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Features of pronunciation of foreign words.

Introduction

Pronunciation and stress standards

1 The concept of norm

2 Stress rate

4 Pronunciation of unstressed vowels

5 Pronunciation of consonants

Foreign words and expressions

Mastering foreign language vocabulary

2 Pronunciation of borrowed words

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Correctness of speech is one of the problems that interested scientists different generations. This problem becomes especially acute in times of transition for society, when social problems push cultural ones into the background. In times of stability public opinion, prestige of education, desire for high level personal culture are the factors that inhibit the clogging process literary language non-literary units. In unstable eras there is simply no time to pay attention to these issues. A kind of censorship still exists at the level of the media, diplomacy, office work, and science, but it is not so strict.

The state of the language today resembles the situation in the first decades of the 20th century, a time when a whole stream of non-normative elements “poured” into literary speech. It was in the first decades of the 20th century that active work began on studying language norms and compiling dictionaries. During this period, G.O. wrote about the correctness and richness of speech. Vinokur, V.V. Vinogradov, K.S. Skvortsov, S.I. Ozhegov and other linguists.

As a means of communication, language serves all spheres of socio-political, official business, scientific and cultural life. Every thought is conveyed by language, which serves as a form for every possible content. We comprehend a thought already formalized by linguistic means.

The question of how to approach the study and scientific description of language requires certain philosophical and methodological prerequisites for understanding the nature and role of language among the phenomena of reality.

We all recognize that language is “the most important means of human communication”, that all people who form any group need it.

Language is not an ideology, but a special kind of tool, which has not a design, like any material tool, say, an ax or a plow, but a structure and systemic organization, then for all speakers the first task is to practically master this tool in its given state .

In any language, the main element is speech. Speech, as you know, consists of words and phrases, individual sentences. Many words in Russian are borrowed from other languages. Their knowledge is necessary, since Everyday life we encounter them all the time. These are words that relate to both the everyday sphere and the sphere public life, and to individual special branches and areas, but more or less known not only to specialists, but also to a wide range of Russian language speakers. These words and knowledge of them, therefore, are an indicator of general culture and education.

Knowledge of words is multifaceted. This is knowledge of what it means, and in what areas it is found, and how it is more appropriate to use it, and, finally, knowledge of where the word was taken from, how it arose in the language, from what language and when it was borrowed, the relevance of the topic.

Therefore, the purpose of the work is to consider the problem of using foreign words in the Russian language.

The objectives of the work are

consider pronunciation and stress standards

identify the basic rules of literary pronunciation

consider foreign words and expressions

identify the reasons for lexical borrowing

master foreign language vocabulary

consider the origins of borrowed words in the Russian language, where and how foreign words are used in modern Russian.

1. Norms of pronunciation and stress

1 The concept of norm

Linguistic norms (standards of literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is a pattern of uniform, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as:

compliance with the structure of the language;

massive and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speakers;

public approval and recognition.

Linguistic norms were not invented by philologists; they reflect a certain stage in the development of the literary language of the entire people. Language norms cannot be introduced or abolished by decree; they cannot be reformed administratively. The activity of linguists who study language norms is different - they identify, describe and codify language norms, as well as explain and promote them.

The main sources of language norms include:

works of classical writers;

works of modern writers who continue classical traditions;

media publications;

common modern usage;

linguistic research data.

Characteristics language norms are:

relative stability;

prevalence;

common use;

universal obligatory;

conformity with usage, custom and possibilities language system.

Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to perform one of essential functions- cultural.

A speech norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of the language system, selected and consolidated in the process of public communication.

The normalization of speech is its compliance with the literary and linguistic ideal. This property of the norm was noted by Professor A.M. Peshkovsky, who wrote: “The existence of a linguistic ideal among speakers is the main distinguishing feature of a literary adverb from the very first moment of its emergence, a feature that largely creates this very adverb and supports it throughout the entire period of its existence” (Peshkovsky A.M. Objective and normative point of view on language // Selected works. M.: Uchpedgiz, 1959. P. 54). Professor S.I. Ozhegov emphasized the social side of the concept of norm, which consists of a selection of available linguistic elements, formed again and extracted from the passive stock. S.I. Ozhegov drew attention to the fact that norms are supported by social and speech practice ( fiction, stage speech, radio broadcasting). In the 60-80s. XX century literary works and radio broadcasts could indeed serve as models of normative usage. Today the situation has changed. Not every literary work and not every radio and television broadcast can serve as an example of the normative use of language. The scope of strict adherence to language norms has narrowed significantly; only some programs and periodicals can be used as examples of literary normed speech.

Professor B.N. Golovin defined a norm as a functional property of language signs: “A norm is a property of the functioning structure of a language, created by the community using it due to the constant need for better mutual understanding.”

2 Stress rate

Word stress is a mandatory feature of a word. The word is recognized only with a certain emphasis.

Stress in Russian is free. It can be on any syllable of the word. Within the same word, stress can move from one syllable to another, for example: understand, understood, understood.

In many cases, verbal stress serves as a sign by which the meanings of words differ, for example: a"tlas and atl"as, "zamok" and "zamo"k, mu"ka and flour."

The diversity of stress in the Russian language makes it possible to distinguish between the grammatical forms of both the same word and two different words, for example: walls and walls, hands and arms, shelves and shelves, stands and stands, etc.

In some words of the Russian language, the stress is placed on one or another syllable. Both options are correct, for example: cottage cheese and cottage cheese, otherwise and otherwise, thinking and thought, keta and keta, simultaneously and at the same time.

The verbal stress of nouns is especially varied and therefore very difficult to study. The words dogovor and dogovor, which many pronounce as agreement and verdict, cause a lot of controversy. Contract and sentence should be pronounced correctly, like conversation and agreement. Sometimes the emphasis changes the meaning of the word: conscription (conscription age) and conscription (conscription cry), petty" and (product) , petty (person).

There are cases when the emphasis changes over time: for example, under Pushkin they spoke muzyka, not muzyka. Let us remember: The battle muse thunders.

This is explained by the origin of the word music from the French. music with emphasis on the last syllable. As soon as this word “Russified”, it lost its French accent.

Many foreign words are still pronounced in colloquial speech with the wrong accent. For example, kvartal, a "tlet, pro" cent, pa "rter, a" per, zha "lyuzi, medica" menty, ko "klyush" can be heard in speech instead of the correct quart "l, atle" t, percent "nt , desk, ampere, blinds, medications, whooping cough.

It can be assumed that all the given words are of foreign origin, and therefore their correct pronunciation is explained by ignorance foreign language. But why is erroneous stress so common in native Russian words? They often say: means" (instead of means), beets" (instead of beets), carpenter (instead of carpenter), dancer (instead of dancer), "start (instead of beginning), closely" (instead of those "sno), etc.

They often say kilometer incorrectly, but no one says kilogram, although in speech practice the abbreviation kilo is found. Here the “French” manner of pronunciation (emphasis on the last syllable) is quite appropriate, since the metric system was first introduced in France.

Based on the place of stress, nouns can be divided into three groups:

Words in which the stress is placed on a specific vowel of the stem and does not change its place in any case form.

For example, if in the nominative case the singular sounds lektor, -a, -om, -e; plural: lektor, -ov, -ami, ah, it is not recommended to pronounce lektor, lektoro"v.

The same constant emphasis on the root in all indirect cases will be in the words agreement "r, quart"l, sozy"v, means.

Incorrect contract forms", to 1dialects, “convocation, means” inexorably wander from one speech to another, appropriately characterizing the culture of speech of the speaker.

Words in which the accent is placed in all cases at the ending. If in them and wine In cases the ending is zero (table, ruble, ruble, tongue), then the stressed ending has the forms of indirect cases stol', stol'v, ruble', ruble'y, language', language'v.

Words where the place of stress in the singular and plural forms is different. In such words, the emphasis moves from the base in the singular to the ending in the plural: o "krug - o "krug, plural. h. okrug" - okrugo "in, but "vost - but vosti, plural. h. but" vost - povoete "th; and vice versa, the emphasis moves from the singular ending to the plural stem: environment" - environment", plural of environment - environment, about environment.

In adjectives, difficulty is usually caused by the position of stress in short forms. If it doesn’t occur to anyone to say right instead of right, then you are wrong, instead of You are wrong, you are heard all the time.

You should remember several patterns of stress placement in short forms of adjectives.

Firstly, short adjectives usually have the same accents as the full ones: overloaded - overloaded, overloaded wife, overloaded, and therefore when they say “the agenda is overloaded,” it sounds illiterate.

The second pattern is that a number of widely used short forms of adjectives in the masculine and neuter gender have the same ending as the full form (based on), and in the feminine gender the emphasis moves to the ending: close "close close close" - close - close; important - important - important, important - important.

If the stress is the same in the short form of feminine and neuter adjectives, then the plural will have the same stress: god"ty - god"t - god"ta - god"then - god"you; useful - useful - field"know - useful - useful.

If the stress in the feminine and neuter gender is different, then the stress in the plural form coincides with the stress in the neuter form: angry - angry - angry - angry - angry; free - free - free" - in "linen - flax" and extras. are free."

Verb stress difficulties are mainly associated with past and future tense forms, as well as with participles. In the forms of the present tense and simple future, one of the most popular is the verb to call. Despite the relatively wide use of zvonit. zvozvonit forms in speech, all orthoepic dictionaries as literary norm indicate the emphasis call"t, call"t.

Past tense forms female The most common verbs differ in that in them the stress falls on the ending, while in the masculine and neuter gender, as well as in the plural, the stress is on the stem. These verbs (there are about 280 in total), as well as derivatives with prefixes, should be remembered; in difficult cases, check yourself in dictionaries: take - took, took", bra"lo, bra"li; be - was, was", was"lo , were; take - took, took", took, took" whether: drive - drove, oppressed, persecuted, persecuted, etc.

Prefixed verbs behave the same way: get "to get" - got "l, got", got "lo, got"; climb - climbed, climbed, climbed, climbed, climbed, etc.

The emphasis in the forms of the “favorite” parliamentary verbs begin and accept is placed as follows: begin - began, began, began, began; accept - accepted, accepted, with “I didn’t understand, I accepted.”

For the remaining verbs, the stress in various forms of the past tense is unified: know - knew, knew, knew, knew.

In participles, as in adjectives, stress in short forms can cause difficulty. Here you need to remember next rule: if in full form the emphasis falls on the suffix (-onn-/-enn-), then the same is the emphasis in the short form of the masculine gender. In the feminine and neuter gender and in the plural, the emphasis moves to the ending: introduced - introduced, entered", entered", entered"; blocked - blocked, blocked", blocked", blocked".

In others short participles the emphasis can fall on both the base and the ending: na"chatnyy - na"chat, started", na"started, na"chat; accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.

3 Basic rules of literary pronunciation

The term orthoepy (gr. orthos - straight, correct + epos - speech) is used in two meanings:

) a branch of linguistics dealing with the study of standard literary pronunciation

) a set of rules establishing a uniform pronunciation that corresponds to the pronunciation norms accepted in the language,

Russian orthoepy includes rules for the pronunciation of unstressed vowels, voiced and unvoiced consonants, hard and soft consonants, combinations of consonants, rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical forms, features of the pronunciation of words of foreign origin, sometimes included in orthoepy are issues of stress and intonation that have important for oral speech, are the object of consideration of orthoepy, since they do not directly relate to pronunciation. Stress relates to phonetics (serves to highlight a syllable in a word), to vocabulary (being a sign of a given word) or to grammar (being a sign of a given grammatical form).

The most important features of Russian literary pronunciation developed in the first half of the 18th century. based spoken language city of Moscow. By this time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrow dialectal features and combined the pronunciation features of the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and were adopted there on the basis of local dialect features. This is how pronunciation features were formed that were not characteristic of the Moscow orthoepic norm (pronunciation features were most clearly expressed in St. Petersburg - cultural center and the capital of Russia in the 18th-19th centuries).

The pronunciation system of the modern Russian literary language in its basic and defining features does not differ from the pronunciation system of the pre-October era. The differences between one and the other are of a particular nature (certain features of pronunciation vernacular have disappeared, in a number of cases there has been a convergence of pronunciation with spelling, and new pronunciation variants have appeared). Although there is no complete unification of literary pronunciation, in general, modern spelling norms represent a consistent system that is developing and improving. In the formation of literary pronunciation, theater, radio broadcasting, television, and sound films play a huge role, which serve as a powerful means of disseminating orthoepic norms and maintaining their unity.

1.4 Pronunciation of unstressed vowels

In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo reduction - qualitative and quantitative changes as a result of weakening of articulation. Qualitative reduction is a change in the sound of a vowel with the loss of some features of its timbre, and quantitative reduction is a decrease in its length and strength.

The vowels located in the first pre-stressed syllable are reduced to a lesser extent, and the vowels of other unstressed syllables are reduced to a greater extent.

In the first pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letters a and o, the sound [A] is pronounced - “lid”. It differs from the struck [a] in its shorter duration and more posterior formation: tr[A]va" , from[A]sleep."

In the remaining unstressed syllables, in place of the letters a and o, a short sound is pronounced, middle between [s] and [a], denoted in transcription by the sign [ъ]: tr[ъ]vyano"y, z[ъ]loto"y, school[ ъ], you "з[ъ]в. At the beginning, unstressed words [a] and [o] are pronounced as [a]: [a]zo"t, [a]blada"t.

After hard hissing [zh] and [sh], the vowel [a] in the first pre-stressed syllable is pronounced as [a]: zh[a]rgo"n, sh[a]ga"t. But before soft consonants, a sound is pronounced, intermediate between [s] and [e]: zh[y"]le"t, losh[y"]de"y.

After soft consonants in a nervous pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letters, a sound is pronounced, intermediate between [i] and [e]: v[i"]sna", h[i"]sy".

In the remaining unstressed syllables, in place of the letters e and i, a very short [i] is pronounced, in transcription indicated by the sign [b]: v[b]lika"n, you"n[b]sti, p[b]tacho"k, you "t[t]ut.

In place of the combinations of letters aa, ao, oo, the vowels [aa] are pronounced in the pre-stressed syllables: z[aЇ]sfaltirovat, z[aЇ]dno", p"a]nglish", v[aЇ]brozi"t.

1.5 Pronunciation of consonants

At the end of words and in their middle, before voiceless consonants, voiced consonants are deafened: yastre[p], razbe[k], zap[t], baga[sh].

In place of voiceless consonants before voiced ones, except for [v], the corresponding voiced ones are pronounced: [h]run, o[d]throw, v[g]hall.

In a number of cases, so-called assimilative mitigation is observed, i.e. Consonants preceding soft consonants are pronounced softly. This applies primarily to combinations of dental [z"d"]es, gvo[z"d"]i, e[s"l"]i, ka[z"n"], ku(z"n"]ets , pe[n"s"]iya. There are two variants of pronunciation [z"l"]it and [zl"]it, po[s"l"]e and after [sled"]e.

Double pronunciation is observed in combinations with labial consonants: [d"v"]er and [dv"]er, [z"v"]er and [zv"]er. Overall, regressive assimilation by softness into the present time is running on the decline.

Double consonants are a long consonant sound, usually when the stress falls on the preceding syllable: gru[пЇ]а, ma"[с]а, progra"[м]а. If the stress falls on the subsequent syllable, then double consonants are pronounced without longitudes: a[k]o"rd, ba[s]e"yn, gr[m]a"tika.

It is known that there is no language that would be completely free from foreign influences, since not a single people in the modern world lives completely isolated.

Due to the long-term economic, political, cultural, military and other ties of the Russian people with others, quite a significant amount of foreign words, which have varying degrees of assimilation and an unlimited or limited scope of use. In the Russian lexicological tradition there are:

words that have long been learned and used on a par with Russian words (chair, lamp, school, sofa, picture, iron, veil, jazz, student, broadcast, antibiotic, technical school, etc.);

words that are not understandable to everyone, but are necessary, since they denote concepts of science, technology, culture, etc. (briefing, annihilation, pleonasm, phoneme, morpheme, disavow, nuclides, preventive, agnosticism, etc.);

words that can be replaced by native Russian ones without any damage to the meaning and expressiveness of the statement (shocking, shocking, apologist, accentuating, visual, etc.).

In accordance with this, borrowed words are perceived, on the one hand, as a natural result of communication between peoples, and on the other, as a corruption of the language; on the one hand, it is impossible to do without borrowings, and on the other (when there are too many of them and they belong to the third group in the indicated classification) - foreign words and expressions become the ballast that the language must get rid of. “Authority of use”, expediency, situational necessity can determine the attitude towards someone else’s word and protect the native language from “negligence”, from “indecency”, as M.V. Lomonosov unnecessary, thoughtless borrowings. The use of borrowed - foreign, foreign - words should be determined by socio-linguistic need and expediency."

As is known, among borrowings (in the broad sense) words stand out, with the help of which a description of foreign countries, foreign life and customs is given; they represent a kind of “local signs” and are called exoticisms (from the Greek exotikos - alien, foreign, unusual: exo - outside, outside). The semantic and stylistic function of exoticisms is that they allow you to create a “presence effect” and localize the description. Exoticisms are easily distributed among the so-called “national series” (English, French, Spanish, etc.).

Close to exoticism are barbarisms (Greek Barbarismos - foreign language, foreign) - truly foreign words and expressions interspersed in the Russian text, not fully mastered or not mastered at all due to phonetic and grammatical features. They, as a rule, are used in forms that do not exist in the Russian language and are often conveyed by means of the source language: avenue, dandy, monsieur, frau, tete - a - tete (French - face to face), cito (Latin - urgently) , ultima ratio (Latin - vicious circle).

Foreign language inclusions and exoticisms, unlike borrowed words (in the narrow sense), do not lose anything or almost nothing of the features inherent in them as units of the language to which they owe their origin. They do not belong, like borrowings, to the system of the language that uses them; they do not function in it as units more or less firmly connected with the lexical and grammatical structure of this language.

Barbarisms, like exoticisms, perform various functions: they call something that has no name in Russian; serve as a means of speech characterization of characters; with their help, the “effect of presence” is achieved, etc. Moreover, they usually give the text a humorous, ironic or satirical tone.

Foreign words used in the Russian language play a certain stylistic role, which determines the frequency of their use in various functional styles. It has been established that most foreign words in scientific style(this is, first of all, terminology), much less in journalistic, even less in official business and artistic. Scientists, cultural figures, and writers have repeatedly emphasized the idea that only necessity can make it expedient to use borrowed words. So, V.G. Belinsky wrote: “Of necessity, many foreign words entered the Russian language, because many foreign concepts and ideas entered Russian life,” while emphasizing: “... the desire to dazzle Russian speech in foreign words without need, without sufficient reason, contrary to common sense and common taste.”

The ideas of cleansing the Russian literary language from unnecessary borrowings, using foreign words in strict accordance with their meaning, and reasonable preference for non-Russian book words of their commonly used equivalents remain relevant today. Unjustified introduction of foreign language elements into speech clogs it, and their use without taking into account semantics leads to inaccuracy.

Nowadays, it has become common to use the words office, PR, inauguration, manager, supermarket, buffet table, privatization, image, lobby, mentality, marketing, management, etc. This is borrowed vocabulary. Linguists call borrowing the process of moving various elements from one language to another. Various elements are understood as units of all levels of language structure - vocabulary, morphology, syntax, phonology. The most common word borrowing is lexical borrowing, which is the first stage of foreign language influence. It is quite interesting to consider the process of borrowing foreign language vocabulary and its assimilation into the Russian language.

2 Reasons for lexical borrowing

Language borrowing is a natural process in the Russian language. It is due to linguistic and extra-linguistic reasons. Let's look at some of them.

Extra-linguistic reasons for borrowing words from other languages include political, economic, industrial and cultural ties between native peoples. All changes, intensification or weakening of connections with other countries are reflected, first of all, in the process of lexical borrowing, since vocabulary is the area of the language that is most susceptible to external influences.

Linguists have noted that linguistic borrowing is primarily caused by cultural borrowing. The most typical form of such influence is the borrowing of a name together with the borrowing of a thing or concept. Every language has a significant group of words borrowed in this way.

Parallel names to those already present in it can penetrate into the borrowing language, and thus “doublet” synonyms appear, for example: office - office, maintenance - service, amenities - comfort, snapshot - frame, pilot - pilot, etc. Distinction and degree The usage of such words is determined by their semantics and stylistic coloring (affiliation).

Borrowing from source languages is also determined by the political role of the country and language. Remember how 15-20 years ago we were proud of the spread of the Russian language to many countries in Europe and Asia; were proud of the constant updating of vocabulary through the formation of Russian words proper, which named new, relevant phenomena, for example, with the root cosmos: cosmovision, cosmophysics, etc. Nowadays, many Americanisms fill the speech, which are, one might say, international vocabulary, since they are common in many languages : bestseller, comic book, booklet, image, design, business, test, rating, etc.

The reasons for borrowing are also linguistic factors: the importance or need to clarify the meaning or detail the corresponding concept, to distinguish between some semantic shades of an original word already existing in the language. Compare Russian jam and English jam (“thick jam”); Russian presentation and Latin presentation (“public official presentation of something new”); Russian story and French reports: (“operational reporting in the media about the events that took place”).

3 Borrowings from individual languages

The borrowing process reflects all the political, trade, cultural, and military ties of the Russian people with other states. Thus, at the end of the 10th century, after the adoption of Christianity, Old Slavonicisms, such as grace, virtue, universe, priest, power, disaster, cross, etc., became widespread in Rus'. Borrowings from related Slavic languages were later.

The Russian vocabulary also included non-Slavic borrowings, in particular Greek, Latin, Turkic, and Western European. Borrowings from the Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Norwegian, Danish) belong to the ancient period: anchor, plis, pud, herring, chest, dream. The appearance of these words is determined by early trade relations.

Borrowings from Greek language made a tangible contribution to the formation of the vocabulary of the Russian language; they were significant from the 9th to the 11th centuries. These are words from the field of religion: angel, bishop, lamp, icon, monk, etc.; scientific terms, terms of art: method, synthesis, analysis, mathematics, philosophy, drama, comedy, epic, architect, etc.

Borrowings from Latin language enriched the Russian language in the field of scientific, technical, social and political terminology: vacuum, perpendicular, professor, publication, rector, dean, dictatorship, referendum, revolution, memorandum. Latinisms entered our language through Polish, French languages from the 16th to the 18th centuries

Most of the words from the Turkic languages entered the Russian language during the Tatar invasion (XIII-XIV centuries), some penetrated as a result of early trade relations. There are many words from military, commercial and everyday speech: holster, quiver, flail, treasury, money, watermelon, hearth, raisin, arshin, robe, bazaar, stocking, shoe, chest, etc.

Borrowings from Western European languages were especially active and numerous: German, English, Dutch, French, Italian, Spanish. They date back to the 17th-18th centuries, starting with the reforms of Peter I. From German language trade, military, and everyday vocabulary was borrowed, as well as words from the field of science and art: ramrod, headquarters, bayonet, front, soldier, corporal; plane, chisel, barber, paramedic, handicraftsman, waffle; easel, grandmaster, landscape, etc. Some nautical terms are Dutch: pennant, harbor, sailor, pilot, shipyard, fleet, flag. From English they also entered Russian maritime terms: midshipman, yacht, trawler, tanker, cutter, brig; words related to the development of public life, technology, sports: rally, boycott, leader, trolleybus, tram, pioneer, interview, stand, pamphlet, motel, rally, design, football, basketball, hockey, sports, forward, goalkeeper. (4, p.55)

French vocabulary in the Russian language is diverse: words related to art (poster, director, actor, ballet, play, entertainer, genre, variety show, contrarian); military vocabulary (attack, dugout:, arsenal, battalion, patrol, deserter, rearguard); names of food products (stew, puree, cutlet, lemonade, salad), clothing (coat, jacket, vest, overcoat, suit, overalls). Most words of Italian origin represent musical terminology: aria, arioso, allegro, arpeggio, fugue, tenor, cello, libretto, andante, cappella, sonata.

Nowadays, when socio-political, scientific, and economic relations between countries have acquired great importance, when Russia is actively entering the civilized Western world, words are also borrowed from source languages to denote the corresponding phenomena. Thus, manager, test, rating, display, tomograph, broker, office, parliament, concern, speaker, college are borrowed from English; alternative, regulation, action - from French; quota, dividends, conversion, privatization, convertible, commerce, corporation, pluralism - from Latin, they are in international terms.

The source of the formation of terms denoting special legal concepts was Roman law. Most Roman legal terms have survived to this day, becoming the property of many modern legal systems. In legal practice, the Latin terms alibi, decree, tort, lawyer, quorum, contract, mandate, jurisprudence, justice, etc. are widely used.

3. Mastering foreign language vocabulary

1 Mastering foreign language vocabulary

Many foreign words, entering the Russian language, remain exoticisms, i.e. in their meaning they have something non-Russian, reminiscent of their foreign origin, such as toga, Reichstag, franc, Knesset, sari, etc. These words are used in the speech of well-read people to describe national characteristics, to create a national flavor. In order for a foreign word to become a borrowed word, it must go through a process of acquisition.

Foreign words are mastered primarily lexically, i.e. the word should name a phenomenon or object characteristic of our Russian reality. Thus, the words corruption (Latin), mafia (Italian), stock (French), businessman (English), commerce (Latin), drugs (Greek), drug addict (Greek), inflation have long been known to the Russian language (Latin), beau monde (French), rating (English), conversion (Latin), privatization (French), impeachment (English), inauguration (English) were exoticisms and more recently began to designate phenomena of Russian life . Several years ago, the English word racketeering, French casinos, privatization, voucher, along with the phenomena they denote, burst into our speech. Certain borrowed words in the Russian language acquire a new connotation of meaning: boutique (French) - “shop, small store”; in Russian - “shop fashionable clothes"; hospice (English) - “shelter, almshouse”; in Russian - “an expensive hospital for hopeless patients with maximum comfort.”

Some words are formed in Russian by combining borrowed stems, for example: drug business - drug (Greek) + business (English); porn business - porn (Greek) + business.

In addition, each borrowed word is mastered by the Russian language phonetically, graphically and morphologically. Once in the Russian language, foreign words are subject to the rules of Russian pronunciation. In Russian there is no aspirated sound h, and it is replaced either by the sound g or by the sound x: hockey - from hockeyу (English), Heine from Нeine (German). Vowel sounds are conveyed in different ways: meeting (English) - meeting, Automobil (German) - car and many others. Phonetic mastery of a word is not always easy. Remember how the phonetic development of the word racketeers went: there were two options - racketeers, racketeers. Once upon a time, the pronunciation of the word crimplen was also mastered: crimplen - kremplin.

There is also a subordination of foreign words to one or another grammatical category; for example, their grammatical gender may change. In the Russian language, the gender correlation of words is determined by their formal structure: words ending in a consonant are, as a rule, masculine. Therefore, das Parament (German, Wed.), pgaesidium (Latin, Wed.) and the like are acquired in Russian masculine. Words ending in -о, -е, -и, -у refer to indeclinable neuter nouns: cafe (French), muffler (French), casino (French), bungalow (English), soprano (Italian), soldo (Italian), etc. Sometimes the meaning of the word changes: der Maleg (German) - painter, Russian. - painter; maharic (Arabic) - expenses, expenses, Russian. - Magarych; hasard (French) - case, Russian. - passion (passionateness).

3.2 Pronunciation of borrowed words

Combinations [j], [dz].

Words of foreign origin often contain the combination [j], corresponding to the phoneme [ ?] other languages, which is an affricate [z], but pronounced with a voice. In the Russian language, the combination j is pronounced in the same way as the same combination in native Russian words, namely as [ ?and]: [ ?f]eat, [ ?f]emper, [ ?g]igit, [? gentleman.

In isolated cases, the combination [dz] occurs, corresponding to the sound [z]. This sound is a voiced [ts]. Like j, the combination dz in Russian is pronounced in the same way as the corresponding combination in native Russian words, namely: muein.

In certain words of foreign language origin, an aspirated sound [h] is pronounced in place of the letter g, for example, [h]abitus or bra, in which it is possible to pronounce [h] along with [g]. Some foreign proper names can be pronounced with this sound, for example, Heine: .

The sound [o] in unstressed syllables.

Only a few borrowed words retain [o] in the 1st pre-stressed syllable, and even then somewhat weakened: b[o]a, d[o]sie, b[o]rdo. Preserved [o] in some difficult words, for example, in the word communist party.

In the 2nd pre-stressed syllable, in the absence of vowel reduction, it is possible to pronounce [o] in words such as k[o]ns[o]me, m[o]derat[o], b[o]lero.

There are a small number of words in which the vowel [o] is pronounced in place of the letter o in overstressed syllables after consonants and vowels: vet[o], avid[o], cre[o], radi[o], kaka[o], ha[ o]s.

The unstressed vowel is often preserved in foreign proper names: B[o]dler, Z[o]lya, V[o]lter, D[o]lores, R[o]den.

The pronunciation of unstressed [o] has stylistic meaning. When announcing the performance of a composer’s work, it is more appropriate to say Sh[o]pen, but in everyday speech you can also say Shpen.

Consonants before e.

In foreign language non-Russified words, the consonants before e are not softened, as in native Russian ones. This applies, first of all, to dental consonants (except l) - t, d, s, z, n, r.

Hard [t] is pronounced in words such as atheism, atelier, stand, aesthetics. The hard [t] is also preserved in the foreign language prefix inter-: in[te]ryu; as well as in a number of geographical names and other proper names: Ams[te]rdam, Dan[te].

The sound [d] is not softened in the words code, model, modern, etc., as well as in such geographical names like Delhi, Rhodesia and the surnames Descartes, Mendelssohn.

The sounds [z] and [s] are pronounced firmly only in a few words: [s]entence, mor[ze]. Also, hard [z] and [s] are found in given names and surnames, such as Joseph, Seneca.

The sound [n] also remains solid in given names and surnames (Re[ne], [nel]lson). Most words are pronounced with a hard [n], but there are cases when the [n] before e is softened: neolithic, neologism.

But in most words of foreign origin, the consonants are softened in accordance with the norms of Russian literary pronunciation, therefore pronunciation such as pro[fe]ssor, ag[re]ssor, [beret]et, etc. is completely unacceptable.

Conclusion

As a result, it should be said that not only the grammatical and phonetic system of each language is individual. The vocabulary of a language is also individual. This also applies to foreign language vocabulary. Due to the fact that vocabulary does not exist “by itself”, but in the structure of the language, that is, it is subject to the phonetic and grammatical norms of the language, regardless of its origin, individuality lexical systems different languages is due to different ways of developing figurative meanings in each individual language.

Let us say once again that the main function of language is to be a tool of communication for everyone who wants, can and should use it in order to be a member of a given society.

In this work, our goal was to consider the problems of using foreign words in the Russian language. In the process of work, we achieved our goal. Having studied how borrowed words are defined, what their features are, what they are, we gave several definitions to such concepts as foreign language vocabulary, internationalisms and other words.

We got acquainted with the history of the origin of foreign words and their use in the modern Russian language, thereby we solved the tasks assigned to us.

The norm of a literary language is a rather complex phenomenon that changes over time. Changes in the norm are especially noticeable in oral speech, since it is oral speech represents the most mobile layer of the tongue. The result of changing norms is the emergence of options. The variability of pronunciation and stress norms became the subject of this work.

In the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" it is recorded significant number orthoepic variants of words. Some options are equal (for example, barge and barge), in other words, one of the options is the main one (for example, industry and additional obsolete industry). vocabulary language stress pronunciation

The work also discusses issues related to the types of norms, with the characteristics of various norms of the modern Russian literary language. In science, there are types of norms depending on the level of language, as well as norms that are strictly mandatory and not strictly mandatory. The last division is connected precisely with the availability of options.

The work presents issues related to orthoepic (phonetic and accentological) norms. The basic rules for the pronunciation of vowels and consonants are described.

At the end of the work, some words are listed in which variants of pronunciation or stress are allowed (both equal and unequal).

Bibliography

1. Borunova S.N. and others. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. OK. 63,500 words / Ed. R.I. Avanesova. - M., 1983.-P.30-40.

2. Vvedenskaya L.A. and others. Culture and art of speech. - Rostov-on-Don, 1995.- P.12-25.

Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 2003. - P.-448.

Gorbachevich K.S. Variation of the word and language norm. - L., 1978.

Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of modern Russian literary language. - M., 1981.

Dantsev A.A., Nefedova N.V. Russian language and culture of speech. - Rostov-on-Don, 2001. - 320 p.

7. Kozyrev V.A. Chernyak V.D. The Universe in Alphabetical Order: Essays on Russian Dictionaries. - SPb.: Publishing house RPPU im. A.I. Herzen 2000. - 356 p.

8. Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1997.

Krasikov Yu.V. Theory speech errors. - M.: Nauka, 1980.

Culture of Russian speech / Rep. ed. OK. Graudina, E.N. Shiryaev. - M.: NORMA-INFRA, 1998.

Maslov Yu.S. Introduction to linguistics: Tutorial for philologists - M.: Higher School, 1998 - 288p.

On some reasons for the accentological variation of terms / G.A. Ivanova // Russian and comparative philology: state and prospects: International Scientific Conference, dedicated to the 200th anniversary of Kazan University (Kazan, October 4-6, 2004): Proceedings and materials: / Under the general. ed. K.R. Galiullina.- Kazan: Kazan Publishing House. University, 2004.- P.61-62.

13. Reformatsky A.A. Introduction to linguistics. M., 2001.

14. Russian language and speech culture: Textbook. for universities / A.I. Dunev, M.Ya. Dymarsky, A.Yu. Kozhevnikov and others; Ed. V.D. Chernyak. - M.: Higher School, St. Petersburg: Publishing House RGPC im. A.I. Herzen, 2003, - 508 p.

Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telnikova M. Modern Russian language. - M.: Roldo, 2001 - 448 p.

16. Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. - M.: Rolf, 2001. - 368 p.

17. Dictionary of accents of the Russian language: 82500 vocabulary units / Ed. M.A. Studipera. - M.: Rolf, 2000. - 816s.

Skvortsov L.I. Economy of words, or Let's talk about the culture of Russian speech. - M., 1996 - 23 p.

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Many words of foreign origin have been firmly adopted by the Russian literary language, entered the common language and are pronounced in accordance with existing spelling norms. A less significant part of foreign words relating to various fields of science and technology, culture and art, and politics (also foreign proper names) deviate from generally accepted norms when pronounced. In addition, in a number of cases, double pronunciation of foreign words is observed (cf.: s[o]net - s[a]net, b[o]le-ro - b[a]lero, etc.). Pronunciation variants with [o] in such cases characterize the pronunciation as deliberately bookish. This pronunciation does not meet the norms accepted in the literary language.

Deviations from the norms when pronouncing foreign words cover a limited layer of vocabulary and boil down mainly to the following:

1. In unstressed syllables (pre-stressed and post-stressed) in foreign words, the sound [o] is pronounced in place of the letter o: [o]tel, b[o]a, p[o]et, k[o]mmunique, m[o] derat[o], radi[o], ha[o]s, kaka[ï], p[o] etessa; in proper names: B[o]dler, V[o]lter, Z[o]lya, T[o]rez, Zh[o]res, etc.

2. Before e in foreign words, the consonants [t], [d], [z], [s], and [n], [r] are pronounced firmly: hotel, atelier, parterre, metro, interview; model, neckline, code; highway, meringue, morse; muffler, pince-nez; Sorrento; Thorez, Jaurès, also Flaubert, Chopin.

3. In unstressed syllables of foreign words with a hard consonant before [e], the vowel [e] is pronounced in place of the letter e: at[e]lie, at[e]ism, mod[e]lier, etc. In place of the letter e after and in the following foreign words, [e] is pronounced: di[e]ta, pi[e]tizm, pi[e]tet, di[e]z.

4. In place of the letter e at the beginning of the word and after vowels, [e] is pronounced: [e]ko, [e]pos, po[e]t, po[e]tessa, po[e]tic.

Borrowed words, as a rule, obey the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features. The most significant of them is the preservation of the pronunciation of the sound [o] in unstressed syllables and hard consonants before the front vowel [e].
In an unstressed position, the sound [o] is preserved, for example, in words such as m[o]del, m[o]dern, [o]asis, b[o]a, [o]tel, f[o]nema, modernism also in foreign proper names: F[o]ber, V[o]lter, T[o]gliatti, Sh[o]pen, M[o]passan. The same pronunciation [o] is observed in unstressed syllables: kaka [o], for the sake of [o]. However, the majority of borrowed vocabulary, which are words firmly adopted by the Russian literary language, is subject to the general rules of pronunciation [o] and [a] in unstressed syllables: b[a]kal, k[a]suit, canned food, b[a] xer, r[a]yal, pr[a]gress, k[b]binet, f[b]formulate and
DR-
In most borrowed words, the consonants before [e] are softened: ka[t']et, pa[t']ephon, faculty[t']et, [t']theory, [dumoy, [d']espot, [n' ]server, pio[n']er, [s']section, [s']series, mu['z]-ey, newspaper, [r']enta, [r']ector.
The back consonants are always softened before [e]: pa[k'e)t, [k'e]gli, [k'e]ks, ba[g'e]t, [g'e)rtsog, s[x' e]ma. The sound [l] is also usually pronounced softly in this position: [l’e]di, mo[l’e]kula, ba[l’e]t, etc.
However, in a number of words of foreign language origin, the firmness of the consonants before [e] is preserved: sh[te]psel, o[te]l, s[te]id, ko[de]ks, mo[de]l, ka[re], [ de]miurg, [de]mping, kash[ne], e[ne]-rgia, [de]marsh, mor[ze], k[re]do, etc. Moreover, usually in borrowed words they retain firmness before [e] dental consonants [t], [d], [s], [z], [z], [r].
A description of orthoepic norms can be found in the literature on speech culture, in special linguistic studies, for example, in the book by R. I. Avanesov “Russian literary pronunciation”, as well as in explanatory dictionaries Russian literary language.

Features of pronunciation of foreign words

Deviations from the norms when pronouncing foreign words cover a limited layer of vocabulary and boil down mainly to the following:

4. In place of the letter e at the beginning of the word and after vowels, [e] is pronounced: [e]ko, [e]pos, po[e]t, po[e]tessa, po[e]tic.

GRAPHICS AND SPELLING

Russian graphics

Concept of graphics

Writing arose as a means of communication, complementary to oral speech. Writing associated with the use of graphic characters (drawing, sign, letter) is called descriptive writing. Modern writing at different stages of development had different forms and types and related differently to sound language.

Descriptive writing originated in the form of pictography, i.e. letters with drawings. The pictography did not have an alphabet and thus was not associated with spoken language. A relic of pictography in everyday life is, for example, the signs of trade and craft establishments in the form of drawings that have survived here and there. The lack of connection with oral speech allows one to read, for example, a sign-drawing “Boot” in different ways: “Shoemaker”, “Shoemaker lives here”, “Shoe mending”, etc.

At the next stage of development of writing - in ideography - the drawing is preserved, but appears first in a conventional meaning, and then turns into a symbolic sign - a hieroglyph. With this type of writing, the styles convey not the words in their grammatical and phonetic form, but the meanings of the words (cf.: road signs as ideograms: zigzag - “turn”, cross - “crossroads”, exclamation mark - “be careful!” and so on.).

Attempts to simplify ideographic writing led to the emergence of phonography, a specific feature of which is the connection between style and oral speech. With this method of writing, oral speech is analyzed, divided into sounds and sound complexes, designated by means of certain symbolic signs - letters.

A letter that conveys the sound side of a language in conventional forms - letters, is called sound or speech.

Russian writing is sound. However, it contains elements of both pictography and ideography. The pictographic elements of our writing include, for example, mathematical signs (+, -, ×, :, Δ, etc.). Written signs that are used as hieroglyphs include numbers, spaces between words, quotation marks, capital letters after a period and in proper names, a question mark.

The written form of the modern Russian literary language does not simply convey the sound side of the language through letters, but in this transmission is associated with the concept of correctness, the norms of the literary language. In other words, the written form of speech is determined by both the graphic system of the language and the orthographic one.

Graphics represent the equipment used when writing (letters of the alphabet, symbols: arrows, periods, brackets, etc. punctuation marks). Spelling regulates the means of graphics in the written transmission of speech.

Graphics is an applied area of knowledge about language, which establishes the composition of the styles used in writing and the sound meanings of letters.

The graphics of the Russian language and the graphics of the Latin language are different, although they have a significant number of letters that are superficially similar. Externally similar letters in Russian and Latin graphics indicate different sounds. Therefore, words written in Russian are read differently in Latin: the Russian words turnip, syrup, dew can be read in Latin as foam, coupon, bye.

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Features of pronunciation of foreign words.

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