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English ends with s. Video about endings in English

Endings in English language , unlike Russian, are not found in this large quantities. To be precise, there are only 3 of them: s (es), ed, ing. But due to the fact that there are few of them, they are used completely different cases. In this article we will look at the main cases of using endings.

Watch the video lesson about all endings in English:

1) Ending S (ES)

Used to form the plural of nouns, as well as to form some temporary forms verbs.

Now let's keep it simple.

- Plural.

If you want the word to change from designating one item to designating several items (2 or more), then add S at the end.

For example: a dog - dogs, a table - tables

Sometimes you need to add ES: if the word ends in a sibilant (namely -s, -ss, -x, -ch, -tch and -o)

For example: a match - matches , a fox - foxes , a potato - potatoes

Remember, there are exception words, but this is not the topic of our review.

- S, as one of the forms of time.

If we are talking about events that occur regularly, usually, systematically, sometimes, i.e. about the mode, we use the so-called Present Simple(Present Indefinite is another name for the same time). We remember that “tense” or “temporal form of the verb” is what the verb looks like in a sentence (I hope there is no need to explain what “ ” is). So, if we are talking about “him”, “her”, and in English HE, SHE, IT, then in the Present Simple we add S to the verb (to the way it is written in the dictionary) (according to the same rules as and -s for plural)

For example: He reads books every day. — He reads books every day.

Anya plays the piano very well. — Anya plays the piano very well.

2) End ED

ED is used to form tenses and to form another part of speech.

— ED in times.

We all remember that there are a lot of “tenses” in English, at least more than endings. Therefore ED is used half the time. Because of this, in the text a person who is not savvy in English grammar, it is not immediately clear what time is being used. But in general, verbs with ed at the end can be safely translated into the past tense.

For example: wanted - wanted, discovered - discovered

Past Simple(Past Indefinite)

Past tense, which speaks of facts that took place in the past, of things long past.

To form this tense in statements (not and not in negative sentences) it is enough to add ED at the end to the verb so that it becomes translated as past. Unfortunately for us, some verbs do not obey this rule; they are called IRREGULAR. For them, historically established rules apply. So you will have to learn the whole . The table consists of 3 columns, we need the second one (the so-called “second form of the verb”). You can find a table of irregular English verbs in any decent dictionary (usually located at the end).

Present Perfect

A tricky tense that denotes the result of the past in the present. A sentence usually describes an action that has already been completed, but it has some effect on the present.

For example: I have just ordered pizza. — I just ordered pizza. (The British understand this sentence somewhat more broadly than the Russians: I made an order and am sitting now waiting for it. It says one action, but the meaning is 2).

It is formed using the same ed to the initial form of the verb (i.e. the one written in the dictionary). To differentiate from , we add have or has before the verb (has is have + s, an exception word)

The situation is the same with verbs - there are regular ones, there are irregular ones, only now we use the “third form” or the third column in the list of irregular verbs.

We conclude that it would be better if all verbs in English were correct: add ED and no problems!

ED is also included in several more tenses, but they are not used too often, and if you know about these tenses, then congratulations, your English is already at a fairly good level!

- ED to form a new part of speech.

Verb + ED is not always a verb (yes, this happens in English too). Sometimes this construction is translated as an adjective (which? which? which?) How to figure it out? Focus on the meaning and word order in the sentence.

For example: a well organized meeting - a well organized meeting

3) Ending ING

Just like ED, the ending ING is used to form verb tenses and to form new parts of speech.

— Times Continuous

Namely, Present Continuous, Past Continuous are frequently used. We won’t talk about the rest of the Continuous ones in this article, we’ll just get confused.

Present Continuous, Past Continuous

The meaning is used when we talk about what is happening right now, at this moment, at this moment. ING is attached to the verb (work - working). BUT a verb with ing ALWAYS goes in conjunction with a very important English verb BE, which has prepared “3 masks” for the Present - am, is, are.

For example: I am listening to music now. - I am listening music now.

He is reading a book. — He is reading a book now.

They are driving very fast. — They accelerated in the car very quickly.

It differs from the Present in that it speaks about the past, and about some specific, very precise moment (for example, yesterday at exactly midnight). We use the same connective Verb + ing, and in front of them we put BE, which has prepared 2 masks for the Past - was and were.

For example: I was watching a movie yesterday at 5. - Yesterday at 5 I was watching a movie.

The children were sleeping, when their father came home. — The children were sleeping when their father returned home.

(we will not dwell in detail on the verb BE in this article)

— ING to form other parts of speech

If you add ing to a verb, it will not always be translated as a verb. Depending on the meaning and order of words in a sentence, the verb + ing can be translated as a noun (i.e. answer the question what?) or an adjective (which? which? which?)

For example: an interesting book - an interesting book (from interest - interest)

arm-wrestling - arm wrestling (from wrestle - to fight)

The article turned out to be long despite the fact that it is of a review nature, and many nuances were left behind the scenes.

In general, in this article we have sorted out the main points of use endings in English.

Good luck with your mastery of English grammar. As you can see, everything is not as complicated as it might seem at first.

Elena Vogni

Endings -es and -s are quite common in English. Every English learner needs to understand the rules for using the above endings.

This article will help you quickly and easily understand the essence of this grammatical material. So, the ending -s can serve:

1) indicator 3 l. units part of the verb in;
2) sign;
3) indicator possessive case in nouns;
4) reduction.

Rules for using endings -s/-es have their own specifics. IN affirmative form the third person singular ending is most often added to the verb -s, BUT after root bases on -sh, -ss, -o etc. (see rule below) we use the ending - es. For example,

Pass – passes;
Kiss – kisses;
Finish – finishes;
Wash – washes;
Do – does;
Go – goes.

Ending -s in Present Simple

We use the present simple to express regular actions or constant situations. Ending -s in third person singular h. (he, she, it) in time English verb Present Simple should be added in cases where the subject matches the pronouns "he", "she" or "it".

Rules for writing verbs in the third person singular in the Present Simple

If the verb ends in –ss, sh, ch, x, o– then the ending is added -es .

I always wash up at home.
He always wash es up at home.

If the word has an ending to the consonant and the following one -y, then -y changes to -i plus is added -es .

I sometimes cry.
Baby sometimes cr ies.

If the last letter of the verb is a vowel -y, then it will only follow -s .

I often play with this toy ship in the afternoon.
Alla often play s with this toy ship in the afternoon.

Reading verb endings in the third person singular

Remember: In negative and interrogative forms where an auxiliary verb is used does(not), the main verb has no endings -s, -es .

Does she sing every day?
Ann doesn't go to that college.

Don't forget about the spelling of the verbs to have and . If these verbs are in the third person singular, then they change dramatically. This can be seen in the following examples:

Daddy has much money.
Jane is tired of doing numerous exercises.

Ending -s in nouns

Ending -s occurs not only in verbs, but also in nouns. In the case of nouns, similar endings, as a rule, are found in plural, or in the possessive case. If we're talking about about people and animals in the possessive case, then we use ’ s in the case of one actor.

This is the girl’ s doll. – This is a girl’s doll.
The cat' s tail is long. - The cat's tail is long.

But should be used s' in case two or more are involved characters, people or animals.

These are the boys s' boots. - These are boys' boots.

In English there are exception nouns that create the possessive case in the following way:

Those are the men 's hats. - Those are men's hats.

For a complete list of such exceptions, see.

Abbreviations with 's

And finally 's can be not only an indicator of the possessive case, but also an abbreviation. For example:

it is = it's
that is = that's
let us = let's
How long has it been? = How long has it been?

Other abbreviations can be studied in more detail and.

The ending -ED deserves a separate article, first of all, because it opens up for students new level communication: past tense. Having learned how to use the ending -ED, you acquire a new linguistic means of expressing your thoughts and can already communicate with your interlocutor on new topics that were difficult to discuss using the present tense.

We first encounter the ending -ED on elementary level when we start learning English. Then we learn to divide verbs into correct And . The ending -ED is added only to regular verbs to form the second and third forms of the verb. The second form is used to form time. But it is not enough to simply remember that a verb ending in -ED is used in the past tense. It is also necessary to understand the peculiarities of using the ending, namely the pronunciation and writing of verbs with the ending -ED.

Pronunciation

The first nuance that is often overlooked by both teachers and students is the pronunciation of the ending. As soon as it is not pronounced, and most often incorrectly. When learning the pronunciation features of any endings, remember that the ending is added to the word, not the word to the ending, so the ending will adapt to the word, and not vice versa. The verb always retains its sound. If adding an ending changes the pronunciation of the verb, then you are pronouncing it incorrectly.

To understand how to pronounce the ending -ED with a particular verb, you must pay attention to the last sound of the verb.

After the sounds /t/ and /d/, the ending is pronounced as /ɪd/, since otherwise it will be very difficult for you to pronounce the word:

Count - counted
end - ended
invite - invited
land - landed
start - started
visit - visited
wait - waited

Remember that the ending -ED is never pronounced as /ed/, only /ɪd/, or simply /t/ or /d/.

If the verb ends in clunk: /p/, /h/, /s/, /k/, /f/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/, then the ending is pronounced dull: /t/:

Ask - asked
clap - clapped
dress - dressed
help - assisted
like - liked
touch - touched
wash - washed

If the verb ends in voiced or vowel, then the ending is pronounced loudly: /d/:

Answer - answered
call - called
cry - cried
love - loved
move - moved
phone - phoned
play - played

Unfortunately, many students openly neglect the pronunciation of the ending -ED and pronounce it the way they think is correct. Since in Russian we deafen the voiced endings of words without noticing it ourselves: we pronounce "slap"(bread), "boot"(boot), "snack"(snow) and so on, then in English we pronounce words according to the same principle, without thinking. In English, stun ringing sounds it is forbidden. This leads not only to terrible pronunciation, but also to distorted words.

For example, if you stun the ending in the word played, then you get pleɪT. A plate is a plate. If you pronounce /lɪFt/ instead of /lɪVd/ in the word lived, you get a completely different word - lift, which is translated “to raise”.

There are many such examples that can be given. You'll never get rid of your accent or get a good one. English pronunciation, if you deafen the endings, so do not hesitate to practice, it is better to pronounce the word slowly but clearly, without distorting the sounds.

Writing

We've sorted out the pronunciation, now let's look at the rules for writing the ending -ED with verbs.

Most often, the ending is simply added to the stem of the verb and no changes in spelling occur:

Open - opened
call - called
look - looked
listen - listened
talk - talked

There are a number of rules that come into play when the ending -ED is added to a verb.

If the verb already ends in -E, then only -D is added to it:

Smile - smiled
bake - baked
close - closed
live - lived
move - moved

The rule that is important to pay your attention to is adding an ending to a verb that ends in -Y. From previous experience adding endings (forming the plural or Present Simple, since if you are already familiar with Past Simple, then by default Present has already been mastered by you) you remember that if a word ends in -Y, then something should happen to it when adding an ending. This is where all sorts of interesting options spellings that are not always correct.

Play - played
enjoy - enjoyed
prey - preyed
stay - stayed
employ - employed

If the regular verb you want to use in Past Simple ends in I agree, followed by -Y, then with a clear conscience you can replace Y with I and add -ED:

Copy - copied
cry - cried
try - tried
spy - spied
tidy - tidied

If a verb ends in one consonant preceded by a stressed vowel ( closed stressed syllable), then before adding the ending -ED the last consonant is doubled:

Star - starred
stop - stopped
drop - dropped
rob - robbed
beg - begged
refer - referred
prefer - preferred

If the verb ends in two consonants, then the ending is simply added and nothing changes:

Climb - climbed
comb - combined
start - started

When a verb consists of several syllables and the last syllable is unstressed, then the last consonant is not doubled:

Benefit - benefited
profit - profited

British English (BrE) has several exception verbs that have a doubled consonant before the ending -ED, despite being stressed:

Travel - travelled
quarrel - quarreled
label - labeled
signal - signaled

In American English, these words do not double the final consonant.

Usage

Now let's talk about using verbs ending -ED.

The main use of this form of verbs is Past Simple. By the way, verbs with endings can only be found in the affirmative form Past Simple, because in negative and interrogative sentences the auxiliary verb DID appears and the main verb remains in the first form, without endings.

Regular verbs have the same second and third forms, so in all tenses group Perfect We will also encounter verbs with the ending -ED in all types of utterances.

Interested - interested
motivated - motivated
prepared - prepared
isolated - isolated
recommended - recommended

It is important to remember that endings can only be added to regular verbs, and irregular ones can be easily learned. If you have a problem with this, use ours.

If you have just started learning English, then it is at this stage that it is important to master the features that we talked about in this article, because in the future more complex aspects await you foreign language. Thus, by remembering the simple features of using the ending -ED at the very beginning, you will make your task easier in the future.

I wish you success! Have fun learning English!

Friends, if you have been studying English for some time, then you must have noticed that in the formation of words, verb tenses, in various grammatical constructions important role endings are playing.

Today we want to take a closer look at the ending -ed in English, what exactly it does with words and word forms, where it can be used and how to use it in grammar.

In English the ending -ed Helps form the simple past tense of regular verbs. You, of course, remember these rules: infinitive + ending -ed

Yesterday I work ed in the garden. - YesterdayIhave workedVvegetable garden.
Tom stay ed at home last evening. Tom was at home last evening.

Ending -ed in Past Simple

Present Perfect and Past Perfect Regular verbs in English are also formed using the ending -ed:

Jimhasjustvisit ed us. — Jim just visited us.
Ann said that she had play ed tennis yesterday - Annasaid, WhatyesterdaysheplayedVtennis.

The same ending is used to form tenses Future Perfect and Future Perfect in the Past, again, for regular verbs:

We will have here ed tomorrow in the morning. - TomorrowTomorningWealreadylet's vote.
Alex said that he would have prepared ed the test by Friday. — Alexsaid, Whatwill cooktestToFriday.

We can conclude that in the formation of past tenses in regular verbs, without ending -ed there's simply no way around it.

Passive Voice and ending -ed

The passive voice of irregular verbs simply attracts this ending! With the help of ending -ed we form Passive Voice at any time. For example:

The flowers are plant ed by me. - Flowersplantedme.
The house was repaired ed by my parents. — The house was renovated by my parents.
Tomwillbeinvite ed toourparty. — Tom will be invited to our party.

Also, pay attention to the infinitive form of the passive voice:

Wearehappytobecall ed toyourparty. - We are happy that you invited us to your party ( or verbatim : We are happy to be invited to your party.

How to form parts of speech using the ending -ed

This ending also takes part in the formation of parts of speech, mainly adjectives and participles. Please pay attention to the following offers:

Tom is depressed ed because ofhis marksTom feels depressed about his grades.
They were disappointing ed to learn about it“They were disappointed when they found out about it.”
Brown-ey ed — brown-eyed

Read and pronounce words with -ed correctly!

Reading words with this ending in English is a tricky thing. We bring to your attention reading rules that will help you cope with words with this ending:

[ d] - after voiced consonants(except [d]) and vowels sounds [b,g,v,D,z,Z,G,m,n,N,l,j,w,r + vowels]:

inform report- informed reported; informed

borrow ["bOlou] lend— borrowed ["bOloud] lent; borrowed

[ t] - after voiceless consonants(except [t]) sounds [p,k,f,T,s,S,h,C]:

ask ask— asked asked; asked

place put- placed placed; placed

[ ID] - after the sounds [d] and [t]:

end end— ended ["endId] finished; finished

invite invite— invited invited; invited Let's read correctly!

Remember these rules and you will not make mistakes in reading.

Let's summarize, dear readers. The formation of past tenses of regular verbs is not possible without this ending; without this ending it is impossible to form the passive voice; ending - ed participates in the formation of certain parts of speech. Those who have been studying English for a long time are accustomed to it, we wish everyone else to quickly become friends with this ending.

English belongs to the category of analytical languages: grammatical connections in it are expressed not by changing the word and adding various morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, endings) to it, but by using various function words - prepositions, modal and auxiliary verbs. And therefore there are not so many endings in the English language - only three: -s (-es), -ed and -ing. For comparison, Russian is a synthetic language, and it is morphemes that carry the grammatical load in it.

So, let's look at the most common cases of using English endings.

Ending -s (-es)

The ending -s (-es) can be found in the following cases:

Plural nouns

Almost all nouns form their plural by adding -s (-es). For example:

When a word ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh or -o, the ending takes the form -es. For example:

Church - churches

tomato - tomatoes

Verbs in the 3rd person singular in the Present Simple tense

Present Indefinite tense is used when talking about events that happen constantly, every day, systematically. It uses the base form of the verb, and in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it) also adds the ending -s (-es) as a verb ending. For example:

She plays tennis every weekend. - She plays tennis every weekend.

Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas. - Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas.

She plays tennis every weekend. - She plays tennis every weekend. Possessive case of nouns

By and large, the ending of the possessive case should be considered separately, since it has a different history and is written through an apostrophe ("). For example:

John's car - John's car

My daughter's book - my daughter's book

If the word is plural or originally ends in -s, only an apostrophe is placed at the end of the word. For example:

Her parents" house - her parents' house

James' coat - James' coat

In this case, the ending is read in full in all cases: [‘pɛːr(ə)ntsiz], [‘dʒeɪmziz].

Ending -ed Second form correct verb

This form is used to express Past Simple time. For example:

Yesterday he painted the window frame. - Yesterday he painted the window frame.

Third form of regular verb (past participle)

Used in perfect tenses - Present Perfect, Past Perfect and others. For example:

She has lived here since childhood. - She has lived here since childhood.