In the basin of which Polish river is the Volga. Volga river

The Volga is a river in the European part of Russia, one of the largest rivers on Earth and the largest in Europe.

Length - 3530 km (before the construction of reservoirs - 3690 km). The basin area is 1360 thousand km².

The Volga originates on the Valdai Hills (at an altitude of 229 m) and flows into the Caspian Sea. The mouth lies 28 m below sea level. The total fall is 256 m. The Volga is the world's largest river of internal flow, that is, not flowing into the world ocean.

The river system of the Volga basin includes 151 thousand watercourses (rivers, streams and temporary watercourses) with a total length of 574 thousand km. The Volga receives about 200 tributaries. The left tributaries are more numerous and have more water than the right ones. After Kamyshin there are no significant tributaries.

The Volga basin occupies about 1/3 of the European territory of Russia and extends from the Valdai and Central Russian Uplands in the west to the Urals in the east. The main feeding part of the Volga drainage area, from the source to the cities Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan, is located in the forest zone, the middle part of the basin to the cities of Samara and Saratov is in the forest steppe zone, the lower part is in the steppe zone to Volgograd, and to the south - in the semi-desert zone. The Volga is usually divided into 3 parts: the upper Volga - from the source to the mouth of the Oka, middle Volga- from the confluence of the Oka to the mouth of the Kama and the lower Volga - from the confluence of the Kama to the mouth.

In terms of fish diversity, the Volga is one of the richest rivers. The Volga River basin and the Caspian Sea are home to 76 species and 47 subspecies of fish... In former times, the Volga and its tributaries provided over 80% of the world's catch of sturgeon and delicious caviar.

The following fish enter the Volga from the Caspian Sea: lamprey, beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, thorn, white fish, anadromous Volga herring or common herring; semi-anadromous: carp, bream, pike perch, roach, etc.

The following fish constantly live in the Volga: sterlet, carp, bream, pike perch, ide, pike, burbot, catfish, perch, ruff, asp.

Beluga is the most legendary fish of the Caspian basin. Its age reaches 100 years, and its weight is 1.5 tons. At the beginning of the century, belugas weighing over a ton lived in the Volga; the weight of caviar in females was up to 15% of the total body weight.

Red fish is the glory of the Astrakhan region. Five species of sturgeon fish live here - Russian sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, beluga, thorn and sterlet. The first four species are anadromous, and sterlet is a freshwater fish. Farms also breed a hybrid of beluga and sterlet - bester.

Herring-like fish are represented by Caspian shad, common sprat and blackback and Volga herring.

From salmon-like fish on site Astrakhan region White fish are found, the only representative of the pike-like species is the pike. Carp fish of the lower Volga include bream, carp, roach, rudd, golden and silver crucian carp, asp, silver bream, gudgeon, grass carp, white and bighead carp.

Perch fish in the Volga they are represented by river perch, ruff, as well as pike perch and bersh. In the stagnant shallow freshwater reservoirs of the lower Volga, the only representative of the stickleback order, the southern stickleback, is found everywhere.

A drainage basin, or catchment area, is a part of the earth’s surface, including the thickness of soil from which a river or river network receives water nutrition. The drainage area genetically determines the quantity and quality of runoff, thereby laying down the basic parameters of natural water resources.

Each river basin has surface and underground watersheds. A surface catchment is an area of ​​the earth's surface from which water flows into a river network. An underground watershed is a part of the soil thickness from which water flows underground into the river network. The surface watershed may not coincide with the underground one.

A river that flows directly into the sea or into a closed lake is called the main one; the rivers flowing into the main one are tributaries of the first order, followed by tributaries of the second order, third, etc. Totality main river with all tributaries forms river system. The ratio of the total length of all rivers of a basin (or other territory) to the area characterizes the density of the river network.

Eight of the world's 50 largest river basins are located in whole or in part on Russian territory: the Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur, Volga, Dnieper, Don, and Ural river basins.
The Ob River has the largest basin area - 2990 thousand km2; the length of the river is 3650 km (from the source of the Katun River - 4338 km, from the source of the Irtysh River - 5410 km).

In the Yenisei River basin (basin area 2,580 thousand km2, river length - 3,487 km; length from the sources of the Small Yenisei River - 4,102 km) there is a unique one, which, together with adjacent territories, including protected areas, is classified as a World Natural Heritage Site.
The area of ​​the Lena River basin is 2490 thousand km2. The river, 4400 km long, originates on the slopes of the Baikal ridge, flows into, forming a large (about 30 thousand km2) delta.

Most of the Amur River basin is located in Russia. The Amur is one of the largest rivers in the Far Eastern region (length 2824 km; from the source of the Argun River - 4440 km; basin area 1855 km2). A serious problem of the river is the intensive development of the right bank of the river by the PRC, due to which the load on the ecosystems of the basin has sharply increased in the last decade. Wasteful use natural resources, with a significant difference between Chinese environmental standards and Russian standards, leads to a change in natural resource potential, in particular, to a deterioration in the condition of valuable species of commercial fish, disruption of seasonal migration routes of ungulates and protected species of waterfowl, and changes in the river fairway as a result of uncontrolled excavation work in water protection zone, its pollution with harmful substances.
Square drainage basin The Volga River - the largest in Europe - is 1360 thousand km2, that is, 62.2% of the European part of Russia, 8% of the area of ​​Russia, almost 13% of the territory of Europe. 2,600 rivers flow directly into the Volga (length 3,530 km), and in total there are more than 150 thousand watercourses more than 10 km long in the basin. Its largest tributaries are the Oka and Kama rivers. The catchment area of ​​small rivers makes up 45% of the total area of ​​the basin.

The Volga is one of the largest rivers in Russia. The area of ​​its basin is 1,361,000 km². The Volga River basin unites about 66.5 thousand different rivers. Since this guide describes the rivers of the Moscow region, we will consider only the following reservoirs:

Rivers Gzhat and Vazuza

The Gzhat River - the right tributary of the Vazuza, which is, in turn, the right tributary of the Volga - originates south of the city Gzhatsk. After Gzhatsk the river flows in a northwest direction and flows into Vazuza at about 50 km above its mouth. Length of the Gzhati River – 110 km.

The Gzhat and Vazuza rivers flow through an almost treeless and flat plain. There are no forests at all along the banks of the Gzhati River; not even everywhere along the bank you can find coastal thickets of willow, which are common for steppe rivers. Only in front of Bolshoi Nikolsky (about 30 km from the mouth) on the bank of the Gzhati there will be a small copse. Parking on the Gzhati River is only possible in the open, not provided with either greenery or firewood. Firewood must be collected along the way and taken with you. There are frequent settlements along the banks, and in many places there are lavas and bridges across the riverbed.

The river bottom is mostly sandy, the banks are dry. There are no dams. The river width is about 10 m near the city of Gzhatsk and about 30 m at the mouth. Depth in summer 20 – 70 cm.

The Vazuza River flows on higher and slightly hilly banks, here and there covered with sparse copses. On the banks of the Vazuza it is possible to find a suitable parking place, easier with fuel for a fire. The river width does not exceed 30 m, it is somewhat narrowed by the banks. The bottom is sandy, sometimes gravelly. Under the spans of the Riga Railway Bridge, there are piles of stone and iron. You need to go by kayak on the left bank. There are no dams on the Vazuza River between the mouth of the Gzhati River and the Volga.

The route along the Gzhati River starts from the city of Gzhatsk of the Belarusian Railway (180 km from Moscow) and ends in the city of Zubtsovo - Riga Railway. The length of the route is about 140 km, of which about 90 km along the Gzhati River and about 50 km along the Vazuza River.

The route can be extended along the Volga from the city of Zubtsovo to the city of Kalinin, that is, go about another 160 km. The Volga in this section is a significant river, its width is up to 90 m near the city of Zubtsov and up to 130 m near the city of Kalinin. However, the depth of the river is not so great and does not exceed 25 cm on the rapids, of which there are nine between the cities of Zubtsov and Kalinin.

The banks of the Volga near Rzhev are high, hilly, gradually descending towards the city of Kalinin.

The banks of the Volga are not very rich in forests; there are many open places, especially in the area of ​​such large settlements, like the cities of Zubtsov, Staritsa, Kalinin. However, copses and even forests in many places frame the blue ribbon of the Volga for a long time, many picturesque and beautiful places, it is not difficult to find a good place for tourist parking.

The bed of the Volga and its banks are mostly gravelly, there are few sandy beaches.

Return from the city of Kalinin by train.

The Darkness River is a left tributary of the Volga, originating in the highlands of the plain stretching north of the city of Rzhev, flows east, and after the city of Vysokoye deviates slightly to the north. For some distance, the Darkness flows parallel to the Volga, north of it, then turns to the southeast and soon merges with the Volga 16 km above the city of Kalinin. The length of the river is 140 km.
Darkness flows through the wooded plain, into the gently undulating banks. The river is picturesque, there are many good and beautiful places for tourist stops.
There are few villages on the banks. The river bottom is clayey in places, sandy in others. The river has little water; by the end of June or the beginning of July, the water drops so much that even a kayak cannot pass through a number of sections. This circumstance limits the tourist value and possibility of the River of Darkness, although it is picturesque and beautiful.
On Darkness, within the possible route, there are 4 dams, the exact location of which is unknown.
The route starts from the city of Vysokoye and ends in the city of Kalinin - 96 km (i.e. 80 km along the Darkness River and 16 km along the Volga).
The route can be extended by walking along the Volga below Kalinin to the city and Novo-Zavidovo station for another 70 km. On this route the Volga is wide (up to 300 m) with big amount sandbanks, a wide meadow floodplain, which is interrupted by forests and copses.
After passing the village of Lisitsy, where the tourist base “Lisitsky Bor” is located, the Volga noticeably expands; there are many sandy islands in the riverbed. The width of the Volga near the village of Vidigovo is 1.5 km, and 2 km near the village of Gorki. There is a lot of forest here on the left bank, a good place for parking.
A little below the village of Sloboda, the Volga forms two branches: one of them, the northwestern one (on the right along the way) leads to the Noginskoye Reservoir, and the second, the southeastern one (the Volga’s own channel) leads to the Volga Reservoir. These arms formed a large island, on western end which has a bay and a forest - a possible parking place. For tourists heading to Novo-Zavidovo, you need to sail along the right branch so that the island remains on the left. This shortens the path. To the west of this branch, the Noginskoye Reservoir begins - its eastern part. The dam (embankment) of the Leningradskoye Highway will be visible on the horizon. You need to go under the bridge.
In front of the second earthen dam, along which the tracks of the Oktyabrskaya Railway (crossing the entire Noginsk Reservoir) are laid, the city of Novo-Zavidovo begins on the right bank. Entering the bay through the railway dam, you can get very close by water to the Novo-Zavidovo railway station.

The upper reaches of the Tvertsa River, after the completion of the construction of the Vyshnevolotsk water system, are connected by canals with the Tsnoi and Msta rivers. The Tvertsa flows first a little to the east at the Osechenka station of the Oktyabrskaya railway, coming very close to the track, it turns south and flows for a long time in this direction. Somewhat south of the city of Torzhok, the Tvertsa River changes its direction to the east and so flows to the city of Kalinin.

Having skirted Kalinin from the north and east, the Tvertsa flows into the Volga within the eastern part of the city. The length of the river is about 200 km. The Tvertsa flows calmly through a wooded plain on relatively high and hilly banks, making wide loops.

On the banks of the river in the upper and middle reaches there is a lot of forest and few populated areas. The banks and bottom are loamy with an admixture of pebbles and crushed stone. There are almost no sandbanks; they appear in some places only below the city of Torzhok. Here and there there are small gravelly rapids.

Significant population of the Tvertsa River and depletion of its banks in forests begins in its lower reaches after the intersection of the Tvertsa with the Leningradskoye Highway (near Mednoye - 37 km to the mouth).

After the second railway bridge, when the river already enters the suburban area of ​​Kalinin (last 10 km) the shores are completely cleared of forest, and settlements follow one after another.

Here on the river you can find local boats serving suburban residents. But this circumstance should not overshadow the tourist - finishing in the area of ​​a large, especially regional city in such conditions is common.

On the Mednoye-Kalinin section, among the coniferous groves, pioneer camps and rest houses were located in many places.

You can start the route from Vyshny Volochok, but the first 10-12 km you will need to walk partially along the canal within the city (you need to enclose one beishlot), then move along a section of the Tvertsa River with very dirty and stagnant water. Therefore, it is better to start the route from the Osechenka station of the Oktyabrskaya railway, from which Tvertsa is no more than 1.5 km. On the river, the village closest to the station is Tverestyanka.

There are several options for kayaking trips along the Tvertsa River.

The full route and two shortened ones, which can be completed during the May Day holidays - 3-4 days.

1. Osechenka station (Tverestyanka village) - Kalinin city - about 175 km.
2. Osechenka station – Torzhok city – 90 km.
3. Torzhok city – Kalinin city – 85 km.

Of the last two shortened routes, the first along the upper and middle reaches of the Tvertsa is more interesting, as it passes through a more picturesque and wooded part of the river.

If you start the route from the city of Vyshny Volochyok, the route lengthens by 20 - 25 km.

To the starting points: the city of Vyshny Volochek, Osechenki station, the city of Torzhok, you should go by train along Oktyabrskaya railway.

It’s quite a distance from the river to the train stations in Torzhok and Kalinin (4-5 km). You have to get there by car.

Rivers Orsha and Soz

These two small rivers are left tributaries of the Volga in the area between Kalinin and the Ivankovskaya dam. The mouths of the Orsha and Soz rivers are significantly removed from each other. The mouth of Orsha is located 2 km below Kalinin, and the mouth of Sozi (after the construction of a dam flowing into the Volga Reservoir) 30 km from the Ivankovskaya dam. These rivers flow from the Orsha lakes: Orsha from Lake Orshino and flows first in a western direction, and Soz from Lake Velikoye and flows to the southeast.

Lake Orshino is not connected by a channel with other lakes of the vast Orsha swamps - Svetly, Shchuchie, Glubokiy and Velikiy, which are connected by channels, but from the Orsha River, from its eastern bend towards Lake Svetly, a drainage canal was dug, named Denisovsky after the name of the village, near which it departs from the Orsha River to the east.

This channel, however, does not reach Lake Svetloye - a cofferdam about 1.5 wide is left km(possibly due to the significant difference in water in the lake and the canal). Thus, having overcome this small portage, you can make the so-called Orsha circumnavigation by kayak. In the proposed route, the city of Kalinin can be taken as the starting point, and the city of Novo-Zavidovo as the final point.

This route involves passing a small section of the Volga from Kalinin to the village of Orshino, overcoming Orsha (up the river) to the village of Denisovo, moving along the Denisovsky Canal to its end, overcoming a portage 1.5 in length km from the canal to the first lake Svetly, passing through all 4 lakes from west to east, exiting the Soz River and descending the river to the Volga Reservoir.

Both in the initial part of the route and in the final part, the following options are possible:

In the initial part of the route, you can exclude moving along the Volga and up the Orsha by getting from Kalinin to Denisov in a random car along a country road.

This option, however, is fraught with difficulties, both in finding a car and in driving along a country road with a length of about 25 km. It is also possible to travel from the village of Denisovo along the Orsha River from the top (down the river), for which you should take a regular bus (usually overcrowded) from the Kalinin station to the village of Slavnoe, located on the Orsha River above the village of Denisovo.

It should be noted that the Orsha River from Slavnoye to Denisovo is shallow and passable only when the water is high (after a flood).

Options for ending the route may be the following:

• having passed the mouth of the Sozi River, kayak along the Volga Reservoir to the Ivankovskaya dam, that is, to the Bolshaya Volga station of the Savelovskaya railway;
• passing the mouth of the Sozi - up the Volga Reservoir to the Novo-Zavidovo station of the Oktyabrskaya Railway;
• walking along the Soz River to the pier (it is located on Sozi above the mouth at 12 - 13 km from the reservoir) take a local boat and take it to the Ivankovskaya dam.

The most difficult part of the route is transferring kayaks over the dam into the old Denisovsky Canal, moving along this canal to its end and portaging through the swampy forest to Lake Svetly. The following should be kept in mind in this area:

• at about 1 km from the village of Denisovo, up the canal there is a narrow-gauge railway bridge. Soon after the bridge there is a comfortable and dry place for overnight parking. You should use it, as further along the path there will be a wetland all the way to Lake Svetloye. The wooded shores of the lake are dry and you can camp there. At about 8 km from the village of Denisovo the old Denisovo Canal begins, connecting with the new one at an acute angle to the left along the way. The junction of the canal is marked by a two-meter-high waterfall (the bed of the old Denisovsky Canal is higher than the new one). This requires dragging kayaks across a dam dividing a canal;
• During the first kilometer of the journey, the old canal runs through a swampy meadow, the bed of the canal itself is heavily overgrown with sedge and bushes (apparently it has not been cleared for a long time), the advancement of kayaks is difficult, oars have to be used as poles. The channel is difficult to see, then when the channel enters the forest, its bed becomes more noticeable. IN summer months, apparently, the canal is drying up;
• when the kayaks along the canal reach the former clearing high voltage line power transmission, where the masts have already been knocked down by time - here it is necessary to switch to dragging. You need to go north, according to the compass. There are many paths in the forest leading to Lake Svetloe, therefore, it is useful to send reconnaissance. Portage through a swampy forest about 1.5 km.

You should move along Lake Svetloye along its eastern shore and carefully follow the channel. It should be in the northeast corner of the lake.

The channel is blocked by an earthen dam, through which a drainage pipe is passed. Therefore, the channel from the side of the lake is poorly visible. Here it is necessary to carry out the dam in order to enter the channel leading to Lake Shchuchye. The channel is good, deep, but the banks are marshy and cross swamps. The shores of Lake Shchuchye are swampy, however, on its northern shore, among the woods, there is a lonely hut. A peat quarry watchman lives here and, in extreme cases, you can spend the night here.

The channel to Lake Glubokoe is located in the northeastern corner of the lake and is easily found.

Lake Glubokoe is connected to Lake Velikiy by two wide channels. We need to move along the southern channel, for which we should stay on the southern shore of Lake Glubokoye. Before entering Lake Velikoye, on the left northern bank of the channel there are good parking areas. There is a village there.

The southern shores of lakes Glubokoye and Velikoye are swampy and open, the northern shores are dry and wooded, and there are settlements there.

You need to sail along Lake Velikoye along the southern shore, since the Soz River comes out of its southeastern corner. Soz is not very simple and easy to detect; it should be looked for among the coastal thickets of sedge and reeds. The Soz River during the first 15 km(to the bridge near the village of Bykovo), it flows strongly winding through the marshy open area. There are no parking places. After the villages of Yamki and Ilyino, the river enters the forests. Almost uninhabited forests stretch to the village of Kharitonovo (for 15 km). The river is winding and beautiful.

There are two earthen, easily passable dams on the Sozi River. In the village of Pervomaisky there is a low bridge, and in 5 km Below there is a pier from where boats go to the Ivankovskaya dam. Already in front of the village of Popovsky, Soz greatly expands.

Length of routes:

Kalinin city – Novo-Zavidovo city – 200 km

of which about 22 are along the Volga km

up Orsha – 45 km

along the Denisovsky Canal - 12 km

along lakes and channels – 24 km

along the Sozi River to the village of Popovsky - 40 km

along the Sozi River to the village of Ustye - 14 km

Total distance to the Volga Reservoir is about – 157 km.

The route can be completed in three ways:

• along the Volga Reservoir to the Ivankovskaya Dam - 30 km
• up the Volga to the city of Novo-Zavidovo – 40 km
• to the city of Konakovo about 15 km

It is also possible to finish the kayak part of the route at the pier on the Sozi River and continue the journey by boat to the Ivankovskaya dam (Bolshaya Volga station of the Savelovskaya railway).

The path from the village of Denisovo to the pier on the Sozi River (85 - 90 km) pass in 4 days.

In the summer months, apparently, the Denisovsky Canal dries up and becomes very shallow. Almost from the village of Denisovo, tourists in kayaks or boats are forced to start a portage, which measures 12-15 km.

Transport: Access to the starting point - the city of Kalinin by electric train from the Leningradsky station.

Departure either by the Savelovskaya railway (from the Bolshaya Volga station) or by the Oktyabrskaya railway from the Konakovo or Novo-Zavidovo stations.

The Medveditsa River is a left tributary of the Volga, it originates northeast of the Spirovo Oktyabrskaya Railway, flows making large bends in a southeast direction to the mouth of its right tributary, the Kulaki.

Here the Bear changes its general direction to the east, makes a large bend to the north and, having accepted the left tributary of the Yakhroma River, sharply turns almost to the south. The Medveditsa flows into the Volga between the cities of Kimry and Kalyazin. The length of the Ursa is about 270 km.

Due to the difficult approaches to the river in its upper reaches (either there are no good roads, or there is no passenger transport), it can be recommended to start the route from the village of Gorodok, which lies on the Kalinin-Remeshki highway. There is regular bus service along this highway.

Near the village of Gorodok the Medveditsa is already quite wide (15 – 20 m). It flows in hilly sandy-loamy banks, covered mainly with pine trees. There are no problems with parking spaces. There are few settlements on the banks. In the lower reaches the river is very picturesque, on its banks there are many forests and beautiful corners.

In the very lower reaches (below the village of Malchikovo) the backwater of the Volga water affects it. In these places, the Ursa gradually widens and floods its floodplain, reaching a width of several hundred meters.

In the lower reaches the river is deep, approximately from the village of Upper Trinity to the mouth.

In the middle reaches from the beginning of the route (the village of Gorodok) to the village of Trinity, the river quickly becomes shallow after the flood and already in July sandbanks are exposed, preventing the normal progress of kayaks. Many places require guiding a kayak without paddlers.

There are two dams along the route:

• the first in the area of ​​the village of Medveditsa;
• the second near the village of Upper Trinity (105 km from the start of the route).

The length of the river section from the village of Gorodok to the mouth is 165 km.

Transport: To the starting point - the village of Gorodok, you must first go by electric train to Kalinin (168 km), then by regular bus.

The route can be completed in three places (start from the village of Gorodok):

• at the Sknyatino station of the Savelovskaya railway - 180 km.
• near the city of Kimry (Savelovskaya railway station) – 210 km
• near the city of Kalyazin, Savyolovskaya railway - 200 km

Before the formation of the Volga Reservoir (Ivankovsky), the Lama River was a right tributary of the Shosha River. Now Lama flows into the Shosha reservoir, which is integral part Volga Reservoir.

The Lama originates southeast of the city of Volokolamsk, flows first in a northwest direction, and after the village of Yaropolets changes its direction to the northeast.

Total length of the Lama River 150 km, for the passage of kayaks – 120 km. The Lama River, cutting through the western spurs of the Kalinin-Dmitrov ridge, first flows, winding strongly in a narrow treeless valley with high rugged banks, heavily populated and built-up.

In the upper reaches, up to the village of Tishkovo, the river is narrow and does not exceed 3–4 m and shallow water, clogged with brushwood and abounding in riffles.

After the village of Yaropolets, the river flows along a wider valley, but on high banks framed mixed forest, which, however, comes close to the river.

The river bed becomes less winding and the bends are often broken by long junctions. The river becomes wide – 40 – 60 m.

After the right tributary of the Yauza River (the village of Sentsovo) flows into Lama, the river becomes wide - about 30 - 50 m, full-flowing, its waters flow calmly in high banks covered with forest. Boats go down from the village of Sentsovo along Lama.

In the lower reaches of the Lama, approximately from the village of Dor to the village of Sentsovo, moth spring rafting is carried out. Below the village of Sentsovo there is no rafting. At the rafting site, there are driftwood at the bottom of the river.

There are no parking places in the upper reaches of the river from Volokolamsk station to Yaropolets station. On the section from Yaropolets to the village of Dor, places for overnight parking can be difficult to find. And only below the village of Dor (after the confluence of the right tributary - the Big Sister) - you can find enough parking places.

There are artificial obstacles on Lama:

1. A small dam near the Volokolamsk station, the route should begin downstream of the dam.
2. Numerous cadis on the section of the river from Volokolamsk station to the village of Tishkovo and two bridges with spans clogged with snags.
3. Three dams:

• near the village of Smychka (factory named after Lenin), drift along the left bank;
• behind the village of Yaropolets, surrounded by the right bank;
• dam between the villages of Shubino and Vlasovo, enclose along the left bank.

After the dams, as a rule, the river is shallow and there are shoals.

1. Four tanks near the villages of Matyushkino, Maksimovo, Selenuchye and Sentsovo.

The first three dams, after the spring waters have subsided, are usually filled with forest and are easily passable by flooding one of the links of the dam. The last fall holds the forest until later spring runoff, and in May it is possible to catch the moth forest before the fall at 800-1000 m.

The following routes are possible along the Lama River:

At big water(soon after a flood or summer showers) full route from the Volokolamsk station to the buoyant’s house “Kabanovo”, located already in the area of ​​the Shoshinsky reservoir - 130 km.

1. In case of low water, a shortened route from the village of Smychka or from the village of Yaropolets, starting the route after the dams.

Length of routes:

from Smychka to Kabanovo – 105 km

from Yaropolets to Kabanovo – 90 km

All routes end in the area of ​​the Shosha Reservoir, the western part of which is dotted with numerous islands, is shallow, and in the summer is heavily overgrown with reeds and sedges. After the village of Paveltsevo you should stick to the fairway secured by buoys. In order not to stray from the right direction and not end up on the fairway of the Shoshi River, you should always move in the northeast or east direction.

Transport: Entrances and exits: To Volokolamsk station - by train. The Lama River flows at 500 m from the station.

When starting the route from the village of Smychka or the village of Yaropolets, you need to get to these points on regular buses that go from the station to the city and from the city to the villages of Smychka or Yaropolets.

From the final point (the buoyant's house "Kabanovo") you should walk to the village of Kozlovo - 3 km. There is a regular bus from Kozlovo to the Zavidovo railway station on the Oktyabrskaya Railway.

The kayaking route can be completed a little further from “Kabanova”, near the village of Novo-Zavidovo. In front of the railway dam there is a bay, moving along which you can approach almost the Zavidovo station itself.

In this case, the water route is increased by 15 km and from the water to the station no more than 200 m.

The Dubna River is the right tributary of the Volga big river in the north of the Moscow region. Its length is 170 km. D at The bna originates northeast of the city of Zagorsk in the spurs of the Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya ridge, flows in a northwest direction, making two large loops and changing direction from west to north and flowing into the Volga below the city of Dubna (below the Ivankovo ​​dam).

The Dubna River is very unique and for a significant part, flowing through an extended swampy lowland, resembles the rivers of Polesie.

The journey can begin from the highway bridge north of the village of Chentsovo. Here the river is quite full and deep. First 5 – 6 km after the bridge, the river flows in relatively high banks; further, below the city of Konstantinov, the river enters a vast swampy lowland and flows in a northerly direction (10 km) among the low banks. In a number of places the river is artificially straightened, resembling a canal. The river is wide 20 – 30 m and depth up to 1 m. The river has this character until the right tributary of the Suloti River flows into it, for approximately 15 - 17 km. There is absolutely no parking here.

Below the mouth of the Suloti, Dubna becomes more winding, but there are also straight sections here. The right bank is lower, swampy, more open, overgrown with willows along the water, the left bank is high and wooded. Among the alder and aspen, the trunks of birch trees turn white. After the confluence of the Suloti, the water in Dubna turns yellow, since the Suloti flows from powerful swamps and carries water tinted with humus. The river looks like this until the village of Okaemovo, about another 15 - 17 km after the mouth of the Suloti River.

Below the village of Okaemovo (which is not visible from the water), the banks of the river gradually rise, the swampiness disappears, the forest thins out, the river takes on an impressive appearance, its width is 30 - 40 m, depth 2 or more meters. Below the village of Nushpoly (at about 9 – 10 m from the village of Okaemovo) the banks become treeless. There is a problem with firewood here, the places are not very attractive, it is better to pass them without stopping, especially since this area is not so large (6 – 8 km).

After the village of Sushchevo (from Nushpola about 9 – 10 km) Dubna flows through high sandy banks among a protected forest.

In a short section, the Dubna River receives three left tributaries: the Velya River, the Vetelka River and the Yakot River, of which the Velya is a rafting river. Firewood is driven along it for the porcelain factory in the town of Verbilki. These places have been for almost 20 km are especially beautiful, and it is advisable to organize day trips here (especially closer to the mouth of the Yakot River). There are also many good swimming spots here.

In the area of ​​​​the city of Verbilki, the banks are bare. Below Verbilki on Dubna there are shoals and riffles. In some places in the riverbed there are boulders and thick thickets of reeds and sedges, and the banks in some places have boulders and pebble inclusions.

In the lower reaches of the Dubna there are islands in the riverbed, but there are few good places for parking.

Artificial obstacles on the Dubna River:

1. Old destroyed dam, about 3 km below the highway bridge near the village of Chentsy, a carryover is required.
2. Remains of the piles of the old bridge in front of the existing new bridge near the village of Konstantinovka.
3. A trap outside the town of Verbilki near the porcelain factory, a demolition is required.
4. Old piles under the railway bridge of the Savelovskaya railway.
5. A dam with a central spillway (passable with caution and preliminary inspection - there may be wood and snags stuck in the spillway). Dam at 1 km from the railway bridge.
6. A destroyed dam near the village of Glinka, at about 6 km below the railway bridge, make the drift along the right bank (50 m).

Natural obstacles on the Dubna River:

1. Several sandbanks in the riverbed below the city of Konstantinov; they appear during low water in the second half of summer.
2. Rocky sandbank in front of the town of Verbilki.
3. Between the fence near the porcelain factory and the railway bridge of the Savelovskaya road there is a long rocky shoal with large boulders in the river. The current is weak. When the water is low, we cannot pass the riffle; we navigate along the left bank.
4. Below both dams there are shallow areas and gravelly rifts.
5. 3a village Tarusovo (10 km below the railway bridge) is a large sand and gravel shoal, heavily overgrown with reeds and sedges.
6. Opposite the village of Starikovo (7 km above the mouth of the Sestra, the left tributary of the Dubna) is a large rocky rift.

During high water, all the riffles are hidden under water.

1. From the village of Fedortsevo, located on the Sulot River, to the town of Verbilki - 65 km (of which about 9 - 10 along the Sulot River and Lake Zabolotskoye km). There is a small dam on the Suloti River between the lake and the mouth.
2. During low water (late April - early May), the route from the town of Verbilki to the Tekhnika station on the Dubna - Verbilki - 45 railway line km. In this case, having reached the confluence of the left tributary of the Sestra along the Dubna, you need to climb up the Sestra until it is crossed by the canal named after. Moscow (about – 3 km).
3. From the village of Chentsy to Verbilok – 85 km or from the village of Chentsy to the Tekhnika station - 130 km(not forgetting, however, about the swampiness of the banks in the Konstantinovo - Okaemovo section). Starting the route from the village of Chentsy, you should diversify it by entering Lake Zabolotskoye (up the Suloti about 4 km), which is an example of a relict landscape of the ancient geological era. There is a lot of game on the lake, and beavers live in the Suloti River. The lake is overgrown.

Transport: From Yaroslavsky station to Zagorsk by train, then by regular bus or to the Dubna River (behind the village of Chentsy), or to the village of Fedortsevo. The length of the bus route to the Dubna River is 28 km, to the village of Fedortsevo – 45 km.

Departures from Verbilki station and from Tekhnika station by train on the Savelovskaya railway. In both cases, the approaches to the station from the water are about 1 km.

The Nerl River is a right tributary of the Volga, flows out of Lake Somino and flows in a northwest direction, first in wetlands, and then after the village of Kopnino in hilly, very picturesque, forested banks and flows into the Volga below the city of Kalyazin. River length – 110 km.

The Nerl is very winding in its upper course, gradually straightens towards the mouth, becomes full-flowing, and below the village of Nerl the river becomes navigable.

The upper reaches of the river are sparsely populated, however, after the village of Svyatovo the number of settlements increases greatly.

Since after the village of Kopnino the river enters a forest zone, convenient places for overnight parking can be easily found among the picturesque nature.

On the river below the village of Svyatovo, as well as below the village of Grigorovo, there are numerous sandy and rocky shoals and riffles, which stretch in a chain for 2-4 km. At the riffles, the river current speed reaches 6 km at one o'clock.

Lake Somino, elongated in shape, from which the Nerl flows, is connected to Lake Pleshcheyevo by the Veksa River, about 3 in length km. The shores of the lake and the Veksa River are swampy, there are several waterfalls on the Veksa River and in some places the river is clogged with snags.

Lake Pleshcheyevo is somewhat elongated in shape, its greatest length is about 10 km, and the width is about 8 km. The eastern shores of the lake are flat, partly swampy and treeless. Western, northwestern and northern ones are wooded. The lake is very shallow in the southeastern part, reaching a depth of 25 cm in the northwestern part. Since the lake is open on most sides and exposed to winds, the lake often experiences strong swells.

The Vexa River flows from the northwestern section of the lake.

There is a farmstead at the source of the Veksa - it can serve as a landmark.

It is better to go around Lake Pleshcheyevo along the eastern shore, moving to the source of the Veksa River from Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. The source of the Vexa is easier to spot when approaching it from the east. In addition, after the village of Kriushkino there are good wooded places for overnight parking.

This is important to keep in mind, given the swampiness of the banks of the Veksa, Lake Somino and the sources of the Nerl.

The route starts from the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky, which stands on the shore of Lake Pleshcheyeva at the confluence of the Trubezh River and the first kilometers of the route pass along the Trubezh River. Then the path follows the eastern shore of Lake Pleshcheevo (12 km), then along the Vekse River (12 km), then along Lake Somino (3 km) and finally along the Nerl River.

You can finish the route either at the mouth of the Nerl River near the Sknyatino station of the Savelovskaya railway or in the city of Kalyazin, walking from the mouth of the Nerl to the city along the Volga - 30 km.

The length of the route from Pereslavl-Zalessky to Sknyatino is about 140 km, and to the city of Kalyazin – about 170 km.

There are artificial obstacles on the route:

1. The bridge-spillway on the Vekse River is slightly lower than the city of Usolye (before reaching Lake Somino).
2. A dam on the Nerl River below the village of Komnino.
3. A bridge with a riffle near the village of Svyatovo, you have to pass on the left under the second span.
4. Dam and mill below the village of Grigorovo. Drift along the right bank.
5. In the summer months, the Nerl River becomes very shallow and overgrown, so it is impossible to travel along it in July–August and during dry summers.

Transport: To the starting point - the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky, take an electric train along the Yaroslavl railway to Berendeevo station (140 km) then by regular bus to the city (21 km). Return from your final destination - Sknyatino station or from the city of Kalyazin by train along the Savyolovskaya railway.

It is also possible to travel by water along the left tributary of the Nerl, the Kubr River, which has a significant length and then exits at the village of Grigorovo to the Nerl.

The journey should start from the village of Novaya, located on Yaroslavskoe highway on the 46th km from the city of Zagorsk.

The length of the route from the village of Novaya along the Kubr River and along the lower Nerl to Sknyatino station is about 140 km, of which about 65-70 along the Kubr River km. In length it is equal to the route along the Nerl and lakes from Pereslavl-Zalessky.

The Kubr River flows first in the flat banks, and then in the hilly ones. There is a lot of forest on the banks, and there are places for parking. There are many boulders in the bed of the Kubr River. The Kubr can only be passed during high water; in the summer this river is impassable.

On the Kubr River, during its 65 km many dams (6-8 pieces).

A wide range of landscapes - from the southern edge of the forest zone to the semi-desert bordering the shores of the Northern Caspian Sea, huge tracts of fertile land, rich pastures, the oil of the "Second Baku", inexhaustible reserves of salt in lakes Elton and Baskunchak, and finally, the beauties of the Volga and Kama rivers - these are the main ones touches that characterize the nature of the Volga region. Of course, it is complex and diverse, and the attention of researchers has always been attracted by its rich resources. They were studied especially deeply in Soviet time in the search for oil and gas, as well as in connection with research for the construction of hydroelectric power stations on the Volga and Kama.

The real pearl of the region is the Volga itself with a wide expanse of water, a grandiose valley and a high right-bank slope.

The great Russian river originates as a stream on the wooded slopes of the Valdai Hills. Fast and narrow in the upper reaches, it meanders among the forests and, forming huge bends, directs its flow to the east. On this way, receiving many tributaries, it becomes more powerful and rich in water, and within the Volga region itself, after merging with the Kama, it is the first in Europe in terms of water content.

From Kazan, the Volga makes a sharp turn and then, for almost 1000 km, rushes southwest towards... the Black Sea. Only from Volgograd, turning sharply again, this time to the southeast, it heads towards the Caspian Sea, into which it flows, splitting into countless branches.

On its way to the south, the Volga receives fewer and fewer tributaries, and its basin therefore has the shape of a tree with a dense crown in the north in the forest zone and forest-steppe and with an almost bare trunk in the south, in the area of ​​dry and hot semi-desert. The Volga delta with its channels forms, as it were, the roots of this tree, going to the islands of the Caspian shallow waters. South of the city of Tolyatti, the trunk of a Volga tree is twisted.

Here, bending around an obstacle of solid rocks, the Volga forms a narrow latitudinal bend - the Samara Luka.

To the south of Volgograd, the river trunk bifurcates: a large branch branches off from it - the Akhtuba River, which flows parallel to the mother channel to the top of the delta and at the same time begins to split into delta channels and branches.

Now the trunk of the Volga tree is losing its former slenderness: it is becoming knotted due to a chain of huge reservoirs, following one after another at short distances. The flow of the modern Volga is regulated by powerful dams, and the huge reservoirs they support, flooding the river valley - Kuibyshevskoye, Saratovskoye, Volgogradskoye - stretch tens of kilometers in width. Therefore, in many areas the former Volga bed disappeared under water, and a single water flow was replaced by a cascade of flowing lakes, the water surface of which forms, as it were, wide steps of the “Volga staircase”, descending south to the sea.

On both sides of the Volga there are wide expanses of the Volga region. A traveler usually judges the nature of this southeastern edge of the Russian Plain only by what can be seen from the deck of a steamship sailing along the river. Then one involuntarily gets the impression that the Volga region is only the Volga valley, or rather its picturesque banks, with their special climate, vegetation, and industrial cities. Behind the wall of riverine forests, one may not notice the change in natural landscapes on the adjacent watersheds: the transition from the forest zone to the forest-steppe, and then to the wide expanses of the steppe Trans-Volga region and to the low-lying, hot semi-desert of the Caspian region.

Traveling from Kazan to the south leaves many instructive and vivid impressions. In the Volga cliffs you can see revealing geological outcrops and observe how ancient layers of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, in some places crushed into gentle folds, gradually sink to the south under the river’s edge. And they are replaced, overlying them, by younger tertiary and loose quaternary deposits.

The high slope of the right bank of the Volga, deeply dissected by ravines and dry valleys, is very picturesque. Its steep cliffs - “crowns”, washed away by the river, steadily moving its bed to the west, annually, when the bank it crowds in collapses, retreat, snatching land from the Volga fields. Often on the banks of the Volga you can see huge ancient and young landslides with their chaotic piles of crumpled and ridged layers at the foot. In places where the coast is composed of limestone and marl, there are karst caves and sinkholes.

From the south, the wide expanse of the Kuibyshev Reservoir, stretching almost to the horizon, is backed by the dam of the Volzhskaya Hydroelectric Power Station named after V.I. Lenin, and behind it opens the high wooded Zhiguli Mountains with their conical peaks and steep slopes. They are surrounded on three sides by the bend of the Volga - Samarskaya Luka, and from the west by a wide bay of the reservoir formed at the mouth of the Usa River. They make up known to tourists“Zhigulevskaya around the world”, which is described in the chapter about the Kuibyshev region.

Passing through the narrow Zhiguli Gate, where the river is compressed on the right by the Zhiguli slopes, and from the left bank by the Sokolya Mountains, in the distance in the east you can sometimes see a hazy panorama of the low-lying steppe left bank and the steppe above-floodplain terraces of the Volga, so flat and monotonous in comparison with the green Volga slope. In the lower reaches, the pictures are different: from the ship you can see the green expanse of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain (loan) and the Volga delta. But this bright greenery is a huge riverine oasis created by the spring floods of the Volga waters against the backdrop of the sun-scorched, sultry Caspian semi-desert.

Along the Caspian coast, the greenery of the Volga meadows is gradually replaced by reed thickets - a real “jungle”, in which a motley and rich world of animals and birds, protected by the Astrakhan state reserve. In the coastal part of the Volga delta and on the seashore, the flyways of waterfowl nesting in northern regions countries. They rest for a long time and feed in the delta front.

We only became acquainted with the banks of the Volga, and beyond them, to the west and east, lies the Volga region itself, in the wide expanses of which the influence of the mighty river is almost not felt. And for those who cross this territory, moving towards the Volga from the steppe, its water surface suddenly appears only when you climb the high right-bank slope or the edge of the left-bank terrace above the floodplain.

The Volga region is the southeastern corner of the Russian Plain, its marginal zone, the region of the most continental, and in the south, the driest climate in Europe. In the Lower Volga region, both animals, humans, and plants feel the breath of the deserts, which have extended their western outpost here far beyond the borders of Asia.

The contrast between the nature of the watershed spaces of the Volga region and the Volga valley is less in the forest-steppe zone, where the Volga merges with the Kama. Here, the tributaries of two mighty Russian rivers do not dry out during the summer, and forests grow not only in the valleys - and at watersheds they alternate with wide treeless expanses of fertile meadow steppes.

To the south of Samarskaya Luka, forests leave watersheds and “hide” in valleys and ravines, finding more shade and moisture in them. The black earth steppes are becoming endless, almost completely plowed, but even now, as in ancient times, suffering from a lack of moisture, droughts and dry winds. The main source of water supply in rural areas here is not rivers, but groundwater upper horizons. But they are not abundant, and in the steppes, even near the Volga, in shallow wells the water is often brackish or completely salty.

The further you go to the south and southeast, the hotter and drier the climate becomes: the amount of annual precipitation decreases, evaporation increases, steppe rivers become shallower, and often dry up almost completely in the summer. The amount of salts in the soil gradually increases. Moderately arid feather grass-forb steppes give way to arid fescue-feather grass steppes, and further to the south, where chernozems give way to dark chestnut soils, wormwood appears on patches of solonetzes.

Beyond the southern edge of the dry steppe begins the flat and waterless Caspian semi-desert with its saline, “complex” (mosaic) soil cover, drainless rivers, squat and sparse vegetation. Soil moisture deficiency (less precipitation falls than can evaporate), lack of even drinking water, general waterlessness! And nearby the Volga, meandering in the fresh greenery of its banks, expanding its water surface in huge reservoirs at the will of man, transits through the Lower Volga region and annually gives billions of cubic meters of fresh water to the Caspian Sea.

The problem of optimal use of the Volga waters is complex: it interweaves a whole complex of problems and issues. When solving it, it is necessary to combine the interests of hydropower construction with the protection of the fish resources of the Volga-Casper, improving navigation using the fertile Volga lands and the richest haylands of the Volga-Akhtuba. Here questions arise about the feasibility and methods of irrigating steppe and semi-desert spaces, about the transfer of part northern waters into the Caspian Sea, about maintaining its level at levels favorable for various sectors of the economy, and so on. Much has already been done, especially in terms of hydroelectric use of the Volga waters.

However, in general, the entire complex and multifaceted set of Volga problems still requires persistent and in-depth scientific and technical development.

Catchment and river basin

Definition 1

A watershed is a part of the earth's surface, the thickness of soil and soil, from which a particular river receives its food.

Rivers, as a rule, have not only surface feeding, but also underground, so the catchment area can be surface or underground.

These watersheds may not coincide.

Definition 2

A river basin is a part of land that includes a specific river system bounded by an orographic watershed.

The catchment and river basin usually coincide, but there are cases of discrepancies. Cases of discrepancy are typical for arid regions with flat topography.

The orographic boundaries of the basin and the boundaries of the catchment do not coincide in cases where part of the underground flow comes from outside the basin, or, conversely, goes beyond its boundaries.

There are not only river basins, but also lakes, seas, and oceans. There are 4 largest ocean basins on the planet: the Arctic, Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans.

River basins are distributed among ocean basins. There are also drainage areas globe. The rivers flowing in these areas do not carry their water to the ocean.

The drainless regions of Russia include: the Caspian Sea basin, which includes the Volga, Ural, Terek, and Kura basins.

River basins have basic morphometric characteristics: area, length, maximum width, as well as the distribution of the basin area by terrain heights.

The height of the area is shown by a hypsographic curve, which is used to calculate the average height of the basin.

Volga basin

Note 1

The Great Russian River originates on the Valdai Hills, the height of which in this area is 229 m. The river carries its waters south across the entire Russian Plain and flows into the Caspian Sea. The mouth of the river is 28 m below sea level. The Volga's water does not flow into the ocean, so it is the largest river of internal flow.

The Volga basin is 1/3 of the European territory of Russia. In the west it starts from the Valdai and Central Russian Uplands and in the east it reaches the Urals. main part The drainage area feeding the Volga from its source to Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod is located in the forest zone, the middle part to Saratov is in the forest-steppe zone, the lower part to Volgograd is in the steppe zone, and the southernmost part is located in the semi-desert zone. The Volga basin sharply narrows from Saratov and the river flows to the Caspian Sea without tributaries.

The hydrographic length of the river is variable and is taken to be 3694 km. The variability is associated with secular fluctuations in the Caspian water level. The Volga basin occupies 40% of the European territory of Russia and is 1.5 million square meters. km. Located on the territory of the Russian Plain, the relief of the Volga basin is mainly flat and low-lying, bordered by hills. Hills in the basin occupy no more than 5% and have heights of up to 300 m. The Ufa Plateau and the Belebey Upland, whose height is 400 m, are exceptions.

TO low places pools include:

• upper reaches of the river;
• Meshchera lowland;
• Oksko-Donskaya lowland;
• Caspian lowland.

Half of the basin area is characterized by erosion processes leading to the formation of ravines of different lengths and depths; 15% of the territory is covered by swamping processes. Landslides and karst phenomena pose a danger.

The Volga is in 5th place in Russia in terms of length, basin area, and water content. In terms of these indicators, the river is inferior only to the Siberian rivers - the Yenisei, Lena, Ob, Amur.

The Volga basin includes 151 thousand watercourses, the total length of which is 574 thousand km. The catchment area of ​​small rivers accounts for 45% of the area of ​​the entire basin. In total, the Volga receives about 200 tributaries. The density of the river network is 40% greater than the national average and amounts to 0.42 km per square meter. km.

The flow of the Volga and Kama is regulated by 11 large reservoirs. At its confluence with the Kama, the Volga unites fewer rivers and is inferior to the Kama basin - 66.5 thousand rivers versus 73.7 thousand.

Note 2

The Volga Valley is younger than the Kama Valley. Before the era of maximum glaciation, in the first half Quaternary period, V modern form The Volga did not yet exist. There was the Kama, which, united with the Vishera, flowed into the Caspian Sea. To the north, the flow of the modern upper reaches of the Kama flowed to the Vychegda, but glaciation reshaped the hydrographic network.

The fall of the Volga is 256 m, and the slope of the water surface is 7 cm/km. The speed of the current during low water varies from 0.7 to 1.8 km/h. During high water, the current speed increases to 9-11 km/h.

When it flows into the Caspian Sea, the Volga forms a delta, which begins at the point where the left branch separates - Akhtuba.

Main sleeves:

• Bakhtemir;
• Kamyzyak;
• Old Volga;
• Akhtuba;
• Buzan;
• Bolda.

From the beginning to the sea, the length of the delta is about 120 km, the area is 13 thousand square meters. km. In the upper part, the delta is up to 17 km wide, and along the sea edge it reaches 200 km.

Basin of the Northern Dvina River

The Northern Dvina flows in the north of the Russian Plain and is formed from the confluence of the Sukhona and Yuga rivers. With all its tributaries, the river flows into the White Sea, which belongs to the Arctic Ocean basin. From the confluence of the two rivers to the confluence, the length of the river is 750 km. The river basin has an area of ​​357 thousand square meters. km and in size among the rivers of the European part, it ranks 5th.

The relief of the basin is represented by a hilly plain, sloping in the northwest direction. A layer of glacial deposits covers the entire surface of the basin, so a significant part of it - 8.5% - is swampy. There are many mosses among the swamps.

Pool Northern Dvina located in the taiga subzone, where spruce and pine trees predominate conifers. There are admixtures of small-leaved species. The river valley is occupied by meadows with forbs and large-grass vegetation. The forests are rich in mushrooms and berries. The sandy banks of the Northern Dvina resemble the banks of the Volga. On the river, at its source, there are sandbanks that change their location every year.

Within a 25-kilometer zone in the upper reaches of the river there are more than 20 shoals. The river is navigable along its entire length. Having received large tributaries, the Northern Dvina becomes deep and wide and begins to erode loose banks along its path.

Among the tributaries:

• Vaga;
• Emtsa;
• Pinega.

Having encountered dense soil, the river breaks into many branches and carries water into the White Sea. The river basin has a well-developed lake network. In watershed swamps, lakes with a small surface area are sometimes found. Lakes on old floodplain areas are rare. A network of oxbow lakes is developed on the floodplains.

In general, the number of lakes in the catchment area is 17,602. They cover an area of ​​1,517 square meters. km. The total number of rivers and streams in the basin is 61,879, their length is 206,248 km. The average slope of the Northern Dvina is about 0.07 ‰, which indicates that the river is typically flat.

In spring, the river's floodplain is under water. Navigation is complicated by the presence of islands and sandy rifts. In addition, new islands are formed every year. The islands look like open sandy shoals.

Note 3

The hydrological regime of the river is determined climatic conditions, which are characterized by cold, long winters, short, cool summers with high rainfall.

The river basin is dominated by humid air masses coming from the west; they bring about 500 mm of precipitation, so there is excess moisture.

The hydrological regime is characterized by high spring floods and low summer low waters. The rivers in the basin receive their main nutrition from melting snow. Due to this, the flow volume spring flood equal to 50% of its annual value.

In low-water years, the flow volume is reduced to 40%, and in high-water years it increases to 80%. Freeze-up on the river occurs at the end of October - beginning of November, and ice drift begins with the arrival of April. Ice drift is very rapid with the formation of jams. The direction of the river flow to the north is an important factor in the formation of the hydrological regime.