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Everything about landmines in World of Tanks. High Explosive (HE) shells

High explosive projectile

Land mine(French) fougasse) - an explosive charge placed in the ground or under water at a shallow depth, or delivered in various ways to the place of use, exploded suddenly to cause damage to the enemy or delay his advance. When a landmine is detonated, the target is hit by a shock wave and explosion products.

The explosion is carried out electrically, by fire or mechanically. At fire method It is necessary to have blasting caps, fire cord and incendiary tubes.

Application

High-explosive shells are mainly intended for firing at non-concrete defensive structures: trenches, wood-earth (DZOT) and wood-stone firing points, observation posts, etc. In addition, high-explosive shells of large calibers can be used in conjunction with concrete-piercing shells for firing at concrete defensive structures (DOT) mainly for removing the earthen embankment from the latter. Firing high-explosive shells on ricochets can be successfully used to make passages in minefields.

In the absence of fragmentation and high-explosive fragmentation shells, high-explosive shells can be used for firing at open live targets, and in the absence of armor-piercing shells, for firing at tanks. In these cases, the effect of high-explosive shells will be significantly inferior to the effect of the shells they replace.

Damaging effect

High-explosive shells act with the destructive force of the gases of the explosive charge and partly with the force of impact on the barrier. In accordance with this, the power of a high-explosive projectile is determined by the weight and quality of the explosive contained in its shell, which determines the main requirement for such projectiles. Increasing the power of high-explosive projectiles within the same caliber is possible by increasing the capacity of the chamber for the explosive charge and using a more powerful explosive.

Design

High-explosive projectiles have the thinnest shells, a high filling factor, a high relative weight of the explosive charge and a low relative weight of the projectile.

According to their design, high-explosive shells of medium-caliber ground artillery are solid-body, with a screw head or a screw bottom and a point for the head fuse, and the shells large calibers- with a solid head, a screwed bottom and a point for a bottom fuse, or with a screw head and a screwed bottom and a point for a head fuse. Large-caliber shells, in addition, can have two points: under the head and bottom fuses; The use of two fuses ensures trouble-free operation and complete explosion of the projectile.

Small-caliber high-explosive shells in aviation artillery were first used by the Germans in 20- and 30-mm aircraft cannons during the Second World War. The body of the 20-mm projectile is thin-walled, stamped, with grooves pressed into it for the leading belt and blackening of the cartridge case. To increase strength when fired, the bottom of the body is made of a hemispherical shape. There are no centering bulges on the body, and the centering of the projectile in the barrel bore is carried out by the centering bulge on the fuse and the leading belt. The fuse is connected to the projectile using an adapter sleeve fixed in the body.

The required strength of such projectiles when fired is achieved through the use of a metal body with high mechanical properties and its heat treatment.

The appearance of high-explosive shells in small-caliber aviation artillery is explained by the increased damaging effect of these shells compared to fragmentation shells due to the low sensitivity of modern aircraft to damage from fragments. Therefore, it should be considered appropriate to fully increase the high explosiveness of small-caliber fragmentation shells of anti-aircraft and aviation artillery. The use of high-explosive shells in ground artillery is advisable only in guns with a caliber of 120 mm and above, since the insignificant weight of the explosive charge of shells of a smaller caliber does not ensure the destruction of even the lightest field shelters.

Landmines at present

Currently, in medium-caliber artillery, high-explosive shells are almost completely replaced by high-explosive fragmentation shells, which greatly simplify the combat supply of artillery.

Old high-explosive shells were preserved only in service, while the production of medium-caliber high-explosive shells was discontinued in almost all countries.

For equipping high-explosive shells of ground artillery in peaceful time is running almost exclusively TNT and less often melinite, and in wartime the use of surrogate explosives is inevitable.

High-explosive shells of German aviation artillery were filled mainly with PETN and less often with TNT.

High explosive fuses

To detonate high-explosive ground artillery shells at the target, head and bottom fuses with one to three settings are used: instantaneous (fragmentation), inertial (high-explosive) and delayed action. The use of fuses with settings for inertial and delayed action is aimed at ensuring the necessary deepening of the projectile into the barrier until it explodes to obtain the required high-explosive effect.

In small-caliber high-explosive projectiles of aviation artillery, only instantaneous fuses can be used.

The Birth of Artillery

The monk’s discovery was very quickly used in military affairs, and soon two directions for the development of weapons appeared, which used the propellant properties of gunpowder. The first of these was the creation of a lightweight manual small arms, the second is the production of guns. The advent of handguns did not lead to the creation of a new type of military. They simply armed existing ones, replacing bows and light throwing spears - darts - in the infantry and cavalry. But the appearance of cannons created new troops, which in Rus' were called “firearms,” and which the Italian weapons theorist Niccolo Tartaglia proposed to call artillery, which translated means “the art of shooting.” Some researchers believe that this appeared much earlier than the discovery of the German monk, with the invention of the first throwing machines - ballistas. Be that as it may, artillery became the god of war precisely with the creation of firearms.

Development of the God of War

Over time, military affairs did not stand still, and artillery pieces not only improved, but also new types appeared: howitzers, mortars, rocket systems volley fire and others. In the twentieth century, artillery truly dominated the battlefields. And along with the development of guns, artillery ammunition for them also developed.

Types of projectiles

The first artillery shell fired at the enemy was nothing more than an ordinary stone loaded into a ballista. With the advent of cannons, special stone and then metal cannonballs began to be used. They caused damage to the enemy due to the kinetic energy received during the shot. But back in the twelfth century AD, China used a high-explosive projectile thrown at the enemy by means of a catapult. Therefore, the proposal to make hollow cores with an explosive inside did not take long to come. This is how the high-explosive artillery shell appeared. It caused significant damage to the enemy due to the energy of the explosion and the scattering of fragments. After the advent of armored targets, special armor-piercing, sub-caliber and cumulative ammunition were developed to combat them. Their task was to penetrate the armor and disable the mechanisms and manpower located in the armored space. There are also projectiles special purpose: lighting, incendiary, chemical, propaganda and others. IN Lately Guided munitions are gaining popularity, which themselves adjust their flight to more accurately hit targets.

High explosive shells

A landmine is one that causes damage to the enemy through a shock wave, high temperature and explosion products (some explosives, for example, produce toxic emissions when burned). A high-explosive projectile in its pure form is practically never used. The explosive charge is placed in a durable metal casing that can withstand high pressure in the barrel. Therefore, when detonated, the shell forms a large number of fragments. This type of ammunition is called a high-explosive fragmentation projectile (HEF). The vast majority of artillery ammunition is OFS.

Shrapnel

Since it is difficult to guarantee uniform dispersion of fragments when detonating a conventional OFS, a high-explosive fragmentation projectile with ready-made submunitions was developed. This type of ammunition was called “shrapnel” (in honor of its inventor, British officer Henry Shrapnel). It is most effective when detonated at a height of several meters from the ground. In modern ammunition, the striking elements are shaped like feathered pyramids, which makes it possible to hit even lightly armored targets.

Land mine against armor

At the end of the 40s of the twentieth century, a high-explosive projectile was developed in Great Britain to destroy enemy armored vehicles. It had a thin-walled body that contained an explosive charge and a detonator with a moderator. Upon contact with the armor, the thin metal shell was destroyed, and the explosive was flattened across the armor, covering as large an area as possible. After this, the detonator was triggered and the explosive was detonated. As a result, the crew and mechanisms in the armored space were damaged by internal fragments and the top layer of armor was burned. This type is called an armor-piercing high-explosive projectile. However, with the advent of dynamic protection and spaced armor, it was considered ineffective. Currently, such shells are in service only in their homeland - Great Britain.

High explosive fuses

The first fuse for high-explosive fragmentation ammunition was an ordinary fuse, which was ignited when fired from a cannon and initiated the detonation of explosives after a certain time. However, after the advent of rifled guns and conical-shaped projectiles, which guaranteed that the front part of the hull would encounter an obstacle, impact fuses appeared. Their advantage was that the explosive exploded immediately after contact with the obstacle. For destruction, the impact fuses were equipped with a moderator. This allowed the ammunition to first penetrate the obstacle, thereby dramatically increasing its effectiveness. By equipping a landmine with such a fuse with a more massive body with thick walls (which made it possible, due to kinetic energy, to penetrate deep into the walls of long-term firing points), we obtained a concrete-piercing projectile.

By the way, at the initial stage of the Great Patriotic War, they successfully fought German armored vehicles with the help of 152-mm concrete-piercing shells. If you hit the middle or easy german The tank shell, due to its weight, first destroyed the vehicle, tore off the turret, and then exploded. The disadvantage of impact fuses was that when they hit viscous soil (for example, a swamp), they did not work. I was able to fix this problem remote fuse, allowing you to detonate ammunition at a certain distance from the muzzle of the gun barrel. Currently, this type of detonator is used in almost all OFS. It allows, for example, firing tank guns at air targets (helicopters).

Combat use of high-explosive shells

High-explosive fragmentation shells are the main type of ammunition used by modern artillery systems. They are used to destroy fortifications, damage and destroy various enemy military equipment, weapons, and manpower. With their help, passages are made in engineering defensive structures. For example, in the final period of the Great Patriotic War, Soviet ISU-152s, using a 152-mm high-explosive fragmentation projectile, successfully destroyed German bunkers, which ensured a breakthrough for the 1st and 2nd Guards Tank Armies of Katukov and Bogdanov northeast of Berlin. Even in the most powerful non-nuclear weapons of our time (the Smerch RZSO), the basis of the ammunition is 9M55F high-explosive fragmentation rockets, which, when fired in salvos, are equated to weapons mass destruction.

Armor-piercing shells- the main type of projectile that can be fired by almost any weapon. This projectile deals damage only if the armor is broken enemy (accompanied by the messages “Breakthrough” and “There is a penetration”). He can also damage modules or crew, if it hits the right place (accompanied by the messages “Hit” and “There is a hit”). If the penetrating power of the projectile is not enough, it will not penetrate the armor and will not cause damage (accompanied by the message “Did not penetrate”). If a projectile hits the armor at too sharp an angle, it will ricochet and also cause no damage (accompanied by the message “Ricochet”).

High Explosive (HE) shells

High-explosive fragmentation shells- have greatest potential damage, But insignificant armor penetration. If a shell penetrates the armor, it explodes inside the tank, causing maximum damage and additional damage to modules or crew from the explosion. A high-explosive fragmentation projectile does not need to penetrate the target's armor - if it does not penetrate, it will explode on the tank's armor, causing less damage than if it penetrates. The damage in this case depends on the thickness of the armor - the thicker the armor, the more damage from the explosion it absorbs. In addition, tank screens also absorb damage from explosions of high-explosive shells. High-explosive fragmentation shells can also damage several tanks at the same time, since the explosion has a certain radius of action. Tank shells have a smaller high-explosive radius, while self-propelled gun shells have a maximum radius. It is also worth noting that only when firing high-explosive shells is it possible to receive the Bombardier award!

Sub-caliber (AP) shells

Sub-caliber shells- These are the most common premium shells in the game, installed in almost any weapon. The operating principle is similar to armor-piercing ones. They are distinguished by increased armor penetration, but they lose more penetration with distance and have less normalization (they lose more effectiveness when firing at an angle to the armor).

Cumulative (CS) projectiles

HEAT shells- premium shells for self-propelled guns and many other tanks in the game. Their penetration is noticeably higher than that of standard armor-piercing shells, and the damage they cause is at the level of armor-piercing shells for the same weapon. The penetration effect is achieved not due to the kinetic energy of the projectile (as with an AP or BP), but due to the energy of the cumulative jet formed when an explosive of a certain shape is detonated at a certain distance from the armor. Hence the differences from BB and BP - cumulative shells do not ricochet, they are not subject to the normalization rule, three calibers, and they do not lose armor penetration with distance.

Penetration rules for cumulative projectiles

Update 0.8.6 introduces new penetration rules for cumulative projectiles:

The cumulative projectile can now ricochet when the projectile hits armor at an angle of 85 degrees or more. During a ricochet, the armor penetration of the ricocheted cumulative projectile does not decrease.
After the first penetration of the armor, the ricochet can no longer work (due to the formation of a cumulative jet).
After the first penetration of the armor, the projectile begins to lose armor penetration at the following rate: 5% of the armor penetration remaining after penetration - per 10 cm of space traversed by the projectile (50% - per 1 meter of free space from the screen to the armor).
After each penetration of the armor, the armor penetration of the projectile is reduced by an amount equal to the thickness of the armor, taking into account the angle of inclination of the armor relative to the flight path of the projectile.
Now the tracks also serve as a screen for cumulative projectiles.

Changes to ricochet in update 0.9.3

Now, when a projectile ricochets, it does not disappear, but continues its movement along a new trajectory, and 25% of the armor penetration is lost for an armor-piercing and sub-caliber projectile, while the armor penetration of a cumulative projectile does not change.

What type of projectile should I use?

Basic rules when choosing between armor-piercing and high-explosive fragmentation shells:

Use armor-piercing shells against tanks of your level; high-explosive fragmentation shells against tanks with weak armor or self-propelled guns with open deckhouses.
Use armor-piercing shells in long-barreled and small-caliber guns; high-explosive fragmentation - in short-barreled and large-caliber. The use of small-caliber HE shells is pointless - they often do not penetrate, and therefore do not cause damage.
Use high-explosive fragmentation shells at any angle, do not fire armor-piercing shells at an acute angle to the enemy's armor.
Targeting vulnerable areas and shooting at right angles to the armor are also useful for HE - this increases the likelihood of breaking through the armor and taking full damage.
High-explosive fragmentation shells have a high chance of inflicting small but guaranteed damage even if they do not penetrate armor, so they can be effectively used to knock down a grapple from the base and finish off opponents with a small margin of safety.

For example, the 152mm M-10 gun on the KV-2 tank is large-caliber and short-barreled. The larger the caliber of the projectile, the greater the amount of explosive it contains and the more damage it causes. But due to the short length of the gun's barrel, the projectile is fired with a very low initial velocity, which leads to low penetration, accuracy and range. In such conditions, an armor-piercing projectile, which requires an accurate hit, becomes ineffective, and a high-explosive fragmentation one should be used.

Classifications of modern conventional means defeats

Characteristics of modern weapons.

Fire and strike weapons (ammunition)

Fragmentation ammunition - designed to kill people. The peculiarity of ammunition with ready-made or semi-finished lethal elements is a huge number (up to several thousand) of elements (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing from fractions of a gram to several grams. The radius of scattering of fragments is up to 300m.

Ball bombs - come in sizes from a tennis ball to a soccer ball and contain up to 200 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5 mm. The radius of destruction of such a bomb, based on the caliber, is 1.5-15 m. Ball bombs are dropped from aircraft in cassettes containing 96-640 bombs. Expanding ball bombs explode over an area of up to 250,000 square meters.

High-explosive ammunition - designed to destroy large ground objects (industrial and administrative buildings, railway junctions, etc.) with a shock wave and fragments. Bomb mass from 50 to 10000kᴦ.

Cumulative ammunition — designed to destroy armored targets.

The principle of operation is based on burning an obstacle with a powerful jet of high-density gases with

temperature 6000-7000 0 C. Focused detonation products are capable of burning holes in armored floors several tens of centimeters thick and causing fires.

Concrete-piercing ammunition - designed to destroy airfield runways and other objects with a concrete surface. The Durandal concrete-piercing bomb weighs 195 kg and is 2.7 m long and has a warhead mass of 100 kᴦ. It is capable of piercing a concrete coating 70 cm thick; after breaking through the concrete, the bomb explodes (sometimes with a delay), forming a crater 2 m deep and 5 m in diameter.

Volumetric explosion ammunition - designed to destroy people, buildings, structures and equipment with an air shock wave and fire.

What is a land mine? What types of high-explosive shells are there?

The principle of operation is to spray gas-air mixtures in the air, followed by detonation of the resulting cloud of aerosols. The explosion results in enormous pressure.

Incendiary ammunition has a damaging effect on people, equipment, etc.

objects are based on direct exposure to high temperatures.

Incendiary substances are divided into:

● Compositions based on petroleum products (napalm)

● Metallized incendiary mixtures

● Termites and termite compounds

● White phosphorus

Characteristics of incendiary ammunition:

● Compositions based on petroleum products. NAPALM- a mixture of gasoline and thickener powder (90-97: 10-3). It ignites well even on wet surfaces and is capable of creating a high-temperature fire (1000 - 1200°C) with a burning duration of 5-10 minutes. Lighter than water.

● Metallized incendiary mixtures. ELECTRON - an alloy of magnesium, aluminum and other elements (96:3:1). It ignites at 600 0 C and burns with a dazzling white or bluish flame, reaching a temperature of 2800 ° C.

● Thermite compositions are compressed powder of aluminum and oxides of refractory metals. Burning thermite heats up to 3000˚C.

● White phosphorus is a translucent wax-like solid. Capable of self-ignition when combining with oxygen in the air. Flame temperature 900-1200˚С. It is most often used as a napalm igniter and smoke-generating agent.

Precision weapons:

Reconnaissance and strike complexes (RUK) - RUK combines two elements: destructive weapons (aircraft, missiles equipped with homing warheads capable of selecting the desired targets among other objects and local objects) and technical means that ensure their combat use (reconnaissance, communications, navigation, control, processing and display systems, information, command generation).

Managed aerial bombs- designed to hit small targets that require high precision. Taking into account the dependence on the type and nature of targets, UABs can be concrete-piercing, armor-piercing, anti-tank, cassette, etc.

The probability of hitting a UAB is not lower than 05.

Nuclear weapon. Damaging factors nuclear explosion Characteristics of damage to factors of a nuclear explosion. Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the use of fission energy of heavy nuclei of certain isotopes of uranium and plutonium or on thermonuclear reactions of synthesis of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes of deuterium and tritium.

Nuclear weapons are divided according to their power: (Ultra-small (less than 1 kt), Small (1-10 kt), Medium (10-100 kt), Large (100-1000 kg), Extra-large (more than 1000 kt))

DAMAGED FACTORS

Shock wave (direct or indirect effect on the body)

Light radiation – thermal burns of the skin and eyes.

Penetrating radiation is a stream of neurons and gamma rays.

Radioactive contamination terrain.

Electromagnetic pulse

Feature: combined lesions.

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Modern means of destruction, their brief characteristics, damaging factors.

Nuclear weapons are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy. Nuclear weapons, one of the most destructive means of warfare, are among the main types of weapons of mass destruction. It includes various nuclear weapons (warheads of missiles and torpedoes, aircraft and depth charges, artillery shells and mines equipped with nuclear chargers), means of controlling them and means of delivering them to the target (carriers). The destructive effect of nuclear weapons is based on the energy released during nuclear explosions.

The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination and electromagnetic pulse.

The shock wave is the main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion, since most of the destruction and damage to structures, buildings, as well as injuries to people are caused by its impact.

Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons. Its sources are nuclear reactions fission and fusion occurring in the ammunition at the moment of explosion, as well as radioactive decay fission fragments (products) in the explosion cloud.

The duration of action of penetrating radiation on ground objects is 15-25 s.

Radioactive contamination. Its main sources are fission products of a nuclear charge and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the influence of neutrons on the materials from which nuclear weapons are made, and on some elements that make up the soil in the area of the explosion. It is most dangerous in the first hours after radioactive fallout.

An electromagnetic pulse is a short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted with the atoms of the environment. The consequence of its impact may be the failure of individual elements of radio-electronic and electrical equipment. People can only be harmed if they come into contact with wire lines at the time of the explosion.

Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of certain chemical substances. It includes chemical warfare agents and means of their use.

Toxic substances (TS) are chemical compounds that can infect people and animals large areas, penetrate various structures, contaminate the area and water bodies. They are used to equip missiles, aircraft bombs, artillery shells and mines, chemical landmines, as well as airborne discharge devices (VAP). OM is used in a drop-liquid state, in the form of steam and aerosol. They can penetrate the human body and infect it through the respiratory organs, digestive organs, skin and eyes.

Based on their effect on the human body, toxic substances are divided into nerve agents, vesicants, asphyxiants, generally toxic substances, irritants and psychochemical agents.

Nerve agents (VX, sarin) infect nervous system when affecting the body through the respiratory system, when penetrating in vapor and droplet-liquid states through the skin, as well as when entering the gastrointestinal tract along with food and water.

Toxic substances with blister action (mustard gas) have a multifaceted damaging effect. In a droplet-liquid and vapor state, they affect the skin and eyes, when inhaling vapors - the respiratory tract and lungs, when ingested with food and water - the digestive organs.

Asphyxiating toxic substances (phosgene) affect the body through the respiratory system.

Generally poisonous substances (hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride) affect a person only when he inhales air contaminated with their vapors (they do not act through the skin).

Irritating toxic substances (CS, adamsite, etc.) cause acute burning and pain in the mouth, throat and eyes, severe lacrimation, coughing, and difficulty breathing.

Toxic substances of psychochemical action (Bi-Z) specifically act on the central nervous system and cause psychological (hallucinations, fear, depression) or physical (blindness, deafness) disorders.

According to their tactical purpose, toxic substances are divided into groups depending on the nature of the damaging effect: lethal, temporarily incapacitating, and irritating.

Lethal toxic substances are intended to fatally defeat an enemy or incapacitate him for long term. Such chemical agents include sarin, soman, Vi-X, mustard gas, hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride, and phosgene.

Toxic substances that temporarily incapacitate include psychochemical substances that act on the nervous system of people and cause temporary mental disorders in them (Bi-Z).

Irritating toxic substances (police agents) affect the sensitive nerve endings of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and act on the eyes. These include chloroacetophenone, adamsite, CC, CC.

Bacteriological weapons are special ammunition and combat devices equipped with biological agents. This weapon is intended for mass destruction of manpower, farm animals and crops. Its damaging effect is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microbes - pathogens of diseases in humans, animals and agricultural plants.

Pathogenic microbes are a large group of tiny living creatures that can cause various infectious diseases. Depending on their biological characteristics, pathogenic microbes are divided into bacteria, viruses, rickettsia and fungi.

The class of bacteria includes the causative agents of plague, cholera, anthrax, and glanders.

Viruses cause smallpox and yellow fever.

Rickettsiae are the causative agents of typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Serious diseases (blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, etc.) are caused by fungi.

Insect pests of agricultural crops include the Colorado potato beetle, locust, and Hessian fly. The Colorado potato beetle is a dangerous pest of potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, eggplants, and tobacco. Locusts destroy various agricultural plants. The Hessian fly attacks wheat, barley and rye.

Conventional weapons include all fire and strike weapons that use artillery, anti-aircraft, aviation, small arms and engineering ammunition and missiles in conventional ammunition (fragmentation, high-explosive, cumulative, concrete-piercing, volumetric explosion), as well as incendiary ammunition and fire mixtures.

Fragmentation ammunition is intended primarily to hit people with lethal elements (balls, needles) and fragments.

High-explosive ammunition is designed to destroy large

Ground facilities (industrial and administrative buildings, railway junctions, etc.)

HEAT ammunition is designed to destroy armored targets.

ARTILLERY SHELLS

The principle of their operation is based on burning a barrier several tens of centimeters thick with a powerful jet of high-density gases with a temperature of 6000-7000 °C.

Concrete-piercing ammunition is designed to destroy airfield runways and other objects with a concrete surface.

Volumetric explosion ammunition is designed to destroy people, buildings, structures and equipment with an air shock wave and fire.

Incendiary ammunition. Their damaging effect on people, equipment and other objects is based on the direct impact of high temperatures. This type of weapon includes incendiary substances and means of their combat use.

Incendiary substances are divided into three main groups: compositions based on petroleum products; metallized incendiary mixtures; termites and termite compounds. Special group incendiary substances include ordinary and plasticized phosphorus, alkali metals, as well as mixtures that ignite spontaneously in air.

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125MM HIGH EXPLOSIVE AND SPECIAL AMMUNITION

GENERAL INFORMATION

Unlike the series Western countries, continuously increasing the emphasis of tank weapons on fighting tanks by reducing the ability of the tank to fight enemy manpower, in accordance with the traditional Soviet worldview, tanks are the most effective means of combating enemy manpower and fortifications on the battlefield, and this is reflected in the nomenclature anti-personnel ammunition developed for the 125 mm gun, and the share of such ammunition in a typical ammunition load (about 40% high-explosive fragmentation ammunition, in addition to approximately 45% cumulative, also suitable for combating enemy personnel; this share may be even higher in depending on the combat mission).

The most common type of ammunition is the fin-stabilized multi-purpose high-explosive fragmentation projectile. Its scope of application was further expanded with the introduction of the Ainet system for remote electronic detonation of ammunition. There are also other specialized projectiles, such as SGPE and incendiary, but these are less common.

125-mm OFS have good accuracy (normative dispersion: 0.23 etc.) and are similar in lethality to 122-mm artillery ammunition.

The suitability of these ammunition for combating tanks is limited, however, tests in a number of countries have shown that a direct hit of OFS on armored vehicles can cause loss of mobility, and with a high probability - loss or significant reduction in firepower. Light armored vehicles are highly likely to be completely destroyed.

AMMUNITION DIAGRAM

Soviet OFS have the following structure: the explosive charge is placed in a housing (3), equipped with two driving belts (4). In the nose of the projectile there is a fuse (2) with a protective cap (1). The tail contains 4 folded stabilizers (6), attached to the base (7) and held in the folded position by stoppers (5) and a plastic ring (8). The latter is destroyed during the firing process and releases the stabilizers, which open along the axes of rotation (9) and ensure the stability of the projectile along the trajectory.

The required operation mode (high-explosive, high-explosive fragmentation or fragmentation) is set by installing the fuse valve in one of two positions and the presence or absence of a protective cap:

OF mode : fuse valve in position “O” (open), cap installed. Response time - 0.01 sec. This is a standard operation mode, ensuring the correct functioning of the projectile in most cases, and does not require any special preparatory actions by the crew.

High-explosive shells: standard designs and promising developments

F mode : tap in position “Z” (closed), cap installed. Response time - 0.1 sec. This special mode is designed to increase the depth of the projectile before detonation, to destroy fortifications and defeat of manpower and equipment covered with earthen parapets. To use a projectile in this mode, you need to turn the fuse tap with a special key before loading the projectile.

Mode O : fuse valve in position “O” (open), cap missing. Response time - 0.001 sec. This special mode is mainly intended for the correct firing of the projectile on soft soil and marshy soils at distances less than 3000 m. Due to the extreme sensitivity of the projectile in this mode, it is prohibited to use it while moving, through the protective cover of the gun, or during rain or hail .

OFS shells use a standard propellant charge (4Zh-40 or 4Zh-52) and have a n.s. 850 m/s.

An incendiary weapon is called military means, the action of which is based on the use of the damaging properties of incendiary substances. Incendiary weapons (IW) are designed to defeat enemy personnel, destroy their weapons, military equipment, supplies of material resources and for creating fires in combat areas. The main damaging factors of ZZH are those released during its use thermal energy and combustion products toxic to humans.

Incendiary weapons have damaging factors that operate in time and space. They are divided into primary and secondary. Primary damaging factors (thermal energy, smoke and toxic combustion products) manifest themselves on the target from several seconds to several minutes during application incendiary weapons. Secondary damaging factors, as a consequence of emerging fires, manifest themselves from several minutes and hours to days and weeks.

The damaging effect of incendiary weapons on people is manifested:

in the form of primary and secondary burns of the skin and mucous tissues due to direct contact of burning incendiary substances with the skin of the body or uniform;
in the form of damage (burns) to the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, followed by the development of swelling and suffocation when inhaling highly heated air, smoke and other combustion products;
in the form of heat stroke, as a result of body overheating;
exposure to toxic products of incomplete combustion of incendiary substances and combustible materials;
the inability to continue the respiratory function due to partial burnout of oxygen from the air, especially in closed buildings, basements, dugouts and other shelters;
in the mechanical impact on humans of fire storms and whirlwinds during massive fires.

Often these factors appear simultaneously, and their severity depends on the type of incendiary substance used and its quantity, the nature of the target and the conditions of use. In addition, incendiary weapons have a strong moral and psychological impact on a person, reducing his ability to actively resist fire.

An incendiary substance or an incendiary mixture of substances capable of igniting, burning steadily and releasing a large amount of thermal energy. Figure 7 shows the main groups of incendiary substances and mixtures.

Rice. 7. Main groups of incendiary substances and mixtures

According to combustion conditions, incendiary substances and mixtures can be divided into two main groups:

burning in the presence of atmospheric oxygen (napalm, white phosphorus);
burning without access to air oxygen (thermite and thermite compounds).

Incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products can be unthickened or thickened (viscous). This is the most common type of mixture, capable of infecting manpower and igniting flammable materials.

Unthickened mixtures are prepared from gasoline, diesel fuel and lubricating oils. They are highly flammable and are used in backpack flamethrowers for a short flamethrowing range.

Thickened mixtures (napalms) are viscous, gelatinous, sticky masses consisting of gasoline or other liquid hydrocarbon fuel mixed in a certain ratio with various thickeners. Thickeners are substances that, when dissolved in a flammable base, impart a certain viscosity to mixtures. Aluminum salts of organic acids, synthetic rubber, polystyrene and other polymeric substances are used as thickeners.

The self-igniting incendiary mixture is triethylaluminum thickened with polyisobutylene.

The damaging effect of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile

The appearance of the mixture resembles napalm. The mixture has the ability to spontaneously ignite in air. The mixture is also capable of self-ignition on wet surfaces and on snow due to the addition of sodium, potassium, magnesium or phosphorus.

Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels) consist of petroleum products with the addition of powdered or shavings of magnesium or aluminum, oxidizing agents, liquid asphalt and heavy oils. The introduction of combustible materials into the composition of pyrogels increases the combustion temperature and gives these mixtures a burning ability. Unlike ordinary napalm, pyrogens are heavier than water and burn for 1-3 minutes.

Napalms, self-igniting incendiary mixtures and pyrogens adhere well to various surfaces of weapons, military equipment, and human uniforms.

They are highly flammable and difficult to remove and extinguish. When burning, napalms develop a temperature of about 1000-120000C, pirogels - up to 1600-200000C. Self-igniting incendiary mixtures are difficult to extinguish with water. When burning, they develop a temperature of 1100-130000C. Napalms are used for flamethrowing from tanks and backpack flamethrowers, for equipping aircraft bombs and tanks, various types of fire mines.

Self-igniting incendiary mixtures and pyrogens are capable of causing severe burns to personnel, setting fire to weapons and military equipment, and also creating fires in the area, in buildings and structures. Pyrogels are also capable of burning through thin sheets of metal.

Termite– a compressed mixture of powdered iron oxides with granulated aluminum. Thermite compositions, in addition to the listed components, contain oxidizing agents and binders (magnesium, sulfur, lead peroxide, barium nitrate). When thermites and thermite compositions burn, thermal energy is released as a result of the interaction of the oxide of one metal with another metal, forming liquid molten slag with a temperature of about 300,000C. Burning thermite compounds can burn through iron and steel. Thermite and thermite compositions are used to equip incendiary mines, shells, small-caliber aircraft bombs, hand-held incendiary grenades and checkers.

White phosphorus- a solid, waxy, toxic substance. It dissolves well in liquid organic solvents and is stored under a layer of water. In air, phosphorus spontaneously ignites and burns, releasing a large amount of acrid white smoke, developing a temperature of 100,000C.

Plasticized white phosphorus is a plastic mass of synthetic rubber and particles white phosphorus, it is more stable during storage; when used, it is crushed into large, slowly burning pieces, and is capable of sticking to vertical surfaces and burning through them.

Burning phosphorus causes severe, painful burns that take a long time to heal. It is used in incendiary and smoke-generating artillery shells, mines, aerial bombs and hand grenades, and also as an igniter for napalm and pyrogel.

Electron– an alloy of magnesium (96%), aluminum (3%) and other elements (1%). It ignites at a temperature of 60,000C and burns with a dazzling white or bluish flame, developing a temperature of up to 280,000C. Used for the manufacture of casings for small-sized aviation incendiary bombs.

Alkali metals, especially potassium and sodium, have the property of reacting with water and igniting. They are dangerous to handle, so they are not used independently, but are used as a rule, to ignite napalm or as part of self-igniting mixtures.

For the effective use of incendiary substances and mixtures, special means. Combat means - a specific design of a combat device or ammunition that ensures delivery to the target and the effective transfer of an incendiary substance or mixture into a combat state.

Combat weapons include: aviation and artillery incendiary ammunition, grenade launchers, flamethrowers, fire mines, grenades, cartridges, checkers. Means and methods of protection against incendiary weapons. To protect personnel from the damaging effects of incendiary weapons, use:

closed fortifications;
weapons and military equipment;
natural shelters, as well as various local materials;
personal protective equipment for skin and respiratory organs;
overcoats, pea coats, padded jackets, short fur coats, raincoats, etc.

To protect weapons and military equipment from incendiary weapons, use:

trenches and shelters equipped with ceilings;
natural shelters;
tarpaulins, awnings and covers;
coverings made from local materials;
standard and local fire extinguishing agents.

Protection of troops from incendiary weapons is organized with the goal of preventing or maximally weakening their impact on troops, maintaining their combat effectiveness and ensuring that they carry out their assigned combat missions, as well as preventing the occurrence and spread of massive fires and, if necessary, ensuring their localization and extinguishing.

The organization of protection of troops from incendiary weapons is carried out by commanders and staffs of all levels in all types of combat activities of troops simultaneously with the organization of protection from other means of mass destruction. The general management of the organization of protection against incendiary weapons is carried out by the commander. It determines the most important activities and the timing of their implementation.

On the basis of the commander, the headquarters, together with the chiefs of services, develops measures to protect units (units) from incendiary weapons and monitors the implementation of these measures.

The main measures to protect against incendiary weapons are:
forecasting the occurrence and spread of fires;
conducting continuous reconnaissance and surveillance, timely detection of enemy preparations for the use of incendiary weapons;
timely warning of troops about the threat and the beginning of the use of incendiary weapons;
dispersal of troops and periodic change of areas where they are located;
engineering equipment for troop deployment areas;
use of protective and camouflage properties of the terrain, protective properties of weapons and military equipment, personal protective equipment;
providing troops with the necessary forces and means of fire extinguishing and fire-fighting measures;
ensuring the safety and protection of troops when operating in the zone of massive fires;
identifying and eliminating the consequences of the enemy’s use of incendiary weapons.

Conventional means of destruction(OSP) is a complex of small arms, artillery, engineering, naval, missile and aviation weapons or ammunition that use the energy of impact and explosion of explosives and their mixtures.

Conventional weapons are classified according to the method of delivery, caliber, type of warheads, and the principle of action on obstacles.

The most common conventional ammunition that can be used to strike cities and towns can be fragmentation bombs, high-explosive bombs, ball bombs, volumetric explosion ammunition, and incendiary weapons. Let's get acquainted with some types of conventional weapon ammunition and their damaging factors.

Fragmentation bombs used to kill people and animals. When a bomb explodes, a large number of fragments are formed, which fly in different directions at a distance of up to 300 m from the explosion site. Splinters do not penetrate brick and wooden walls.

High explosive bombs designed to destroy all kinds of structures. Compared to nuclear weapons, their destructive force small. Unexploded aerial bombs pose a great danger. Most often they have delayed fuses that go off automatically some time after the bomb is dropped.

Ball bombs equipped with a huge amount (from several hundred to several thousand) fragments (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing up to several grams. Ball bombs ranging in size from a tennis ball to a soccer ball can contain 300 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5-6 mm.

Fragmentation and high-explosive fragmentation warheads

The radius of the bomb's destructive effect is up to 15 m.

Volumetric explosion ammunition dropped from an aircraft in the form of cassettes. The cartridge contains three rounds of ammunition containing approximately 35 kg of liquid ethylene oxide each. Ammunition is separated in the air. When they hit the ground, a fuse is triggered, which ensures the dispersion of liquid and the formation of a gas cloud with a diameter of 15 m and a height of 2.5 m. This cloud is undermined by a special delayed-action device.

The main damaging factor of volumetric explosion ammunition is a shock wave propagating at supersonic speed, the power of which is 4-6 times higher than the explosion energy of a conventional explosive.

Incendiary weapon Depending on the composition, it is divided into: incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm), metallized incendiary mixtures, thermite compositions, white phosphorus.

The means of using incendiary weapons can be aerial bombs, cassettes, artillery incendiary ammunition, flamethrowers, etc.

The thermal effect of incendiary weapons on the human body leads primarily to burns.

Incendiaries used in the form of aerial bombs pose a serious danger to people. When they get on exposed skin or clothing, they cause very severe burns and burnouts. During the combustion of these products, the air quickly heats up, which leads to burns of the respiratory tract. The use of incendiary agents causes massive fires.

Mines – one of the most insidious types of weapons. They cause untold suffering to the civilian population for a long time after they end fighting. The exact number of mines left after wars and armed conflicts on the territory of more than 70 countries is unknown, but even according to approximate data from the International Committee of the Red Cross and the UN Department of Mine Action, it is currently expressed at 100 million. Millions of them have not yet been cleared and are still waiting for their victims in different parts of the planet; Every year, mines claim more than 25,000 innocent lives. Every week around the globe, about 500 people are killed or disabled as a result of mine explosions, in other words, every 20 minutes, someone is killed or maimed by mines.

Nuclear weapon- a type of explosive weapon of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during fusion reactions of light nuclei such as deuterium, tritium (hydrogen isotopes) and lithium.

Nuclear weapons include: various nuclear weapons; means of their delivery to the target (carriers); controls. Nuclear weapons include nuclear warheads of missiles and torpedoes, nuclear bombs, artillery shells, depth charges, mines (land mines). Aircraft, surface ships and submarines, equipped with nuclear weapons and delivering them to the launch (firing) site. There are also carriers of nuclear charges (missiles, torpedoes, shells, aircraft and depth charges), which deliver them directly to targets. They can be launched (shot) from stationary installations or from moving objects. (A nuclear charge is component nuclear weapons).

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

1. Shock wave- the main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion, since most of the destruction and damage to structures, buildings, as well as injuries to people are, as a rule, caused by the impact of a shock wave. It is an area of sharp compression of the medium, spreading in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the shock wave front. The damaging effect of a shock wave is characterized by the magnitude of excess pressure, i.e., the magnitude of the difference between the maximum pressure in the shock wave front and normal atmospheric pressure.

2. Light radiation- a stream of radiant energy, including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause burns to the skin (skin), damage (permanent or temporary) to people’s organs of vision and fire of flammable materials and objects.

3. Ionizing radiation (penetrating radiation) there is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts 10-15 s. Passing through living tissue, gamma radiation and neutrons ionize the molecules that make up the cells. Under the influence of ionization, changes in biological processes occur in the body, leading to disruption of the vital functions of the body.

4. Radioactive contamination is the result of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion both in the area of the explosion and far beyond it, at a distance of several hundred and even thousands of kilometers. Radioactive substances are a source of radiation harmful to living organisms. Radioactive damage resulting from external irradiation and the entry of radioactive substances into the body causes radiation sickness.

5. Electromagnetic pulse occurs as a result of the interaction of radiation emanating from the zone of a nuclear explosion with atoms of the environment. As a result, short-term electric and magnetic fields arise in the air, which constitute an electromagnetic pulse.

As a result of its impact, wire and cable lines and radio equipment are damaged.

Chemical weapon- weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of chemicals.

Chemical weapons include toxic substances (CAS) and means of their use. Missiles, aircraft bombs, and artillery shells are equipped with toxic substances.

Based on their effect on the human body, agents are divided into nerve agents, blister agents, asphyxiating agents, general toxic agents, irritants and psychochemical agents.

Bacteriological (biological) weapons- a type of weapon of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms and their metabolic products.

Bacteriological (biological) weapons (BW) are special ammunition and combat devices with delivery vehicles, equipped with biological agents and intended for mass destruction of enemy personnel, farm animals, and crops.

Along with nuclear and chemical weapons bacteriological weapons are weapons of mass destruction.

The damaging effect of BO is based primarily on the use of the pathogenic properties of microbes and toxic products of their vital activity. The basis of the destructive effect of biological weapons are biological agents, specially selected for combat use and capable of causing massive severe diseases in people, animals, and plants.

High-precision weapons (HTO) is a controlled weapon, the effectiveness of which is based on high accuracy of hitting the target.

Precision-precision weapons (HPE) include: combat missiles for various purposes; guided missiles; guided aerial bombs, etc.

With the help of high-tech weapons with conventional, non-nuclear weapons, it is possible to inflict defeats comparable in their consequences to defeat from low-yield tactical nuclear weapons. Further development of the WTO goes in the direction of its “intellectualization, i.e.

the ability to recognize targets, including on the battlefield and in jammed conditions, and when targeting large targets, select the most vulnerable element to hit.

High explosives, or high explosive (HE) rounds, are one of the four types of ammunition in World of Tanks, and probably the least common of them. Their use in battle is very specific, and many do not even know why land mines are needed at all. This article will discuss in detail everything that any self-respecting player should know about them.

General information about landmines

Prevalence in the game

The relative rarity of HE is due to the fact that they are, as a rule, an auxiliary type of projectile. However, a whole class of equipment uses high-explosive fragmentation shells - Art-SPG. And without taking into account artillery, tanks in which a high-explosive cannon is the main weapon can be counted on one hand: KV-2, SU-152, O-I, BT-7 artillery, FV215b (183) and FV 4005 can also be included here. Many other vehicles can also be equipped with high explosives, but these are often secondary weapons and are not considered seriously.

Characteristics of landmines

As an example, let’s imagine the F-600D high-explosive fragmentation projectile, which is fired by the B-1-P gun of the Soviet Art-SAU Object 261:

Caliber - in general, is not such an important characteristic;
Armor penetration - for land mines it is always much less compared to cumulative, armor-piercing and sub-caliber projectiles for the same weapon. However, there are also so-called HESH land mines- they can be found in tanks such as Centurion 7/1, FV4202, FV215b (183) and FV 4005. These are armor-piercing land mines, their penetration is very slightly behind other types of shells.
The damage is increased compared to that of other shells; for artillery it is generally huge and even allows you to destroy some level 10 tanks with one penetration.
The radius of fragmentation, or splash, means the distance at which damage is caused by fragments after hitting a tank or any other surface. This is especially relevant again for artillery. A huge splash allows high-level Artillery SPGs to inflict enormous damage to vehicles, even just hitting the ground next to them, and even hit two or more vehicles at the same time.

Mechanics of landmines

It is the principle of operation of the HE that makes this type of ammunition quite specific and rarely used. Their main distinguishing feature is that they can cause damage to a tank without even penetrating it. However, the damage figures, as a rule, do not exceed half of those stated in the characteristics. These numbers depend on the ratio of the caliber of your gun and the thickness of the enemy tank's armor. If the armor is too thick, then the OFS may not cause any damage at all.

Once in a tank, a high-explosive fragmentation projectile with a high degree of probability can cause critical damage to some external module, and if it does penetrate, it will almost completely disable the internal module or one of the crew members. In addition, OFS never ricochet, however, for them, as for cumulative shells, the screens and the air gap between the screen and the tank body are an additional obstacle, so it is almost impossible to penetrate shielded tanks with a landmine.

How to use land mines in battle

After reading what was written above, you can guess for yourself how to properly use landmines in World of Tanks. They need to be charged mainly in three situations:

If you are playing against a tank with very weak armor- these include one of the branches of German tank destroyers (Nashorn, St. Emil, Rhm. Borsig WT and so on), the French ST Lorr. 40t, the sides of the French tank destroyers Foch and AMX AC are also well penetrated by landmines, and many more are bad armored vehicles. Using high-explosive shells, you not only inflict increased damage, but also additionally disable enemy modules and crew members, thereby reducing their combat effectiveness.
If you can't penetrate a tank with very thick armor. An example is an IS-7 tanking with a banana turret on the Himmelsdorf map. Firing landmines at such an enemy is more effective - you can slowly inflict damage on him, and as a bonus, also disable external modules - triplex and gun. In addition, such tactics are very annoying and have a psychological impact on the opponent.
In case you need to finish off an enemy with a very small number of strength points(less than 100), and it is difficult to penetrate it with another type of projectile. By loading a landmine, you don't have to target the tank's weak points - just a simple hit is enough.

High explosive shells in real life

In the end, it is worth noting that the principle of operation of the OFS in real life significantly different from how they are presented in game World of Tanks. IN real battle landmines are mainly used to destroy enemy personnel, as well as unarmored and lightly armored vehicles such as infantry fighting vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles and BMPTs, and to destroy fortifications. For example, during the Soviet-Finnish war, the KV-2 tank with the M-10T howitzer gun was used specifically to combat enemy bunkers and anti-tank barriers. A high-explosive shell is completely ineffective against well-armored vehicles, and, contrary to popular myth, the shock wave does not affect people or explosive equipment located inside the tank.

In addition, real OFS have two switchable modes: fragmentation, when the projectile instantly explodes upon contact with a hard surface, and high-explosive, when the explosion occurs with a delay to give the projectile the opportunity to first enter the interior of the tank or room, and only then explode.

Thus, high-explosive shells in World of Tanks have a very limited scope, but can greatly facilitate the game in certain situations.

The projectile is the main element of an artillery shot, the main purpose of which is to hit all kinds of targets, as well as special projectiles lighting, smoke, etc. are produced. Main purpose projectiles consist of an internal cavity - a chamber, which is supplied with an explosive charge and striking elements, for example balls, needles. It is used to destroy open manpower and military equipment at a distance within the sighting range of the gun; in case of hitting a target near the gun, the projectile used is called grapeshot. The caliber of a projectile is determined by the diameter of the projectile based on its largest cross section.

Since ancient times, shells have been used to defeat the enemy or any specific target; at first they were just stones, then the manufacture and improvement of weapons led to the creation by man of a variety of devices, simple and complex, that had great destructive power. The first projectiles include stones, sticks, and bones. To hit a target at a long distance, the sling was created, which was the first throwing weapon. It was a rope or belt loop attached to a stick with a stone embedded in it. The sling's firing range was approximately 200 steps, and when hit by it, the enemy received a powerful blow.

The stones used for projectiles were round or oval in shape; then the shells were made from baked clay; Then came the era of metal shells: bronze, iron, lead. For the first throwing machines, the projectiles were large stones and spears, logs, Molotov pots, tied bundles of arrows; to blind the enemy, pots of lime powder were used, which were thrown using the elastic force of some solids or gravity. With the invention of gunpowder, shells began to be filled with them. Improvements to the projectile led to the use of incendiary, high-explosive, and fragmentation projectiles in ceramic or cast iron casings by stone-throwing artillery. Projectiles are divided into small caliber projectiles - not exceeding 76 mm, medium caliber - from 76 to 152 mm, large caliber- over 152 mm.

The shells were determined by the method of their purpose: main, special, auxiliary purpose. The main purpose shells were used to suppress, destroy, and destroy various types of targets. The high strength of the body, the quantity and qualitative composition of the explosive determine the impact and high-explosive capabilities of the projectile.

To obtain an effective result when detonating a projectile, constant improvement and development of new fuses and spacer tubes are required, which are devices that promote the detonation, explosion, of projectile ammunition charges when interacting with the target, in the area of this target and in the established coordinates of the projectile flight path.

Main purpose projectiles: fragmentation; high explosive; high-explosive fragmentation; armor-piercing caliber; armor-piercing sub-caliber; shrapnel; cumulative; concrete-breaking; incendiary; chemical, fragmentation-chemical.

Special-purpose shells: lighting, smoke, propaganda.

Propaganda projectile- type of projectile used to carry out the task of transporting propaganda literature.

Active rocket projectile- a projectile used in guns; it is characterized by the way it is fired from the barrel of a gun like a regular projectile. When moving along a given trajectory, the installed jet engine operates.

Concrete-piercing projectile- a type of projectile with a high-explosive and impact effect, used to hit targets from large-caliber guns, the targets consist of reinforced concrete structures and structures of a long-term construction method, it can also be used to destroy armored targets.

The action produced by the projectile is to pierce or penetrate a solid reinforced concrete barrier to cause its destruction using the force of gases obtained from the explosion of the explosive charge. This type of projectile must have powerful impact and high-explosive properties, high accuracy, and good range.

High explosive shell. The name comes from the French word brisant - “crushing”. It is a fragmentation or high-explosive fragmentation projectile, which contains a remote fuse, used as a projectile fuse in the air at a given height.

High explosive shells were filled with melinite, an explosive created by the French engineer Turnin; melinite was patented by the developer in 1877.

Armor-piercing sub-caliber projectile- an impact projectile with an active part called a core, the diameter of which differs from the caliber of the gun by three times. It has the property of penetrating armor that is several times larger than the caliber of the projectile itself.

Armor-piercing high-explosive projectile- a high-explosive projectile, used to destroy armored targets, it is characterized by an explosion with armor spalling from the rear side, which hits an armored object, causing damaging power to the equipment and crew.

Armor-piercing projectile- a percussion projectile, used to hit armored targets from small and medium caliber guns. The first such projectile was made of hardened cast iron, created according to the method of D.K. Chernov, and equipped with special tips made of viscous steel by S.O. Makarov. Over time, they switched to making such shells from puddling steel.

In 1897, a shell from a 152-mm cannon penetrated a slab 254 mm thick. At the end of the 19th century. armor-piercing shells with Makarov tips were put into service with the armies of all European countries. Initially they were made solid, then explosives and a bursting charge were placed in armor-piercing shells. Armor-piercing caliber shells, when exploded, create punctures, breaks, knocking out plugs from the armor, shifts, tears of armor plates, jamming of hatches and turrets.

Behind the armor, shells and armor produce a damaging effect with fragments, thereby also creating detonation of ammunition, fuels and lubricants located in the target or on close range from her.

Smoke shells designed to set up smoke screens and as a means of indicating the location of the target.

Incendiary projectile. It is used to create lesions from medium-caliber guns in order to destroy manpower and military equipment, such as tractors and vehicles. During military operations, armor-piercing incendiary-tracer shells were widely used.

Caliber projectile has a diameter of centering bulges or body that corresponds to the caliber of the gun.

Cluster shell. The name comes from the French cassette, which translates as “box”; is a thin-walled projectile filled with mines or other combat elements.

HEAT projectile- a projectile with the characteristics of a main purpose projectile, with a charge of cumulative action.

A cumulative projectile penetrates armor with the directed action of the explosion energy of the explosive charge and produces a damaging effect behind the armor.

The effect of such a charge is as follows. When the projectile hits the armor, the instantaneous fuse is triggered; the explosive impulse is transmitted from the fuse using a central tube to the detonator capsule and the detonator installed in the bottom of the shaped charge. The explosion of the detonator leads to the detonation of the explosive charge, the movement of which is directed from the bottom to the cumulative recess, along with this the destruction of the head of the projectile is created. The base of the cumulative recess approaches the armor; when a sharp compression occurs with the help of a recess in the explosive, a thin cumulative jet is formed from the lining material, in which 10-20% of the lining metal is collected. The rest of the cladding metal, compressed, forms a pestle. The trajectory of the jet is directed along the axis of the recess; due to the very high compression speed, the metal is heated to a temperature of 200-600 ° C, preserving all the properties of the lining metal.

When an obstacle meets a jet moving with a speed at the top of 10-15 m/s, the jet generates high pressure - up to 2,000,000 kg/cm2, thereby destroying the head of the cumulative jet, destroying the armor of the obstacle and squeezing the metal of the armor to the side and outward , when subsequent particles penetrate the armor, penetration of the barrier is ensured.

Behind the armor, the damaging effect is accompanied by the general effect of the cumulative jet, metal elements of the armor, and detonation products of the explosive charge. The properties of a cumulative projectile depend on the explosive, its quality and quantity, the shape of the cumulative recess, and the material of its lining. They are used to destroy armored targets from medium-caliber guns, capable of penetrating an armored target 2-4 times larger than the caliber of the gun. Rotating cumulative projectiles penetrate armor up to 2 calibers, non-rotating cumulative projectiles - up to 4 calibers.

HEAT shells first supplied with ammunition for regimental 76-mm caliber guns of the 1927 model, then for guns of the 1943 model, also by them in the 1930s. equipped with 122 mm caliber howitzers. In 1940, the world's first multi-charged rocket launcher M-132 multiple rocket launcher, used in cumulative projectiles. The M-132 was put into service as the BM-13-16; the guide mounts carried 16 132 mm caliber rockets.

Cumulative fragmentation, or multi-purpose projectile. Refers to artillery shells that produce fragmentation and cumulative effects, used to destroy manpower and armored obstacles.

Lighting projectile. These projectiles are used to illuminate the expected location of the target to be hit, to illuminate the enemy’s terrain in order to observe his activities, to carry out sighting and track the results of shooting to kill, to blind the enemy’s observation points.

High-explosive fragmentation projectile. Refers to projectiles of the main type used to destroy enemy personnel, military equipment, field defensive structures, as well as to create passages in minefields and barrier structures, from medium-caliber guns. The installed type of fuse determines the action of the projectile. A contact fuse is installed for high-explosive action when destroying light field structures, a fragmentation fuse is installed to destroy manpower, for the slow production of destructive force on buried field structures.

Inclusion of diversity different types action reduced its qualitative characteristics in front of projectiles of only clearly directed action, only fragmentation and only high-explosive.

Fragmentation projectile- a projectile used as damaging factor manpower, unarmored and lightly armored military equipment, the damaging effect is caused by fragments produced during the explosion, formed when the grenade shell ruptures.

Sub-caliber projectile. A characteristic feature of such a projectile is the diameter of the active part, which is smaller than the caliber of the weapon intended for it.
The difference between the mass of a sabot projectile and a caliber one, when considering the same caliber, made it possible to obtain high initial velocities of a sabot projectile. Introduced into the ammunition load for 45-mm guns in 1942, and in 1943 for 57-mm and 76-mm guns. starting speed sub-caliber projectile for a 57-mm cannon was 1270 m/s, which was a record speed for projectiles of that time. To increase the power of anti-tank fire, an 85-mm sub-caliber projectile was developed in 1944.

This type of projectile acts by piercing armor, as a result of the core coming out of the armor; with a sudden release of tension, the core is destroyed into fragments. Behind the armor, the damaging effect is created by fragments from the core and armor.
Over-caliber projectile - a projectile in which the diameter of the active part is created
given a larger size than the caliber of the weapon used, this ratio increases the power of this ammunition.

Explosive projectiles. Based on their weight category, they were divided into bombs, which were projectiles weighing more than 16.38 kg, and grenades, which were projectiles weighing less than 16.38 kg. These types of projectiles were developed to equip howitzers with ammunition. Explosive shells were used to fire shots that hit openly located living targets and defense structures.

The result of the explosion of this projectile is fragments that scatter in large quantities over an approximately intended radius of destructive action.

Explosive shells are perfect for use as a damaging factor for enemy guns. However, a defect in the projectile tubes resulted in the inoperability of a number of explosive projectiles, so it was noted that only four out of five projectiles exploded. For about three centuries, such shells dominated among the artillery shells in service with almost all armies of the world.

Missile equipped with a warhead and a propulsion system. In the 40s XX century, during the Second World War, various types of rockets were developed: the German troops were armed with turbojet high-explosive fragmentation shells, and the Soviet troops were armed with jet and turbojet high-explosive fragmentation shells.

In 1940, the world's first multi-charge multiple rocket launcher, the M-132, was tested. It was put into service as the BM-13-16, with 16 132 mm caliber rockets mounted on the guide mounts, and a firing range of 8470 m. The BM-82-43 was also put into service, with 48 82 mm caliber rockets mounted on the guide mounts. , firing range - 5500 m in 1942.

The developed powerful M-20 132-mm caliber rockets, the firing range of these projectiles is 5000 m, and the M-30 are supplied into service. M-30 were projectiles with a very powerful high-explosive effect; they were used on special frame-type machines, into which four M-30 projectiles were installed in a special closure. In 1944, the BM-31-12 was put into service, 12 M-31 305-mm caliber rockets were installed on the guides, the firing range was determined to be 2800 m. The introduction of this weapon made it possible to solve the problem of maneuvering the fire of heavy rocket artillery units.

In the operation of this design, the salvo time was reduced from 1.5-2 hours to 10-15 minutes. M-13 UK and M-31 UK are rockets with improved accuracy, which had the ability to rotate in flight, achieving a firing range of up to 7900 and 4000 m, respectively, the density of fire in one salvo increased by 3 and 6 times.

Fire capabilities with a projectile of improved accuracy made it possible to replace a regimental or brigade salvo with the production of a salvo of one division. For the M-13 UK, the BM-13 rocket artillery combat vehicle, equipped with screw guides, was developed in 1944.

Guided projectile- a projectile equipped with flight controls, such projectiles are fired in the normal mode, during the passage of the flight path the projectiles react to energy that is reflected or emitted from the target, autonomous on-board devices begin to generate signals transmitted to the controls that make adjustments and direction trajectories to effectively hit a target. Used to destroy moving small-sized strategic targets.

High explosive projectile. Such a projectile is characterized by a powerful explosive charge, a contact fuse, head or bottom, with a high-explosive action setting, with one or two delays, a very strong body that perfectly penetrates the barrier. It is used as a damaging factor against hidden manpower and is capable of destroying non-concrete structures.

Shrapnel shells are used to destroy openly located enemy personnel and equipment with shrapnel and bullets.

Chemical and chemical fragmentation shells. This type of shell hit enemy personnel and contaminated areas and engineering structures.

Chemical artillery shells were first used by the German army on October 27, 1914 in the battles of the First World War, these shells were equipped with shrapnel mixed with an irritating powder.

In 1917, gas launchers were developed that fired mainly phosgene, liquid diphosgene, and chloropicrin; were a type of mortar that fired projectiles that included 9-28 kg of toxic substance.

In 1916, artillery weapons based on toxic substances were actively created; it was noted that on June 22, 1916, within seven hours, the artillery of the German army fired 125,000 shells, the total number of asphyxiating toxic substances in them was 100,000 liters.

Projectile duration. The amount of time elapsed, calculated from the moment the projectile collides with an obstacle until it explodes.

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