Which building structure does the capital belong to? What is a capital? The undoubted classics are Greek orders, including
Having a special plastic design and marking the transition from the vertical of the support trunk to the horizontal of the entablature lying on it.
In the Southern and Northern palaces of Pharaoh Djoser there are columns with capitals in the form of large leaves falling on both sides of the trunk, and capitals in the form of an open papyrus flower. In the Temple of Luxor (15th century BC), the columns are made in the form of bundles of papyrus stems, the capital is in the shape of an unblown flower, as well as columns with an almost cylindrical shape with slightly marked edges, with capitals in the shape of blossoming papyrus. In the Temple of Karnak (16th century BC), the capitals of the columns are in the form of open papyrus flowers. In the Hellenistic period (332–330 BC), traditionally shaped capitals were combined and merged, forming lush bouquets (Temple of Isis on the island of Philae).
The most common type of columns in Late Egypt was the gatoric type. The column consisted of a trunk that looked like a handle musical instrument sistrum, and a high capital, decorated on 4 sides with a relief image of the head of the goddess Gator with the face of a woman and the ears of a cow. A cube was often placed above the image of the head.
Each of the classical architectural orders has its own type of capital, corresponding to the name of the order; in Greece Doric, Ionic and Corinthian were known; from ancient roman architecture Tuscan and composite types of capitals arrived.
In the archaic era, orders of two variants developed - Doric, which arose in mainland Greece, and Ionic, which appeared on island and Asia Minor Greece. The most important part of the order was the column, the trunks of which tapered upward. The columns consist of three parts: the base (supporting part), the trunk (fusta), and the capital on which the entablature rests; they have entasis (a thickening of the column trunk located at a height of 1/3 of its height to eliminate the optical concavity of the trunk).
In the Doric order, the capitals of the column consisted of an echinus - a round stone cushion and an abacus - a low square slab that takes the pressure of the entablature.
The capital of an Ionic column has two scrolls called volutes.
In the classical era, it was common for the Corinthian order to crown the columns with a lush basket-shaped capital made of floral ornaments - acanthus leaves.
In ancient Greek art of the 7th–6th centuries. BC, as well as in the art of the Hellenistic East, there is a sculpturally designed column capital depicting the front part of the body of an animal or mythological creature, which is called protoma.
In architecture Ancient Rome, which adopted Greek architectural forms, is joined by the composite order, the capitals of which combine the features of Ionic and Corinthian capitals, and Tuscan, inherited by the Romans from the Etruscans.
caput- head) - the crowning part of a column or pilaster. Top part the capital projects beyond the column, providing a transition to the abacus, which is usually square in shape.Capital in architectural orders
Used in many architectural styles dating back to ancient Egypt and antiquity. The capitals of Egyptian columns were usually decorated with stylized flowers or papyrus buds. There were also lotus-shaped capitals and columns with capitals in the shape of stylized palm leaves.
The capitals of the three classical orders have a characteristic, easily recognizable shape. The Doric capital (1 in the picture) is a simple round cushion-echin; at the Ionic capital (2) - two scroll-volutes are sculpted on the echinus; the Corinthian capital (3) is a tall bell-shaped piece decorated with scrolls of acanthus leaves. The composite capital is a synthesis of Ionic and Corinthian.
Capital in modern construction
In modern architecture, a capital is also a part of a monolithic, prefabricated or prefabricated-monolithic frame, resting on the body of a column and designed to absorb supporting moments from the overlying ceiling and reduce the risk of its destruction as a result of punching.
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Excerpt characterizing the Capital
Murat moved towards the translator and ordered to ask where the Russian troops were. One of the Russian people understood what was being asked of him, and several voices suddenly began to answer the translator. A French officer from the advance detachment rode up to Murat and reported that the gates to the fortress were sealed and that there was probably an ambush there.“Okay,” said Murat and, turning to one of the gentlemen of his retinue, he ordered four light guns to be brought forward and fired at the gate.
The artillery came out at a trot from behind the column following Murat and rode along the Arbat. Having descended to the end of Vzdvizhenka, the artillery stopped and lined up in the square. Several French officers controlled the cannons, positioning them, and looked into the Kremlin through a telescope.
The bell for Vespers was heard in the Kremlin, and this ringing confused the French. They assumed it was a call to arms. Several infantry soldiers ran to the Kutafyevsky Gate. There were logs and planks at the gate. Two rifle shots rang out from under the gate as soon as the officer and his team began to run up to them. The general standing at the cannons shouted command words to the officer, and the officer and the soldiers ran back.
Three more shots were heard from the gate.
One shot hit a French soldier in the leg, and a strange cry of a few voices was heard from behind the shields. On the faces of the French general, officers and soldiers at the same time, as if on command, the previous expression of gaiety and calm was replaced by a stubborn, concentrated expression of readiness to fight and suffer. For all of them, from the marshal to the last soldier, this place was not Vzdvizhenka, Mokhovaya, Kutafya and Trinity Gate, but this was a new area of a new field, probably a bloody battle. And everyone prepared for this battle. The screams from the gate died down. The guns were deployed. The artillerymen blew off the burnt blazers. The officer commanded “feu!” [fallen!], and two whistling sounds of tins were heard one after another. Buckshot bullets the stones of the gate, logs and shields crackled; and two clouds of smoke wavered in the square.
ON THE Internet, sometimes you can come across the question - what is a capital in a door? Indeed, now many manufacturers have begun to decorate columns with this element (cash-in). It looks really very impressive, but the price is appropriate...
Definition
Capital – (architectural, in “Latin – caput”, translated as “head”), this is the upper part of the column, which is located on top and extends beyond its limits. In architecture, it had not only a decorative and purely practical meaning; its use increased the load that the support could withstand. Such solutions have been used since ancient Egypt and Antiquity to this day.
In the door
Of course, guys, we are not in ancient Egypt. Nowadays there is a fashion for these capitals; in the modern world they have begun to decorate door trims. Thus, imitating columns or pilasters on which this part is attached on top. It looks very cool and rich.
Personally, I couldn’t resist and succumbed to this fashion trend. My doors are wooden; on the sides I installed exactly the same trim with columns, and an upper protruding part. Look at my photos.
Classic style, look great, especially on a white wall.
Material
Such columns are made from different materials. Often made of pressed paper, rarely made of wood. Again here is a photo, a small crop.
The capital itself is almost always made of wood, of course, cheap manufacturers also make it from pressed paper, but its processing will be difficult, it will not be given the same shape as a wooden one, therefore, as a rule, it will be flat and not very beautiful.
How to attach
The column itself is either nailed to a wooden box using small furniture nails, like mine.
Or inserted into a special phase. However, this is really rare; as a rule, such decorative cash is nailed or glued in 80% of cases.
The capital itself is firmly glued to the top part, it sits very firmly, I tried to tear it off, but it didn’t work.
Price
It should be noted that this pleasure is not cheap, one column costs from 2500 to 7000 rubles, at least I have never seen anything more expensive. Therefore, such a portal will cost you 2500 X 2 = 5000 rubles + the upper part (some call it “balcony”), another 3000 rubles for a total of 8000 rubles, per side. And if there are two sides, then cash only - 16,000 rubles, not including the door, frame, hinges and handle. These prices are at a minimum.
Now let's watch a short video of my doors.
Name "capital" comes from Latin "head, top", which corresponds to the actual location of this part. The capitals were not just a decoration for the column, but also took on the weight of the beams or ceilings, which increased the strength of the structure as a whole.
The capital consists of:
- echina - round profile pillow,
- abacus - the upper square plate.
Having appeared in ancient times, columnar orders formed into styles, which in turn provided the basis for the development modern features appearance capitals and other parts of the column.
The undoubted classics are Greek orders, including:
- Tuscany,
- Doric,
- ionic,
- Corinthian.
Doric order differs from others in its simplicity and conciseness; as a rule, Doric capitals consist of two parts - a rounded echinus and a rectangular abacus.
Ionic capital had specific decorative curls on the sides - volutes, and also its feature was a strip with an ornament - cymatium. Relief ornament - characteristic feature Ionic capitals, as well as scrollwork. This order embodies elegance and sophistication, lightness of form.
Bright line Corinthian order- capital in the form of a fruit or flower basket. The plant ornament repeated the features of burdock and acanthus leaves, and not only with front side, which can be considered a sign of the Corinthian order. We will not exaggerate if we say that this order is the brightest and most luxuriously decorated.
Tuscany- An ancient Roman version of the Greek Dorin order. The peculiarity of capitals of the Tuscan order is massiveness, visual heaviness of elements, and a minimum of decor.
The Romans also created composite order, taking as a basis the features of Ionic and Corinthian. Volutes of the Ionic order appeared on the Corinthian capital, as well as additional sculptural details.
Byzantine capital characterized by clear edges, integrity, and small size. From the point of view of aesthetics and technology, Byzantine capitals have no analogues. In Byzantium it was believed that creating a capital was like giving birth to a work of art. That is why Byzantine capitals are particularly luxurious.
Gothic capital was usually built on the territory Western Europe in the Middle Ages. The Gothic capital is easy to recognize - its upper part is decorated with rounded patterns and leaves. The overall tandem resembles a natural form on which ornamental plants are placed.
Modern capitals
Modern architectural art in no way denies classical columns with expressive capitals and reliable bases. Luxurious mansions are decorated with aristocratic columns, which emphasizes the taste and status of the inhabitants of the house.
Modern architects and designers often introduce such an element as a capital when building houses and designing interiors for them. Capitals usually decorate rooms and facades where there are columns. But there are also more interesting incarnations - for example, lighting fixtures in the form of capitals. In this case, they fulfill an exclusively aesthetic mission, giving the interior a touch of majesty and luxury.
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