Business processes are the basis for effective enterprise management. Total quality management

The business process diagram reflects its essence and operating mechanism. Creating a diagram in itself is not very difficult. It is enough to understand what questions the diagram should answer and adhere to the creation algorithm. If you can't wait to start creating models or don't know where to start, this article is for you.

I would like to remind you that before you start describing business processes, it is necessary. companies - the platform from which you need to start.

The algorithm that I present here will be useful to those who are just planning to describe business processes. For those who have been trained by me, the article will be an excellent review of what has been learned))))

Business process diagram - instructions for the impatient

1 – Set process boundaries

Every business process begins and ends with an event. The first thing to do is to mark the start and end events.

2 – Draw the main blocks of the process

Arrange the main blocks (subprocesses, operations) in the order in which they are performed.

Don't complicate the diagram at this stage. Display the blocks as if the process is running perfectly.

3 – Add forks and other events

Now it's time to make things a little more complicated. Add the main options for the development of the process and the main intermediate events. Complete the diagram with the missing operations.

4 – Designate the roles of participants in the process

There are no positions or specific employees in business processes. Instead, the concept used is role. One employee can perform many roles. Many employees can perform one role. A position is made up of a set of roles.

Add missing operations as necessary.

5 – Place documents on the diagram

The document is not necessarily an official paper with seven signatures. From the point of view of business process management, a document is information on any information medium. An email, a report, a presentation, an SMS – all these are documents.

Sometimes it is necessary to display intermediate products. These are blanks, semi-finished products, or simply important parts of work that move from one process block to another. Add them at this stage. Of necessity.

6 – Add the programs and databases you use

The process should reflect what programs and databases it uses.

7 – Organize tools and materials

If tools and/or materials are used in the process, this must also be shown. The main points can be indicated on a business process diagram. It is better to give a detailed description in the comments and special sections of the description. An excellent option is to create a diagram focused specifically on the use of tools and materials. In such a scheme, the emphasis is not on the flow of work, but on how, in what quantity and what materials are used in the business process.

8 – Define performance indicators in the business process

Place on the business process diagram the performance indicators that are taken into account in one way or another in the system.

9 – Link the resulting diagram to other processes

Every business process is only a part big system. All processes are interconnected. Essentially, a communication is something that a process exchanges with other processes. Please note that you must specify the processes with which the current process is associated and what they exchange.

10 – Check the resulting business process model

In principle, the scheme is ready. The business process diagram should answer the following questions:

• Where does the business process begin and end?
• What processes is it connected with? What is being exchanged?
• What operations are performed? In what order?
• Who performs the operations in the process?
• What documents are used and appear in the process? In which operations are these documents used/appearing?
• What tools, materials, software and databases are used in the process and in what operations?
• What performance indicators and where exactly are they recorded in the business process?

A well-prepared diagram should be easy to understand and sufficiently informative.
The business process diagram should be understandable to the “man on the street.”
The business process diagram, at the description stage, should reflect how the process is performed in real life.

This algorithm will allow you to describe the necessary business processes quite simply and quickly. Next, I will talk in detail about the description of business processes. Stay in touch.

Graphs and diagrams

Process diagram block

What is a process flow diagram?

A flowchart is a graphical representation of a process that clearly shows us how a process occurs. A flowchart shows the systematic sequence of steps in completing a job and which groups are involved in the process.

What are flowcharts used for?

• Document and describe the current process.
• Develop modifications to the current process or investigate where problems may arise.
• Develop a completely new process.
• Determine how, when and where to measure the current process to ensure it meets sustainable requirements.

Types of Flowcharts
Macro level block diagram:

Micro level block diagram:
"Let's go to the cinema"

How to build a flowchart?

A process flowchart represents the planning of steps to complete a job. Special symbols are used to show certain activities

Dot symbols can be used to show the secondary direction of the process (example: a copy of the form used is returned to the creator).

The first row is used to divide the process into areas of responsibility.

The first column is used to define the general stages and their duration.

The stages should be organized so that each stage falls within the correct area of ​​responsibility.

When to use flowcharts?

A process flowchart is required in the Current Situation and Standardization phases; however, flowcharts can also be used in the Reasons for Improvement, Analysis, and Countermeasures phases.

The goal of any 6 Sigma project is to improve the performance of any business process in the organization.

The first thing you encounter during a 6 Sigma project is the need to understand the business process. What does "understand" mean? Understand how it works, what resources are needed for this, what factors influence the quality of work. To do this, all information collected about the process must be structured in some way. For this purpose, the following tools are used within the 6 Sigma methodology:

• SIPOC
• Process flow diagram
• VSM (Value Stream Map)

In this article we will analyze the features of using the first two tools.

SIPOC

The abbreviation SIPOC stands for Supplier, Input, Process, Output, Customer. Already from the transcript it becomes clear what will be discussed: this tool makes it possible to briefly describe the key features of the process without going into details. A kind of “bird's eye view”. Therefore, this is where it is useful to start working on describing a business process.

So, you need to collect information about all the resources that the process uses and their suppliers, list sequentially and enlarged all the operations of the process, as well as the outputs of the process and consumers of each of them. All this information must be presented in the following table:

An example of filling out the SIPOC table for the “Receipt of raw materials to warehouse” process:

When filling out the table, you need to pay attention to the following points:

• It is better to start filling out the table from the middle column - the list of operations that make up the process. The level of detail (how detailed you describe the process) is at your discretion, but when using this particular tool (SIPOC), it is not recommended to split the process into too small operations.
• After identifying the operations, identify the process inputs. What can be an input: the raw material itself or the material that will be transformed during the process or on which process operations will be performed; auxiliary materials and tools (reagents, measuring equipment, processing tools, etc.); equipment; documents or information (in orally or in the form of records in an information system).
• IN general case people taking part in the process (in our example - the car driver, storekeepers, loaders) are not considered as a resource and are not listed among the process inputs. They are classified as “performers” and are not considered under SIPOC. An exception is the processes of working with personnel (recruitment, adaptation, personnel assessment). In this case, the process inputs will be people (a candidate for a vacancy, a new employee, an employee for certification, etc.).
• The completeness of the input description depends on the level of detail of the process and the goals of your project. For example, in the described case, the inputs could also include scales for weighing raw materials, instruments for sampling and reagents for analyzing raw materials, a computer with access to the company’s information system for entering data on incoming raw materials. But in most cases, such detail is not necessary when compiling a SIPOC table. If there is no particular need for some details to understand the process within the framework of the project goals, it is better to omit them.
• The suppliers of all received inputs can simply be listed in the 1st column of the table. In this case, the number of suppliers may not correspond to the number of inputs (in our example there are two inputs, but only 1 supplier). This classic version tables. But if desired, to improve perception, you can compare the inputs and their suppliers, i.e. Next to each input write its supplier (as done in the example above). The supplier may be external organizations, divisions or employees of the company, Information Systems.
• Now we need to highlight the outputs of the process. The output can be semi-finished products, finished products, packaged products, production waste, documents, information in the form of generated reports, etc. The comments about the level of detail, indicating people as outputs of the process, made above regarding inputs, also remain valid here.
• Output consumers/customers are allocated in the same way as input suppliers. These are external organizations, divisions and employees of the company, information systems to which outputs are transferred. Please note: in the above example, the warehouse is indicated as the customer for raw materials. It would seem that the final consumer of raw materials is the production workshop. But at the stage of acceptance of raw materials to the warehouse, until they are released into production, the raw materials are placed and stored in the warehouse, therefore the warehouse is indicated as the customer. Similarly, when describing the production process, it is incorrect to indicate the supplier of raw materials external organization, because the workshop receives raw materials from the warehouse, so the warehouse will be the supplier of raw materials for the workshop. Those. The allocation of suppliers and consumers depends on the established boundaries of the process: what you define as its beginning and what as its end.
• The remark about the number of suppliers corresponding to the number of inputs also applies to the ratio of outputs/customers.
• All listed inputs and outputs must relate to the process as a whole and come into it from the outside (transferred externally). It is incorrect to indicate inter-operational flows as inputs/outputs, i.e. objects that are passed from one operation to another within a process. For example, if a process involves sanding an incoming part first and then painting it, then you cannot specify a sanded but unpainted part as input/output. Input is an unsanded and unpainted part, output is a sanded and painted part.

Process flow diagram

Flowchart is a tool for more detailed description business process than SIPOC. In addition to inputs and outputs, the inter-operational process flows are already reflected in the flowchart. Additional operations may also appear - if necessary, reflect the process in more detail. To create a flowchart, you will need to collect additional information.

The notations (rules for preparing) flowcharts may differ slightly. Below is the most common option.

Symbols used in the process flow diagram:

Symbol	Designated concept
	The beginning and end of the process. Both oval and circle can be used.
	A rectangle with straight or rounded corners is a process operation.
	Diamond is a branching operator. They denote operations during which it is necessary to make a choice, after which 2 scenarios for the further course of the process are possible.
	Triangle – stage of temporary waiting and storage
	The arrow indicates the direction of the process. Can also be used to refer to inter-operational flows. In this case, an inscription is placed on the arrow - the name of the object transferred from one operation to another.
	A parallelogram is a designation for any object (material or informational).
	A rectangle with an uneven side represents a document or information.

It is possible to use other symbols. The main thing is that all project participants understand their content.

The flowchart can be prepared in both Word and Excel. These programs have it all necessary tools. But it is most convenient to draw flowcharts in Microsoft Visio. Typically, process steps are arranged vertically one below the other. Process inputs are shown on the left (input arrows are directed towards those operations where these objects are first used), outputs are shown on the right (arrows are directed away from those operations where these objects appear). Suppliers and consumers of the process are usually not reflected in flowcharts.

Below are 2 options for the process flow diagram - a simplified and a more detailed one.

Simplified flowchart of the “Receipt of raw materials to warehouse” process:

This flowchart is even less informative than the SIPOC table, although it is more visual. Therefore, its expanded version is often prepared.

Detailed flowchart of the “Receipt of raw materials to warehouse” process:

The flowchart already has the ability to show the performers of the process. To do this, so-called swimlanes are added to the diagram (from the English Swimlane - “swimming lane”, by analogy with the paths in the pool). The block diagram is divided into sections by lines and the operations of only one performer are placed in each section. The position of the performer is indicated at the top. In this case, the block diagram takes the following form.

Flowchart of the “Receipt of raw materials to warehouse” process with swimlanes:

Swimlanes can be placed on the sheet both vertically (see example above) and horizontally.

Of course, the last version of the process diagram is the most informative, but its preparation requires certain skills and takes quite a lot of time. a large number of time. For 6 Sigma projects such a detailed flowchart is not always needed.

Oleshko Victoria, business coach, consultant, Chief Editor site site. Author of the book “” and the blog “”. Want to learn more about knowledge management? Join

Key questions

Brief description and indicators of economic and other activities

Process flow diagrams

The section “Information on economic and other activities” of the draft standards for waste generation and limits on their disposal (hereinafter referred to as “WWWL”), in fact, is the “stove” from which it is necessary to “dance” when developing WWWWL. And if the section “Calculation and justification of the proposed waste generation standards on average per year” is the “core” of the PNOLR, then the analyzed section is the very “core” from which the “core” and all other sections and tables.

It is no coincidence that in the previously operating Guidelines on the development of draft waste generation standards and limits on their disposal, approved by Order of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources dated March 11, 2002 No. 115 (hereinafter referred to as MU-2002), a similar section was called “Characteristics of production processes as sources of waste generation.”

The requirements of the current Methodological Guidelines for the development of draft standards for waste generation and limits on their disposal, approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated 05.08.2014 No. 349 (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines), are not sufficiently specified, which in practice sometimes leads to problematic situations upon agreement with the PNOOLR.

Extraction
from the Guidelines

[…]
19. In the section “Information on economic and other activities” PNOOLR in text form is given a brief description of And indicators economic And other activities, during which waste is generated.
For each structural unit (workshop, site and other facilities), information on which is included in the PNOOLR, block diagrams technological processes, including in the form individual blocks:
used raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other;
production operations(without detailing production processes);
produced products(provided services, performed work);
emerging waste(by origin or conditions of education);
, including their accumulation, use, neutralization, disposal, as well as the transfer of waste to other structural units or other economic entities.
[…]

That's all the requirements. And if the developers of the PNOOLR can be satisfied with such formulations (the fewer formal requirements, the easier it is to work), then employees of Rosprirodnadzor, when considering the PNOOLR, may have (and, as a rule, do!) questions that the developer of the PNOOLR will still have to answer.

Recently, questions may also arise from government officials of the constituent entities Russian Federation, since according to Art. 6 of the Federal Law of June 24, 1998 No. 89-FZ “On Production and Consumption Waste” (as amended on July 3, 2016; hereinafter - the federal law No. 89-FZ) to powerssubjects of the Russian Federation in the field of waste management includes, among other things, the establishment of waste generation standards and limits on their disposal, the procedure for their development and approval in relation to economic and (or) other activities of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs (except for small and medium-sized businesses), in the process which generates waste at sites subject to regional state environmental supervision.

In the same article of the law, the powers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation also include the approval of methodological guidelines for the development of PNOOLR (in relation to the specified objects), however, as far as we can judge, in many regions the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation followed the beaten path and, without further ado, took as a basis for the Methodological Instructions - or directly refer to them in their regulations, or - slightly adjusting the terminology and adding some requirements - they release their own guidelines, almost verbatim repeating the Methodological Instructions.

In general, the requirements of the Methodological Instructions for the design of this section are what is called “not every word is written on a line.” But brevity is not always the sister of talent, and the wording of the Methodological Instructions raises numerous questions, especially for those who are encountering the development of PNOOLR for the first time.

For example, How brief (or, conversely, detailed) should the description of the enterprise’s activities be? What performance indicators should be included in the characteristics? What are flowcharts and how exactly should they be created?

Let's try to figure out these questions.

Brief description and indicators of economic and other activities

The requirements of the Guidelines apply for economic activities organizations. What kind of activity do you mean?

According to GOST R 52104-2003 “Resource conservation. Terms and Definitions" economic activity- activities carried out during production activities an individual entrepreneur or a legal entity, regardless of the form of ownership and whether it is commercial or non-commercial in nature.

There is also a broader interpretation, for example: “Economic activity is the activity of producing products, carrying out work and providing services.”

Thus, economic activity is the main activity of any organization (both commercial and non-profit).

But it is important to clarify that the requirements of the Guidelines apply not only on the “economic” side, but also on "other" activity, i.e. at all for any activity, which is carried out one way or another this organization, regardless of whether it is related to the production of products, performance of work, provision of services, making a profit or not; whether the activity is carried out at the request of the organization itself or whether it is forced (obliged) to do so.

What indicators of economic and other activities should be given? The guidelines do not contain any recommendations in this regard. Not being specialists in the field of production, economics and finance, developers of PNOOLR are often forced to seek help from specialized employees of the enterprise when preparing this section.

Let us note, in our opinion, the main thing. By content indicators economic activity divided into quantitative and qualitative:

Quantitative - volume of products produced, number of employees, area of ​​crops, number of livestock, etc.;

Qualitative - labor productivity, production costs, profitability, crop yields, etc.

By sources of formation (methods of receipt) indicators are highlighted:

Regulatory - norms of consumption of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, depreciation norms, prices, etc.;

Planned - data and information from economic and social development enterprises, planned targets for departments, etc.;

Accounting - accounting, statistical, operational accounting data;

Reporting - data from accounting, statistical and operational reporting;

Analytical (evaluative) - determined during the analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise to evaluate the results and effectiveness of its work.

Since the Methodological Instructions do not specify the requirements for indicators of economic and other activities (which ones, for what period), the developers of the PNOLR in this sense have a “free hand” - you can add indicators to the section at your own discretion.

ON A NOTE

If we take a retrospective look at how the requirements for this section were previously formulated, we will find that in the Guidelines for the development of draft waste generation standards and limits on their disposal, approved by Rostechnadzor Order No. 703 of October 19, 2007 (hereinafter referred to as MU-2007) ), there were more requirements, but they were largely logical and more specific.
For example, regarding performance indicators: “For types economic activity, aimed at the production of products, information about the main types of raw materials, manufactured products, production capacity objects.
For types of economic activities aimed at providing services, the types and volumes of services provided (volumes of cargo transported, number of visits, beds, etc.) are indicated.”
It seems to us that these recommendations can be taken into account when designing the PNOOLR section even now (and those who have been developing PNOOLR for a long time should not “remove” them from service!).

First of all, it is advisable to present such indicators from which waste generation depends:

Volume of products produced (average annual or broken down by year);

The volume of services provided (in the quantities in which records are kept - the number of cars serviced, the number of visitors, the number of dishes prepared, etc.);

Quantity of purchased raw materials and materials (possibly specified by type);

Number and types of technological equipment used;

Number and types of vehicles on balance or in use, annual mileage (for enterprises that independently service vehicles);

Number of working people;

Areas of premises (trade, warehouse, production, etc.), territories;

Actual number of beds (for hotels, hostels), seats (for enterprises Catering), parking spaces (for car service companies), etc.

Note: many (if not all!) of these indicators can be (and are) used in the further calculation of waste generation standards. Therefore, their indication in this section will help both the developer to immediately move on to calculating the standards, and the government employee to verify the calculations.

It is unclear from the Guidelines whether there should be a relationship between brief description activities and further compilation of flowcharts. But it is obvious that without knowing and understanding the structure of the enterprise and production processes, it will not be possible to draw up flowcharts. That's why at the first stage necessary draw up structure enterprises.

This is where many developers run into problems. For example, on large enterprises organizational structure It can be so complex and hierarchical that its description alone will take more than one page. At the same time, there may be many departments where the same types of waste are generated (or there may be those where no waste is generated at all). Moreover, all these units can be located in the same premises.

In our opinion, excessive detail of the structure enterprises in the development of PNOOLR not required. Of course, it is necessary to indicate those departments in which waste generation is possible. It is advisable to give the very structure of the organization in the context in which the enterprise keeps records of the generation and movement of waste. This will make it easier in the future to maintain this record and compile a technical report on waste management.

For example, if an enterprise has many divisions engaged in administrative and office activities, and each of them generates only waste from cleaning premises and/or waste from office equipment, which are taken into account for the enterprise as a whole, then, in our opinion, such divisions can be combined at describing the structure of the enterprise and drawing up block diagrams in the future (calling these combined units, say, “administrative services”).

By the way, in MU-2007, when describing the structure of the organization, it was recommended to indicate production divisions, divisions Maintenance and repair devices, equipment, machines, equipment, Vehicle etc., social infrastructure facilities(including catering facilities, shops, etc.), etc.

Currently, there is no direct requirement to provide a description of the organization’s structure. But since the Guidelines have specific requirements for the preparation of flowcharts - which must be presented for each structural unit, mentioned in the PNOOLR, it is still advisable to indicate these units in one form or another.

So, the developer of the PNOOLR presented the structure of the enterprise (with divisions) and provided performance indicators. The next question remains about a brief description activities. Maybe a list of performance indicators is already enough? If you follow the letter of the law, then this can often be enough: for example, information on the number of cars serviced, the amount of raw materials purchased, the volume of products, etc. already briefly characterizes the activities of the organization.

But, of course, the spirit of the law will not be observed. After all, when characterizing the activities of an enterprise, it is important to indicate all sources of waste generation. And for this it is necessary to give a more detailed description of the technological processes in the manufacture of products; a more detailed description of the services provided and the work performed (for example, for car service companies: what parts/assemblies/fluids are replaced). But how detailed should all this be? There are no clear recommendations in the Guidelines, and here you have to rely on common sense and own experience(sometimes obtained by trial and error).

We have heard more than once how Rosprirodnadzor employees formulate their requirements for the design of this section. They said something like this: when reading this section, we should clearly and unambiguously see and understand:

Description of the production process (provision of services, performance of work, including auxiliary work - repair, maintenance of equipment, etc.);

Description of the equipment used, raw materials used;

All resulting waste;

Is all waste accounted for?

At the same time, civil servants may not be specialists in a particular type of production. And - no matter how strange it may sound - this is why the developer of the PNOOLR needs to take the most responsible approach to the design of this section of the PNOOLR, give it all necessary information on all sources of waste generation (and explain in detail, Why in a given department or at a given stage of the technological cycle no waste is generated), because due to a lack of information when considering PNOOLR, a suspicion may creep in that some waste was not included in the range of waste generated at the enterprise.

But it also happens the other way around - government officials often turn out to be specialists in certain fields and, knowing the type of production or service sector, they immediately understand what kind of waste can be generated. And those employees who are considering PNOOLR are already quite skilled in their field (and many of them also participated in on-site inspections). So the developers of the PNOLR should not hope that they will be able to deceive government officials, hide (hide) some waste or indicate the wrong ones that are actually generated.

And, by the way, this is not in the long-term interests of the enterprises themselves. If, for example, during the development of the PNOLR some waste was not taken into account and for some reason this was not noticed during the review of the PNOLR, then during an on-site inspection the presence of unaccounted waste may emerge. And this will also lead to administrative fine, and to the need to re-develop and agree on the PNOOLR, because deposit additional types There is no legislation stipulating waste in PNOOLR.

Process flow diagrams

Moving from the requirements of the Guidelines regarding a brief description of activities to flowcharts of production processes, we understand that, in fact, these are two sides of the same coin.

In MU-2007 this was expressed quite clearly: “ Information about production processes How sources of waste generation introduce themselves in text form or in the form of block diagrams for each production site."

That is, previously, the developers of PNOOLR had the freedom of choice: to describe all processes - both production and non-production - in text form or present flowcharts.

And even earlier, according to MU-2002, the requirements were even more specific: “The section “Characteristics of production processes as sources of waste generation” provides a brief description of the production technology and technological equipment, during the use of which waste is generated. Information is presented in text form or in the form of flowcharts of production processes for each site. […] Individual entrepreneurs or legal entities who do not have technological processes in their activities do not create flowcharts and provide all information in text form.”

That is, in MU-2002 there was also freedom of choice, while in the absence of technological processes, flowcharts were not required.

Now, according to the Methodological Instructions block diagramstechnological processes is a mandatory requirement .

And here we are faced with the fact that not all PNOOLR developers understand what a flowchart is. The requirements of the Guidelines are only that as individual blocks must be presented:

Raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, etc. used;

Manufacturing operations;

Manufactured products (services provided, work performed);

Waste generated;

Waste management operations.

In the absence of other requirements, each of the PNOOLR developers acts as best they can, to the best of their understanding.

Here, for example, are what, if I may say so, “flowcharts” we came across in various PNOOLR (Fig. 1):

But before we criticize such “block diagrams”, let’s try to figure out what it is, comrades, "block" and what is it, comrades, "scheme"? To jokingly paraphrase a quote from a famous literary character, one could say that a diagram is a human thought expressed in a logical form (and this would not be so far from the truth). But jokes aside! The question is actually quite serious.

NOTE

Flowcharts are a part of the PNOLR that should show all processes occurring in the organization, and all waste, formed in it. And errors in the presentation of flowcharts can lead to problems when considering PNOLR in government agencies.

It's obvious that block diagram is a diagram consisting of blocks. Unfortunately, there is no such thing as a “block diagram” in the legislation, so let’s turn to reference publications and technical regulatory literature.

According to the dictionary entry Withhema- this is: “1. A set of interconnected parts of something. device, instrument, unit […]. 2. Presentation, description, image of something. in its main features."

The closest definition for us is "block": “Part of a mechanism, device, etc., which is a collection of functionally united, often similar elements, parts.” In our case, “etc.” is a technological process that results in the generation of waste.

In technical and reference literature there are also definitions of the concept "block diagram":

. « Structural scheme(block diagram) defines the main functional parts products (installations), their appointment And relationships» ;

. "The block diagram represents graphic document providing information about operating procedure algorithm" ;

. “Block diagram is a diagram that defines relationship blocks" ;

. "Block diagram — conventional image algorithm for solving a problem, document flow, sequence of work operations or procedures using arrows, connecting lines and geometric shapes of various shapes containing control symbols or texts inside.”

In these definitions keywords— graphic description, relationships, execution sequence. To summarize, we give the following definition of the concept of “block diagram” in relation to PNOOLR: process flow diagram — graphic description sequences implementation of the technological process and waste generation processes, which represents a set of interconnected blocks of various shapes, connected by lines and arrows and depicting raw materials (materials, semi-finished products, etc.); manufacturing operations; manufactured products (services, works); waste; waste management operations.

What is wrong with the so-called “block diagrams” in Fig. 1?

First of all (and this is the main thing), in Fig. 1a and 1b are presented not flowcharts, and tables. The sequence of technological processes leading to the generation of waste is not visible from them. In Fig. 1c we already see arrows (i.e. the direction of the waste generation process), but, in fact, this is also a table consisting of rows, each of which has one block. From this “scheme” it is impossible to obtain a holistic picture of the processes carried out at the enterprise, in particular:

Several types of raw materials/materials may be involved in one process;

Several types of operations can be carried out (sequentially or in parallel) with one type of raw material;

One type of waste in one production process can be generated during different production operations;

Several types of waste may be generated as a result of one operation;

Several types of waste (once generated) can be accumulated and subjected to other operations, either separately or in mixtures;

Operations for further waste management may include several stages (for example, one waste may first be accumulated and then transported from the territory of the enterprise, another, after generation, is immediately subject to transportation, the third is first accumulated and then disposed of at the enterprise itself).

And although such a “linear” scheme (as in Fig. 1c) may be suitable for some processes, it cannot be recommended as a system.

BY THE WAY

In MU-2007, in addition to recommendations for the presentation of block diagrams, there were also requirements for the compilation of tables similar to those shown in Fig. 1 . Probably, the developers of PNOOLR have not yet had time to “rebuild” and instead of flowcharts they are still creating tables.
True, perhaps someone is put off by the complexity of “drawing” flowcharts, because tables are easier to create using text editors. But in fact, it's all a matter of time and experience, you just need to understand the principles.
The built-in graphical tools of text editors are suitable for creating flowcharts. Can be used graphic editor or special software for creating flowcharts. Ultimately, flowcharts can be drawn (drawn) by hand and scanned.

So, let's point out the obvious errors in the block diagrams in Fig. 1:

When contaminated waste is generated (wiping material, crushed stone) except used materials necessary indicate sources pollution(substances, materials, other), otherwise it is not clear where contaminated waste suddenly appears from;

. dashes in the block “Raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other” be Not must. We live in a material world; waste cannot be formed from emptiness.

So, in the example in Fig. 1b, in order to generate the waste “Spent low-hazard drilling fluids when drilling oil wells”, drilling fluids were obviously used (which, in turn, can be obtained by mixing several components). In the example in Fig. 1c garbage from office and domestic premises - consumer waste formed from used materials, as well as dust and, possibly, sand;

If as a result of one process is formed some species waste(as in the example in Fig. 1b - when carrying out welding work), then from the block “Welding work” there should be two arrows, leading, respectively, to the generated waste “Welding slag” and “Residues and cinders of steel welding electrodes”, which, in turn, can accumulate separately from each other, which should also be reflected in the block diagram;

. waste management operations must be presented in its entirety. If, after waste is generated, it is immediately subject to disposal, or if the waste first accumulates on the territory of the enterprise, or if further stages of waste management are known (transportation, processing, neutralization, disposal, disposal) - this must be indicated.

NOTE

The guidelines were approved before the change in terminology in Federal Law No. 89-FZ, so they refer to “use” (and not “disposal”) and do not include “waste treatment.” Of course, all waste management operations must be specified in accordance with federal law requirements.

What may cause confusion is that the Guidelines recommend including “production operations (without detailing production processes)” in flowcharts. As anyone with any knowledge of manufacturing and enterprise economics knows, a production operation is part of the production process (and not the other way around!). We refer the authors of the Methodological Instructions, as well as everyone who is interested, to the specialized literature, which says in black and white that “the production process [...] is divided into many elementary technological procedures that are performed in the manufacture of the finished product. These individual procedures are called operations." Since clarification “without detailed production processes” contradicts common sense, then we’ll leave it on the conscience of the authors of the Methodological Instructions.

Apparently, specialists with an education in computer science rarely become ecologists. Otherwise, such incidents as in Fig. 1 would not arise. 1, because programmers, for example, are familiar with GOST 19.701-90 “ESPD. Schemes of algorithms, programs, data and systems. Conventional designations and execution rules”, which gives the rules for executing block diagrams of algorithms, programs, data and systems; Graphic symbols have been defined to depict each specific type of data, input method, types of operations, connections between all blocks, i.e. specific rules for constructing block diagrams.

As we have already noted, unfortunately, the Guidelines do not provide any rules for constructing flowcharts of production processes, so for ecologists this task - in the words of the same literary character - is “quasi una fantasia”, i.e. Each PNOOLR developer, to the best of his imagination and experience, has the right to determine graphic symbols to depict types of blocks, connections between blocks and, in general, the general appearance of block diagrams. Well, who said that the profession of an ecologist is not creative?!

Without pretending at all absolute truth, we will express our approach to the formation of block diagrams. In Fig. 2 we presented a typical block diagram. For each of the blocks recommended by the Guidelines, a separate graphic symbol has been selected. Thin arrows shown technological process- from receipt, use of materials, raw materials, etc. before removal of waste from the territory of enterprises or before disposal/neutralization/placement on the territory of an enterprise (waste removal operations are shown as a separate figure, although it would be possible to indicate all operations for handling the corresponding waste in one block).

Various graphic symbols can be selected for raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other, but in our diagram all these blocks are represented rectangles. For clarity, sometimes you can present groups of operations first, and then the operations themselves, although you can show all operations separately. The waste accumulated in the mixture is presented accordingly.

For products we chose one graphic symbol, for works, services — another. For the auxiliary activities of an enterprise (cleaning premises/territories, decommissioning of equipment, etc.), it seems to us that indicating individual blocks “products, services, works” in the corresponding block diagram is meaningless, because these operations themselves, in fact, are the work/services being performed. In other cases, when the main activity of the enterprise is the production of products, performance of work, provision of services, these blocks should probably be mandatory and, in addition, differ from the “operations” blocks.

In our opinion, in some cases it is possible to introduce new elements, if this helps to more clearly present the production process, for example, equipment (although the word “other” from the Methodological Instructions can also be understood as the equipment used).

For some types of production, all technological processes can be represented on one flowchart. It may be difficult to execute, but the whole picture of the production process will be clearly visible. In some cases it is possible highlight some processes or chains of operations from the general flowchart(for example, equipment maintenance operations, other auxiliary operations; manufacturing operations, if their presentation on a single flowchart is too difficult to understand).

The main thing is that flowcharts allow you to see a complete picture of the processes carried out at the enterprise, as a result of which waste is generated.

In Fig. 3-5 shows examples of block diagrams of the main technological processes at an enterprise that produces copper and aluminum wire, current-carrying conductors. In Fig. 3 shows a flowchart of production processes, Fig. 4 - processes and operations to ensure production (equipment maintenance), in Fig. 5 - processes of auxiliary activities (providing lighting and cleaning of premises, office work).

Conclusion

So, as we have seen, the requirements of the Methodological Instructions for the development of the section “Information on economic and other activities” of the PNOOLR and for the presentation of flowcharts of technological processes are formulated only in general view. The design of this section, despite its apparent simplicity, is not without pitfalls. If necessary, we recommend involving relevant specialists of the enterprise (technologists, economists, personnel department employees) in the development of this section, so that production structure enterprises, all ongoing processes and operations were clearly presented and described.

In the absence of clear requirements in the Guidelines, we recommend using common sense and being creative where necessary. We hope that the thoughts and advice we have expressed will help in developing the PNOLR.

Taking this opportunity, we would like to appeal to representatives of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exercising their powers in the field of waste management: since Federal Law No. 89-FZ has given you the authority to approve methodological guidelines for the development of PNOOLR, please be critical of the Methodological guidelines. Of course, there is no need to throw away the valuable things that are there. But, in our opinion, there is no need to take from there requirements and provisions that contradict the law and common sense. On the pages of the “Ecologist's Handbook”, critical comments on the Methodological Instructions and proposals for their improvement have been made more than once (including by the author of these lines), which, it seems to us, deserve consideration.

In general, it would be nice to organize something like “ round table” (at least “virtual”), at which to gather representatives from all regions of Russia to discuss the current Guidelines and develop common approaches to improve them. This will benefit both businesses and employees at all levels and branches of government.

We have prepared a whole series of articles on methods for calculating waste generation standards that have not lost their relevance today:

- Prokhorov I.O. Standards and annual standards for waste generation, legal basis Methods for calculating standards // Ecologist's Handbook. 2014. No. 7. P. 44-57;

- Prokhorov I.O. Selecting a method for calculating waste generation standards // Ecologist's Handbook. 2014. No. 8. P. 75-84;

- Prokhorov I.O. Methods for calculating waste generation standards: calculation method based on material and raw materials balance and calculation and analytical method // Ecologist's Handbook. 2014. No. 9. P. 93-104;

Savitskaya G.V. Analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise: textbook. allowance. Mn.: New knowledge, 2002.

You can, of course, still try not to provide flowcharts, citing the lack of technological processes (for example, indicate that cleaning premises, decommissioning equipment, etc. are not technological processes), but then one must understand that the burden of proving the absence of block diagrams in the PNOOLR will lie on its developer, and it is not a fact that government officials reviewing the PNOOLR will unconditionally accept this evidence.

Therefore, we still recommend providing flowcharts along with a brief text description of the activity, especially since in the absence of strict requirements for the text part in the Methodological Instructions, all waste generation processes can be more clearly represented in the form of flowcharts.

VSN 514-89 “Requirements for the design of facilities for the production of mineral fertilizers using blocks. Production technology".