How to find the main parts of a sentence 2. Russian language trainer (grade 2) on the topic: Cards Main parts of a sentence
In this lesson we will learn that in a sentence there are the main members - the subject and the predicate. The subject and predicate form the grammatical basis of a sentence. Let's learn to find the subject and predicate in a sentence and underline them.
Remember: subject names who or what is being said in the sentence and answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. When parsing the sentence, it is emphasized by one feature.
For example: Schoolchildren read books. Who is the sentence talking about? About schoolchildren. Who - pupils- the subject is underlined with one line. What are schoolchildren doing? Reading. This is the second main member sentences - predicate. It is emphasized by two features. Schoolchildren read books.
Remember: predicate- the main member of the sentence. Names what is said about the subject, answers questions what to do? what to do? When parsing the sentence, it is emphasized by two features.
We learned that the main members of a sentence are the subject and the predicate. The subject and predicate form the grammatical basis of a sentence.
Rice. 4. The grammatical basis of the sentence ()
Now let’s complete tasks that will help us consolidate the acquired knowledge.
Let's write out the grammatical basis of the sentences and underline the subject and predicate.
Spring has come. Sounding streams ran along the ground. Birds began to sing on the branches. The first blades of grass appeared in the thawed patches.
Let's check whether this task is completed correctly.
Spring has come. It has come - the predicate, spring - the subject.
Streams ran. Streams are the subject, ran is the predicate.
The birds began to sing. They sang - the predicate, the birds - the subject.
Blades of grass appeared. The predicate appeared, the blades of grass appeared - the subject.
Let's insert a suitable subject.
The cold north __________ is blowing. White _________ fall to the ground. In the forest, a fluffy ________ jumps from branch to branch.
Words to insert: squirrel, wind, snowflakes.
Let's check:
A cold north wind is blowing. White snowflakes fall to the ground. A fluffy squirrel jumps from branch to branch in the forest.
Let's make sentences from these words. Let's find the grammatical basis in each sentence and underline it.
Crow, sitting, on a branch, black.
Gray, gnawing, carrots, hare, delicious.
Apples, on, ripened, apple tree, red.
Coat, hanging, on a hanger, on, children's.
One of the possible answers:
A black crow sits on a branch.
Suggestion basis: Crow sitting .
A gray hare gnaws a tasty carrot.
Suggestion basis: The hare is gnawing .
Red apples ripened on an apple tree.
Suggestion basis: The apples are ripe .
A child's coat hangs on a hanger.
Suggestion basis: coat hanging .
In the next lesson we will learn which parts of a sentence are called minor, we will learn to find them in a sentence and highlight them with underlining. Let's talk about common and uncommon proposals.
- Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
- Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
- Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.
1. Fall off yellow leaves. 2. A slender spruce grew in the forest. 3. The girl is reading an interesting book.4. Mom found it in the forest beautiful mushroom. 5. The sun is shining brightly. 6. The kids made a snowman. 7. The dog barks loudly. 8. Luda painted with paints. 9. A car is speeding along the road. 10. The dog chased the hare. 11. Oleg writes beautifully in his notebook.
Last name, first name of the student
In each sentence, underline the subject and predicate (the grammatical basis of the sentence):
1. A bear is sleeping in a den. 2. The student solves a difficult problem. 3. My brother bought skates. 4. Fragrant lilac blooms. 5. The lamps brightly illuminate the circus. 6. A strong wind shakes the trees. 7. Students draw. 8. Grandma put the dishes on the table. 9. Tomorrow the schoolchildren will go on an excursion. 10. A porcini mushroom grew under the spruce tree.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Underline the main clauses in each sentence.
1. Came late fall. 2. Blowing strong wind. 3. It has been raining all day.4. The squirrel drags nuts into the hollow. 5. The birds flew to warmer regions. 6. Magpies jump around people’s homes. 7. Boys make beautiful boats.8. Light clouds float across the sky. 9. Sveta sings.
…………………………………………………………………………
Last name, first name of the student_________________________________________
Title it. Write down, indicating the boundaries of sentences. In each sentence, underline the subject and predicate.
Yellow leaves are falling from the trees, the grass is withering, the sun is hiding behind the gray clouds, and it is drizzling often. light rain Variegated asters are still blooming in the garden.
Last name, first name of the student
Independent work 1 option
Underline the main clauses in each sentence.
1. Red ants exterminate forest pests. 2. A little white cat washes itself with its paw. 3. The guys are playing happily and friendly in the yard. 4. Appeared in the sky colorful rainbow. 5. Sly fox deftly covers his tracks with his bushy tail. 6. An agile squirrel stores nuts in a hollow for the winter. 7. The ice cracked from the cold. 8. Evil crocodiles live in Africa. 9. Birds fly to warm regions. 10. The children fed the hedgehog milk.
Last name, first name of the student___________________________________________________________________________
Independent work Option 2
Underline the main clauses in each sentence.
1. A gloomy cloud covered the sky. 2. Multi-colored leaves swirl beautifully in the air. 3. Restless frogs croak in the swamp. 4. Drops of dew sparkle in the sun. 5. It started unexpectedly heavy rain. 6. The trees dressed in festive attire. 7. Cold wind often blows. 8. In the autumn, the guys found a crane behind the garden. 9. The sun shines directly through the window. 10. In the spring, new residents appeared at the zoo.
The words and phrases that make up a sentence are called sentence members. The members of a sentence are divided into main and secondary.
The main members of the sentence - subject and predicate - form the grammatical basis of the sentence (its predicative center).
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which depends only on the subject and denotes its attribute or action. The predicate answers the questions: what does the object do? what's happening to him? what is he like?what is he?who is he? and etc.
The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods. This meaning is conveyed by the form of the verb's mood, less often - in other ways. For example: We were sitting on the shore of a pond. Suddenly a dog runs out of the bushes and jumps into the water. The first two predicates have a mood form, and the third has no mood form, but expresses the grammatical meaning of the indicative mood (jump - jumps).
By meaning, the predicate is divided into verbal and nominal. Depending on the structure and method of expression verbal predicate can be simple or compound; the nominal predicate will always be compound. Thus, the main types of predicate are simple verbal predicate, compound verbal predicate and compound nominal predicate.
So, predicates are simple and compound. In a simple predicate, the lexical and grammatical meanings expressed in one word.
A simple predicate can only be a verb. It is expressed by an independent verb in the form of one of the moods, for example: 1) The songbirds have already woken up. (S.-M.) 2) Birds sing loudly. (S.-M.) 3) The birds will sing even louder. In these examples, the predicate verbs have the indicative forms of the past, present and future complex tenses. 4) In the sports section, you would train more regularly - the predicate is expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.<5) Вы возьмите с собой в поход туристскую карту-схему — сказуемое выражено глаголом в повелительном наклонении.
Compound predicates are those predicates in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words. Compare: On the second day the goldfinch began to sing.— On the second day the goldfinch began to sing. Katya was sick for a whole month. - Katya was sick for a whole month. The compound predicates began to sing and was sick consist of two words, one of which (sing, sick) expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate, and the other (started, was) - its grammatical meaning.
Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.
A compound verb is a predicate that consists of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. For example: I started working. My brother has stopped studying and may fall behind in his studies. I have to help him.
Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:
1) verbs with the meaning of beginning, end or continuation (start, stop, end, stop, continue);
2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, necessity, desirability, etc. (able, able, want, desire, glad, ready, must, obliged, intends).
Auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the infinitive form of the verb expresses its lexical meaning. The violinist began (continued, stopped) playing. We won't be able to perform at the concert. We would like to participate in competitions.
If the auxiliary word is a short adjective, then it is used only with a connective: 1) I was glad to help. 2) He was ready to argue with you. In the present tense the connective is not used, i.e. it is zero. Wed: He is ready to argue with you. I'm glad to help you.
Compound verb predicate = auxiliary + infinitive verb
A compound nominal is a predicate that consists of a linking verb and a nominal part (adjective, noun, etc.). Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.
Compound nominal predicate = linking verb + nominal part
For example: I was right.
Linking verbs are divided into three groups.
1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meanings. In the present tense, the linking verb to be is not used, i.e. the link is zero. You would be brave - conditional mood. Be brave - imperative mood. You were brave - past tense. You will be brave - be. vr. You are brave - present. vr. (zero copula)
2. Linking verbs do, become, become, appear, be considered, introduce themselves, seem, be called are less common, for example: 1) It’s winter here. Everything becomes brighter and more cheerful from the first snow. (Ch.) 2) Grandfather has become completely white. (N.) 3) The palace seemed like a sad island. (P.)
3. Verbs with the meaning of movement, position in space can act as connectives: come, arrive, return, etc.; sit, stand, etc., for example: 1) I sat immersed in deep thought. (P.) 2) The girl came tired. (Floor.)
In place of the linking verb, combinations of auxiliary words with a certain form of the linking verb can be used, for example: I would be glad to become a teacher.
The words and phrases that make up a simple sentence (sentence members) perform various functions in its formal and semantic organization.
First of all, they differ main And minor members of the proposal.
Main members - This members of the proposal, which form the grammatical center of the sentence, its grammatical basis. In two-part sentences this is subject And predicate, in one-piece - main member one-part sentence.
Minor members - This members of the proposal, not included in the grammatical basis and extending (“explanatory”) either the main members of the sentence or other minor members.
Subject
Subject - the main member of a two-part sentence, which denotes the subject of speech, grammatically correlates with the predicate, does not depend on other members of the sentence and answers questions in the nominative case Who? or What?
Subject can denote a person, animate or inanimate object, phenomenon or concept: Peter (A. Pushkin) comes out of the tent, surrounded by a crowd of favorites; Arrival a rich neighbor is an important era for the villagers (A. Pushkin).
Ways to Express Subject
| The bird cherry tree is sleeping in a white cape (S. Yesenin). |
| What is singing to me? What's ringing to me? (A. Blok); Since then, no one has spoken to Tatyana (I. Turgenev); These seem to be our opponents? (M. Lermontov) |
| New things in life require new names (S. Sergeev Tsenskii); Acquaintances who were walking in the garden began to approach them (A. Chekhov); The dancers crowded and pushed each other (A. Kuprin); Tomorrow will not be like today (I. Goncharov); Even “hey” presupposes a second one who can turn around (B. Shklovsky). |
| And again twelve come... (A. Blok); Seven do not wait for one (proverb). |
| Live - it’s just a habit (A. Akhmatova); Nothing to say now - meant to insult her (L. Tolstoy). |
| In the sandy steppes of the Arabian land, three proud palm trees grew high (M. Lermontov); Each of us will stand at the very edge of the site (M. Lermontov); Rostov immediately imagined something romantic in this meeting (L. Tolstoy); The red rowan bonfire burns with fire (S. Yesenin); Bazarov and Arkady left the next day (I. Turgenev); Only a very noble and selfless soul can sympathize with happiness (A. Pushkin)(contextually integral phrase). |
| "He loves me!" - suddenly flared up throughout her entire being (I. Turgenev). |
Predicate, its types and methods of expression
Predicate - the main member of a sentence, which denotes an action, attribute, quality, state of an object named by the subject, grammatically depends on the subject and answers questions what does the item do? what is the subject? what's happening to him? who is he? what is he? and under.
Predicate has not only lexical meaning, i.e. names the action, sign, state, property, quality of the object that is designated by the subject, but also expresses the grammatical meaning of mood and tense (that is, the main grammatical meaning of the sentence is predicativity).
Lexical (material) and grammatical meanings predicate can be expressed jointly (in one component) or separately (in two components). According to this predicates are divided into simple And compound.
Simple called predicate, in which lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one component. Simple predicate can only be verbal, since only the verb has mood forms and, simultaneously with the lexical meaning, is capable of expressing the grammatical meaning.
IN composite predicate lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed by different components. It consists of auxiliary part, expressing grammatical meaning, and basic part expressing lexical meaning. Depending on what part of speech the main part of the predicate is expressed, the compound predicate May be verbal And named.
Ways to express a simple verbal predicate
| After the blizzard has calmed down, peace comes to the area (B, Pasternak)- (indicative present tense); A ray of moonlight fell slantingly onto a green velvet curtain (G. Ivanov)- (indicative past tense); During a thunderstorm, clouds will descend to my roof M. Lermontov)- (indicative, future tense, complex form); I would become a pilot... (V. Mayakovsky)- (conditional mood); Yes. Long live the sun, may the darkness disappear! (A. Pushkin)- (imperative mood); [Sofia]: You would hardly get bored with Molchalin if you got along better with him (A. Griboyedov)- (conditional mood). |
| And the queen laughs, and shrugs her shoulders, and winks her eyes, and clicks her fingers, and spins around, akimbo, looking proudly in the mirror (A. Pushkin). |
| All feelings in Lensky became clouded, and silently he hung his nose(= depressed) (A. Pushkin); Every little detail of that day was etched in his memory.(=remembered) (K. Paustovsky); The performance was a success (= was a success) (A. Chekhov); He gave orders on the fly(= ordered) communicating what was necessary, asking questions(=asked) (D. Furmanov); He rarely takes part in conversations(=participates) and usually does not answer questions (A. Chekhov); His successes in the regiment and in the society of women led me to complete despair. (A. "Pushkin) |
| The Monkey, seeing his image in the mirror, quietly nudged the Bear with his foot... (I. Krylov); And Tatyana jumped lighter than a shadow into another canopy... (A. Pushkin). |
Note. The infinitive in the indicative mood, as well as truncated and interjectional verbal forms, are characteristic mainly of colloquial speech and are reflected in fiction.
Complicated forms of a simple verbal predicate
Simple verb predicate, staying simple maybe complicated particles or repeat, which introduce additional shades of meaning into the predicate: surprise of the action, duration and completeness of the action, etc.: Let them condemn, curse, but I’m out of spite to everyone take it and I'll die... (A. Chekhov)(verb particle I'll take it adds a touch of surprise to the action); Winters waited, waited nature (A. Pushkin)(repetition indicates duration of action); Perhaps, wait let's wait, as if not to hesitate (N. Gogol).
Such predicates are always expressive and stylistically colored (the main area of their use is colloquial speech).
Compound verb predicate
Compound verb predicate has the following structure: auxiliary part + infinitive.
In the auxiliary part it is used auxiliary in the form of one of the moods, expressing grammatical meaning, and in the main part - infinitive(or a stable combination of a verb type in the form of an infinitive), which expresses the lexical meaning, i.e. directly names the action: He's a cooling word in his mouth tried to hold on(A. Pushkin); Entering the hall, I hid in the crowd of men and started doing yours observations (= to observe) (M. Lermontov).
In addition to the grammatical meaning of mood and tense, auxiliary verbs also express additional meanings: 1) the beginning, end or continuation of an action, i.e. phases of action (such verbs are called phasic): begin, become(= start) continue, finish, stop and so on.; 2) desirability/undesirability, possibility/impossibility, expediency/inexpediency, etc. of an action, as well as inclination, familiarity, emotional attitude towards the action (such verbs are called modal, they express the attitude of the actor to the action): want, can, wish, strive, try, strive, decide, love, fear and etc.:
1) Meanwhile, Princess Mary stopped singing(M. Lermontov); Natasha started to calm down... (L. Tolstoy); From the hot rays of the sun began to melt snow (M. Prishvin).
2) I I don't want to make you sad you are nothing (A. Pushkin); They don't dare, or what, the commanders are strangers tear up uniforms about Russian bayonets? (M. Lermontov); We we love to listen sometimes the passions of others are a rebellious language (A. Pushkin); I myself trying a snowflake by the fire disassemble(N. Matveeva).
In the auxiliary part, instead of modal verbs, verbal phraseological units and stable verbal-nominal phrases with a modal meaning can also be used: to burn with desire, to have the habit of, to have the right, to make a promise, to have the intention, to have the opportunity and under.
For example: I know Ivan Nikiforovich very well and I can say that he even had no intention (= didn't intend) marry(N. Gogol); Now at least you have the opportunity (= you can) object, if something is wrong (V. Veresaev); I have already gave to myself word (= promised) more don't play with him (L. Tolstoy).
Instead of verbs and verbal phraseological units in the auxiliary part compound verb predicate other parts of speech (with modal meaning) are also possible in combination with a linking verb be(in the present tense the copula is omitted, i.e. it has zero fort):
1) adjectives (usually short): glad, ready, obliged, forced, must, agree and etc.: Tell jokes and he much, because nowadays who isn’t joking! (A. Griboyedov); In a few days must I was to find myself in the middle of my family (A. Pushkin);
2) nouns master, craftswoman, hunter, amateur: He was a joke hunter(M. Lermontov); Fetinya, as you can see, was a whip master feather beds (N. Gogol);
3) adverbs and adverbial combinations, as well as the category of state (in one-part impersonal sentences) with a modal meaning: right, not averse, able, necessary, able, possible, impossible and under.: I can't Lensky demolish impact (A. Pushkin); I think: he was able to
fulfill in fact, what he was talking about jokingly (M. Lermontov); To me need to at someone pray(B. Okudzhava).
It should be remembered that the infinitive is not included in the predicate, but is a secondary member if: 1) the actions named by the infinitive and the verb in the mood form have different performers; the infinitive in such sentences is an object; 2) the infinitive depends on the verb of movement (or cessation of movement); such an infinitive is a goal adverbial.
For example: 1) Incomprehensible spiritual anxiety got in the way him to read and concentrate. (A. Chekhov); 2) Let's go pop around the market to see some goods (A. Pushkin); Travelers settled down rest and feed the horses by the stream (A. Chekhov).
Compound nominal predicate
Compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of linking verb(auxiliary part of the predicate expressing the grammatical meaning of tense and mood) and noun part(the main part of the predicate, expressing its lexical meaning): And incorruptible voice my there was an echo Russian people (A. Pushkin).
Types of ligaments
A compound nominal predicate can use three type of ligaments.
1) The most commonly used verb is bunch be in the form of one of the moods: was, will be, would be, let it be etc.. This bunch has no lexical meaning and serves only to express the grammatical meaning of tense and mood, which is why it is called abstract(or unimportant) bunch : May it be good for them you have, and the heart will be smart(S. Marshak).
Bunch be must be distinguished from a significant verb be, which performs the function of a simple verbal predicate and has three main meanings: 1) “to be present, to be”; 2) “to exist, to exist”; 3) “happen, happen.”
Wed: Oti [fire] was (= was) a mile from us (M. Gorky); She and Dymov had money(= had) very little, barely enough... (A. Chekhov); Howled (= happened) benefit performance of the tragic Fenogenov (A. Chekhov) And In a word, he was not in a good mood and moped (A. Chekhov).
2) Less commonly used ligaments with a more specific, albeit weakened, meaning: seem, become, become, become, remain, appear, be considered, be called, look, appear etc. Such ligaments are called semi significant. For example: Red and gold there seemed to be fire everywhere under the trees (I. Bunin); Dog friendship reputed to be an example om since ancient times (I. Krylov); Character he also changed: became heavy, irritable(A. Chekhov); In a dream it's round face ... looked very young (Yu. Kazakov).
Full verbs in functions bundles, i.e. a significant verb that can be combined with a nominal part (most often these are verbs of movement, position in space and some others). Such ligaments are called significant: he left reassured, sat quietly, parted as friends, grows up healthy
For example: Onegin lived as an anchorite*(A. Pushkin); We broke up big friends(A. Pushkin); I born tumbleweed... (I. Turgenev); I_ returned to Zurin sad And silent(A. Pushkin).
Use of the concept ligaments in relation to the significant verb it is somewhat conditional. It is based on the fact that the significant verb plays the role of expressing the meanings of mood and tense. In addition, the nominal part in a predicate with a significant verb is often communicatively more significant, and the role of the verbal component is to one degree or another weakened: sits upset.
In the role bundles stable combinations can also be used: Newborn was born (= was born) healthy(K. Fedin).
Ways to Express the Nominal Part
* Anchorite - a hermit; living in solitude.
| At the first attempt, she will be made to feel that she is nothing (N. Dobrolyubov); So who am I really? (V. Korolenko); The Count was everything to her (N. Karamzin). |
| My childhood curiosity was greatly hurt (I. Turgenev); My affairs are upset (I. Turgenev); And now I am tormented by a new desire for me... (A. Pushkin); Now he[garden] stood flaccid, chilled (K. Paustovsky). |
| the answer to the doctor’s gloomy mood was obvious (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); ...The overcoat was perfect and just fit (N. Gogol); How inopportune this memory was! (A. Chekhov) |
| She seemed like a girl, a stranger in her own family (A. Pushkin); He was a thinking and observant person (K. Paustovsky); The doctor's apartment was the talk of the town (D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak). |
| Be in love - means to fight and win (M. Gorky). |
Question about a complex predicate
The auxiliary part of a compound verbal and compound nominal predicate can sometimes include additional components. For example: 1) I_ shouldn't dare speak about this (I. Turgenev).- The auxiliary part of the predicate includes three components: a short adjective must(with modal meaning), verb dare(also with modal meaning) and zero link, which expresses grammatical meaning (the meaning of reality and present tense); the main part of the predicate is expressed by the infinitive speak therefore, the predicate in this sentence is a compound verb, but with a complicated auxiliary part. 2) You have no right to continue to insist in your own opinion... (V. Veresaev)- The auxiliary part of the predicate includes two components: stable turnover you have no right with a modal meaning (you can’t) and a phase verb continue; the main part is expressed by the infinitive insist - predicate compound verb. 3) Human anywhere must remain human(D. Granin).- The auxiliary part includes three components: a short adjective must(with modal meaning), semi-nominal copula stay and zero copula be, expressing the grammatical meaning of the real present; the main part is expressed by a noun (by a person) predicate compound noun. 4) Most of all he I was afraid to seem funny(D. Granin).- The auxiliary part includes two components: a verb of emotional attitude was afraid and semi-significant connection appear; the main part is expressed by an adjective funny, predicate compound noun.
Thus, complication composite predicate affects only the auxiliary part and does not affect the main part, and the type of predicate (verbal or nominal) is always determined by the main part.
Sentence member- syntactic function of words and phrases in sentences.
Main members of the proposal:
Subject- this is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the bearer of a sign (action, state, property), called the predicate. The subject can be expressed by the nominative case of the name, pronoun, or infinitive. Answers the question Who? What?:
Factory works. I I'm doing. Friend sings. Seven one is not expected. Smoking harmful.
Predicate- this is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting a feature (action, state, property) attributed to the carrier, which is expressed by the subject. The predicate is expressed by the conjugated form of the verb, infinitive, noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, phrase. Answers the questions what does (did, will do)? Which?:
He is reading. Live - means to fight. Sister engineer. Son tall. Weather hot. She warmer, than yesterday. This book my. This lesson second. Study Interesting. Studies plays a big role.
Secondary members of the sentence:
Definition- this is a minor member of the sentence that answers questions Which? whose? which? Definitions are divided into:
agreed definitions. They agree with the defined member in the form (case, number and gender in the singular), are expressed by adjectives, participles, ordinal numbers, pronouns:
Large trees grow near paternal house. IN our no class lagging behind students. He decides this task second hour.
inconsistent definitions. Does not agree with the defined member in the form. Expressed by nouns in indirect cases, comparative degree of adjectives, adverbs, infinitive:
The leaves rustled birch trees. He liked the evenings at grandma's house. Choose fabric more fun with a picture. They gave me eggs for breakfast soft-boiled. They were united by desire see you.
Application- this is a definition (usually agreed) expressed by a noun (one or with dependent words): city- hero, students- Uzbeks; We met Arkhip- blacksmith. The doctor appeared small man. Applications expressed by nicknames, conventional names, placed in quotation marks or attached using words do not agree in form with the defined word by name, by last name:
In the newspaper "Arguments and Facts" interesting report. He reads about Richard Lion Heart. I went hunting with a husky named Bonya.
Addition- this is a minor member of the sentence, answering questions of indirect cases ( whom? what? to whom? what? What? by whom? how? about whom? about what?). Expressed by nouns, pronouns in indirect cases or noun phrases:
Father developed he has an interest in sports. Mother sent brothers and sisters for milk.
Circumstance- this is a minor member of a sentence, expressing a characteristic of an action, state, property and answering questions How? how? Where? Where? where? Why? For what? and so on. Expressed by adverbs, nouns in indirect cases, gerunds, infinitives, phraseological units:
It's loud in the distance the woodpecker knocked. The song sounds everything is quieter. She said smiling. He left from Moscow to Kyiv.
Homogeneous members of the sentence- these are the main or minor members of the sentence, performing the same syntactic function (i.e., being the same members of the sentence: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances), answering the same question and pronounced with the intonation of an enumeration:
All the way neither he nor I didn't talk. We sang and danced. Cheerful, joyful, happy laughter filled the room. She long, confused, but joyfully shook his hand. Homogeneous definitions must be distinguished from heterogeneous ones, which characterize the subject from different sides: in this case, there is no intonation of enumeration and it is impossible to insert coordinating conjunctions: Buried in the ground round hewn oak pillar.
Introductory words and sentences- words and sentences equivalent to a word, which occupy an independent position in a sentence, express different aspects of the speaker’s attitude to the subject of speech:
certainly, probably, apparently, of course, or rather, more precisely, roughly speaking, in one word, for example, by the way, imagine, I think, as they say, it would seem, if I’m not mistaken, you can imagine and so on.
Plug-in structures- words, phrases and sentences containing additional comments, clarifications, amendments and clarifications; Unlike introductory words and sentences, they do not contain an indication of the source of the message and the speaker’s attitude towards it. The sentences are usually highlighted with parentheses or dashes:
On a hot summer morning (this was at the beginning of July) we went for berries. Soldiers - there were three of them - They ate without paying attention to me. I did not understand (now I understand) how cruel I was to her.
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