Vepsian language. Vepsians - Encyclopedia

– Vepsian language (12,501 people according to the 1989 census, of which 12,142 people live in the Russian Federation), widespread in Karelia (Prionezhye region), in the Leningrad and Vologda regions. In the formation of the Vepsians (chronicle all) in addition to the Baltic-Finnish ethnic groups, the Sami and Volga-Finnish peoples participated, and the Vepsians themselves took part in the ethnogenesis of the Komi-Zyryans. The self-name of the Vepsians is lüdinik,vepslaine. Until the beginning of the 20th century. Russians called Vepsians Kayvans,chukhari,Chud(the latter term is a collective name for many ancient Finno-Ugric tribes). 50.8% of Vepsians consider Vepsian their native language; 48.5% call Russian their native language, but 14.9% of them recognize Vepsian as a second language. Most Vepsians speak Russian. Vepsian is the language of oral communication mainly of the rural population. Attempts to create writing failed.

Votic language

- the language of an extremely small number of waters that call themselves vad"d"akko,vad"d"aëain, and your tongue vad"d"a tseli"language of the earth" Close to the northeastern dialect of Estonian. In the list of peoples not identified by the 1989 census, the number of Vodi is estimated at 200 people; according to A. Laanest, there are 100 of them, and according to P. Ariste - about 30 (for comparison: in 1848 the number of Vodi was 5148 people). Vod lives in several villages of the Kingisepp district Leningrad region, on the territory of ancient Ingria. The Vod were the first Baltic-Finnish tribe to come into contact with Eastern Slavs(9th century). The Votic language is considered extinct in the first half of the 19th century. the language of the Crevins who lived in Latvia; The Krevins were a Votic diaspora - they were prisoners of the military campaign of 1444–1447, taken by the Germans from the Russian part of Estland to the territory of modern Latvia. For 350 years they existed surrounded by a Latvian-speaking population, which gave them the name Krevins, which means “Russians” in Latvian. The Votic language functions as a means of oral communication among representatives of the older generation who also speak Russian and Izhorian languages, and, according to Red Book of Languages ​​of the Peoples of Russia(1994), only a few people spoke Votic in the early 1990s. Votic writing never existed, but in 1935 a collection of texts written down in transcription was published.

Izhorian language

- language ancient tribe Izhora (old names inkeri,karjala). Izhorians (820 people according to 1989 data, of which 449 are in the Russian Federation) live in the villages of Kingisepp and Lomonosov districts of the Leningrad region (historical Ingermanland, i.e. “country of Izhorians”) and in neighboring regions of Estonia. Of these, 36.8% recognize Izhora as their native language; only the older generation uses it (for comparison: in 1848, in 200 villages of Ingermanland, there were 15,600 Izhorians, and according to the 1897 census - 21,700 people). Attempts to introduce writing in the Izhorian language failed. The first monuments in the form of lists of individual words written in Russian letters date back to the 18th century.

Livonian language

(randakel""coastal language" livekel""Liv language", in Russian the old name Livonian, German Livisch, English Livonian) is the language of the Livonians, whose ancestors are mentioned in Russian chronicles as or,love. The Livs (in 1852 there were 2394 people, in 1989 - 226 people) live in small islands among the Latvians (135 people). On the territory of Russia they are completely Russified. Among Latvian Livonians, 43.8% recognize Livonian as their native language; Livonian-Latvian bilingualism is widespread. The Livonian language serves as a language of communication between people of the older generation and functions as the language of works of national culture. In 1851, the literary Livonian language was created separately for the western and eastern dialects; the first book in Livonian (the Gospel of Matthew) appeared in 1863. The original phonetic spelling Livonian language by the end of the 19th century. under the influence of the German and Latvian languages, it diverged greatly from pronunciation; after 1920, its convergence with pronunciation norms began again. In 1920–1939 there was a written language based on Latin. Publications in the Livonian language have been declining all the time; Livonian is no longer taught as a subject of study at school.

Most Baltic-Finnish languages ​​are characterized by vowel harmony and an abundance of diphthongs; The phonological contrast between voicedness and voicelessness is poorly developed, and in some dialects it is absent. In the Livonian language, under the influence of Latvian, vowels ö , ü replaced by e,i, since in Latvian ö And ü No. As in all Uralic languages, there is no category of gender. Names (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns) in most cases have the same case endings. When using nouns with numerals, the noun is in the partitive singular case. The scope of use of personal possessive suffixes in the Vepsian and Izhoran languages ​​has greatly narrowed; in Votic and Livonian, their rudiments have been preserved in adverbs. There are no suffixes to express the plurality of the subject of possession. Adjectives and adverbs have degrees of comparison, but at the same time superlative in all languages ​​(except Finnish and Karelian) it is expressed analytically. Postpositions are usually combined with the genitive case of the main word; Unlike other Uralic languages, the Baltic-Finnish languages ​​have prepositions. The verb has four tense forms, from three to five moods, affirmative and negative conjugations are possible. Voice oppositions are weakly expressed, usually in participles. There is no category of aspect; methods of verbal action are expressed using suffixes. Infinitives and gerunds are inflected in some cases. The syntax is characterized, unlike other Finno-Ugric languages, by agreement of the adjective in case and number with the word being defined. The word order is free, but the preferred order is SVO (“subject – predicate – object”). Constructions with verbal names, replacing subordinate clauses, are less common than complex sentences. In the field of vocabulary, there are many borrowings from the Baltic and Germanic languages ​​that are atypical for Uralic languages.

The Vepsian language belongs to the northern group of the Baltic-Finnish branch of the Finno-Ugric language family. Its structure is relatively homogeneous, but scientists still distinguish three main dialects:

• North Vepsian (or Onega), spoken by the Vepsians of Karelia;
• Middle Vepsian, the dialect of the inhabitants of the Vepsian territories of the Vologda (Babaevsky and Vytegorsky districts) and Leningrad (Podporozhye, Tikhvin, Lodeynopolsky districts) regions;
• South Vepsian, a dialect of a small group of Vepsians living in the Boksitogorsk district of the Leningrad region.

The Vepsian language is one of the newly written languages; the past of Vepsian writing is extremely poor and has practically no written monuments.

According to Peter Domokos, professor at the University of Budapest. Eötvös, in late XIX century, and subsequently, the attention of specialists to the interesting, rich and diverse traditions of the Vepsians - a small nation that has preserved historical and cultural ties with other Finno-Ugric peoples - was undeservedly small. The collectors of Vepsian folklore were mainly Finnish and Estonian linguists, for whom it was more important to record speech patterns than to explore the deep layers of folk poetic art.
The first steps to create Vepsian writing were taken in the 30s of the twentieth century. 57 national schools for Vepsian students were opened, teachers were trained, textbooks were published in the Vepsian language with the participation of famous linguists (for example, D.V. Bubrikha). During this period, the actual development of Vepsian writing and some opportunities for the creation of national literature appeared.
The bibliography of written sources can be found in the consolidated catalog “Vepsika”; electronic copies of some publications can be viewed in the Electronic Collection of publications in the Vepsian language.
The period of functioning of Vepsian writing turned out to be too short. By the end of the 30s, teaching activities in schools and publishing activities in the Vepsian language were stopped.

Since 1989, the period of awakening of the national self-awareness of the Vepsians began. Residents of Vepsian villages revive their past in songs, dances, and national clothes. From this moment on, a new period of development of Vepsian writing began.

Quite a lot come out printed publications in the Vepsian language: textbooks, dictionaries, periodicals, translations into Vepsian. It is especially important to note the development fiction, because in previous years Vepsian writers created their works in Russian.

The formation of written traditions of the language is provided with significant assistance by linguists who know the grammatical and lexical basis of all dialects and dialects of the Vepsian language.
The quantitative growth and qualitative diversity of printed publications in the Vepsian language allows us to hope that this is a completely real step towards the development of Vepsian literature.

Teaching aids for schoolchildren
Children's literature				First book of poems in Vepsian		The first novel in Vepsian
Poetry collections						Collection of folklore

Used:

1. Relatives by language / Ch. ed. Derdy Nanovski; Ed. rus. versions: O. Volodarskaya and others; Artist issued I. Mustafin; Sheet music P. Wolf; Per. in Russian language: O. Volodarskaya. - Budapest: Foundation named after. Laszlo Teleki, 2000. - 601 p., l. ill. - Bibliography: p.567-579. - Nominal index: p.583-589.

2. Baltic-Finnish peoples of Russia / [G.A. Aksyanova, A.A. Zubov, N.A. Dolinova and others] ; Rep. ed.: E.I. Klementyev, N.V. Shlygina; [Rus. acad. Sciences, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay, Institute of Languages, lit. and history of Kar. scientific center]. - M.: Nauka, 2003. - 670, p., l. color ill. - (Series "Peoples and Cultures"). - Bibliography: p. 621-662 and subscript. note

VEPSIAN LANGUAGE

- one of the Baltic-Finnish languages ​​(northern group). Distributed in Karelian. ASSR, Leningrad. and Vologda. regions of the RSFSR. Number of speakers St. 3 thousand people (1979, census). The language of everyday communication. Has 3 axes. dialects - northern, middle and southern, differing mainly in phonetics, vocabulary and to a small extent - morphology. For V. I. (along with the Livonian language) is characteristic, in contrast to other Baltic-Finnish. languages, lack of alternation of consonants. Vowel harmony is partial. As a result of syncopation and apocope, most two-syllable words turned into one-syllable words. There is no opposition between short and long vowels (except in the southern dialect, where there are secondary long vowels). Palatalization is a phoiological sign. V. I. (and Livvik dialect of Karelian, language) is inherent in synthetic. form of the perfect coidicio-nalis, peculiar to the negative. imperfect form (in the southern dialect). The syntax is similar to Karelian. There is a layer of vocabulary that is absent in other Baltic-Finnish languages. languages. Created in the 1930s. writing did not become widespread; in the end 80s a new alphabet is being developed. F. Hämäläinen M. M., Veps, language, in the book: Languages ​​of the Peoples of the USSR, vol. 3, M., 1966; Zaitseva M.I., Grammar of the Vepsian language. L., 1981; 3 a y ts e v a N. G., Nominal nouns in the Vepsian language, Petrozavodsk, 1981; Lonnrot E., Om det nordtschudiska spriket. Hels., 1853; Kettunen L., Vepsan murteiden lauseopillinen tutkimus, Hel.”, 1943; Tunkelg E. A., Vepsan kie-len aannehistoria, Hels.. 1946. Zaitseva M. I., M u l l o - v e n M. I., Dictionary of Vepsian language, L.. 1972. M. I. Zaitseva. VERBALIZATION - see Transposition.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what the VEPSIAN LANGUAGE is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• VEPSIAN LANGUAGE
  
• VEPSIAN LANGUAGE
  language, see art. Finno-Ugric (Finnish-Ugric) languages...
• VEPSIAN LANGUAGE
  Vepsian language, belongs to the Finno-Ugric languages ​​(Baltic-Finnish branch). Created in the 1930s. writing did not become widespread; from the end 1980s ...
• LANGUAGE in Wiki Quotebook:
  Data: 2008-10-12 Time: 10:20:50 * Language has great importance also because with its help we can hide our...
• LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Thieves' Slang:
  - investigator, operative...
• LANGUAGE in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
  If in a dream you see your own tongue, it means that soon your friends will turn away from you. If in a dream you see...
• LANGUAGE in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
  a complex developing semiotic system, which is a specific and universal means of objectifying the content of both individual consciousness and cultural tradition, providing the opportunity...
• LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
  - a complex developing semiotic system, which is a specific and universal means of objectifying the content of both individual consciousness and cultural tradition, providing...
• LANGUAGE
  OFFICIAL - see OFFICIAL LANGUAGE...
• LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  STATE - see STATE LANGUAGE...
• LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedia Biology:
  , organ in oral cavity vertebrates, performing the functions of transportation and taste analysis of food. The structure of the tongue reflects the specific nutrition of animals. U...
• LANGUAGE in the Brief Church Slavonic Dictionary:
  , pagans 1) people, tribe; 2) language, ...
• LANGUAGE in the Bible Encyclopedia of Nikephoros:
  like speech or adverb. “The whole earth had one language and one dialect,” says the writer of everyday life (Gen. 11:1-9). A legend about one...
• LANGUAGE in the Lexicon of Sex:
  multifunctional organ located in the oral cavity; pronounced erogenous zone persons of both sexes. With the help of Ya, orogenital contacts of various kinds are carried out...
• LANGUAGE in Medical terms:
  (lingua, pna, bna, jna) a muscular organ covered with a mucous membrane located in the oral cavity; participates in chewing, articulation, contains taste buds; ...
• LANGUAGE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ..1) natural language, the most important means human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one...
• LANGUAGE in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  
• LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  1) natural language, the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; it is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one...
• LANGUAGE V Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  2, -a, pl. -i, -ov, m. 1. Historically developed system of sound, vocabulary and grammatical means, objectifying the work of thinking and being ...
• VEPS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , oh, oh. 1. see Vepsians. 2. Related to the Vepsians, to their language, national character, lifestyle, culture, and also...
• LANGUAGE
  MACHINE LANGUAGE, see Machine language...
• LANGUAGE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  LANGUAGE, natural language, the most important means of human communication. Self is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one...
• LANGUAGE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  TONGUE (anat.), in terrestrial vertebrates and humans, a muscular outgrowth (in fish, a fold of the mucous membrane) at the bottom of the oral cavity. Participates in …
• VEPS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  VEPSIAN LANGUAGE, language. Vepsian, belongs to the Finno-Ugric languages. (Baltic-Finnish branch). Created in the 1930s. writing did not become widespread; With …
• LANGUAGE
  languages"to, languages", languages", language"in, language", language"m, languages", language"in, language"m, languages"mi, language", ...
• LANGUAGE in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  languages" to, languages", languages", language" in, language", languages"m, languages"to, languages", language"m, languages"mi, language", ...
• VEPS in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  Veps, Veps, Veps, Veps, Veps, Veps, Veps, Ves, Veps, Veps, Veps, Veps, Ves pssky, Ve"ps, Ve"ps, Ve"ps, Ve"ps, Ve"ps, Ve"ps, Ve"ps, ...
• LANGUAGE in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  - the main object of study of linguistics. By Ya, first of all, we mean natural. human self (in opposition to artificial languages ​​and ...
• LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
  1) A system of phonetic, lexical and grammatical means, which is a tool for expressing thoughts, feelings, expressions of will and serves as the most important means of communication between people. Being...
• LANGUAGE in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language.
• LANGUAGE
  "My Enemy" in...
• LANGUAGE in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
  Weapon …
• LANGUAGE in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
  dialect, dialect, dialect; syllable, style; people. See people || the talk of the town See spy || master the tongue, restrain the tongue, ...
• VEPS in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  adj. 1) Related to the Vepsians, associated with them. 2) Peculiar to the Vepsians, characteristic of them. 3) Belonging...
• VEPS in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language.
• VEPS full spelling dictionary Russian language.
• VEPS in the Spelling Dictionary.
• LANGUAGE in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  1 movable muscular organ in the oral cavity that perceives taste sensations; in humans, it is also involved in articulation. Licking with the tongue. Try it on...
• LANGUAGE in Dahl's Dictionary:
  husband. a fleshy shell in the mouth that serves to line the teeth with food, to recognize its taste, and also to verbal speech, or, …
• LANGUAGE in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
  ,..1) natural language, the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one...
• LANGUAGE in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  language (book language, obsolete, only in 3, 4, 7 and 8 characters), m. 1. An organ in the oral cavity in the form of ...
• VEPS in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
  Vepsian adj. 1) Related to the Vepsians, associated with them. 2) Peculiar to the Vepsians, characteristic of them. 3) Belonging...
• VEPS in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  
• VEPS in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  adj. 1. Related to the Vepsians, associated with them. 2. Peculiar to the Vepsians, characteristic of them. 3. Belonging...
• THE USSR. POPULATION in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  The population of the USSR in 1976 was 6.4% of the world population. The population of the territory of the USSR (within modern borders) changed as follows (million people): 86.3 ...
• FINNO-UGRIAN LANGUAGES in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Finnish-Ugric languages) a family of related languages ​​that, together with the Samoyed languages, make up a large genetic association - the Uralic languages. Divided into 5 branches:..1) ...
• BALTIC-FINNISH LANGUAGES in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  branch of the Finno-Ugric family of languages. Their northern group includes Finnish, Izhorian, Karelian, Vepsian languages, the southern group includes Estonian, Livonian, ...
• VEPSY in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Veps Vepsya, self-name - Bepsya), people in the St. Petersburg and Vologda regions. and Karelia. 13 thousand people (1992). Vepsian language. Believers...
• FINNO-UGRIAN (FINNIAN-UGRIAN) LANGUAGES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (Finnish-Ugric) languages, one of two branches of the Uralic family of languages ​​(see Uralic languages). Divided into the following language groups: Baltic-Finnish...

Vepsian language - belongs to the Baltic-Finnish branch of the Finno-Ugric group of languages. It is spoken by Vepsians living in the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad and Vologda regions. They call their native language vepsankel’, lüdikel’. No more than half of the Vepsian population speaks this language. The number of speakers is 5.8 thousand people (according to 2002). The Vepsian language is divided into three dialects: northern, southern, and middle dialect. The Vepsian language was included in 2009 by UNESCO in the Atlas of Endangered Languages ​​of the World as endangered. The first steps to create Vepsian writing were taken in the 30s of the 20th century, when about 30 books were published. After 1937 everything was wrapped up long years the language remained unwritten again. Since the late 80s. XX century A new national-cultural upsurge began; primers and other textbooks were published in recent decades. Modern Vepsian literary language is based on the Latin script. The peculiarities of the Vepsian language are determined both by the peripherality of the language in the Baltic-Finnish linguistic area and by its long intensive contacts with the Russian language. Thus, in the Vepsian language there is no phenomenon of alternation of consonants (an ancient feature), and vowel harmony is partial. The composition of consonants during the history of the language was enriched due to the emergence of new phonemes. According to M.I. Zaitseva, the language uses 34 consonants; among the Baltic-Finnish languages, Vepsian takes first place in this parameter. The stress in the Vepsian language, as in other Baltic-Finnish languages, is fixed and always falls on the first syllable. According to the morphological type, the Vepsian language is a typical agglutinative language, each grammatical category has its own morphological indicators, which are added to the base of the word one after another, forming a chain of affixes, each of which has its own place and meaning. The case system, according to M.I. Zaitseva, was replenished with a number of cases, the suffixes of which are of postpositional origin (11 units in total). In the vocabulary, in addition to words of original origin, a lot of Russian and international borrowings are used.

Culture of the Leningrad region.Electronic encyclopedia

VEPSY(obsolete, , Chuhari, Kayvans; self-described at V. Len. region: vepsya/bepsya/veps, vepsleijet/vepslaajed/bepslaajed, lyudinikad, chukharid), ethnic community. Veppian language. refers to subgroup of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family.

Veps. Groom in wedding dress

V. formed on the territory. between , Onega and White lakes (in Mezhozerye) as a result of the interaction of newcomers Baltic-Finnish. groups and local people, related to the ancestors of modern people. Sami From the end of the 1st millennium AD. e. The ethnocultural interaction of V.'s ancestors (the entire chronicle) with the Slavs began. Ethnic territory V. from the 2nd millennium AD e. steadily declined as a result of assimilation. Nowadays they live in adjacent territories. Leningrad, Vologda region. and the Republic of Karelia. They are divided into northern, middle and southern. ethnographic groups. In Len. region V. inhabit the north. and north-east part of the Boksitogorsk district (southern group), north-east. part of Tikhvinsky, southeast. part of Lodeynopolsky and southern. part of Podporozhye districts (middle group). Total no. V. in Russia 8240 people, including in Leningrad. region - 2019 (according to the 2002 census). Basic occupations in the twentieth century: agriculture, cattle breeding. Ancillary roles were played by hunting and fishing, gathering, logging and other trades: pottery, rolling, furriers, shoemakers, and coopers. V. settlements are characterized by an open plan, small size, and location near water bodies. The dwellings are close to the north. Central Russian type. The basis of social. or-tion was the village. community, family relationships were of great importance. The traditional costume was similar to the clothing of the Northern Russians.

Traditional design of a Vepsian towel from the Museum in the House of Youth Creativity in the village of Shugozero, Tikhvin District

The basis diet consisted of flour products. Save rich folklore. Writing based on Latin alphabet Vepsian language. It is taught optionally in schools, literature and gas are published on it. "Kodima" ("Native Land"). Nar. The art is represented by wood carving, birch bark weaving, small clay sculpture (on the Oyat River), embroidery, and weaving. In the traditional worldview of V., certain pagan elements were preserved: veneration of trees and animals, belief in master spirits. Believers in V. are Orthodox. Currently Since then, missionary activity has been carried out among V. by representatives of Protestant movements.

Lit.: Pimenov V.V. Veps. Feature article ethnic history and the genesis of culture. M.; L., 1965; Kosmenko A.P. Folk art Vepsov. L., 1984; Problems of history and culture of the Vepsian people. Petrozavodsk, 1989; Vinokurova I.Yu. Calendar customs, rituals and holidays of the Vepsians (late XIX - early XX centuries). St. Petersburg, 1994; Baltic-Finnish peoples of Russia. M., 2003. P. 324-467; Modern science about the Vepsians: Achievements and prospects (in memory of N.I. Bogdanov). Petrozavodsk, 2006.
S.B. Egorov

VEPS(self-names - vepsläine, bepsläine, etc.), people of the Baltic-Finnish group in northwestern Russia. Number of people: 7.1 thousand people. (2010, census, including 1.2 thousand people speaking Vepsian and calling themselves Russians), including 3.7 thousand people, Leningrad region. - 2.1 thousand people, Vologda region. - 0.5 thousand people

Vepsian bathhouse. The village of Sheltozero. Photo by S. A. Makariev. 1930. Archive of Z. I. Strogalshchikova

More than half (56%) of the Vepsians live in cities (mainly in Petrozavodsk and St. Petersburg. 3 dialect groups are distinguished: northern (Prionezhsky, or Sheltozero) - on the western coast of Lake Onega (Prionezhsky Karelia region); medium - in the northeast of the Leningrad region. (Podporozhye, Lodeynopolsky and Tikhvin districts) and the north-west of the Vologda region. (Babaevsky and Vytegorsky districts); southern (Boksitogorsk Leningradskaya district region). They speak Vepsian language(48.6% of Vepsians speak it, including 82% of V. in the Leningrad region, 32% in Karelia and 84% in the Vologda region; all V. speak Russian). Believers are Orthodox.

House of peasant I. Melkin in the village of Sheltozero (now the Ethnographic Museum). 1814.

V. are considered to be ve-si and chu-di; according to ar-heo-lo-gich. exactly, V.'s ancestors lived in Mezho-ze-rye (between the Onega, La-Doga and White lakes). From the end 19th century teach-you-you-have-been an official. st-ti-sti-koy like a chud (in Pet-ro-za-vod-sky, Lo-dei-no-pol-sky and Vy-te-mountain districts of Olo-nets province.) or Chu-ha-ri (in Tikh-vinsky and Be-lo-zersky districts of Novgorod province), in the re-pi-si 1926 for the first time in the name we V. In 1926 there were 32.8 thousand people. Su-sche-st-vo-vali Vin-nitsky (1931-37) in Leningrad. region and Shel-to-zer-sky (1927-56) in Karelia Vepsian national. districts, national villagers. Since 1929 in Shel-to-Zer-sky national. In the region, training in Finnish was introduced in schools. language, since 1932 in Leningrad. region teaching is being introduced in the Vepsian language. In 1937-38, training in the Vepsian language. excellent, active representatives of the Vepsian in-tel-li-gen-tion, including the authors of textbooks , were subjected to re-press-si-pits. Since 1989, on the initiative of the Society of Vepsian culture, Vepsian writing has risen (gas. “Ko-di-ma” , re-water of the Bible), pre-da-va-nie in Ka-re-lia and Leningr. region, te-le- and radio-pe-re-da-chi in the Vepsian language. In 1988, the Vepsian Kui national was created. village council in the Vo-lo-god-skaya region, in 1994-2005 there was a Vepsian national. parish in Ka-re-lia. In 2006, V. po-lu-chi-li sta-tus of the radical ma-lo-chis-len-no-go na-ro-da Se-ve-ra.

Traditional kul-tu-ra ti-pich-na for the peoples of the forest zone of Se-ve-ro-Za-pa-da Russia (see article Peoples and languages ki in that “Russia”). Basic traditional occupation - cutting-but-og-not-howling land-le-de-lie (rye, barley, oats), traditional. weapon - so-ha (adr) and bo-ro-na-su-ko-vat-ka (yagez). Have you ever seen a stone-hewn pro-we-sat in Pri-onezhye (before-cha ma-li-no-go kvar-tsi-ta, or “shock-shin” -skogo por-fi-ra"), from-ho-no-che-st-vo (V. we know how they built St. Petersburg). Traditional small-yard villages of villages. Dwelling near the north. V. - house-yard on a high ground, near Wed. and south V. - on not-you-with-whom-under-the-kle-those; from-ba with a covered courtyard connects a cross-re-ho-house, for cf. and south V. ha-rak-ter-na transverse (T-round) connection. At the top of the carved faces of the UK-ra-sha-women were fi-gu-ra-mi, from the 18th century. - vo-lu-ta-mi. Plan-ni-ditch from the south. and Wed V. - northern-Central Russian type (stove facing the mouth towards the fa-garden wall, table - in the red corner); near the north B. the stove is located at the mouth towards the entrance, the table is at the facade wall (the so-called Finnish plan). The stove has a box (cart) built that leads into the basement. Clothes, yes, wed. and south V. is close to the northern Russian, in Pri-onezhye there would be a skirt complex. The headdress for girls is el-ka-len-ta, for women - closed so-ro-ka, ki-ka, po-vo-nik, collection -Nick. Women's ru-ba-hi were decorated with red or white embroidery; iso-brazit. You are close to the Northern Russians. Basic pi-sha - rye bread, fish, na-pi-tok - turnip kvass, on holidays - beer. Until the 1930s large pat-ri-ar-hal families (3-4 generations) were preserved. Customs of “beer festivals” (type brother rank), mo-lo-de-zh-nyh on-si-de-lok (no-rish-teht), rya-zhe-niya and ga-da-niya on Svyat-ki and , wedding and calendar rituals, the ritual of mourning the dead are close to Russian ones; when there are children and not-the-same ones, there is a ritual of “fun” for some reason. At the mo-gi-lu during those 40 days (sometimes up to a year), instead of a hundred crosses, there were two poles from the ballroom no-si- Lock, believing that through them the connection between the deceased and his family was maintained. There was a belief in kol-du-nov (noid) and pre-ska-za-te-ley (ar-bui). The tradition of votive holidays is preserved.

Basic folk-lo-ra genre - pri-chi-ta-niya (po-choron-nye, po-minal-nye, sva-deb-nye). They are usually used in the Vepsian language, as well as lullabies (“bay-ki”) and chas-tush-ki. Matchmaking, pro-heavy and dancing songs (most of them are many-vocal) are based on. in Russian language. Music in-st-ru-men-you: can-te-let (types of cit-ry), on-t-ra-ly trumpets (pist, tord), flute-you, percussion, the world is it(from be-re-sta, stem-la-lu-ka, etc.), gar-mo-ni-ka. This tale (sar-nad, sta-ri-nad) is close to the Karelian and northern Russian ones.

Lit.: Songs of the people of the Ka-re-lo-Finnish SSR. Collection of Karelian, Vepsian and Russian songs / Comp. V. P. Gudkov, N. N. Levi. Pet-ro-za-vodsk, 1941; Pi-me-nov V. IN . Veps-sy. Essay on this-no-che-is-to-riy and ge-ne-zi-sa kul-tu-ry. M.; L., 1965; About the history and culture of the Vepsian people. Pet-ro-za-vodsk, 1989; Veps // Baltic-Finnish peoples of Russia. M., 2003.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Veps(Veps. vepsläižed; officially until 1917 - Chud) - a small Finno-Ugric people, traditionally living in the territory of Karelia, Vologda and Leningrad regions in Russia.

In April 2006, the nationality was included in the List of Indigenous Peoples small peoples North, Siberia and Far East Russian Federation.

Names and ethnic groups

Self-names - vepsä, bepsä, vepsläižed, bepsaažed, lüdinikad. Before 1917 Vepsians were officially called miracle. The ethnonym “Vepsians” spreads already in modern times. In the villages, in everyday Russian speech the names “Chukhari” and “Kaivans” were also used (which often had a playful and ironic connotation).

There are three ethnographic groups of Vepsians:

• northern (Onega) Vepsians - on the southwestern coast of Lake Onega (in the south of Karelia (former Vepsian national volost with the capital in the village of Sheltozero) on the border with the Leningrad region);
• Middle (Oyat) Vepsians - in the upper and middle reaches of the river. Oyat, in the area of ​​​​the sources of the Kapsha and Pasha rivers (northeast of the Leningrad region and northwest Vologda region)
• southern Vepsians - on the southern slopes of the Vepsian Upland (east of the Leningrad region and north-west of the Vologda region).

Language and writing

Genesis and history

Main article: whole (tribe)

Currently, scientists cannot finally resolve the question of the genesis of the Vepsian ethnic group. It is believed that by origin the Vepsians are associated with the formation of other Baltic-Finnish peoples and that they separated from them, probably in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD. e., and by the end of this millennium they settled in the southeastern Ladoga region. The burial mounds of the 10th-13th centuries can be defined as ancient Vepsian.

It is believed that the most early mentions Vepsians date back to the 6th century AD. e. (Ostrogothic historian Jordan writes about the tribe you). The Arab historical tradition, starting with Ibn Fadlan (10th century), mentions the ethnonym hanging. Russian chronicles from the 9th century probably refer to the same people as the whole. Russian scribal books, lives of saints and other sources more often know the ancient Vepsians under the name Chud.

The main sources on the early history of the Vepsians are information from ancient Russian chronicles about the Chud and Vesi tribes, whom science considers their ancestors. In the Tale of Bygone Years, the chronicler Nestor reports on the settlement of Chud and Vesi, indicating that “Chuds are sitting near the Varangian Sea”(as the Slavs called the Baltic Sea). “They also sit along the Varangian Sea, but here they are the finders... and on Beloozero they sit all who are the first inhabitants..." The tale of the calling of the Varangians in the Tale of Bygone Years begins with short message chronicles : “In the year 6367 (859) the Varangians from overseas collected tribute from the Chuds, Slovenes, Meri, Vesi and Krivichi.”

The ancient Vepsians played important role V historical events formation of the Old Russian state, creating, according to the chronicle, together with Slavic tribes: Slovenes and Krivichi - military-political union, which became the basis for its formation. Their participation in such a union was due to the settlement of the ancient Vepsians on the northern section of the Great Volga trade route, which was most important for world trade. waterway- from Lake Ladoga to Lake Onega.

In the interlake region between Lakes Onega and Lake Ladoga (in their main ethnic territory), the Vepsians lived from the end of the 1st millennium, gradually moving east. Some groups of Vepsians left the inter-lake region and merged with other ethnic groups (for example, in the 12th-15th centuries, the Vepsians, who penetrated into areas north of the Svir River, became part of the Karelian ethnos - people And Livviks. In contrast, the northern Vepsians are descendants of later settlers who were not mixed with the Karelians.

Migrations of the Vepsians to the northeast - to Obonezhye and Zavolochye - led to the emergence of Vepsian groups, the totality of which in Russian historical sources is called the Zavolochsk Chud. The easternmost of these groups took part in the formation of the Western Komi. The rest were assimilated during Slavic colonization.

The main part of the Vepsians until the last third of the 15th century lived within the boundaries of the Obonezh Pyatina of the Novgorod Land. After the annexation of Novgorod to the Moscow state, the Vepsians were included in the number of state (black-growing) peasants. At the beginning of the 18th century, the northern Vepsians were assigned to the Olonetsky (Petrovsky) metallurgical and weapons factories, and the Oyat Vepsians were assigned to the Lodeynopol shipyard.

The number of Vepsians in Russia was first determined by academician P.I. Koeppen based on the materials of the VIII revision (1835). According to his calculations, in European Russia At that time, there were 15,617 Vepsians living, including 8,550 in the Olonets province and 7,067 in the Novgorod province.

In 1897, the number of Vepsians was 25.6 thousand people, including 7.3 thousand living in Eastern Karelia, north of the river. Svir. In 1897, Vepsians made up 7.2% of the population of the Tikhvin district and 2.3% of the population of the Belozersky district of the Novgorod province.

In the 1920-1930s, as part of the policy of indigenization, Vepsian national districts (Vinnitsa in the Leningrad Region and Sheltozero in the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), as well as Vepsian rural councils and collective farms, were created in places of compact residence of the people. In the early 1930s, the introduction of teaching the Vepsian language and a number of educational subjects in this language in primary school, Vepsian language textbooks based on Latin script appeared.

In 1937, the ethnic territory of the Vepsians on the Vepsian Upland was divided between the Leningrad and Vologda regions, at the same time the Vinnitsa national district was transformed into a regular one, and in 1957 the Sheltozero district in Karelia was abolished. Attempts were also made to massively resettle the Vepsians, for example, in 1959, the Shimozero Vepsians of the Vologda region were resettled to the Podporozhye and Vinnitsa districts of the Leningrad region.

Since the 1950s, as a result of increased migration processes and the associated spread of exogamous marriages, the process of assimilation of the Vepsians has accelerated. According to the 1979 population census, 8.1 thousand Vepsians lived in the USSR. However, according to estimates by Karelian scientists, the real number of Vepsians was noticeably higher: about 13 thousand in the USSR, including 12.5 thousand in Russia (1981). About half of the Vepsians settled in cities. According to the 1989 population census, 12.1 thousand Vepsians lived in the USSR, but only 52% of them called Vepsian their native language.

Dynamics of the number of Vepsians in the USSR and the Russian Federation

According to the 1897 census, Russian Empire 25,820 Vepsians lived (according to data on their native language).

Modern settlement and numbers

The total number in Russia is 5936 people according to the 2010 census (8240 people according to the 2002 census, 1989 - 12,142 people; in 1959 - about 16,170).

There are 4,870 Vepsians living in Karelia (2002, 5,954 people in 1989), which is more than half of the total number of this people. Until the middle of the 20th century. Vepsians lived almost exclusively in the southeastern part of the republic, mainly along the western shore of Lake Onega south and southeast of the village of Shoksha. Within the Sheltozero region that existed here until 1957, Vepsians in 1926 made up almost 95% of the population. Subsequently, as a result of migration processes, the concentration of Vepsians in the capital of Karelia increased sharply. If in 1926 1.2% of Karelian Vepsians lived in Petrozavodsk, then by 1939 this figure had increased to 25.2% and subsequently it continued to increase continuously (1970 - 44.1%, 1989 - 51.7% ). According to the 2002 census, 55.7% of the Vepsians of Karelia already lived in Petrozavodsk. The process of “flowing” of Vepsians into the capital...