Signing of the final act of the safety meeting. Helsinki meeting

Founding document on Security and Cooperation in Europe is the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), signed in Helsinki on August 1, 1975 by the leaders of 33 European countries, USA and Canada.

The Helsinki Final Act consolidated the political and territorial results of the Second World War and established ten principles (the Helsinki Decalogue) of relations between states: sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty; non-use of force or threat of force; inviolability of borders; territorial integrity; peace settlement disputes; non-interference in internal affairs; respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; equality and the right of peoples to control their own destinies; cooperation between states; fulfillment of international legal obligations.

The Helsinki Final Act formed the basis for the work of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and for a long time enshrined the key principles of global security. But a lot has changed over the years, and now Western countries call for a revision of the document. A number of Western politicians in Lately they began to talk about the organization’s inability to cope with modern challenges. Russia does not intend to abandon the Helsinki Act, but proposes to modernize it in accordance with modern realities.

In 2013, a draft concept for a new agreement was proposed, which was called “Helsinki Plus 40”. However, from the very beginning, the participants could not agree on the main components of the document. Thus, Russia opposed the revision of the basic principles of the Helsinki Act and insists only on their updating. The Russian Foreign Ministry emphasizes the need to preserve the OSCE.

In December 2014, diplomats agreed to continue the Helsinki Plus 40 process. A special expert body was created, which was called the “Group of Wise Men”. Its work should contribute to constructive dialogue on security issues, as well as the restoration of trust in the Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian regions and the strengthening of OSCE commitments.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Helsinki Accords) or Declaration of Helsinki(English) Helsinki Declaration) - a document signed by the heads of 35 states in the capital of Finland, Helsinki, on July 30 - August 1 of the year. It was convened at the proposal (1965) of the socialist states parties to the Warsaw Pact. From the political side, this was necessary to contain German revanchism. The Federal Republic of Germany had not previously recognized the Potsdam Agreements, which changed the borders of Poland and “Germany,” and did not recognize the existence of the GDR. Germany actually did not even recognize the occupation of Kaliningrad and Klaipeda by the USSR.

Final Act

The text of the final act is available in many languages, and in particular in Russian

Interstate agreements grouped into several sections:

• in the international legal field - consolidating the political and territorial results of the Second World War, setting out the principles of relations between participating states, including the principle of the inviolability of borders; ter. integrity of states; non-interference in internal affairs;
• in the military-political field - coordination of confidence-building measures in the military field (preliminary notifications of military exercises and major movements of troops, the presence of observers at military exercises); peaceful settlement of disputes;
• in the economic field - coordination of the main areas of cooperation in the field of economics, science and technology and defense environment;
• in the humanitarian field - coordination of obligations on issues of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of movement, contacts, information, culture and education, the right to work, the right to education and health care.

see also

Links

• Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Final Act. Helsinki, August 1, 1975.
• http://bse.sci-lib.com/article104049.html Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
• http://www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1965helsinki.html Helsinki meeting

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Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe- The fundamental document on security and cooperation in Europe is the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), signed in Helsinki on August 1, 1975 by the leaders of 33 European countries, the United States and... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

FINAL ACT of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe- signed on August 1, 1975 in Helsinki by the leaders of 33 European states, the USA and Canada. Includes agreements that must be implemented in full as a whole, on 1) security in Europe, 2) cooperation in the field of economics, science and ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe- signed on August 1, 1975 in Helsinki by the leaders of 33 European states, the USA and Canada. Includes agreements that must be implemented in full as a whole on security in Europe, cooperation in the field of economics, science and... ... Political science. Dictionary.

Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe- For medical principles, see the Declaration of Helsinki Article "Germany" from the encyclopedia. Publishing house "Bertelsmann" 1964. Germany is depicted without taking into account the Potsdam Agreements... Wikipedia

Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe- Final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe... Russian spelling dictionary

Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe - (1975) … orthographic dictionary Russian language

Final Act of the Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe- For medical principles, see the Declaration of Helsinki Article Germany from the encyclopedia. Bertelsman Publishing House 1964. Germany is depicted without taking into account the Potsdam Agreements. Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe... ... Wikipedia

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe- (OSCE) Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe (OSCE) Organization pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europe Organization für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa Organizzazione per la Sicurezza e la Cooperazione in Europa... ... Wikipedia

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE- (English Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe) (until 1994 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe), pan-European political organization(featuring USA and Canada). The CSCE was originally conceived as an international... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE)- (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe OSCE) is the successor to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), which began its activities in the first half of the 70s. during the discharge process, the tension between... ... Political science: dictionary-reference book

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Against the backdrop of “scattered” instability on the periphery of the world, Europe looked like an island of peace and reconciliation. In the summer of 1975, the second and third stages took place Pan-European meeting, and on August 11 in Helsinki at the CSCE summit meeting the ceremonial signing of the CSCE Final Act (Helsinki Act) took place. The document was signed by 35 states, including two North American ones - the USA and Canada.

The basis of the Final Act was the results of the work of three commissions, in which diplomats agreed upon principles of relations between states acceptable to all participating countries. The first commission discussed a range of problems European security. In the second, documents were developed on economic, scientific and technical cooperation and cooperation in the field of the environment. The third commission considered cooperation in the field of ensuring humanitarian rights, culture, education and information. The agreements within the framework of the three commissions were called the “three baskets”.

In the first direction, the most important part (“first basket”) of the Final Act was the section called “Declaration of principles that will guide the participating states in mutual relations.” This document in some of its positions (♦) anticipated historical development, thanks to which the provisions of the Final Act remained relevant until the early 90s. The Declaration was a commented list of the following 10 principles: sovereign equality and respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty; non-use of force or threat of force; inviolability of borders; territorial integrity of states; peaceful settlement of disputes; non-interference in each other's internal affairs; respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief; equality and the right of peoples to control their own destinies; cooperation between states; conscientious fulfillment of obligations under international law.

A quick glance is enough to see how much of a compromise this list was. It combines the directly contradictory positions of the USSR and Western countries. But thanks to competent wording, the Declaration is a coherent document, which countries that differed greatly in their guidelines were able to sign.

The most important groups of contradictions were two. The first was determined by the semantic differences between the principle of the inviolability of borders and the right of peoples to independently decide their own destinies. Insisted on the first Soviet Union, referring to the consolidation of the post-war borders that existed in Europe. In the second are Western countries who wanted to secure the fundamental possibility of the unification of Germany in the future on the basis of the free expression of the will of the Germans. Formally, this formulation of the question did not contradict the principle of the inviolability of borders, since inviolability was understood as the unacceptability of changing them through force. Indestructibility did not mean immutability. Thanks to the formulations found in 1975, it turned out that in 1990, when the time came for Germany to unite, the political and legal side of the unification process was fully consistent with the letter of the Helsinki Act.

The second group of semantic disagreements concerned the relationship between the principle territorial integrity states with the right of peoples to control their own destinies. The first one consolidated the territorial unity of each of the states that signed the act, including those that had separatist tendencies (Great Britain, Yugoslavia, the USSR, Spain, Italy, France, Canada). The principle of the right of peoples to control their own destinies could be almost equivalent in meaning to the right to self-determination, as understood by V. Wilson, who advocated the creation of independent nation states. That is why in the early 90s, during the period of a sharp increase in separatism in Yugoslavia, European countries did not feel bound by the obligation to resist it, and Yugoslavia could not appeal to the Final Act to justify its centralization policy.

In general, the Declaration was a success in consolidating the status quo in Europe. It did not solve all the problems in relations between the West (♦) and the East, but it meant raising the threshold of conflict in Europe and reducing the likelihood of European countries resorting to force to resolve disputes. In fact, a pan-European non-aggression convention was signed in Helsinki, the guarantors of which were four of the five great powers in the world, including the USSR and the USA. Diplomacy of the 20th century had never seen such outstanding success before.

The Declaration was closely related to one section of the Final Act, which was called “Document on Confidence-Building Measures and Certain Aspects of Security and Disarmament.” It revealed the content of the concept of “confidence building measures”, the most important of which included: mutual advance notification of major military exercises ground forces or their redeployments, exchange on a voluntary basis and on a reciprocal basis of military observers sent to such exercises. In the 80s, the development and application of confidence-building measures grew into an independent area of ​​diplomacy.

The agreements on the “second basket” concerned issues of cooperation in the fields of economics, science and technology, and the environment. In this sense, the parties agreed to promote the introduction of the most favored nation regime in trade and economic relations between themselves. This did not automatically mean that the USSR and other socialist countries secured themselves the acquisition of such status in relations with Western countries.

Much attention in the Final Act was paid to agreements on the “third basket” - cooperation related to issues of ensuring individual rights citizens, especially humanitarian ones. The Final Act spoke in detail about the need for convergence of approaches to regulating such issues as the right to reunite families that find themselves separated state borders; marriage of one's choice, including marriages with foreign citizens; leaving your country and returning freely; development international relations and mutual visits between relatives. Particular attention was paid to interaction in matters of information exchange, establishing scientific contacts and cooperation in the field of education, cultural exchanges, and free radio broadcasting.

In the final sections of the Helsinki Act, the parties expressed their intention to deepen the process of detente, to make it continuous and comprehensive. It was decided to continue the pan-European process through regular multilateral meetings between all European states in the future. These meetings actually became a tradition, which resulted in the transformation of the CSCE into a permanent institution in the 90s - the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.

In the USSR, opposition forces for the purpose of promoting the provisions of the “third basket” created “Helsinki groups” in 1975, whose tasks included collecting facts and materials about violations (♦) of the provisions of the Final Act and making them public. The USSR intelligence services systematically suppressed the activities of these groups, which caused outbreaks of criticism of the Soviet Union abroad. In 1975, Academician A.D. Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Prize peace.

The process of restructuring the European system of international relations on principles designed to ensure peace, security and cooperation. It began with the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, the final stage of which took place in Helsinki in 1975. The Conference was attended by the leaders of 33 European states, as well as the USA and Canada.

On August 1, 1975, the signing ceremony of the Final Act took place in the plenary hall of the Finlandia Palace.

The signing of the Final Act became possible in the context of the ensuing détente of international tension. He marked the beginning of the end of " cold war"and eliminating its consequences. Historically, the act is associated with the decisions of the powers of the anti-Hitler coalition on post-war structure Europe, which certain forces tried to reconsider in their favor during the Cold War. The Soviet Union initiated the convening of the Conference and was an active participant at all its stages.

The Final Act, signed in Helsinki, opens with a Declaration of principles on which the pan-European system of international relations should be based: sovereign equality, mutual refusal to use force or the threat of force, inviolability of borders, territorial integrity of states, peaceful settlement of disputes, non-interference in internal affairs, respect for rights human rights and fundamental freedoms, equality and the right of peoples to control their own destinies, cooperation between states, conscientious fulfillment obligations under international law. The Declaration was an authoritative confirmation and development of the basic principles international law, enshrined in the UN Charter (see United Nations).

The Helsinki Act also includes the Document on Confidence-Building Measures and Certain Aspects of Security and Disarmament, which contains provisions on advance notification of military exercises and major troop movements, the exchange of military observers, other confidence-building measures and disarmament issues. Many of these measures are unprecedented in international relations.

Considerable attention is paid to cooperation in the fields of economics, science, technology and environmental protection. Provisions have been established for the development of trade and industrial cooperation. Special attention to cooperation in the field the latest trends science and technology. An important place is occupied by provisions on cooperation in humanitarian areas: contacts between people, information, culture, education. Finally, further steps after the Meeting are outlined. In other words, from the very beginning we were talking about a continuous process during which common security would be strengthened and comprehensive cooperation would be developed.

The USSR did a lot of work to implement the act in its internal and foreign policy. Article 29 was included in the Constitution of the USSR, which established that the basis for relations with other states are principles that completely coincide with those listed in the act. In the humanitarian sphere, laws were adopted on citizenship and the legal status of foreign citizens, rules for the stay of foreign citizens in the USSR and the transit passage of foreign citizens through the territory of the USSR, etc. Numerous agreements were concluded on economic, scientific, technical and other types of cooperation with European countries.

The Helsinki Act not only marked a turning point in the development of international relations in Europe, but also provided the rest of the world with a model solution the most difficult problems. He influenced the world system of international relations as a whole. However, the opportunities opened to him were not used sufficiently. A new aggravation of international tension stood in the way of the implementation of the provisions of the act. The former Soviet leadership also bore its share of responsibility for this. The introduction of Soviet troops to Afghanistan. During the period of stagnation, many provisions of a humanitarian nature were not implemented in the USSR.

And yet, despite the escalation of tensions, the Helsinki process did not stop, but continued to develop. This is evidenced by meetings and conferences in Belgrade (1977-1978), Madrid (1980-1983), Stockholm (1984-1986), Vienna (1986-1989). At the Madrid meeting, it was decided to convene a Conference on Confidence-Building Measures, Security and Disarmament in Europe. Its first stage took place in Stockholm (1984-1986) and opened in conditions of a sharp deterioration in the international situation. The situation changed radically with the beginning of transformations in the USSR, which marked the beginning of fundamental changes in international relations. The results were reflected in the adopted Stockholm Document, which was a huge achievement in the development of the Helsinki process. The document obliged states to provide advance notification of exercises, troop movements beyond established parameters, exchange annual plans for notifiable military activities, invite observers, and even conduct foreign on-site inspections. Special meaning had an agreement confirming the obligation not to use force in all its forms, including armed force.

At the Vienna meeting, which became a new stage in the development of the Helsinki process, much attention was paid to cooperation in the field of economics, science and technology, the environment, etc.

An important step in the development of the Helsinki process was the Paris Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in 1990. It was timed to coincide with the signing of the Treaty on the Reduction of Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. The treaty provided for a significant reduction in the armed forces of NATO and the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO) members, thereby achieving a balance at a significantly reduced level. As a result, the possibility of a surprise attack was practically excluded.

A Joint Declaration of 22 states was adopted, representing a multilateral political commitment to non-aggression.

The central document of the Meeting is the Charter of Paris for new Europe, under which the leaders of 35 states put their signatures. The signatories of the Charter committed themselves to building and strengthening democracy as the only system of government in their countries; provide assistance to each other in order to make democratic gains irreversible.

The Conference participants proceeded from the indivisibility of security, believing that the security of each of them is connected with the security of the others. Further development of cooperation in the field of economics and environmental protection is envisaged. It's about on deeper integration into the international economic and financial system.

The Paris Conference is especially important for the formation organizational structure the Helsinki process, for its institutionalization. The USSR was the initiator here. A mechanism has been established for regular meetings and consultations at the level of heads of state and government. The central forum for political consultations will be the Council of Foreign Ministers, which is designated as subsidiary body Committee of Experts. To serve these bodies, a Secretariat is created in Prague.

The Conflict Prevention Center established in Vienna, designed to monitor the military-political situation in Europe, deserves special attention. An office for free elections is being created in Warsaw, whose task is to facilitate the exchange of information about elections. To be created parliamentary assembly CSCE (now OSCE), consisting of representatives of the parliaments of all participating countries.

The Paris meeting played important role in defining pan-European values ​​and principles, established far-reaching goals of cooperation, including integration. Participants made broad security commitments. The organizational foundations of the Helsinki Process were laid. All this marks the onset of a new stage in the development of the process, which reflects its vitality and significance.

The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe became a kind of highest point period in the history of international relations, which was called “Détente” or simply “Détente”. The act, concluded by 35 states, established the principles of peaceful and humane international order in Europe. However, in practice, some of the provisions of the Act were not observed, and in 1979, “Détente” gave way to a new round of the “Cold War.”

In the 60s The international situation was changing significantly. Both superpowers faced great difficulties that forced them to move from the Cold War to establishing more peaceful relations, to a policy of détente (abbreviated as Détente).
The position of the USSR was weakened by the split in the international communist movement associated with the Soviet-Chinese conflict.
The situation in capitalist countries was even more difficult. The United States is bogged down in a war in Indochina. In 1968, a wave of mass popular protests swept across Western countries. In 1969, an economic crisis began, and in 1971, a crisis in the currency system.
In the mid-70s. an approximate parity of strategic nuclear forces between the USSR and the USA. Further arms race was becoming pointless.
In conditions of international instability, confrontation between the superpowers was increasingly dangerous for them. Both sides began to look for opportunities for rapprochement. To begin with, the powers that possessed nuclear weapons agreed to limit their proliferation. It should not have freely passed into the hands of other states. July 1, 1968 non-proliferation treaty nuclear weapons was signed. The countries of the “atomic club” (that is, those who had atomic and nuclear weapons, the USSR, USA, Great Britain, France and China) pledged not to transfer to other countries technologies that could be used to create atomic weapons. Most countries in the world have pledged not to proliferate atomic weapons.
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons was the first sign that the USSR and the USA were ready to agree on limiting the “arms race”. The period of “détente,” a pause in the Cold War, began.
The USSR's invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 somewhat delayed the start of the "détente" process, but already in November 1969, negotiations began between the USSR and the USA on strategic (i.e. nuclear) arms limitation (SALT). At the same time, several treaties were prepared and signed limiting the “arms race”, for example, the treaty banning the placement of nuclear weapons on the bottom of the seas and oceans, and on measures to reduce the threat nuclear war.
Taking advantage of the conflict between China and the USSR, the United States normalized its relations with China. In February 1972, President Nixon came to China. The long-standing confrontation between the United States and China ceased, while hostile relations between the USSR and China continued.
On May 22, 1972, Nixon arrived in Moscow and met with Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU Leonid Brezhnev. During the visit, which lasted until May 30, several important documents were signed. In the statement “On the fundamentals of relations between the two countries,” the parties renounced the use of force and admitted that they do not seek to destroy each other. This meant a virtual rejection of the idea of ​​the communist movement to eliminate capitalism and the desire of Western politicians to eliminate the socialist system. The leaders of the two countries agreed to freeze strategic weapons at the levels at which they were in 1972 (SALT I Treaty). The USSR and the USA pledged not to create missile defense systems (ABM), because the emergence of protection from nuclear weapons on one side increases the temptation to use nuclear missiles against the other. The superpowers decided to use space only for peaceful purposes. These agreements were a decisive step towards a world that would not be threatened with destruction by nuclear fire. But Nixon and Brezhnev did not stop there. In June 1973, during Brezhnev's return visit to the United States, the two leaders agreed to begin negotiations on the SALT II treaty, which was supposed to bring the arms levels of both countries to equality. After Nixon's resignation from the presidency of the United States in 1974, his policy was continued by President D. Ford.
“Détente” concerned relations not only between the USSR and the USA. The political climate in Europe has also changed. Back in 1966, Social Democrat W. Brandt, who headed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany, proclaimed the “Ostpolitik”, aimed at normalizing relations between the “two Germanys”. On September 3, 1971, an agreement was concluded between the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and France, resolving international disputes about West Berlin.
In July 1973, at the initiative of the superpowers, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe began, which was supposed to resolve all international problems in Europe that arose during the Cold War. The meeting was attended by representatives of almost all European countries, as well as the USA and Canada.
On August 1, 1975, the heads of these states, meeting in Helsinki, solemnly signed the Final Act of the meeting. This was the moment of triumph of the policy of peace, peaceful and good-neighborly coexistence of countries with different social systems.
The act affected the widest circle international problems, including trade, industrial cooperation, cooperation in the field of science and technology, environmental protection, cultural and interpersonal relations.
The states that signed the Act pledged to “respect each other’s sovereign equality and identity”… “each other’s right freely to choose and develop their political, social, economic and cultural systems, as well as the right to establish their own laws and administrative regulations.”
An important provision that remains relevant today was that “borders may be changed, in accordance with international law, peacefully and by agreement. They also have the right to belong or not belong to international organizations, to be or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties, including the right to be or not to be a party to union treaties; they also have the right to neutrality”...
The participating States promised to refrain in international relations "from the use or threat of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and with this Declaration."
“The participating States regard as inviolable all of each other's borders, as well as the borders of all states in Europe, and will therefore refrain now and in the future from any encroachment on these borders.
They will accordingly also refrain from any demands or actions aimed at the seizure and usurpation of part or all of the territory of any participating State.”
Chapter VII was specifically devoted to respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief.
In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, participating States will act in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.”
There was a contradiction between the principles of non-interference in each other's internal affairs and guarantees of civil rights - after all, in order to guarantee rights, it was necessary to intervene in the affairs of countries that violate them.
In those countries where civil rights were violated, they continued to be trampled upon, and attempts by other states to criticize domestic policy governments violating human rights were declared interference in internal affairs. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) was created to monitor compliance with the Helsinki Agreement. In some countries of Eastern Europe, including the USSR, public Helsinki groups arose that exposed violations of the agreement in the field of human rights on the territory of socialist countries. Members of these groups were persecuted by the authorities, and in the early 80s. most of them were destroyed.
During the period of “Détente”, connections between the “two worlds” significantly expanded. Their symbols were the hockey matches between the USSR and Canada in 1972, space program"Soyuz-Apollo", when the Soviet and American docking took place in 1975 spaceship. The Final Act was intended to provide for the expansion cultural cooperation between countries and people.
The act became the apogee of “Détente”, after which relations between the USSR and the USA began to gradually deteriorate.
After the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) in 1972, negotiations continued on more stringent limits. However, in 1977-1978. The negotiation process gradually slowed down. The American administration of D. Carter criticized human rights violations in the USSR. The slowdown in Soviet-American negotiations was intensified by different approaches to the pace of arms reduction and conflicts in the Third World.
As a result, time was lost, and it was necessary to agree new agreement SALT succeeded only at the end of the Carter administration, which made ratification of the agreement difficult under the new President R. Reagan.
The SALT II Treaty, signed during the meeting between Brezhnev and Carter in Vienna on June 18, 1979, consolidated the existing parity of strategic arms. This treaty was the last major foreign policy success not only of the Carter administration, but also of the Brezhnev administration. However, SALT II was not ratified by the American Congress, and the US administration complied with its terms “voluntarily” until 1986 (it was concluded before 1985).
The SALT II Treaty limited the number nuclear weapons of all types numbering 2400. Some other restrictions were also introduced, as well as a strict control mechanism.
An important shortcoming of SALT II was the lack of geographic regulation of the distribution of nuclear weapons. By maintaining the overall balance of nuclear weapons, the superpowers could achieve advantages in regions important to them. First of all, this concerned Europe. The unprecedented concentration of weapons here was a constant source of military danger.
In 1979, due to disputes over deployment in Europe nuclear missiles medium range two blocs, as well as due to the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, Soviet-American relations deteriorated again, and “Détente” ended.