from the Proto-Slavic language. Contents 1 Categories 1.1 Number 1.2 Pa ... Wikipedia

ADJECTIVE, wow, cf. or adjective. In grammar: a part of speech denoting quality, property or belonging and expressing this meaning in the forms of case, number and (in singular) gender. Full, short adjectives. High quality...... Dictionary Ozhegova

Noun, number of synonyms: 2 name adjective (1) word (72) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

Famous linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality And relative meanings of adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. There are already students in Russian high school learn to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.

As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions Which? which? which? which?

Which? –small yard, school teacher, bear claw.

Which? –wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.

Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse hoof.

Which? – polite students, regional competitions, bunny ears.

Each row contains examples qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As has already become clear, simply asking a question about an adjective will not give a result; the category cannot be determined in this way.

Grammar and semantics(meaning of the word). Let's consider each category of adjectives by meaning .

Qualitative adjectives

It’s already clear from the name what these adjectives mean. quality of the item. What kind of quality could this be? Color(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics of living things (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial features (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animate object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.

Also, most (but not all!) qualitative adjectives have a whole range of grammatical features, by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some attribute is suitable for this adjective - you have a quality adjective. So:

1) Qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the ability to form degrees of comparison.

Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – the most interesting.

2) Form short forms. Long is long, short is small.

3) Combine with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.

4) From qualitative adjectives you can form adverbs on -o(s) And nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -izn-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blue, blue - blue, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.

5) You can also form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: angry - angry, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.

6) Can have antonyms: big - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.

As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives have no degrees of comparison, some abstract nouns do not form, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit according to other criteria.

For example, adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but it means color = quality of item, - that means it quality.

Or adjective beautiful. You can't tell very beautiful, but you can form an adverb Wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.

Relative adjectives

Designate a sign through an attitude towards an object. What kind of relationship could this be - signs? Material, from which the item is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone basement - stone basement, velvet dress– velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal is a scandal that happened today; intercity bus – a bus between cities; Moscow region – Moscow region); appointment(parent meeting - meeting for parents, children's store - store for children) and etc.

Signs of this and not temporary, but permanent, That's why Relative adjectives do not have all the features inherent in qualitative adjectives. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(not to say that this house is wooden, and that one is more wooden), cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.

But phrases with relative adjectives can be transform, replacing the adjective. For example, villager - village resident, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.

We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives. We’ll talk about possessive adjectives and some pitfalls in the next article.

Good luck in learning Russian!

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