Acoustic weapons. Sounds that kill

Sonic weapons have been known since Biblical times; even the warriors of Ancient India used blow trumpets in battles, the loud and unpleasant sound of which put the enemy to flight.

The Palestinian city of Jericho “was destroyed by Jewish tribes at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. e. According to biblical legend, its walls collapsed from the sounds of the conquerors' trumpets.

A very loud sound can burst a person's eardrums and cause hearing loss, while infrared sound vibrations can cause cardiac arrest. It is not surprising that acoustic weapons have found use today. In particular, for protection against sea pirates. As you know, modern sea robbers hunt mainly in the Indian Ocean on busy sea routes.

In November 2005, pirates attempted to attack a cruise ship off the coast of Somalia. This country has not had a clear political course for the last fifteen years; governments are constantly changing as a result of coups. This is probably why pirate raids are so frequent off the coast of Somalia. More than 25 ships were attacked in Somali waters in 2005, including a ship chartered by the UN to carry humanitarian aid intended for the famine-stricken in Africa's poorest country.

Early in the morning of November 5, the Sea Spirit liner was 160 km off the east coast of Africa. Several unmarked boats surrounded the ship. The pirates fired a salvo, one missile hit the side of the ship, although it did not cause fatal destruction.

The crew of the Sea Spirit was aware of the dangers of the local waters, so there were sonic weapons on board LRAD- wide-range acoustic device.

This device was originally developed in secret laboratories in the USA. However, now you can find out about its characteristics on the website of the American Technology Corporation, which produces the device. LRAD is a large metal "plate" with a diameter of 84 cm and a weight of 24 kg and can generate sound with a frequency of 2100 to 3100 kHz at a volume of 150 decibels.

For comparison, the engines of the supersonic Concorde produce a sound volume of 110 decibels. The device focuses the sound wave at an angle of 15 to 30 degrees, creating a kind of beam that “stings” the ears. The weapon's range is 300 m. The cost of the device is 34 thousand dollars.

When turned on at maximum power, LRAD can permanently deprive the enemy of hearing. The device operating at low power forces him to leave the battlefield. American Technology Corporation specifically emphasizes that the effect of their device is not lethal, but rather a psychological weapon.

It is no coincidence that LRAD is often called the “Trumpet of Jericho.” It was the “Trumpet of Jericho” that forced the pirates, who intended to clear the wallets of the rich who were relaxing in the luxurious cabins of the Sea Spirit, to retreat.

Initially, LRAD was developed by order of the military department for verbal communication over long distances. Since 2000, the “Trumpet of Jericho” began to appear on US warships. It is known that among the developments of the American Technology Corporation there are more modern analogues of LRAD, which are capable of causing “behavior modification”, i.e. force the aggressor to renounce violence, turning the wolf into a quiet lamb. Such weapons are effective in controlling angry crowds, such as during prison riots or to disperse street demonstrations.

The United States tried to use acoustic weapons during Operation Desert Storm during the liberation of Kuwait in 1991. More advanced LRAD weapons have been used during the current US war against Iraq, on the streets of Fallujah and Baghdad. American troops used it before invading cities to force the population into their homes and crush resistance. Weapons were also used in New Orleans, a city destroyed by Typhoon Katrina, to disperse the looters. It is likely that acoustic weapons similar to LRAD will be used by Israel against the Arabs.

Last year, Israeli aircraft flew over the Palestinian territories at night, making an eerie noise, according to Palestinian news reports. Raids occurred every hour. According to official statements from the Palestinian Ministry of Health, the sound produced by the aircraft caused nosebleeds, increased blood pressure and in some cases even cardiac arrest in civilians.

According to some reports, engineers from military factories in Nazi Germany tried to develop sonic weapons. However, the Nazis needed lethal weapons, and acoustic weapons are not such weapons, so they were not widely used.

Secret laboratories in the West and the USSR began developing sound weapons during the Cold War era. Acoustic "Trumpets of Jericho" were seen as a means of intimidation, no doubt used by the secret services.

In the UK, since 2005, an analogue of LRAD with the eloquent name “Mosquito” has been used. This device produces an irritating sound of very high frequency, which most adults cannot hear (it has been established that by the age of twenty people already lose some of their hearing ability). "Mosquito" was used to disperse street gangs of youths who often rob stores.

The device causes a kind of “Pavlov effect” - where once a teenager heard an unpleasant sound, it no longer appears. “Mosquitoes” were used during international summits to disperse anti-globalists. The device has a range of 15 to 20m and costs just £580.

As you can see, acoustic weapons serve good purposes. However, it is possible that it can be used by both terrorists and “catchers of human souls”, who in this way will be able to subjugate people.

A whole range of achievements modern inventors gives us every reason to talk about “psychotronic” or “psychic” weapons as a fact that must be taken into account.

The report of the American Hudson Institute for December 1996 provides the following classification.

"...Microwave weapons. Temporarily disables the central nervous system and brain, causing unbearable sensations of noise. Interferes with the operation of computer systems.

Infrasonic weapons. Can cause anxiety, despair and even horror. May cause a convulsive effect.

Psychotronic weapons. It is believed that it allows a person to transmit information and influence objects using so-called bioenergy. This type of weapon includes telekinesis, telepathic hypnosis, etc. Used to review classified documents. In addition, bioradiation affects communication systems and electronic equipment..."

The term “psychotronic” was given to it by journalists, although this term is not entirely correct, since during irradiation and subsequent special treatment, not only the human psyche is affected, but the entire organism as a whole. The Americans themselves call this type of weapon a non-lethal weapon. Quite often, psychotronic weapons are classified as “information weapons” that attack enemy telecommunication systems (logic bombs, viruses that disable air defense systems, etc.). Finally, there is also the actual psychotronic weapon, which should, in theory, influence the psyche of the enemy - both his army and the population of his country.

The term "non-lethal weapon" was invented by American scientists. Here is a selective list of technologies that relate to this type of weapon: portable lasers and isotope emitters disguised as standard weapons that blind enemy soldiers. Infrasonic generators that not only disorient the enemy, but also cause nausea and diarrhea, as well as noise generators that affect hostile, agitated crowds. Or, for example, “water foam” - a gas sprayed with the effect of soap foam, which leads to complete disorientation of the enemy.

As part of the national program, most of the technologies were developed at the famous Los Alamos laboratory.

At the origins of non-lethal weapons lies a motley group of fascinating characters. For example, Janet and Christopher Morris, science fiction authors living in Massachusetts. Janet Morris was also the director of research at the U.S. Global Strategy Council (USGSC). By the way, this council was headed by former (Kennedy-era) deputy director of the CIA Ray Kline. It is the USGSC that is at the origins of the US national program in the field of non-lethal weapons, lobbying for the creation of many laboratories on this problem.

Under George W. Bush, the non-lethal weapons project attracted the interest of Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney. And by the time Clinton arrived in the White House, there was already general agreement on the development of such weapons.

The eccentric New York billionaire Malcolm Weiner and former commando colonel John Alexander took an active part in the implementation of the idea of ​​​​non-lethal weapons.

62-year-old Dr. John Alexander is a highly interesting person. A retired colonel, he fought as part of the special forces in Thailand and Vietnam. There he became interested in Buddhism and studied it in local monasteries. This influenced the pure soul of the special forces soldier so much that he developed a persistent interest in all paranormal phenomena. As a result, in 1980, Alexander published a policy article in the American military magazine Military Review about future types of weapons. In it, a special forces colonel argued that “there are weapon systems that act on the brain and whose lethal capabilities have already been demonstrated,” while mentioning psychokinesis, telepathic manipulation of human behavior, the exit of the soul from the body, etc. The article attracted the attention of Pentagon generals, and Alexander quickly gained guru status in US political and military circles. In 1983, Alexander managed to make friends with the current US Vice President Al Gore, whom he trained using neurolinguistic programming methods. New acquaintances helped Alexander finance many of his projects.

For example, the devil-loving colonel really liked the film " star Wars"and the idea of ​​a film about a certain secret force of the "Jedi Knights." In 1983, thanks to his friendship with Lieutenant General Stubblabine, who then headed the US Defense Intelligence and Security Administration, Alexander knocked out funds for a telekinesis research program, which he called "Jedi ".

After leaving the Army in 1988, Alexander was hired at Los Alamos National Laboratories, coming under the wing of Janet Morris.

Today, Alexander is the former director of non-lethal weapons programs at Los Alamos National Laboratory, an advisor to the US government, and in fact Chief Specialist on the issue of non-lethal weapons. And if any intelligence agency set out to follow the hobbies of the former colonel in order to find out the priorities of the United States in the field of new types of weapons, it would be very surprised. The fact is that Alexander, it seems, did not ignore a single “paranormal” topic. He is a member of the Council of the International Association for the Study of Life After Death, organizer of the 1993 national conference in Santa Fe devoted to "scientific and technical reports of research on rituals, near-death experiences, human contact with extraterrestrials and other so-called anomalous experiences." Alexander is also part of Aviary's Unidentified Aircraft Objects team. He even dived to the bottom of the ocean near the Bimini Islands in search of Atlantis.

Killing sound

Secret tests of infrasonic weapons took place in the Moscow region. I met Ivan ZUBKOVSKY, the last surviving participant in these events, in his small apartment near the Altufevskoye metro station. He has been living alone for many years, receives a Group 2 disability pension, and has a heart condition. He is sure that he lost his health while testing the most secret weapon of the 20th century.

In 1980, Zubkovsky was called up to serve in the Internal Troops of the Moscow Military District. His unit guarded military factories in the Moscow region. A year and a half later, Ivan became a junior sergeant and squad commander and was preparing for demobilization.

In the morning, the company commander, Senior Lieutenant Ermolin, ordered our platoon to line up on the parade ground,” Zubkovsky said. “We were given black shoulder straps and buttonholes with the emblem of the construction battalion and ordered to be sewn onto our uniforms instead of our maroon ones. The company commander said that now we will guard the training ground. The rest, they say, is none of your business, the task is secret.

Everyone seemed to go crazy

Ivan further said that they were taken to a field near the town of Dolgoprudny. They set up tents, strung barbed wire around the perimeter, and installed a barrier on the access road. Electricians stretched a high-voltage cable from the nearest power line. Two weeks later, five Urals arrived with their bodies covered with tarpaulin. They were located in the center of the training ground, in the hangar. Security soldiers were forbidden to go there; people in civilian clothes worked there.

For a long time we did not understand what was happening there. Nothing was seen or heard. Then they will bring in some cows or horses. They first graze, then suddenly start kicking, and then fall. A tractor pulls up, the corpses are taken out, and everything starts all over again. Livestock was lost in abundance.

Strange things also happened to the soldiers. Our platoon was friendly, but here everyone seemed to go crazy. Every evening in the tents there was swearing, fighting, people rushed at each other like dogs. And then suddenly such melancholy will come, it’s time to shoot. And my heart started to hurt. Not only me, many complained of pain. Then we were ordered to move the tents further from the hangar. It became calmer. But my heart continued to ache.

After two months it was all over. The hangar was dismantled, the cable was rolled up, and the cars left. Only then did we find out - the platoon commander, Lieutenant Andreychuk, let it slip while he was drunk - that we were guarding a training ground where they were testing infrasonic weapons. We couldn’t figure out what kind of sound weapon it was, because there was complete silence.

After the end of the tests, Zubkovsky and four more of his colleagues were taken to the hospital. The diagnosis was the same for everyone - congenital heart disease. Although no one had suffered from any heart disease before. All five were discharged from the army. Ivan did not serve until demobilization for three months. The rest of his colleagues, who still had a year and a half left, even rejoiced at their suddenly acquired freedom.

I don’t know what happened to the rest of the guys,” Zubkovsky continued the story. - What about the two who are like me? were from Moscow - Vanya Strelchenko and Lenya Babich, I talked for a long time. Now they are both dead. The diagnoses are the same - heart attack. Lieutenant Andreychuk also died, he lived not far from me, in Mytishchi. Of our entire platoon, I was the only one left. And they still don’t give me benefits. The military commissar said, “I don’t have any data about any tests, which means nothing happened.” And my wife left me and said: why do I need you so sick?

Infrasonic weapons

Russian scientists were the first to think of using sound as a weapon. Back in 1904, they proposed transmitting the sounds of powerful explosions via radio waves. A report detailing the new technique was placed on the king's table. Nicholas II rejected these weapons as too dangerous for humanity.

Attempts to create “Trumpets of Jericho” capable of destroying cities, destroying or at least demoralizing enemy soldiers began during World War II and continue to this day. Along the way, scientists uncovered the mystery of ghosts and the Bermuda Triangle, but never created a weapon.

And what's that?

It is known that certain sound frequencies cause fear and panic in people, while others stop the heart. Frequencies between 7 and 8 hertz are generally extremely dangerous.

Theoretically, such a powerful enough sound can rupture all internal organs.

Seven hertz is also the average frequency of the brain's alpha rhythms. Whether such infrasound can cause epileptic seizures, as some researchers believe, is unclear. Experiments give conflicting results.

One way or another, there are plenty of scientific prerequisites for creating sonic weapons. And the first real attempts to create infrasonic weapons were made by the Germans during World War II.

In 1940, they planned to give the British many special copies of gramophone records with recordings of popular performers, but with the addition of infrasound.

The plan was to induce confusion, fear, and other mental disturbances in listeners.

German strategists lost sight of the fact that no players of those years could reproduce these frequencies. So the British listened to the records without any panic.

More successful were the experiments of Nazi scientists on the effects of infrasound on objects.

Austrian researcher Dr. Zippermeyer created the Whirlwind Cannon. It was supposed to produce vortices due to explosions in the combustion chamber and directing shock waves through special tips. These whirlwinds were supposed to shoot down planes.

Experiments with a small prototype of a sonic weapon, according to some reports, destroyed boards at a distance of about 200 meters. But the full-scale sample turned out to be untenable, since the same effect could not be reproduced at a great distance from the gun and, except for the installation’s maintenance personnel, no one was harmed by its actions.

The monstrous installation was discovered by the Allies in Hillersleben in April 1945.

It is possible that the failed German project pushed the Americans to their own research in this area. But the United States had other motives here.

In the early 1960s, NASA conducted many experiments on the effects of powerful infrasound on humans. It was necessary to check how the low-frequency rumble of the rocket engines would affect the astronauts. Former Rosaviakosmos expert, retired colonel, doctor of science Vadim Sinyakin said that scientists have discovered that low sound frequencies from 0 to 100 hertz, with a sound intensity of up to 155 dB, produce vibrations in the chest walls, disrupt breathing, cause headaches and coughs . When the sound became even stronger, the astronauts became violent and did not want to fly into space. And then - up to death. Then these studies were taken over by the relevant authorities.

Subsequent studies showed that the frequency of 19 hertz is resonant for the eyeballs, and it is this frequency that can not only cause visual disturbances, but also visions and phantoms.

So engineer Vic Tandy from Coventry mystified his colleagues with a ghost in his laboratory. Visions of gray glimpses were accompanied by a feeling of awkwardness among Vic’s guests. It turned out that this was the effect of a sound emitter tuned to 18.9 hertz.

Tandy suggested that ghost hunters could benefit from infrasound research in haunted areas. Moreover, infrasound can affect not only vision, but also the psyche, and also move the hairs on the skin, creating a feeling of cold.

Infrasound in old castles can be generated by corridors and windows if the speeds of drafts in them and the geometric parameters of the rooms coincide as required.

Scientists also believe that natural infrasound can stimulate aggression and increase unrest. It is possible that this explains the connection between the increase in the number of psychoses and madness in certain areas with natural phenomena, such as the Mistral (in the Rhone Valley) or Sirocco (in the Sahara). After all, winds can also be a source of infrasound.

Here it is appropriate to recall the infrasound hypothesis for solving the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle, according to which waves generate infrasound, causing madness of the crew or even the death of people, which leads to the death of an uncontrollable ship or the emergence of legends about the “flying Dutchmen” - abandoned by the crew for some unknown reason.

Scientists have recently suggested that tigers use an 18-Hz roar just before an attack to stun their prey. The temptation to repeat a natural patent in metal is too great for engineers to stop working on this topic. Despite all the failures in the past.

The NATO report on less-lethal weapons lists acoustic technologies that can control an enemy without killing or causing irreparable harm. Some devices reproduce audible sound (the human ear can perceive waves in the range from 20 to 20,000 hertz), others - infra- (below 20 hertz) and ultrasound (above 20 kilohertz).

Researcher Steve Goodman (known as the founder of the music label Hyperdub and DJ Kode9) in his book “Sonic Warfare” described how acoustic weapons work: they express threat, disorient, provoke panic, create a feeling of helplessness, confusion and horror. Even “good vibes” like pop songs turn into “bad vibes” if they are used from an aggressive perspective.

Initially, acoustic weapons were developed for combat. During World War II, German scientists worked on creating a gun of this kind, which greatly amplified the sound of an explosion of a mixture of gases and led to the death of a person at close range. However, it was not possible to build a working sample. Since the 1990s, sound has been used during special operations where it was necessary to neutralize the enemy or force him to surrender, but not kill him.

Modern non-lethal acoustic weapons are used not only by the military. Police officers around the world are being equipped to disperse crowds such as demonstrators using deafening or irritating sound. One such device can put thousands of people to flight.

Extremely loud

Jurgen Altmann, physicist from Technical University Dortmund, showed that sound at a volume of 200 decibels causes lung rupture and death. Waves of such strength (it would be more correct to call them shock waves) arise as a result of the explosion of a projectile. At 185 decibels, eardrums burst, and at 140, they lead to temporary hearing loss. For non-lethal acoustic weapons, Professor Altman proposed using a sound with a volume no higher than 120 decibels, which is comparable to the noise of a running chainsaw.

In the fall of 2005, in response to rocket launches from the Palestinian side, the Israeli army began “training raids” on populated areas of the Gaza Strip. Fighter jets flying very low over residential areas created an acoustic boom effect: people on the ground heard the sound of an explosion, as if a bomb had been dropped directly on them. According to Palestinian psychiatrist Eyad Sarraj, the air raids provoked panic attacks, insomnia, depression, convulsions and nausea.

The children began to have problems concentrating and began to behave aggressively.

During the period of frequent raids, the number of miscarriages among pregnant women increased. Human rights groups have asked Israel's top court to ban fighter jets from flying at supersonic speeds over residential areas.

The Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD), or sound gun, is used primarily to break up demonstrations. The installation scares people away with a very loud (up to 150 decibels) or unpleasant, irritating sound. The military and police recognize the effectiveness of such acoustic weapons when it is necessary to disperse a crowd, push back protesters, secure a checkpoint or other important facility.

The manufacturing company LRAD supplies its devices to 70 countries. Sound cannons protect military and tourist ships. In 2005, a cruise ship was attacked by pirates off the coast of Somalia. They were driven away thanks to the LRAD, however, the first victim of the sound waves was the ship's security chief, Michael Groves. He now suffers from partial hearing loss and tinnitus.

The weak point of such weapons is their range: it is limited to several tens of meters due to the scattering of sound waves in the air. You can protect yourself with earplugs or headphones, so stunning tactics are only effective against unprepared people. Although earplugs also have disadvantages: they reduce the volume by 20–40 decibels, and along with dangerous noise, they suppress all other sounds.

Music: torture without torture

Journalist Juliette Volclair, who wrote the book Extremely Loud: Sound as a Weapon, argues that it is impossible to find a sound in the “normal” audible range that would be frightening and intolerable for everyone, since perception is culturally conditioned. This may explain the effect of war cries, horns and trumpets: the same signal terrifies enemies and encourages “friends”. The intelligence services experimented with the crying of children and the squeaking of animals being killed, but did not achieve much success.

In 1989, Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega was blocked in the Vatican embassy as a result of a US military operation.

Speakers were installed around the perimeter of the building and heavy rock music, including AC/DC and Alice Cooper, was broadcast around the clock at maximum volume.

Noriega preferred classical opera and gave up after a few days.

Since then, American intelligence agencies have regularly used music as a means of psychological pressure and “processing” before interrogation. In Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib prisons, where terrorism suspects are held, prisoners were tortured with pop songs, rap and heavy metal. In addition to the fact that the loud sound had purely physiological effects, causing dizziness and nausea, some prisoners, due to the peculiarities of their worldview, experienced a burning hatred of Western culture, which the secret services masterfully used. The compositions of Metallic or Drowning Pool caused shock among those who had never heard anything like this. Music during Ramadan (even Arabic) or tracks like “March of the Pigs” by Nine Inch Nails were intended by the torturers to demoralize Muslims. Songs by Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera and Eminem's "White America" ​​proclaimed the triumph of American pop culture.

Binyam Mohamed, a Guantanamo Bay detainee, said that the methods of psychological pressure in prisons are worse than physical torture. The pain can be endured, unlike the feeling of losing your mind during “musical torture.” The UN and the European Court of Human Rights have banned the use of loud music during interrogations, but according to the British human rights organization Reprieve, the method is still practiced in secret prisons.

Russia is no exception. After the uprising in Colony No. 6 in the city of Kopeisk in November 2012, facts of torture, including musical torture, were used in the correctional facility.

Particularly popular with the administration enjoyed "Blue Moon" by Boris Moiseev, Rammstein and children's songs, although human rights activist Nikolai Shchur mentioned and classical works, Bach.

Playing music for many hours at maximum volume caused widespread pain, weakness, and “a feeling that the body was being torn apart.” For torture in the Kopeisk colony they used a special “device” - a bucket with speakers, which was placed on the prisoner’s head.

To enhance the effect, acoustic effects are combined with visual ones. For example, in Guantanamo, loud music was accompanied by strobe flashes, but in Abu Ghraib, on the contrary, everything happened in pitch darkness. Sensory overload and sensory deprivation have been used consistently in prisons. After many hours of deafening noise, absolute silence followed, and this frightened the prisoners even more: when the external stimulus suddenly disappeared, hallucinations began.

Elusive waves

Infrasonic devices are more insidious than audible acoustic weapons. Waves with a frequency below 20 hertz are not perceptible to the ear, but cause anxiety, uncontrollable panic, and disorientation in a person. Infrasound is of particular interest to the military because it can travel vast distances and obstacles such as walls due to its long wavelength. Neither distance from the sound source nor hearing protection can protect you from low-frequency vibrations.

In nature, infrasonic waves arise as a result of earthquakes, avalanches, and volcanic activity. This is an alarm signal - this explains the sensitivity of animals and, presumably, people to them. Film director Gaspar Noe admitted that in the soundtrack of the film Irreversible he used a low sound with a frequency of 27 hertz, close to the limit of audibility.

In cinemas with a powerful sound system, spectators felt anxiety, unaccountable fear, and some even left the theater, although they could not really explain why they were afraid.

Police shields, patented by the American defense company Raytheon, generate low-frequency vibrations that allegedly resonate with the human respiratory tract and make it difficult for them to function. By adjusting the sound strength, you can cause discomfort in people or temporarily incapacitate them. The principle of operation of such weapons is based on the ability of the organs of the human body to resonate with low-frequency vibrations from the outside. For example, Robert Trainor, an audiologist, writes that the eyeballs resonate at a frequency of 19 hertz, so an infrasound wave with the same indicator leads to visual impairment.

There are no working weapons yet that use ultrasound (more than 20 kilohertz), although there are devices that generate high-frequency irritating waves. The police use them to disperse demonstrators, and store owners use them to discourage young people who don’t buy anything anyway. The ability to hear sounds with frequencies above 16 kilohertz disappears with age because the cells in the inner ear that are “responsible” for perceiving higher-range waves die. The creators of the Mosquito device take advantage of this: tuned to a frequency of 17 kilohertz, it acts as a “teenager repeller”, and adults simply do not hear it. Despite the impressive price, the device is popular in the UK: it is installed in shops, bus stops and parking lots.

In the fall of 2017, a diplomatic scandal erupted when employees of the US Embassy in Cuba complained of hearing loss. American authorities suspected a targeted attack using inaudible sound waves. However, experts doubt that ultrasound was to blame: it dissipates too quickly, passing through walls and other obstacles, especially during humid air Havana.

Scientists admit that the effect of sound waves on humans has not yet been fully studied. Acoustic weapons are considered more humane compared to machine guns and bombs. It is allowed to be used by military and peacekeeping missions, including against civilians. The same technologies are used by police during mass demonstrations, in prisons and refugee camps. Sonic weapons are open to abuse: they leave no trace.

Ultrasonic transducers

When it comes to vibrations (mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic, light, etc.), it is necessary to separate two main processes: the emission of vibrations and their reception. For example, a radio transmitter emits electromagnetic vibrations into the air through a transmitting antenna, and a radio receiver receives these vibrations. In both cases, we are observing the process of converting one type of energy into another. In the transmitting device, electrical oscillations are converted into electromagnetic ones, and in the receiving device, electromagnetic oscillations are converted into electrical ones. Similarly, ultrasonic transducers are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy (when emitting ultrasonic vibrations) and, conversely, mechanical energy into electrical energy (when receiving ultrasonic vibrations).

Ultrasonic transducers vary in purpose. Devices used to emit ultrasonic vibrations are called ultrasonic emitters .

Devices designed to record ultrasonic vibrations are called ultrasonic receivers . Depending on the form of energy consumed (mechanical or electrical), emitters can be divided into two main groups: mechanical and electromechanical (magnetostrictive, piezoelectric, electrodynamic).

Mechanical converters

Currently, among mechanical transducers, the most widely used are ultrasonic whistles, liquid generators, hydrodynamic emitters, gas jet emitters and sirens. All of them are used to create ultrasonic vibrations in liquids, air and gaseous media. Mechanical emitters operate in a wide frequency range (20--200 kHz(55, p.7-8) .

The operating principle of an ultrasonic generator is almost the same as that of a regular police generator, but its dimensions are much larger. The air flow at high speed breaks against the sharp edge of the internal cavity of the generator, causing oscillations with a frequency equal to the natural frequency of the resonator. By changing the dimensions of the resonator, you can change the oscillation frequency. Reducing the size of the resonator leads to an increase in the oscillation frequency. Using an ultrasonic generator, you can create vibrations with a frequency of up to 100 kHz. The power of such a generator is small, therefore, to obtain high power, gas-jet generators are used, in which the flow rate of air or gas is much higher. The jet generator is simple in design, but has low efficiency.

Liquid generators are used to emit ultrasound into a liquid. In liquid generators (Fig. 1), a double-sided tip serves as a resonant system, in which bending vibrations are excited. A jet of liquid, leaving the nozzle at high speed, breaks against the sharp edge of the plate, on both sides of which vortices arise, causing pressure changes with a high frequency.

To operate a liquid generator, excess liquid pressure is required 5 kg/cm 2 (55, p.8).

Rice. 1. Operating principle of the liquid generator: /--nozzle; 2 --plate

Many processes use an ultrasonic siren with two discs placed in a chamber. Each disk has a large number of holes. The air entering the chamber under high pressure exits through the holes of both disks. As the inner disk (rotor) rotates, its holes will coincide with the holes of the outer disk (stator) only at certain times. As a result of rotation, air pulsations will occur. The higher the rotor speed, the higher the pulsation frequency. Power and efficiency sirens are much higher. If cotton wool is placed in the radiation field of such a siren, it will ignite, and steel filings will heat up red-hot (55, p.9).

Rice. 2.

Electromechanical (electroacoustic) transducers are widely used in industry and scientific research. The design features of electromechanical converters allow them to be used at high frequencies. Ultrasonic electromechanical transducers are more stable in operation than mechanical ones. Based on their operating principle, electromechanical transducers are divided into electrodynamic, piezoelectric and magnetostrictive.

Electrodynamic converters are based on the principle of interaction of a conductor through which alternating current passes with a magnetic field. At present, electrodynamic converters are rarely used, so they are not considered in this work (55. p. 10).

To manufacture piezoelectric transducers, plates are cut from quartz crystals so that their planes are perpendicular to one of the three electrical axes (X-cut). When such plates vibrate, they emit longitudinal waves that propagate well in solids, liquids and gases. Y-cut plates are used when transverse waves are needed. Z-cut plates do not have a piezoelectric effect.

The piezoelectric effect can be direct and reverse. If electrodes are attached to a quartz plate on both sides and connected by conductors to a sensitive device, then when the plate is compressed, an electric charge will arise, and when stretched, the charge will be of the same magnitude, but opposite in sign. Consequently, the appearance of charges on the faces of the plate under mechanical action is called direct piezoelectric effect. In this case, the electrical polarization is directly proportional to the mechanical stress, the sign of which depends on its direction:

Where e -- the amount of electric charge;

d-- a constant value called the piezoelectric modulus;

F-- force causing mechanical stress, in din.

The principle of the direct piezoelectric effect is used in the manufacture of ultrasonic vibration receivers, which convert mechanical vibrations into electrical ones, i.e., into alternating current.

If an electric charge is applied to the electrodes of a quartz plate, its dimensions will increase or decrease depending on the polarity of the supplied charge. The greater the charge, the greater the deformation of the plate. When the signs of the applied voltage change, the quartz plate will either compress or decompress, i.e., it will oscillate in time with the changes in the signs of the applied voltage. The change in the size of the flipper under the influence of electric charges is called reverse piezoelectric effect. The change in plate thickness under the influence of electric charges is proportional to the applied electrical voltage:

where A is the change in plate thickness;

d-- piezoelectric module;

U-- applied voltage in absolute electrostatic units.

The principle of the inverse piezoelectric effect is used in the manufacture of ultrasonic vibration emitters, which convert electrical vibrations into mechanical ones.

The piezoelectric emitter and receiver can be represented as a single device, which alternately emits and receives ultrasonic vibrations. Such a device is called an ultrasonic piezoelectric transducer (55, p. 10-11).

Ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers are used in ultrasonic flaw detectors, express analyzers, level gauges, flow meters, echo sounders, fish-finding devices, medical and other devices. A great future belongs to piezoelectric transducers in space exploration and, in particular, in preparation for human flight to other planets. To go on an interplanetary journey, you need to have accurate data on meteor hazards. This task is performed by piezoelectric transducers, which record the appearance of even microscopic meteors.

Quartz for a long time was one of the main materials for the manufacture of ultrasonic transducers. It is very resistant to high temperatures, melts at 1470°C, and loses its piezoelectric properties at 570°C. But quartz cannot withstand heavy mechanical loads; it is very fragile. Therefore, experts suggested another crystal - Rochelle salt. Its crystals are easily grown artificially and easily processed. In addition, Rochelle salt, compared to other piezoelectric crystals, including quartz, has a significantly greater piezoelectric effect. The slightest mechanical impact on a plate of Rochelle salt leads to the appearance of electrical charges. However, Rochelle salt also has serious disadvantages that limit its practical use. This is, first of all, a low melting point (about 60°C), at which Rochelle salt loses its piezoelectric properties and no longer restores them. Rochelle salt dissolves in water and is therefore susceptible to moisture.

Much research into new piezoelectric materials was carried out during the Second World War. They were caused by a “quartz famine” that arose as a result of the widespread use of piezoelectric quartz in hydroacoustic devices and in military radio electronics. Thus, during the Second World War, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals were used to manufacture piezoelectric transducers. This material is very stable in physical parameters, has a high coefficient of electromechanical coupling, and allows working with high powers and in a wide frequency range.

Among the new piezoelectric materials, ammonium phosphate, lithium sulfate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate have long been used. In hydroacoustic transducers, these materials were used in the form of mosaic packages. However, all piezocrystals have one common drawback - low mechanical strength. Scientists began a persistent search for a substitute for piezoelectric crystals, which would be close to them in piezoelectric properties and would not have their disadvantages. And such a substitute was found (55, pp. 11-12).

Soviet scientists under the leadership of corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the USSR B. M. Vula created a substance endowed with amazing and valuable properties, and called it barium titanate . In the depths. It is very rare on earth, so it is obtained artificially. A mixture of two minerals (barium carbonate and titanate dioxide) is fired at a very high temperature. The result is a yellowish-white mass, which in appearance and mechanical properties resembles ordinary clay. This mass can be given any shape and size. Like any ceramic product, it will be mechanically strong and insoluble in water.

Rice. 4.

But barium titanate does not have piezoelectric properties, and these properties must be artificially imparted to it. To do this, the fired mass is placed in a strong electric field and then cooled. Under the influence of an electric field, barium titanate crystals are polarized, their dipoles occupy the same position, and after cooling they are fixed (as if “frozen”) in this position.

The piezoelectric effect of barium titanate is 50 times greater than that of quartz, and its cost is 100 times less. It is important that there is an unlimited amount of raw materials available for the manufacture of barium titanate converters. The disadvantage of barium titanate is large mechanical and dielectric losses, which leads to its overheating, and at temperatures above 90 ° C the radiation intensity decreases significantly. In practice, piezoceramic transducers are made in the form of flat, spherical and cylindrical structures (Fig. 4) (55, pp. 12-13).

Research and development organizations have developed and manufactured ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers designed to intensify chemical, electrochemical and other processes. A piezoelectric transducer is one or more individual piezoelements connected in a certain way with a flat or spherical surface, glued to a common metal plate with a thickness equal to half the wavelength of ultrasound in the metal. To remove the heat generated by the piezoelectric elements (if necessary), oil is poured into the converter housing, which is cooled by a coil with running water.

Rice. 5.

In technological applications, the transducer is lowered into the irradiated volume or is a structural element of the device (bottom, wall, etc.). The use of a device with a piezoelectric transducer allows, for example, to intensify the processes of coagulation of aerosols, purification, dispersion, emulsification, electrodeposition, etc. To obtain greater radiation intensity, focusing piezoelectric transducers or concentrators are used, which can have a variety of shapes (hemispheres, parts of hollow spheres, hollow cylinders, parts of hollow cylinders, etc.). Such transducers are used to produce powerful ultrasonic vibrations at high frequencies. In this case, the radiation intensity in the center of the focal spot of spherical transducers exceeds 50-150 times the average intensity on the emitting surface of the transducer.

In Fig. Figure 5 shows an ultrasonic piezoelectric concentrator developed by the Acoustic Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. It can be used in scientific research in the processes of emulsification, dispersion, coagulation, spraying, etc. (55, pp. 13-14).

Ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers are characterized by the following main parameters: power consumption, pulse power, pulse repetition rate, pulse duration, acoustic power and power losses, efficiency, radiation intensity, resonant and frequency characteristics, total electrical and equivalent resistance.

The parameters of piezoelectric transducers are determined by calculation using formulas and tested experimentally (55, pp. 14-15).

Magnetostrictive transducers

Back in 1847, Joule noticed that ferromagnetic materials placed in a magnetic field change their size. This phenomenon was called the magnetostriction effect, or magnetostriction.

Rice. 6. A-- reverse; b-- straight

There are two types of magnetostriction: linear, in which the geometric dimensions of the body change in the direction of the applied field, and volumetric, in which the geometric dimensions of the body change in all directions. Linear magnetostriction is observed at significantly lower magnetic field strengths than volumetric one. Therefore, practically in magnetostrictive converters linear magnetostriction is used.

The magnetostrictive effect, like the piezoelectric effect, is reversible. If an alternating current is passed through a winding placed on a ferromagnetic rod of a certain composition (Fig. 6, b), then under the influence of a changing magnetic field the rod will deform (lengthen and shorten) -- direct magnetostriction effect. Nickel cores, unlike iron cores, shorten in a magnetic field. When alternating current is passed through the winding of the emitter, its rod is deformed unambiguously (in one direction) in any direction of the magnetic field. Therefore, the frequency of mechanical vibrations will be twice the frequency of the alternating current flowing in the winding.

To ensure that the oscillation frequency of the emitter matches the frequency of the exciting current, a constant polarization voltage is supplied to the emitter winding. For a polarized emitter, the amplitude of the alternating magnetic induction increases, which leads to an increase in the deformation of the emitter core, and consequently, an increase in power.

If the rod of ferromagnetic material on which the winding is applied is compressed or stretched (see Fig. 6, A), then its magnetic properties will change, and an alternating current will appear in the winding - the reverse magnetostriction effect. (55, pp. 15-16).

The direct magnetostrictive effect is used in the manufacture of ultrasonic magnetostrictive transducers, which are an indispensable element of any ultrasonic technological installation. Magnetostrictive transducers, compared to piezoelectric transducers, have larger relative deformations, greater mechanical strength, are less sensitive to temperature influences, and have low total electrical resistance values, as a result of which high voltages are not required to obtain high power.

One of the main conditions in the manufacture of ultrasonic magnetostrictive transducers is the correspondence of their geometric dimensions to a given resonant frequency.

When manufacturing magnetostrictive transducers, not only the geometric dimensions are determined, but the material of the transducer, its design and manufacturing technology are taken into account.

For the manufacture of magnetostrictive converters, nickel, permendur, alfer and ferrite are mainly used. The greatest magnetostrictive effect is observed in permendur (49% cobalt, 49% iron, 2% vanadium). In addition, permendur can work at elevated temperatures. An alloy of platinum with iron has an even greater magnetostrictive effect (32% platinum, 68% iron), but due to its high cost it is practically not used (55, pp. 15-16).

Most often, nickel transducers are used in ultrasonic installations. The magnetostrictive properties of nickel are significantly lower than those of permendur, but it is cheap and has high resistance to corrosion.

Iron-aluminum alloys - alfers with 12-14% aluminum - have good magnetostrictive properties. Alfer has a high electrical resistivity, so energy losses due to eddy currents are insignificant. However, the difficulties associated with rolling this material and its fragility limit its practical application (55, 15-16).

Magnetostrictive cores can also be made from ferrites (Fig. 7), the properties of which largely depend on the components (nickel oxide, iron, zinc). Ferrites have high resistivity, as a result of which eddy current losses are negligible. The properties of ferrites are resistant to temperature changes and vary slightly within the range of 30-120 ° C. But ferrites have a drawback - low mechanical strength, which causes the danger of overloading them when working in high-power oscillatory systems. Mechanical stresses arising in the material lead to the formation of cracks and then to the destruction of the converter.

The magnetostrictive effect is highly dependent on temperature. The heat resistance of different materials is not the same. For nickel converters, when heated to a temperature of 100–150° C, the magnetostrictive effect decreases by 20–25%, and at a temperature of 353° C (Curie point) it disappears completely. For alfer, the Curie point is about 500° C (55, p. 16-17).

Converters made of per-mendur have the greatest heat resistance, being able to withstand temperatures above 900°C.

In the USA, research is being conducted to improve the efficiency of magnetostrictive converters. One of the companies has developed a magnetostrictive converter with low losses. It uses vanadium-permendur (iron-cobalt alloy with a small vanadium content) as the active material. Such a converter is a permendur tape, rolled into a cylinder, with an insulating gasket. In the new converter, all magnetostrictive material is excited. In a conventional converter, no more than 70% of the material is excited. A conventional magnetostrictive transducer is structurally a package made of thin plates of nickel, permendur or alfer with a thickness of 0.1--0.2 mm, which are isolated from each other by varnishing or oxidation. Converters can be single- or multi-rod. The most widely used are multi-rod converters, in which the magnetic flux is closed using a yoke or pads.

To excite magnetostrictive converters that use the effect of longitudinal magnetostriction, the following three schemes can be used.

With open magnetic flux (Fig. 8, A). This scheme can be used in low-power installations.

With a closed magnetic circuit using a yoke (Fig. 8.6). The excitation winding is superimposed on the central rod, and the bias winding is placed on the side halves of the yoke. In such a scheme, losses due to dissipation flows are less. But, despite the relatively high efficiency, converters assembled according to this scheme turn out to be bulky (55. pp. 17-18).

With a closed (inside the package) magnetic circuit (Fig. 8, c). Plates for the package can have one or more windows. With one window you get a two-rod package, with two windows you get a three-rod package. A winding is applied to the rods thus formed.

For the manufacture of powerful magnetostrictive converters, it is advisable to use a circuit with a closed magnetic circuit, since in this case there will be lower losses, a more compact design and better conditions for cooling (55, pp. 18-19).

The efficiency index of a magnetostrictive converter made of nickel for processing hard and brittle materials is no less than 0.5, and a converter made of permendur is no less than 1.1.

To measure the parameters of ultrasonic transducers operating in air, water, and in the presence of strong electromagnetic fields, ultrasonic non-contact vibrometers are used. The vibrometer can be used to measure the amplitude and frequency of vibration, determine the shape of vibration, study the frequency spectrum of vibration, study the distribution of the displacement amplitude on the surface of elastic vibration transformers, oscillograph short-term and non-stationary processes in converters, take frequency characteristics of converters, observe the phase relationships of the displacement of various points of complex oscillatory systems, studies of losses in materials (55, 18-19).

Ultrasonic generators

Ultrasonic generators are designed to convert industrial frequency current into high frequency current and to power electroacoustic transducer systems (piezoelectric and magnetostrictive). Ultrasonic generators are divided into machine, lamp, and semiconductor.

Machine generators, or rather machine converters, are designed to operate at frequencies up to 20 kHz and at a power usually exceeding 3--5 ket. Machine converters are simple in design and economical, but they are not widely used in ultrasonic technology due to the low stability of the frequency and the complexity of its regulation, as well as the difficulty of obtaining a frequency of more than 20 kHz without additional devices - frequency multipliers (55, pp. 25-26).

Rice. 13.

In most cases, to excite mechanical vibrations of ultrasonic frequency in converters, tube generators are used, the peculiarity of which is that they allow you to change the frequency over a wide range and have higher efficiency compared to machine ones. and can be performed in a wide range of powers - from several tens of watts to tens of kilowatts.

Recently, ultrasonic generators based on semiconductor triodes and controlled valves have gained great recognition. Their advantage is obvious - significantly smaller dimensions, increased operational reliability and frequency stability, as well as meeting modern requirements for technical aesthetics.

The following basic requirements are imposed on ultrasonic generators: high efficiency, frequency stability and the ability to smoothly regulate it within a given range; the ability to regulate output power, operational reliability, small overall dimensions, ease of maintenance, etc. (55, p. 26).

Ultrasonic generators with independent excitation are easy to continuously adjust the frequency. In addition, such generators have high frequency stability.

The domestic industry has developed and produced ultrasonic generators of various powers depending on their purpose. On this basis, ultrasonic generators can be divided into low-power (100 - 600 W), medium and high-power (more than 1 kW) generators (55, pp. 28-29).

Rice. 15.

Cavitation is, in turn, a complex set of phenomena associated with the emergence, development and collapse of tiny bubbles of various origins in a liquid. Ultrasonic waves propagating in a liquid form alternating areas of high and low pressures, creating zones of high compression and rarefaction zones. In a rarefied zone, hydrostatic pressure decreases to such an extent that the forces acting on the molecules of the liquid become greater than the forces of intermolecular cohesion. As a result of a sharp change in hydrostatic equilibrium, the liquid ruptures, forming numerous tiny bubbles of gases and vapors that were previously in a dissolved state in the liquid. The next moment, when a period of high pressure occurs in the liquid, the previously formed bubbles collapse. The process of bubble collapse is accompanied by the formation of shock waves with very high local instantaneous pressure, reaching several hundred atmospheres. The occurrence of cavitation can be observed visually by the appearance of a foggy cloud of bubbles in the ultrasonic field. At high intensities of ultrasonic vibrations, cavitation is accompanied by hissing (55, pp. 36-37).

Ultrasonic cavitation in a liquid depends on its density, viscosity, temperature, molecular weight, compressibility, gas content, the number of foreign microscopic inclusions, frequency and intensity of ultrasonic vibrations, static pressure and other factors.

By purposefully changing some of these factors, it is possible to influence the activity of the cavitation process in the desired direction. For example, cavitation is stronger in water than in solvents. The presence of gas in a liquid increases the efficiency of cavitation phenomena. As the temperature of the liquid increases, the intensity of cavitation increases to a certain maximum, after which it begins to fall. The effectiveness of cavitation is directly dependent on the intensity of ultrasonic vibrations and inversely dependent on their frequency. At very high ultrasonic frequencies, cavitation cannot be achieved at all. Of great importance in intensifying the process of ultrasonic cavitation is the selection of certain relationships between the intensity of ultrasonic vibrations and excess static pressure in the liquid (55, pp. 36-37).

Ultrasonic vibrations cause cavitation phenomena and vibrations of molecules. In addition, the absorption of ultrasonic waves by a liquid causes heating of the liquid (55, p. 204). The phenomenon of cavitation, intense vibrations of molecules and heating of liquid are a strong damaging factor, since a person is 90% water (52, p. 112).

The effect of ultrasound consists of several factors: thermal, mechanical and chemical. The thermal effect is based on the absorption of ultrasonic waves by the human body. The temperature of a living organism is evidence that constant random movement of particles occurs in it. Ultrasound adds directed oscillatory movements to it. Part of the ultrasound energy is absorbed and converted into heat, while the tissue is heated not from the upper layers, but evenly throughout the entire volume.

The mechanical action is a kind of micro-massage of cells and tissues, resulting in their compression and stretching. In this case, the displacement of particles is small, and the speed of movement is also small.

And, finally, the physicochemical effect consists of changing the course of redox processes, accelerated decoupling of complex protein complexes into ordinary organic molecules, and activation of enzymes (55, p. 228).

Using the good focusing ability of ultrasound, scientists proposed using it in neurosurgery. An ultrasonic focusing device can destroy individual areas of nerve cells without damaging others. The device creates a very high sound pressure in the focal region. The focal length during operation of the device can be changed, and therefore, any operated area can be selected according to its depth without damaging the upper layers.

Experiments carried out in one of the laboratories of the USSR Academy of Sciences showed that with the help of powerful ultrasonic radiation it is possible to destroy (55, p. 230) almost any tissue of the human body.

Local heating of tissues during intense and prolonged exposure to ultrasonic radiation can lead to overheating of biological structures and their destruction (58, p. 782).

A person cannot hear frequencies above 20 KHz, but ultrasound affects human material in the inaudible range (unpleasant sensations occur at a radiation power of 110 dB (decibel), pain threshold, traumatic - from 130 dB (decibel), fatal - from 180 dB (decibel To reliably destroy a person, ultrasonic weapons use a radiation power of 200 dB (decibels). They use both thermal and mechanical effects of elastic vibrations with frequencies above 100 kHz. Even this intensity of concentrated vibrations significantly affects the mental structures and nervous system, causing headaches pain, dizziness, visual and breathing disturbances, nausea, convulsions, and sometimes blackouts. Ultrasound radiation has a very strong effect on the human psyche, which is what the military became interested in when creating the so-called psychotronic weapons. Such developments are carried out by medical institutions (Krasnoyarsk State Medical Academy , Krasnoyarsk Regional Psychoneurological Dispensary (st. Lomonosov 1), psychiatric hospital, Krasnoyarsk special hospital-polyclinic of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate (Karl Marx St. 128), etc.), and serially acoustic (infrasonic, ultrasonic) weapons are produced for military products at the Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant. Devices for such effects are easy to make yourself, but only with appropriate technical training. “Calcination” of selected areas of the brain with well-focused ultrasound is sometimes used to permanently remove some unwanted memories from memory, but this is only possible with the use of well-trained personnel and special equipment used in medicine. Emitters that produce ultrasonic radiation, which are in service with the Ministry of Defense and the FSB of the Russian Federation, are classified. A targeted pulse of ultrasonic radiation can suddenly stop the heart of any person. Ultrasound travels well through obstacles. Frequencies from 20 KHz to 1 MHz are considered dangerous (43, p. 190; 32, p. 132; 33, p. 375).

To combat terrorism in air transport, based on military research, an ultrasonic weapon of relatively small size has been developed, which in shape resembles a gun no more than a meter long; the ultrasound emitter operates in a pulsed mode and hits a person in a split second, just like when firing a shot from a firearm . After the shot, the sound begins to increase until it reaches 140 decibels (this is 20 times the value after which the sound becomes painful). The advantage of this weapon is that while ultrasound effectively affects human material, it does not damage the aircraft’s skin and other objects.

The use of mechanical resonance of elastic vibrations with frequencies below 16 Hz, which are not perceptible by ear, is very effective in secretly influencing a person. The most dangerous range here is considered to be from 6 to 9 Hz. Significant psychotronic effects are most pronounced at a frequency of 7 Hz, consonant with the alpha rhythm of natural brain vibrations, and any mental work in this case becomes impossible, since it seems that the head is about to be torn into small pieces (43, p. 191; 33, p. .375).

The use of infrasound emitters with a frequency resonant with the natural vibrations of human internal organs causes severe pain, a person can go blind, and death is possible. Infrasound radiation penetrates through thick walls and over long distances (26, p.90).

When conducting special experiments on highly developed biological objects, it was discovered that at such an intensity of infrasound, the object tends to leave the affected area. When the intensity of irradiation was increased, the devices recorded a sharp increase in heart rate, and the object began to rush in different directions. Then the amplitude of cardiac vibrations increased sharply, the blood vessels could not stand it and burst.

The conclusions drawn from such experiments are as follows:

• -infrasonic vibrations, correctly modulated signals of even low intensity cause nausea and ringing in the ears, as well as blurred vision and unaccountable fear;
• - fluctuations of moderate intensity can cause disorders of the digestive system, dysfunction of the brain with the most unexpected consequences, paralysis, general weakness, and sometimes blindness;
• -high-intensity infrasound, entailing resonance, leads to disruption of the functioning of almost all internal organs, and death is possible due to cardiac arrest or due to the destruction of blood vessels (31, p. 39).

Infrafrequencies of about 12 Hz with a force of 85-110 dB induce attacks of seasickness and dizziness, and vibrations with a frequency of 15-18 Hz at the same intensity cause anxiety, uncertainty and, finally, panic fear. Usually, unpleasant sensations begin at 120 dB of tension, traumatic - at 130 dB, fatal - 180 dB (32, p. 133; 43, p. 191; 33, p. 375).

Many vital human organs are like biological oscillatory circuits and resonators (they have their own frequency of oscillations ranging from 1 to 100 Hz) (34, p. 146).

“The use of infrasonic waves at frequencies measured in units of Hertz, as has been repeatedly reported in the literature, makes it possible to create weapons that damage the human psyche and body,” wrote academician A.V. in his article “to ban the development and production of new types of weapons of mass destruction.” Fokin. And, if we take into account the ability of infrasound to penetrate brick, concrete and armor, then it is logical to create a weapon that is extremely effective against humans. Therefore, the scientist’s call to ban its development is very timely (31, p. 40).

Other scientists do not consider it physiologically justified to use frequencies that can produce resonant or infrasonic vibrations on internal organs, lead to anxiety and fear, and destruction of vascular walls.

The “Trumpets of Jericho” effect is a harmful biological effect and cannot preserve human health (34, p. 146).

The first practical consequence of these discoveries was the emergence international standards, limiting radiation from household appliances.

In the Russian Federation, the main document ensuring human safety from the effects of various types of radiation is the Law “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population” and the sanitary rules and regulations (SanPiN) and Sanitary Standards (SN) established in accordance with this document.

SanPiN 2.2.4/2.1.8.055-96 Electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency range (RF EMR)

SanPiN 2.2.4/2.1.8.582-96 Hygienic requirements when working with sources of airborne and contact ultrasound for industrial, medical and household purposes

SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for residential buildings and premises

SN 2.2.4/2.1.8.583-96 Infrasound in workplaces, residential and public spaces

Sanitary Standards (SN) of Ultraviolet Radiation in production premises(OSPORB-99)

Basic sanitary rules for ensuring radiation safety SP 2.6.1.799-99

Ionizing radiation, radiation safety (NRB-99)

Radiation safety standards SP 2.6.1.758-99 Ionizing radiation, radiation safety

It is especially necessary to consider the so-called non-lethal weapons.

"In our time, the military-political leadership of the majority Western countries believe that the types of weapons and methods of their use should be adequate to the scale of hostilities. To resolve interethnic and other conflicts, and even for conventional military operations, completely new types of weapons are required, the use of which does not cause irreversible damage to the manpower and equipment of the enemy or the conflicting parties and does not entail the destruction of material assets and the death of the population.

In this regard, the idea of ​​​​developing non-lethal weapons, first put forward in the United States and actively supported by many public figures, is being intensively promoted. The wide field of use of such weapons to combat terrorism, smuggling, and drug trafficking has given additional impetus to its development.

The concept of “non-lethal weapons” today refers to means of influencing people and equipment, created on the basis of chemical, biological, physical and other principles that render the enemy incapable of combat for some time. Preliminary research in this area dates back to the 80s, but at that time it was quite random. In the early 90s, NATO countries (the USA, and then Great Britain, Germany, France and a number of others) began work carried out on the basis of individual military applied research. Later, a special team was formed to coordinate them working group. According to foreign sources, separate prototypes have already been created. The table given in Appendix 3 contains data on some types of such weapons.

In the process of further improvement of non-lethal weapons, it is planned to reduce their weight and size, increase efficiency, expand the possible number of targets, and create combined models. According to Western military experts, this will increase its mobility and range, and expand the affected area. psychotronic weapon laser infrasonic ultrasonic

Some types of non-lethal weapons were tested in armed conflicts in Somalia, Haiti, and Iraq. For example, electromagnetic weapons were used during Operation Desert Storm.

As a result, short circuits occurred in the electrical circuits of power plants and power lines, which ultimately led to a disruption in the power supply to Iraq's control and air defense systems during the decisive period of the operation.

So how are the prospects for the development of various types of non-lethal weapons assessed? Some Western experts make very optimistic forecasts. Far from it full list Possible options for using this weapon include defeating personnel on the battlefield with laser weapons, setting up barriers using foam-forming compounds and spraying inhibitor gases over columns of armored vehicles of the advancing enemy, massive impact of electromagnetic and acoustic weapons on defending units and units located in shelters. In this case, a significant decrease in efficiency is achieved and even, possibly, a cessation of hostilities by the opposing side for some time, since personnel and equipment are rendered incapable of combat. Control of weapons and troops is also lost, but what is most valuable is that destruction is avoided settlements and save the lives of many civilians.

Western experts cite stealth and speed of deployment, noiselessness and suddenness of use as the advantages of this weapon. All this makes it very difficult for the enemy to detect and counter it. In addition, even in anticipation of the use of such weapons, its strong psychological impact on people’s behavior is noted, resulting in emotional imbalance and anxiety, self-doubt and unaccountable fear, and the desire to quickly get out of the danger zone and hide. This inevitably leads to a sharp increase in stress loads and, possibly, panic.

Along with supporters of the development of all the above-described types of non-lethal weapons in the West, there are also some military theorists who believe that only such types as laser, electromagnetic and information weapons can be adopted for service. The possibility of large-scale equipment of regular armies with chemicals (foaming compounds, inhibitors, activators, etc.) raises great doubts among them.

According to foreign experts, in local conflicts and peacekeeping operations non-lethal weapons should be used independently, and in large military operations they can serve as a means of influencing both the attacking and the defending enemy to enhance the effect of using traditional means of fire destruction. In addition, during special operations it is recommended to use it to disable enemy rear facilities and communications.

However, some military experts do not share this opinion, believing that not all forecasts are based on the real state of affairs and it is too early to talk about the practical implementation of the plans of the developers of non-lethal weapons. According to skeptics, it may be effective, but has not yet been tested and practically verified. In addition, it is still difficult to estimate the costs associated with production and use. And the term “non-lethal weapon” itself does not accurately reflect the nature of its impact and the consequences of use, since some of its types cause mass diseases in humans and animals (often fatal), irreversible damage to the eyes and internal organs leading to disability, infection of vegetation and area, which may have long-term consequences. Of particular concern to scientists working in this field is the possibility that the production and use of non-lethal weapons may escape government control.

Experts are also seriously concerned about the international legal aspects of the use of chemical formulations, biological agents and lasers. This follows from the need to comply with the International Convention on the Prohibition of the Use of Chemical and biological weapons 1972. They see a way out of this situation in minimizing the harmful effects of these weapons on the environment and taking strict regulations regulating its use. A number of questions arise regarding methods of conducting combat operations using non-lethal weapons, especially in unfavorable climatic and meteorological conditions and at low concentrations of components, as well as responding to countermeasures taken by the enemy.

To ensure the protection of personnel from the effects of high-energy laser and electromagnetic weapons and other radiation, from which neither armor nor shelters can protect, they are created, in particular , aerosol curtains, devices that allow you to determine the moment of the beginning of irradiation and the dose received, special glasses, clothing. In addition, the need arose to form special units that should be equipped with control and measuring equipment, as well as sets of individual and collective protective equipment.

A device is being created in the UK, the explosion of which only temporarily incapacitates people, but is destructive for electronics. Instead of a shock wave, a radio wave of high frequency and enormous power propagates from the point of explosion of such a bomb. The microwave bomb will explode in the air, above the target. After this, all surrounding computers will burn out or at least stop working, television and radio lines, power lines and other power supply circuits in the area will be disrupted. A powerful impulse of electromagnetic energy will act on people in almost the same way as on devices - interrupting the body’s communications for a short time, disabling nerve cells (including the brain). As a result, the victims will naturally switch off: they will be deprived of consciousness for some time. But since living organisms are designed by nature with a much greater margin of safety, experts believe, most people will wake up without feeling any special consequences.

The main element of the bomb is a cylindrical resonator lined with ordinary explosives. During an explosion, a standing electromagnetic wave from the resonator becomes traveling in a split second, which means it becomes a powerful energy carrier. In addition, various modifications of these bombs may also include chemicals, say, that “eat” aircraft landing gear tires or a kind of biological weapon - microbial spores that turn liquid fuel into jelly. The development of such a bomb is only part of the program to create “humane weapons.” True, not all of its types will be so harmless to people. For example, British warships are already equipped with laser emitters, the beam of which can blind the pilot or navigator of an aircraft going into attack apparatus - an airplane or a helicopter. Vision will never be completely restored, and with a certain power of the beam there is a possibility that a person will go completely and completely blind.

The International Red Cross and similar organizations insist on a decisive ban on such emitters, which, as representatives of these organizations claim, violate the Geneva Convention. However, the bomb does not fall within the existing provisions of the convention. Therefore, it is not surprising that, according to the latest data, similar weapons are being actively developed in secret laboratories in the USA and Russia (52, pp. 191-192).

The current trend of expanding the use of optical-electronic means in combat operations, which makes it possible to facilitate the search and detection of the enemy in difficult meteorological and night conditions, as well as when they use various methods of camouflage, has determined one of the important areas of research in the general range of studies carried out abroad work on the creation of new types of weapons. This direction is the development of laser weapons for tactical purposes, which will make it possible to disable optoelectronic devices and hit the unprotected organs of vision of personnel, which are an almost ideal target for them.

According to research conducted by American military experts, laser devices (for example, rangefinders, target designators, simulators and simulators) under certain conditions pose a very serious danger to human vision during combat training. To ensure safety when working with devices that generate coherent laser radiation, special instructions and guidelines have been developed, and protective equipment is used to prevent damage to the organs of vision. In addition, during programs to re-equip armed forces with new types of optoelectronic equipment, it is planned to use laser radiation generators that are less dangerous for personnel.

On the contrary, to create efficient systems For laser weapons, the best option is to use lasers that generate radiation in those areas of the electromagnetic spectrum in which reconnaissance and detection optoelectronic devices and homing heads of guided missiles operate, as well as in those where the human eye has maximum spectral sensitivity. Damage to the organs of vision is considered by experts as the most promising area for incapacitating personnel during combat operations. This is explained primarily by the fact that a person is the final and main link in the “machine (equipment) - person” system. In addition, in modern combat, a large number of binoculars, periscopes, night vision devices and other optical and optoelectronic devices are still used, with the help of which direct observation of the enemy is carried out. Such devices contain optical elements that focus the radiation incident on them (for example, lenses), due to which the likelihood of damage to the organs of vision significantly increases (52, pp. 205 -206).

The optical system of the human eye freely transmits and focuses radiation from the visible (wavelength 390-780 nm) and infrared (up to 1.4 microns) spectrum ranges onto the retina. In order to destroy the retina, and even more so to temporarily blind a person, very insignificant energy densities of laser radiation in these spectral ranges are required. Many of the laser rangefinders and target designators used in the armed forces of different countries with active elements made on the basis of yttrium-aluminum garnet or glass activated by neodymium ions operate precisely at a wavelength of 1.06 microns, which poses a significant danger. Radiation with a longer wavelength is considered less dangerous, since it is absorbed by the vitreous body and cornea of ​​the eye and requires energy density levels several orders of magnitude higher to damage them.

According to American experts, even with lateral (not along the optical axis) laser radiation entering the eye and pinpoint burning of the retina, the damage can spread to peripheral areas due to extensive hemorrhages. Damage to the area of ​​the retina corresponding to a visual field angle of 5° will significantly complicate driving a car, armored vehicles, as well as recognizing the details of objects on the ground, which, in turn, will cause serious difficulties for personnel when conducting aimed fire from weapons of various types. To cause such damage to the organs of vision, it is enough that the radiation power is only a few milliwatts in continuous generation mode or several microjoules of energy in a pulse lasting several nanoseconds.

The current level of development of science and technology already makes it possible to create portable laser weapon systems for tactical purposes. According to preliminary estimates, in various types of modern combat it will be capable of causing temporary (up to 3 minutes) blinding of personnel within a radius of 1 km. Such a range imposes corresponding requirements on the development of this weapon to its energy and weight-size characteristics. In this case, a significant factor is the state of the atmosphere, determined, on the one hand, by weather conditions during a specific period of combat operations, and on the other hand, by the dust and smoke content of certain areas of the area (52, p. 206). When modeling the process of using laser weapons, they are usually guided by the fact that the negative influence of the atmosphere will reduce its range by at least 1%. However, the existing technological base makes it possible to increase it to 3 km with small weight and size characteristics of portable laser weapons that do not limit the possibility of conducting combat operations.

The presence in units and subunits of the ground forces of laser weapons specifically designed to blind personnel will have, first of all, a psychological impact on the enemy, who will be constantly aware of the possibility of damage to the organs of vision. In addition, those conducting reconnaissance using optical and optical-electronic devices must overcome a kind of psychological barrier, since there are real examples of the enemy using laser weapons, which entailed serious consequences for the visual organs. A sudden flash that hits the eyes leads a person to something like an epileptic seizure. In this case, it is possible to place a source of a blinding flash in a 155-mm cannon shell - based on the explosive heating of inert gases. Laser "cannons" mounted on armored infantry vehicles can blind the sights of the enemy and his soldiers, and not only temporarily. The wide range of laser radiation renders safety glasses useless. This type of weapon is very convenient when committing various terrorist acts. By taking a convenient position near the airfield runway, you can suddenly blind the crew of any aircraft taking off or landing (especially effective at night). As a result of loss of control, the plane will inevitably crash into the ground. In the same effective way, you can blind the driver of any vehicle, which will inevitably lead to a serious accident (60, p. 369). Proving the use of these weapons will be quite difficult.

At the same time, even such an undoubted advantage of laser weapons as an almost instantaneous action, which helps save time on the rather complex process of aiming, including determining the required lead taking into account the speed and direction of the wind, the distance to the target and the parameters of its movement, did not solve the problem of control of the defeat goals. The fact is that the use of an invisible infrared beam does not make it possible to observe whether the target was hit with laser radiation or not. In this case, the degree of damage can be determined only by external signs target behavior on the battlefield. According to Western experts, this problem will be partially solved by reducing the requirements for aiming accuracy, due to the fact that due to the divergence of the radiation, the diameter of the beam spot on the target will range from tens of centimeters to several meters (depending on the range).

The possibility of creating laser weapons in the near future determines the need to develop effective means protection requiring large capital investments. For example, such means may be optical filters having high absorption coefficients of laser radiation (106) (52, pp. 206-207). However, they do not provide absorption of radiation over a wide range of the spectrum and, as a rule, operate at only a few wavelengths. Broadband filters significantly absorb radiation from the visible range of the spectrum, which makes it difficult to routinely monitor the situation on the battlefield.

Active optical filters change the transmittance depending on the intensity of laser radiation incident on it and are quite complex devices. Judging by their weight and size characteristics, they are not yet suitable for individual use by personnel. At the same time, such devices, as well as high-speed shutters that prevent radiation from reaching the sensitive elements of various equipment and the organs of vision when permissible energy levels are exceeded, can be successfully used as part of the optical-electronic equipment of tanks, infantry fighting vehicles and other military equipment.

The first experimental sample of a portable laser weapon, codenamed "Dazer", was developed by the American company Allied Signals. It is based on a laser radiation generator based on an alexandrite crystal, which allows you to change the radiation wavelength in the range from 700 to 815 nm. The source of electrical energy is a nickel-cadmium battery located in the pouch. The laser itself has the same dimensions as the American M16 automatic rifle. The total mass of the Dazer portable laser weapon with battery is approximately 9 kg, and the cost of a production model is about 50 thousand dollars.

Another sample of the Cobra portable laser weapon, intended for use by ground forces, was developed by the American company McDonnell Douglas. "Cobra" in its tactical and technical characteristics approximately corresponds to the "Dazer" laser.

According to American military experts, the created experimental samples of Dazer and Cobra laser weapons indicate a transition to a qualitatively new technological level in the development of tactical systems. In addition, according to their assessment, in the next century this type of weapon will play a major role in combat operations (52, pp. 207-208).

Electromagnetic non-lethal weapons have very good prospects. Electromagnetic pulse generators that use the energy of a conventional explosion rather than a nuclear one. With their help, you can burn computer circuits, electrical equipment, power plants, and air defense radars. These generators can be made into high-precision warheads for bombs and missiles.

Electromagnetic non-lethal weapons also include sources of microwave radiation - ultra high frequency. When exposed to people, they disrupt the functioning of the central nervous system and brain, cause a sensation of poorly tolerated noise and whistling, and affect the internal organs of a person, even to the point of death (60, pp. 368-369).

Acoustic weapons are considered one of the most promising types of non-lethal weapons. It is known that infrasound with its low frequency, when directed at people, plunges them into panic, deprives them of their minds, and causes disturbances in the functioning of the heart and nervous system. At the same time, it perfectly penetrates through walls into the deepest shelters or bunkers, behind armor and parapets. The development of this type of weapon was carried out in two directions. On the one hand, these are infrasound generators operating with “directed beams”. On the other hand, infrasonic “bombs” dropped on the enemy (60, p. 367).

Such damaging properties products could not but be of interest to the relevant departments. I. Tsarev writes: “Publications began to appear in the press talking about design bureaus where devices for remote influence on the human psyche were created; with reference to a former employee of the KGB of the USSR, it was reported about special generators with the help of which individual apartments were irradiated for a long time in major cities" (52, p. 91). This information was fully confirmed (26, p. 72). Both in Russia and in the United States, law enforcement agencies have been experimenting with new technologies for more than half a century. Louis Slizen, editor of the American magazine Microway News, writes : “The human body is an electrochemical system, and devices that influence it have already been created. Naturally, in our high-tech country, the military could not help but become interested in such devices. Work in this area has been going on for more than 30 years and is surrounded by a veil of secrecy. They occupy the laboratories of some universities and five military research centers. Considerable sums are being allocated for the development of psi-weapons; in particular, the US Air Force Electrochemical Laboratory plans to spend over 100 million dollars on psi-weapons in the next five years."

Work on the creation of devices that make it possible to influence people not directly, but at a distance (and a significant one), was one of the first to begin by the military Institute of Radiobiological Research in Bethesda, Maryland (56, p. 30). These experiments began back in 1965, but scientists achieved visible results only by 1980, when special microwave radiation generators were created that were capable of sending commands to the human brain that controlled his behavior. Moreover, the control device is small in size, that is, it is easy to move from one point to another. This miracle of military technology is called a pulse-wave myotron. If you direct radiation directly at a person with close range, then you can completely suppress his will and paralyze him. The military sees a great future for this device (56, p30-31). The military in the USSR conducted tests of psychotronic weapons on human material on a huge scale, since it was not customary to stand on ceremony with people in the Soviet Union. Only in the 1990s did it become known that top-secret research was authorized in the USSR as part of a national program for “the study, implementation and technical testing of bioenergy weapons in the interests of the defense and security of the country.” For this purpose, branches controlled by the secret services were opened in a number of research institutes. Astronomical sums were allocated for the existence of these branches, institutes, and departments. How much of the population was subjected to illegal and secret irradiation cannot be calculated even now, since testing of psychotronic weapons in Russia continues (56, p. 46) (62, p. 77).

There are known facts of work on the creation of high-frequency and low-frequency brain coding generators, dowsing installations, and the use of chemical and biological agents to create controlled human material. The treatment of experimental subjects begins with the suppression of their ability to resist. It is most important. Turn off the control - and you have mastered the psyche of another person, that is, you can now do whatever you want with him. It’s not easy to “turn off” consciousness, especially in several people at once. Therefore, processing begins with sending a beam of electromagnetic, sound or torsion radiation (56, p. 23). After such powerful treatment, a person completely loses control over himself and, if he remains alive, he becomes controllable.

According to the type of action, all methods of turning off consciousness can be divided into electromagnetic (field) and sound, with torsion (micro-leptonic) influence standing apart. All types of these radiations are extremely destructive to human health and can cause serious illnesses.

Laser and X-ray radiation are also used, which are even more destructive to humans. For experimenters, this is a very convenient type of radiation, because there are no visible obstacles for it: radiation can be directed through reinforced concrete walls! In addition, such radiation can be directed to the desired point. Laser exposure is often used at the initial stage of programming to achieve quick results. Such radiation has been used to eliminate people, since laser-guided death appears natural.

The most advanced is considered to be torsion or microlepton radiation, the same vortex flows that were discovered by the Germans at Ahnenerbe. There is simply no protection against it. Torsion radiation cannot be shielded at all. If X-ray radiation is stopped by a thick lead plate, then the torsion field passes right through the lead (56, p. 24). A weak torsion effect can put a person to sleep, a medium intensity one disrupts logical connections and “erases” memory, and a high intensity one can destroy both the brain and the body. With the help of a torsion generator, you can provoke certain diseases, sharply reduce or, conversely, increase activity, or you can influence brain activity, causing some desires or introducing programs. Back in 1998, our specialists created a mobile generator capable of covering a large crowd from a distance of 300-500 meters for a period of 15-20 minutes (56, pp. 24-25).

The information of the candidate of physical and mathematical sciences Georgy Konstantinovich Gurtovoy and the graduate of Moscow State University, physiologist Igor Vladimirovich Vinokurov, about the practical application of applied products is worthy of attention.

Among the existing methods of elimination (deliberate collisions with cars, imaginary suicides, poisonings, organization of injuries at work, psychological provocations, etc.), one has a clear advantage - irradiation in apartments. This is a secret and almost unprovable method. Citizens are literally smoked out of their homes using technical means. Radiation sources can be located in adjacent rooms of communal apartments, on upper floors or in houses opposite. The premises next door are allegedly occupied by employees of the REU or DEZ, the upper floors are rented by the KGB-FSB services by agreement with the residents, who in this case leave for long periods. It is impossible to enter such apartments - persons who have settled in them without registration are revealed only to the police. Victims of such actions complain of poor health, somatic and neurological ailments - headaches, hypertension, insomnia, or, conversely, falling into an unnatural sleep. Painful sensations: knife-type colic in the area of ​​the kidneys, liver, heart. After a night's sleep, bleeding defects 1-2 mm in diameter, burn spots of various sizes, cuts and scratches are found on the skin. Cuts also appear during the day, sometimes their appearance can be noticed visually - on the face, shoulders, legs, sometimes they do not heal well, they are deep and bleeding.

During sleep, with a fixed body position, a person finds himself defenseless. His body is exposed to deep effects on the body, mainly on the heart, blood vessels and genitourinary area. The variety of physical traces (wounds, cuts, burns) and sensations (pricking, cooling, vibration, acoustic shocks) indicate the use of a wide range of radiation - VHF, laser, ultrasonic ranging, infrasound, acoustic shock waves.

The created electromagnetic and acoustic fields affect the operation of household appliances - uneven operation of refrigerators, blinking of incandescent light bulbs. Acoustic shocks cause doors to open and objects to fall (similar to the poltergeist phenomenon).

KGB-FSB operatives who are engaged in “processing” a victim outside the home have portable devices measuring approximately 12x12 cm and 15x15 cm, which fit in a pocket; there are also devices in a more miniature version.

According to a special program, psychotronic developments were carried out by the 12th Department of the KGB, a laboratory under the operational and technical management of the KGB.

The work was supervised by the fifth and sixth departments of the KGB.

Whenever emergency situation for the purpose of cover-up or preventive measures, security officials use the services of psychiatrists, since until recently psychiatric clinics were directly subordinate to the structures of the KGB-FSB. This made it possible to freely and with impunity carry out psychotronic experiments or neutralize an object and then hide “the ends in the water”, finishing off the “experimental material” with electric shocks and psychotropic drugs (38, p. 337).

In the 70s, the USSR Ministry of Health developed and introduced into the work of medical institutions a document called “Interpretation of Mental Illnesses,” according to which any Soviet person could be accused of insanity. For the same purposes, Professor Snezhnevsky developed “sluggish schizophrenia,” which does not exist in nature. And as a result, mental hospitals began to be filled with citizens who did not agree with the domestic and foreign policies of the state, or who dared to criticize their superiors, or expose the crimes they had committed. According to independent psychiatrists and human rights activists, by 1980 the USSR occupied one of the first places in the world in the number of people registered with psychiatric patients (about a million people). Therefore, as soon as a person declares the psychotronic influence exerted on him, the authorities will instantly and forcibly place him in a mental hospital, where fanatics in white coats, in addition to psychotronic torture, will carry out criminal medical-biological, pharmacological and other experiments on him. If earlier public interference in the affairs of the repressed, psychiatrists, 70% cooperating with the special services and the military-industrial complex, referred only to the medical incompetence of its representatives, now they also refer to the template, without a reasoning part, Resolutions of the so-called “people's courts”, which are more reminiscent courts of the medieval inquisition or troika of 1937. Recently, psychiatrists have argued that in the territory of the former USSR there is practically not a single mentally healthy person (63, pp. 35 - 36). Former USSR occupied and continues to occupy first place in the world in conducting uncontrolled experiments on people and animals (63, p. 38).

After the so-called “thaw” of the fifties, the ruling party needed a new, hidden from human eyes, form of isolation and destruction of dissidents to maintain power. Instead of the previous mass shootings, labor death camps and prisons, the party began to secretly use psychiatric institutions.

The scale of the use of repressive psychiatry methods in the USSR is evidenced by inexorable figures and facts. Based on the results of the work of the commission of the highest party leadership headed by A.N. Kosygin in 1978 decided to build an additional 80 psychiatric hospitals and 8 special ones in addition to the existing ones. Their construction was supposed to be completed by 1990. They were built in Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Kemerovo, Kuibyshev, Novosibirsk and other places in the Soviet Union.

During the changes that took place in the country in 1988, 16 prison hospitals were transferred to the Ministry of Health from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and 5 were liquidated. A hasty effort began to cover up tracks through mass rehabilitation of patients, some of them mentally crippled. In that year alone, more than 800,000 patients were removed from the register. In Leningrad alone, 60,000 people were rehabilitated in 1991-1992. Across the country in 1978, 4.5 million people were registered. In scale, this is equal to the population of many civilized countries (64, pp. 6-7).

Let us now move from theory to practice of repressive psychiatry, to its inhuman implementation. Both victims and impartial observers from abroad agree that the same Morozov and Lunts should be named as the main organizers of psychoterrorism. But to these names one should add one more, ominous third name, which seemed to crown the pyramid. This was the main Soviet psychiatrist, crowned with all sorts of laurels, and at the same time a person who enjoyed the full confidence of the KGB, academician Andrei Vasilyevich Snezhnevsky. He was the scientific director and chief physician of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Psychiatry named after. V.P. Serbsky (the institute was named after one of the founders of forensic psychiatry in Russia and is known among dissidents under the coded name “Sickles”).

Snezhnevsky, born in 1904, became a member of the CPSU in 1945, and in 1962 was awarded the title of full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1974, in honor of his 70th anniversary, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, and in 1976 he was awarded the USSR State Prize. The Soviet reference literature did not disclose what titles and awards this academician-criminal received through the intelligence services. It is known, however, that it was Academician Snezhnevsky who was the inventor of the diagnosis “sluggish schizophrenia,” which allowed the authorities to declare any person sick if it was beneficial to them, and put him behind bars in a “psychiatric hospital.” It was Snezhnevsky who was the main “authority” who came out with an unfounded denial of those “revelations” of psychoterrorism in the USSR that appeared in the West (64, p. 18).

Psychiatric repression was carried out on the basis of five articles of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR of 1960 (Articles 58-62) and similar articles of the criminal codes of other republics. They provided for the forced imprisonment and equally compulsory treatment of mentally ill people who, “due to their mental state and the nature of the socially dangerous acts committed by them, pose a particular danger to society.” These people were to be “kept under intense surveillance,” for which special psychiatric prison-hospitals were created. It is interesting to draw attention to the logically completely unnecessary, but from the point of view of the special services, a completely understandable tautology in the named articles - “socially dangerous acts” that pose a “special danger to society.” With the help of this repetition, the social and political nature of punitive psychiatry was very clearly emphasized.

In the dictionary of the repressive authorities, along with the concept of “mental hospital of a general type”, new terms appeared - “psychiatric hospital of a special type” and “special facility”, by which they meant psychoprisons. In communication among dissidents, they were called “psychiatric hospitals” or “madhouses.”

The beginning of the use of repressive psychiatry dates back to the last years of Stalin’s rule, but it began to be widely introduced into the practice of punitive authorities since the 1960s, especially when the punitive services were headed by Yu.V. Andropov, a worthy successor to Yezhov and Beria (64, p.19).

A memo from Andropov to the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, dated 1967, has been preserved. Also signed by the USSR Prosecutor General Rudenko and the Minister of Internal Affairs Shchelokov, this note literally shocked the imagination of the powerful elders with the scale of daring socially dangerous manifestations, committed, of course, by mentally ill people.

The noble officials concluded in their report that there is a catastrophic shortage of psychiatric hospitals in the country. The question was raised about opening at least five additional “special purpose” psychiatric hospitals. This request was granted in full (64, pp. 19 - 20).

The caring attention of party leaders to the mental health of their beloved people did not weaken. In 1978, the Politburo instructed the commission headed by the head of government A.N. Kosygin to study the mental state of the country's population. The conclusion was disappointing: in recent years, the commission stated, the number of mental patients has increased; It was proposed to build, in addition to the existing ones, 80 new regular and 8 special mental hospitals. Of course, this request was also granted.

By the end of the 70s, there were already about a hundred psycho-prisons in the USSR, and their number was constantly increasing. Bearing in mind the pace of development, it can be assumed that by the time the communist system collapsed, the number of prisons - "hospitals" - reached 150. In some cases these were separate, special institutions. But, as a rule, in an ordinary prison a “psycho-corps” or “psycho-department” was created. This was easier organizationally, and it saved precious public funds.

The most famous among psychoprisons and prisons with psychiatric departments were the hospital at the Institute. Serbsky, Novoslobodskaya and Butyrskaya prisons, the Matrosskaya Silence prison (all in Moscow and near Moscow), a psychiatric hospital in the city of White Stolby, Moscow region, the psychiatric department of the Kresty prison and the hospital named after. Skvortsova-Stepanova on Lebedeva Street in Leningrad, hospitals and prisons in Dnepropetrovsk, Kazan, Kalinin, Chernyakhovsk, Alma-Ata, Tashkent, Velikiye Luki, Zaporozhye, Chelyabinsk, Chisinau, Minsk, Orel, Poltava, Kiev (Darnitsa), Riga. I have named only some of the most famous places of psychoterrorism. The map of the USSR was simply dotted with establishments of a somewhat smaller scale, as well as corresponding branches (64, pp. 20 - 21).

The special horror of keeping dissidents in these truly penal institutions was that they housed not only political prisoners, but also truly insane people who had committed criminal offenses, sometimes the most serious atrocities - murders, rapes with extreme cruelty, etc. At first, the “psychiatric hospitals” were at the disposal of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, but in the early 70s they were transferred to more reliable management - they have now become institutions of the KGB of the USSR.

Dissidents imprisoned in mental hospitals were prescribed extremely harmful and sometimes almost lethal drugs in huge doses. In particular, the “doctors” from the Dnepropetrovsk Special Psychiatric Hospital were distinguished by the use of such drugs, who mocked, for example, the famous Ukrainian dissident Leonid Plyushch.

General P.G. Grigorenko says in his memoirs that he was shocked by the amount of “medicine” that was forcibly shoved into the prisoners - literally a whole handful of pills at a time.

As a result, the unfortunate people could not distinguish colors, lost their taste, their mouths were constantly dry, and their stomachs burned. If the “patient” avoided taking “medicines,” they were administered intramuscularly. The same Grigorenko gives examples of the administration of aminazine, as a result of which abscesses and ulcers formed on the prisoner’s buttocks that could only be removed with the help of a severe surgical operation (64, p. 21).

Official psychiatry, represented by the leaders of the State Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry named after Professor Serbian and the Russian Society of Psychiatrists, maintains a majestic silence, covering the rottenness underlying punitive psychiatry with a façade of illusory well-being - just as handsome bouncers guard the entrance to a brothel (64, p. 34).

Punitive psychiatry, psychiatry that humiliates a person’s dignity and disregards his rights, is, unfortunately, immortal in our country and continues to this day only in forms hidden from society.

The “Law on Psychiatric Care and Guarantees of the Rights of Citizens in its Provision,” in force since 1993, is declarative in nature and does not guarantee any rights. Not only the general and reference clauses of this law are grossly violated, but also directly applicable articles concerning the procedure for involuntary examination and involuntary hospitalization, as well as the procedure for placing and maintaining patients in psychiatric boarding homes. Victims of deception related to the use of mental incompetence in transactions involving the purchase and sale of real estate are increasing. The system of compulsory treatment is still imperfect, especially in psychiatric hospitals with strict supervision, in most of them (Sychevka, Chernyakhovsk, Volgograd, Kazan, etc.) (64, p. 35).

The main center for forensic psychiatric examination was supported by the money of its formidable employer - the KGB (64, p. 40).

A clinical feature of the contingent of people who underwent SPE during the period of mass repression was the so-called reactive psychoses - acute states of deep disorganization of mental activity that arose as stress reactions to unexpected mental trauma. Just yesterday a person occupied a stable place of honor in society, but today he is a nobody, and has even become an object of humiliation for the punitive machine - an instrument of the same society. And the people under investigation unexpectedly (especially for the KGB officers) began to behave strangely: they became stupefied, lost the ability to speak, began to walk on all fours, barked, etc.

Manifestations of reactive psychoses and the search for ways to treat them necessitated the creation of a special clinic. The experts established the fact of a mental disorder, indicating that it developed after the arrest, and therefore there were no grounds for exemption from liability due to mental illness.

For the zealous security officers, a previously unknown situation arose: it seemed too early to shoot or send them to a camp - the investigation had just begun, many facts had not been revealed, and under no circumstances was it possible to send the patient to a psychiatric hospital: he would suddenly run away. That’s when the smart guys from state security came up with the idea of ​​​​creating special prison psychiatric hospitals under the jurisdiction of the state security system.

According to F. Kondratyev, the leader of the CPSU Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev became the proponent of the postulate that only mentally abnormal people under communism would commit crimes and that only they were capable of opposing the socialist system. This “wisdom” was picked up by the head of the “fourth” department of the Institute. Serbian D. Lunts. And he began to develop a theory of psychopathological mechanisms of crime. And by that time, not knowing anything about the insidious scientist from the terrible psychiatric institute, a new numerous gang of “political” ones appeared - dissidents (dissidents). These are the ones who, shamelessly, in the opinion of the security officers, violated the “sacred” articles of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (70th - anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda, and 190th - dissemination of deliberately false fabrications discrediting the Soviet political system), and became the main patients of the special department of the institute (64, pp. 44-45).

An active search began for “psychopathological mechanisms” of mental illness that would provide grounds for removing the accused from defense in court and sending him for treatment to a prison psychiatric hospital. And they found and sent. Kondratiev is a respectable scientist, he saw all this from the inside. In 1980, he was none other than the curator of the Kazan TPB, and he himself tested the mental strength of the spirit of one dissident - A. Kuznetsov, a worker whose ordeal in the circles of psychiatric hell lasted 17 years (!): from 1971 to 1988- y.

Naturally, no outsiders were allowed into the prison hospitals of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. F. Kondratyev himself, who has visited Kazan more than once, prefers not to talk about what he saw personally. He refers, for example, to a report he read from a commission of the USSR Ministry of Health on the state of the Sychevka Ministry of Internal Affairs hospital in the Smolensk region: “The Sychevka psychiatric hospital with strict supervision does not correspond to the concept of a hospital as a health care institution.”

One can agree with the scientist that psychiatry fluctuated along with the line of the CPSU; however, everything in the country wavered with this line. The peaks of these fluctuations were expressed in the predominance of those recognized as sane, primarily due to schizophrenia (64, p.45). The Soviet government occasionally sent its enemies to psychiatric homes as a form of punishment (64, p. 48).

So the Soviet leadership in some cases considered it very convenient to use the capabilities of psychiatry for the silent and outwardly humane removal of certain “inconvenient” individuals from the political arena. Later it also happened that psychiatry helped the authorities protect the absolute executioners of their people from deserved punishment (64, p. 49).

At a regular psychiatric hospital in Kazan, they first opened a special department for “politicals,” but since they were normal people, they could run away. And then, and this happened in January 1939, the NKVD Kazan prison guards were ordered to guard this special department. Since the special department was completely insufficient to contain the ever-increasing number of mentally “abnormal” state criminals, People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs L.P. A few months later, Beria, by his order, transferred the entire Kazan psychiatric hospital to the jurisdiction of the NKVD, and this is how the first prison psychiatric hospital appeared both in the USSR and throughout the globe. This institution of concentrated collective madness, coolly organized by Soviet security officers, still keeps its terrible secrets (64, pp. 51-52).

If, according to the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs dated November 16, 1956, 71 people were discharged from LTP B in 1950-1952 due to “recovery”, then in the next three years (1953-1955) - 234 people.

Due to “improved mental state” during the same period (1950-1952), only 14 people were discharged, and in 1953-1955 - 683 people, that is, 49 times more!

The same picture emerged for KTPB. In 1950-1952, 127 people were discharged due to “recovery”, and in 1953-1955 - 427 (64, p. 128).

The members of the commission naturally had a question about the reasons for the recovery of such a fantastically large number of patients. This phenomenon could be explained by anything, but not by the achievements of Soviet medicine. The chairman of the commission, A. Kuznetsov, took the liberty of speaking on this matter as follows: “An explanation for this can be found in the change in the practical activities of the KGB bodies. The rehabilitation of the wrongly convicted led to a review of the cases of persons who were in prison psychiatric hospitals. These hospitals, being institutions under the jurisdiction state security bodies, reflected in their activities, bore all the negative features that were characteristic of this system of that period.At the same time, it should be pointed out that there was a clear problem with forensic psychiatric examination in recent years, which objectively contributed to the illegal detention of people in conditions of compulsory treatment with isolation.

Forensic psychiatric examination thus, in a number of cases, created a “legal” justification for keeping these patients in these conditions. Institute named after Serbsky in recent years, due to its monopoly position and lack of control over its activities, has largely lost its independence as an expert institution (64, pp. 128 - 129).

Attempts to interfere in the activities of the institute by both health authorities and public organizations did not lead to anything, since in these cases the management of the institute hid behind the “special significance” of the institute, “special directives” and the special interest of the prosecutor’s office, justice and the KGB. Verification of statements etc. Pisarev and Litvin-Molotov confirmed the presence of major problems in the work of the Institute. Serbsky, who in his examinations usually recommended that the judicial and investigative authorities send for compulsory treatment with isolation of all those accused under Art. 58 and declared insane. The management of the institute committed a violation of the law, which was expressed in the fact that medical experts did not study cases of political crimes, did not report them, and, as a rule, these cases were brought to the institute by a KGB investigator thirty minutes before the start of the examination, he himself reported the essence of the case, and was present at examination and provision of a medical report. Considering that the statements of t.t. Pisarev and Litvin-Molotov about disorders in the prison psychiatric hospitals of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs and at the Serbsky Institute of Forensic Psychiatry were confirmed." The responsible controller of the CCP under the CPSU Central Committee, Kuznetsov, signed this document on November 30, 1956 (64, p. 129).

Thus, in essence, the legislation regarding the punishment of so-called mentally ill dissenters remained repressive, despite the new, more “progressive” formulations.

At the same time, the instruction approved by the USSR Ministry of Health (dated October 10, 1961, 04-14/32) “On emergency hospitalization of mentally ill patients who pose a public danger” came into effect. Its essence was that a mentally ill person could be forcibly hospitalized without the consent of relatives and guardians with the help of the police.

Within 24 hours after hospitalization, the patient had to be examined by a special commission consisting of three psychiatrists, which considered the issue of the correctness of hospitalization and the need for the patient to stay in a hospital. Thus, the trio of psychiatrists had to resolve not only purely medical questions about the diagnosis and depth of the mental disorder. She took upon herself the responsibility to decide that there was a social danger of a person - a difficult task, not always within the power of the court.

In fact, the instructions gave very broad powers to psychiatrists to make decisions about the fate of people. And these decisions depended on the views and mood of the doctors. Because in the instructions there is not a word about the qualifications of psychiatrists, about the procedure for reviewing a decision, voting, recording, etc. The authors of the instructions proceeded mainly from the presumption of non-personality of mentally ill people.

But the lack of the right to defense and review of decisions and the oblivion of publicity concealed the threat of vulnerability of persons against whom psychiatric persecution could be initiated from abuses of power.

All of the above-mentioned state-departmental standards formed the legal (or rather, anti-legal) basis, which began to gain momentum for the next repressive campaign of the Soviet authorities against dissidents (64, pp. 146-147).

It is now absolutely clear that it was with the favor of the party elite that the flywheel of repression against dissidents picked up speed. New prison psychiatric hospitals were created: in 1961 - Sychevskaya (Smolensk region); in 1964 - Blagoveshchensk (Amur region); in 1965 - Chernyakhovskaya (Kaliningrad region) and Kostroma.

If in 1956 the lowest level of occupancy of the Kazan and Leningrad TTB was noted (324 and 384 prisoners, respectively), then in 1970 there were already 752 people in the Kazan hospital, 853 in the Leningrad hospital, and a total of 3350 in special hospitals of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs prisoners.

Naturally, the flow of arrestees who were taken to the TsNIISP for special investigation increased. According to F. Kondratyev, the average number of such people per year was 350 (64, pp. 149-150).

Under such conditions, in the 1950s-1960s and to the present day, a tragic degeneration of psychiatry began in our country, as a result of which a theoretical basis was provided for psychiatric repression and a whole generation of doctors was formed who automatically determined people to be insane by order of any official, most often with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Such a decision immediately entailed a list of restrictions: in professional capabilities and in general legal capacity, in correspondence and many others (64, p. 150).

If it were 1937, there would be no problems with this kind of troublemakers; everything would be decided according to Stalin’s well-known rule: “no man, no problem.” But now it is easier and more convenient to call such undesirable people mentally ill, deliberately mixing them with real mentally ill people, and get the go-ahead to put them in psychiatric hospitals. And after all, this meant not only politically dissident citizens, but also those who fight simply for justice in ordinary life against tyrants - heads of enterprises, organizations, military units, police, etc., whom they support with the servile "public" "they were driven into psychiatric hospitals (64, pp. 162-163).

In the cold and reasonable head of Andropov, this worthy heir of Dzerzhinsky, a crazy idea matured, in the correspondingly changing political, economic and social situation in the USSR, to “civilize” the reprisal against dissidents, replacing the cumbersome, economically unprofitable, political Gulag, which had morally disgraced the whole world, with a compact one , a quiet and almost invisible psychiatric GULAG to society. The idea of ​​the “quartet” to develop a network of psychiatric “institutions” appealed to the CPSU Central Committee. On October 6, 1967, the secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee, which was attended by Suslov, Ustinov, Kulakov, Pelshe, Kapitonov and Danilov, considered Andropov’s note. In an extract from protocol No. 35/ The 13th meeting of the Secretariat of the Central Committee read:

"1. Instruct the USSR State Planning Committee to prepare and, within two months, submit to the USSR Council of Ministers a proposal for additional capital investments for 1968-1970 for the construction of new and expansion of existing psychiatric hospitals...

2. Instruct the Councils of Ministers of the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR, the Moscow City Council, the executive committees of the Leningrad and Kyiv regional and city councils of workers' deputies to find additional space for converting them into special psychiatric institutions (meaning prison psychiatric hospitals of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs) etc. urgently resolve the issue of hospitalization of citizens living in Moscow, Leningrad and Kyiv (64, p. 163).

The development of design estimates for the construction of a large special-type hospital in Novosibirsk began. By 1970, a psychiatric hospital with 320 beds had been organized at the prison isolation ward in Orel, two more similar hospitals in Kostroma and the Kirov region, as well as a psychiatric department at the Ukhta hospital of the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Komi ASSR. By 1970, the number of beds for the mentally ill in prison psychiatric hospitals of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs increased by 595 and amounted to 5,425.

The psychiatric Gulag, like a cancerous tumor, began to slowly grow (64, p.164).

“In recent years, the number of mentally ill people has been increasing. In 1978, there were 4,486 thousand of them registered, of which about 75 thousand people, according to experts, are considered potentially socially dangerous. The network of hospitals designed to treat mentally ill patients is not developing sufficiently, which is clear from the following table:

psychotronic weapon laser repressive Soviet

At this point it should be noted that by 1978, to the special type psychiatric hospitals of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, a “prison” was added in the village of Dvoryanskoye, Volgograd Region, with 550 beds, and preparations were being made to open similar institutions on the basis of the women’s colony of the forced labor camp in the city of Ivanovo and in the village of Fornosovo V Leningrad region. In total, by the end of 1979, more than 6,308 prisoners were kept in special psychiatric hospitals of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, which compared to 1968 (2,465) was an increase of 155% (64, p. 179)!

It would be advisable to provide one more document.

SECRET 8. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (across the territory of the RSFSR) ensures in 1981-1990 the construction and commissioning of special-type hospitals in accordance with Appendix 5.

18. The Ministry of Medical Industry shall ensure the production in 1981-1985 and in 1990 of psychotropic drugs for the treatment of mentally ill patients in accordance with Appendix 7; development of manufacturing technology and development of industrial production in 1981-1985. psychotropic drugs, similar to the most effective drugs of this group produced abroad." The USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs responded to the decree very seriously and promptly. The construction of prison psychiatric hospitals began in Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Kemerovo, Kursk, Kuibyshev and Novosibirsk with a total number of beds - 3509 ( 64, p.180).

In 1986, only in the six largest special-type psychiatric hospitals of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs - Kazan, Leningrad, Oryol, Sychevsk, Chernyakhovsk, Blagoveshchensk, 5,329 people were imprisoned.

This is what the dynamics of the growth of prisoners serving compulsory treatment looks like in one of the largest special-type psychiatric hospitals of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs - in Leningradskaya: 1956 - 324, 1967 - th - 783, 1979 - 854, 1980 - 915, 1985 - 1059, 1986 - 1181 (64, pp. 184-185).

In 1988, the USSR Ministry of Health operated 16 special-type psychiatric hospitals of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. 776 thousand patients were registered with psychiatric patients (64, p. 192).

The terrible repressions in the field of psychiatry, which have no analogues in world practice, must forever remain in memory:

• 1) The illegality of long-term (from 3 to 15 years) and medically determined stay in a prison regime that is more stringent than for mentally healthy people in prisons and special settlements.
• 2) Abuse of psychiatric diagnosis, when the correspondence provided by law between the legal and medical criteria of insanity was not observed and the mere statement of mental disorders led to a conclusion of insanity, saving the Soviet system from objective consideration of cases related to criticism of the Soviet regime.
• 3) Medically unjustified recognition of persons without severe psychotic disorders as socially dangerous mentally ill, with the recommendation of compulsory treatment in a special type of psychiatric hospital of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs system.
• 4) Long-term detention of persons declared insane under political articles of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR and who did not have severe mental disorders, with intact intellect and correct behavior, in the same cell (ward) with seriously and dangerously ill patients, in a state of delirium and aggression, and physically neglected.

Intentional and deliberate severing of social ties of patients - sending them to hospitals located at a far distance from the place of residence of relatives (for example, in Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad region from the Far East).

Deprivation of patients' civil rights by declaring them incompetent on the initiative of doctors, without medical grounds.

Dependence of the expert service and bodies carrying out compulsory medical measures on investigative bodies and state security.

Compulsory treatment without medical indications and taking into account contraindications: prescription of psychotropic drugs, including without the use of correctors that relieve the side effects of their use; artificial induction of pain and elevated body temperature by intramuscular injection of an oil solution of sulfur (sulfazine); prescribing a wet wrap, which causes severe pain when it dries; the use of punishment, including physical; transfers to restless wards during protest reactions against the inhumane regime.

The absence of any social program for the rehabilitation of patients, their dependence, even when fulfilling physiological needs, on the whim of guards and orderlies (until 1988 these were employees of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, and until 1991-1992 the functions of orderlies were performed by the so-called conditionally convicted prisoners, who were smuggled into psychiatric hospitals with strict supervision of alcohol and drugs, who came into contact with the most asocial patients, who imposed their camp “laws” on everyone, including political dissidents).

10) The complete absence of any independent control bodies supervising both the correctness of forensic psychiatric and judicial decisions and the progress, adequacy and duration of compulsory treatment.

The report of the American delegation to the Congress in Athens in 1989 expressed concern that the new provision on mental health care in our country does not provide sufficient guarantees against unnecessary hospitalization and that even the human rights protection declared by this provision has not yet been implemented in practice (64, p. .193-195). The use of weapons that infect with radiation makes it possible to effectively covertly carry out any type of repression, especially since law enforcement agencies will never solve this type of crime, and the victims, if for some reason they remain alive, will not be able to prove anything (they will either have their memory completely erased , or they will not be able to control their actions), since corrupt psychiatrists who are members of criminal groups register such a contingent in advance and create medical records in psychiatric treatment institutions.

The following are used as emitters that affect the human psyche and body:

Infrasound technology (vibration and pulse). An infrasonic wave, directed by a powerful impulse, can create a kind of push or knock and destroy fragile objects;

Electronic equipment for irradiation with radio waves of various frequencies up to microwave. Both are paired with video equipment, which makes it possible to view through walls (thermal imaging, industrial x-ray method, etc.);

Electronic equipment paired with a computer system combined with hypnosis to interfere with brain function;

Laser equipment for physical burn injuries.

The following symptoms appear from the action of the emitters: shocks to the muscles. Cramps of the legs, toes, itching, burning in the soles, pain in the ears, numbness of the hands at night, causing cardiac arrhythmia, the appearance of burn spots on the body. All these painful sensations disappear when you deviate away from the source of influence, but the damage caused to the tissues and organs of the human body remains (26, p. 48).

The results of scientific research in the field of studying the effects of electromagnetic fields and acoustic waves on human psychosomatics completely coincide with the feelings of victims of psychotronic weapons. In both cases there are: girdling and acute headaches; dizziness; pressure on the eardrum; vibrations (vibration) of the abdominal wall and chest, individual muscle groups; dry mouth; pain in teeth and gums; difficulty swallowing; hand moisture; pain in bones and muscles; tremor of the limbs; pain in the reproductive system; arrhythmias; promotion or demotion blood pressure; decreased visual acuity; cough; increase or decrease in body temperature; coma; itching; tissue expansion; speech modulation; a state of fear, anxiety, and so on. With targeted irradiation, the above sensations can be easily controlled, significantly expanded, purposefully impacted on any areas of the brain and body, and a person can be used as a radio-controlled model. The list of artificially created diseases and damage to the health of experimental people fully corresponds to the list of diseases and damage to the health of people exposed to electromagnetic or acoustic radiation. According to this list, the most common are: malignant neoplasms; defeats of cardio-vascular system; blood clotting or breakdown; brain diseases; functional changes or lesions, including lethal ones, in the peripheral and central nervous system; eye diseases; diseases of the genital organs; musculoskeletal disorders; bone tissue breakdown; organ damage or rupture; amyotrophy; damage to the endocrine system; skin damage; trophic damage - hair loss, brittle nails, and so on. Almost all technologies for psychoprogramming people provide for mandatory harsh processing of a person’s psychoenergetic center, which includes: the heart; organs located in the abdominal region; genitals; prostate gland; uterus and its appendages; spine; cerebellum; left and right hemispheres of the brain; frontal lobes; vision; other sense organs and vocal cords (63, pp. 19 - 20).

Grave harm also includes health disorders associated with the complete loss of professional ability to work that occurs after exposure to radiation for the purpose of causing harm with a radiator prohibited for circulation. After exposure of the victim to electromagnetic radiation exceeding the maximum permissible levels, he inevitably receives a disability group that does not allow him to perform his official duties and generally loses his ability to work. Considering the important role of the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus in the implementation of human technical functions, it can be expected that long-term exposure to maximum permissible doses of radiation with the purpose of causing harm can lead to mental disorders, including changes in conditioned reflex activity, behavioral reactions, state short-term and long-term memory, changes in the bioelectrical activity of various brain structures.

Also, with the help of such a device, you can subconsciously instill in people other people’s thoughts and thus control their actions. “Hard” and “soft” psychoprogramming are known. A “hard” zombie can often be identified by its “exterior” behavior: detachment on the face that does not correspond to the emotions expressed in words, unusual color of the whites of the eyes, sluggish intonations of the voice, incorrect speech, lack of ability to concentrate, slow reactions. A "soft" zombie is no different from all other people. Professional zombification is extremely difficult and requires a thorough study of the psychophysiology of the object, the use of special medical and computer equipment, and the involvement of coders - hypnotists who know the technique of multi-stage hypnosis.

The psychotronic “matryoshka” contains several completely different personalities. When switching from one to another, manners, gait, smile, and eye expression change. Zombification is characterized by the destruction of a person’s memory, which can be done secretly, at a distance, using an electromagnetic emitter or by contact method of processing an object using electric shock. To destroy memory neurons, very painful electrical impulses of 150 volts and a power tens of times greater than in conventional convulsive therapy are used to pass through a person’s head.

For faster processing, the object is stuffed with drugs and neuroleptics that suppress his will (for example, chlorpromazine).

To confirm the above zombification techniques, we can consider several techniques used in practice.

• - the person is removed from his former sphere, contacts with which are completely interrupted;
• - the daily routine should completely contradict his previous habits
• -distrust in everyone who surrounds the victim is actively provoked;
• -continuous actions of discrediting are carried out (fraud, ridicule);
• - a diet predominantly carbohydrate and protein-free, with the addition of mind-numbing drugs (aminazine) and mandatory lack of sleep;
• - upon reaching a state of dull indifference, the necessary coding is carried out using methods of active suggestion or hypnosis.

This option consists of three successive steps, such as:

• -brainwashing (clearing the memory of what it once perceived, breaking temporal-spatial guidelines, creating indifference to both the past and the future);
• -verbal coding (active influence on the psyche, into which a certain idea and ideas are introduced);
• - consolidation (monitoring the assimilation of the implemented).

The technique for implementing these phases is usually as follows: using hypnosis and strong sleeping pills (for example, barbamyl with chlorpromazine mixed in with it...) (39, pp. 194-195).

The information provided is confirmed by recruited intelligence services of other states or by officers of the USSR and Russian special services, officers (GRU, KGB - FSB) and foreign intelligence services who fled to other countries: General Polyakov; General Kalugin; Colonel Zaporozhye; Major Suvorov-Rezun (fled to England); Colonel Stanislav Lunev (fled to the USA in 1992); Lieutenant Colonel Oleg Gordievsky; Valery Martynov; Boris Yuzhin; Sergey Motorin; Sergei Tretyakov (fleeed to the USA in October 2000) and many others.

KGB General Oleg Danilovich Kalugin confirms the serial production and use by the KGB of the USSR of weapons damaging with radiation (psychotronic) to cause harm on a mass scale. Moreover, he claims that the USSR KGB officers carried out punitive functions with the help of psychiatrists (52, p. 88).

Many Russian scientists confirm that research is being conducted on electromagnetic, infrasonic, and ultrasonic emitters intended to cause harm (radiation weapons).

Sedletsky V.A. confirmed that since 1982, a system of over-the-horizon radar complexes began to be created in our country. It soon turned out that the phased antennas included in the complex were also capable of operating radiation. In this case, a single psychotronic field is created that can influence human consciousness. Such antennas were created in Chernobyl and Krasnoyarsk-26.

They are part of a system called "Shar". It is designed to control the theta rhythm and delta rhythm of the human brain. In special In the area of ​​Krasnoyarsk-26, work is being carried out with emitters that damage the human psyche and body.

More than 20 institutes were involved in developments in the field of psychotronics.

In the decree of the USSR Supreme Soviet Committee on Science and Technology, the parent organization in the country responsible for developments in the field of non-traditional fields named the Inter-industry Scientific and Technical Center "Vent", which was previously called the Center for Non-Traditional Technologies of the USSR State Committee on Science and Technology.

The report in the “Main Directions of Research” section of the Center directly speaks of the remote medical, biological and psychophysical impact of torsion emitters on troops and the population.

Resolution of the State Committee on Science and Technology of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR No. 58 dated July 4, 1991 noted the funding of research into spinal and leptonic fields through the Military-Industrial Commission under the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR through the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB of the USSR and recommended: “Offer to the State Commission on Military -industrial issues under the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, the Ministry of Defense, the State Committee for Science and Technology of the USSR, the Ministry of Defense Industry of the USSR, the Ministry of Atomic Energy Industry of the USSR, submit to the Committee data on the scale and sources of financing of work on “spinor” fields, “microleptonic” fields and related issues” (26, p. 179 -180).

Director of the International Scientific and Technical Center "Vent" Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences A.E. Akimov invented a spin-torsion generator that emits funnel-shaped beams of rotation capable of “locking” devices (including homing systems). From such an impact, not only devices are turned off, but also the human psyche and the entire body. A.E. Akimov confirmed that the production of factory samples of torsion generators has already been launched for experimental work (26, p. 181).

V. Shepilov from the Moscow center "Eniotekhnika" reports on the presence in service of combat psychotronic generators capable of narrowly targeting the vital functions of the human body - breathing, cardiovascular system, neural connections.

Psychotronic generators, as defined by V. Shchepilov, are technical specialized systems, the most important component of which are sources of specially organized inhomogeneous fields that generate weak wave processes, apparently resonant to the subtle mechanisms of the brain and nervous system. Specially selected operators with special sensitivity to these resonances are able to direct the generated fields to the desired object and induce in it certain excited states that are different from the usual ones. Next, the operator, holding this new mode, modulates, forms, imposes a given state (52, p. 115).

A wonderful generator for fighting termites (author's certificate No. 1393078) was created by Professor G. Bogdanov. The radiation from this device kills insects by paralyzing their nerve centers. But when the frequency range changes, the same effect can have on a person (25, p. 49).

The defense company NPO Vympel has created a prototype of a blaster - a legendary weapon from science fiction novels. The small device contains only two four and a half volt batteries, and the shot power reaches 200 kW. The product effectively affects human material from a distance.

The Moscow region research and production enterprise Istok assembles microwave generators, various converters, amplifiers and other equipment emitting an electromagnetic field.

A group of scientists from the largest defense enterprise in our country, MKB Electron, made a sensational discovery. In the medical and biological department, headed by V. Kvartalnov, it was discovered that the laser radiation contains so-called psiquantum radiation. In human blood, under its influence, the degeneration of red blood cells occurs. As a result, a person suffers destruction immune system generally. That is, AIDS in a new package. This information is confirmed by the general director of MKB "Electron" Leonid Vilenchik.

Work on the creation of laser weapons began in the USSR, and its launch into space orbit was planned in accordance with the Energia-Buran space program in 1976, which set the task of launching this type of weapon into orbit and servicing it in space.

Doctor of Technical Sciences and Candidate of Biological Sciences Valery Konstantinovich Kanyuka headed the secret complex of space biophysics, operating within the framework of NPO Energia. Provided leadership in the development of principles, methods and means of remote non-contact control of the behavior of biological objects, including humans, using technical means - generators. The work was carried out in pursuance of a closed resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers dated January 27, 1986. VC. Kanyuka said: “Based on the developments of our center, at least seven military design bureaus were created. In them, ideas were embodied in metal.”

Such work was carried out in Kyiv, at the Arsenal plant (26, p. 20).

Ukrainian scientists V.P. Mayboroda and I.I. Tarasyuk studied the influence of torsion generators on various objects (30, p.44).

In 1973, research was completed under the direction of Academician V. M. Kandyba in the Central Laboratory of the Arsenal plant / city. Kyiv/, the creation of another weapon system - the Kandy-7 apparatus, which became the most powerful emitter damaging the human psyche and body (32, p. 130).

Artur Zhashkov, a teacher at the Department of Psychology at the Nikolaev Pedagogical Institute, confirms the existence of secret centers for the creation of emitters for use as weapons in Kyiv, Nikolaev, Kharkov in Ukraine.

State Research and Production Enterprise "Delta", head of department Boris Tesalovsky. Ultrasonic devices “Zaslon” and “Anchar” have been developed to repel rodents and pests. The principle of their operation is ultrasonic pressing. In other words, the impact on the psyche of animals by acoustic vibrations of ultra-high frequency (25, pp. 47-49). The generator operates according to a random law of signal frequency changes. The so-called bionoise method. A barrage of new frequencies hits rodents every second, causing either frenzied rage, gloomy apathy, or severe pain, then uncontrollable fun, then wild horror. It is impossible to get used to such a kaleidoscope. And if the rat cannot escape, it goes crazy and dies. Such products have also been developed for humans (25, pp. 47-49).

In the eighties, work was carried out in Crimea on the effects of microwave radiation on different groups of animals and human material. Similar studies before the collapse of the Union were carried out by specialists from military unit 10003 in Moscow.

In 1961 in Russia, Dr. Yu.V. Zhang conducted research in the field of "electrical control" magnetic fields", as a result of which an experimental installation of BIO - microwave communication was created, consisting of a transmitter and receiver.

Wave vibration technologies for influencing humans are given paramount importance.

Director of the Institute of Mechanical Engineering of the Academy of Sciences R.F. Academician Konstantin Vasilyevich Frolov is leading a project to study the influence of mechanical vibrations of various frequencies on the human body. The technique of deep zombification of a person was created by Candidate of Technical Sciences Yuri Krivonogov in 1983.

In 1993, the director of the Institute of Psychotronics in Moscow, A. Kochurov, named several organizations that are now independently implementing special projects on the damage to the human psyche and body by technical means (emitters). It was the NPO "Volna", the state-cooperative center "Lidar", which finally included such work in their plans and the famous ANT.

List of research conducted at the Moscow Institute of Psychotronics.

Column "Level of readiness"

• 8.5 Mental modulators. They successfully passed laboratory and field tests and were used in real conditions.
• 8.10 "Radio voice" (inner voice). Translator of thoughts and courses of action. Used in real conditions.
• 8.15 Psychotronic generators. Currently used in real conditions.
• 1.6 Information duplication of personality. Passed laboratory and field tests.

Research in this area is also carried out in Krasnoyarsk. The "Gradient" device with such properties is being developed in closed scientific institutions in Rostov-on-Don. This was confirmed by the leading designer of one of the “numbered” institutes B. Krutikov.

The International Institute of Human Reserve Capacity also operates a program for human resource management through technical devices. Aleksei Petrovich Sitnikov, a former Yeltsin psychoanalyst, also works at this Institute.

The following organizations have been working on the creation of psychotronic weapons in recent years: the Center for Unconventional Technologies of the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology (ISTC "VENT"), the USSR Ministry of Defense, the USSR Ministry of Atomenergoprom, the Military-Industrial Commission of the USSR Cabinet of Ministers, the USSR KGB, the USSR GRU, the USSR Ministry of Defense Industry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Currently, the following types of psi-radiation equipment have been created that imitate mental suggestion:

laser equipment. Creator - Professor V.M. Inyushin;

pulsed infrasound technology. USSR Ministry of Defense;

electronic radio wave equipment. USSR Academy of Sciences;

microwave resonance equipment. Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian SSR;

magnetic generators. Made jointly with the USA;

ultrasonic locator generators. Made jointly with the USA;

VHF generators. Made in laboratories in Kyiv, in the systems of the USSR Ministry of Atomic Energy Industry;

spinor and torelon generators. Made according to the MK-Ultra program of the KGB of the USSR (Sixth Directorate);

special medical equipment with modified parameters. Made in laboratory No. 12 of the OTU KGB of the USSR;

special microwave generators. Fifth and Sixth Directorates of the KGB of the USSR;

installation of radio hypnosis. Registered on January 31, 1974 by the USSR State Committee for Inventions and Discoveries as “A method of inducing artificial sleep at a distance using radio waves.” Authors I.S. Kachalin and others (USSR Academy of Sciences);

"Radioson" installation. Made in 1972 by the USSR Ministry of Defense, tested in military unit 71592 near Novosibirsk (52, p. 46).

In 1987, it was planned to use a program for the development of special emitters and related technologies in the national economy and in military systems for human remote control. The last section talked about the creation of “means for controlling the psychophysical state of a person and influencing the decision-making mechanism.” The duration of the program was set at four years. This information was announced by Doctor of Technical Sciences Faryaz Rakhimovich Khantseverov.

In 1988, the Rostov Medical Institute, together with the companies "Hippocrates" and "Biotechnika", successfully completed testing of the latest psychotronic generator and submitted an application for the discovery of "The phenomenon of changes in the permeability of biological tissues under simultaneous exposure to magnetic and high-frequency magnetic fields." The new weapon "can suppress a person's will and impose another on him." Rostov generators are the most dangerous of all created types of psychotronic weapons and their use must be immediately brought under state control. The radiation of these devices is based on the resonant frequency of the natural vibrations of human internal organs, and the magnitude of the radiation is so small that it is much lower than “ethereal noise”, so no one will be able to detect these weapons, and its use can lead to illness and death for all of humanity and most biological objects of the Earth. That is why all scientists were shocked when General Kobets announced the possibility of using psychotronic generators in the events of August 19-22, 1991 in Moscow (52, p. 45). Since 1988, the production of spinor radiation generators began in Kyiv by the Institute of Materials Science Problems of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (V.I. Trefilov, V. Mayboroda and others). Serious developments have also begun at the Kiev International Research Center "Natural Resources" (A. Kasyanenko and others). Generators have already been created that control emotions, muscle tone, reactions, the state of the nervous system, etc. (52, pp. 45-46).

The Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology and the Institute of Radioelectronics of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation carry out work under a special program with emitters. and others .

Academician Igor Viktorovich Smirnov Director of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences in Moscow (Head of the Psychocorrection Laboratory Medical Academy Moscow) has been working for three decades in the field of finding ways to influence unconscious areas of the human psyche.

Research in the field of microlepton fields was carried out by Anatoly Okhatrin, head of the laboratory of microlepton technologies. He admitted that in 1982 he created a generator that had a very negative effect on humans.

Emitters prohibited for circulation are used not only to protect the fatherland, but also very often for criminal purposes.

At a meeting in the Kremlin on February 12, 1993, former Security Minister V. Barannikov said that there was a “brain drain” into criminal structures. The Ministry has information that in this environment there has been interest in pharmacological agents that affect the psyche, in technologies of hypnosis and long-term programming of the human psyche, in controlling human behavior and condition, in the use of persons with extraordinary abilities for criminal purposes. It is still unclear who, in conditions of poor government funding, became the sponsor of this research and technology. Sprawl secret knowledge outside of secret institutions is alarming. The high fences of once secret objects have become very permeable, and such technologies are already being used for criminal purposes, and this is also facilitated by the very low, purely symbolic salaries of scientists.

Experts say that currently various devices and installations that affect the human psyche and body are being made completely uncontrolled. They are invented and designed in the Russian Federation for various companies under contracts and for foreign organizations.

The unstable situation in the world, in connection with large-scale terrorist attacks in the USA, Great Britain, Russia and other countries, confirms the unlimited capabilities of terrorists. Currently, no one can guarantee that emitters intended to cause harm will not be used by terrorists or other persons for criminal purposes.

Candidate of Technical Sciences Elena Blinnikova-Vyazemskaya, in a report at the seminar “Russia and the European Convention on Human Rights,” analyzed the information that came from 94 cities of the Russian Federation to the Human Rights Information Center about the use of emitters that damage the psyche and human body: “The main motive for the latter’s complaints years,” the report says, “these are complaints about terror carried out against individuals using electronic equipment.” The appeal of the victims of psychoterrorism to the Russian Parliament contains a demand to “prohibit and destroy in Russia all bioenergy weapons that can, at a distance, have any effect on a person’s mental and mental activity, and cause irreparable damage to people’s lives and health.”

Other demands include “immediately stopping psychoterrorism carried out by government agencies and the scientific mafia,” as well as introducing articles into the criminal legislation “providing for punishment for the use of psychotronic and leptonic weapons on Russian territory.” The appeal ends with these words: “Today they are killing us, tomorrow the same fate may befall you and your children” (26, p. 51).

Thousands of citizens turn to government and law enforcement agencies asking for help in protecting themselves from attacks using various types of emitters used as a weapon of crime and posing a real threat to the life and health of citizens. But officials now have no time to redistribute state property; the state has again forgotten to protect its citizens.

Early in 1992, a statement was issued urging a ban on the use of generators as weapons (40). It was signed by the heads of the scientific centers "Hippocrates" and microwave "Biotechnics", heads of departments of the Rostov Medical Institute, professors, doctors of science, serious and well-known specialists in their field.

Vice-President of the League of Independent Scientists of Ukraine, Professor V.A. Sedletsky also supports the initiative to supplement the legislation with an article on criminal liability for the use of psychotronic and other types of psychophysical influence on a person. He also argues that it is necessary to provide legal assistance to citizens who have been attacked using these products as a weapon of crime.

Experts believe that the main reason for many people’s lack of understanding of all these problems is the “invisibility” of harm - radiation affects our body, bypassing the senses. We cannot hear, see, or touch it, but this does not diminish its harmful influence in the least. If urgent measures are not taken, we will face a tragedy that cannot be compared with any mass disease, even AIDS. Further developments of events are unpredictable (30, p. 3), since the legislation of the Russian Federation does not establish liability for committing an act with various types of emitters prohibited for circulation.

FEDERAL LAW "On Weapons" (paragraph 7, paragraph 1, article 6) - prohibits the circulation of weapons and other items whose destructive effect is based on the use of electromagnetic, light, thermal, infrasonic or ultrasonic radiation and which have output parameters exceeding the values ​​​​established state standards of the Russian Federation and the corresponding norms of the Federal executive body in the field of health care, as well as the specified weapons and items produced outside the territory of the Russian Federation.

RF LAW "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population" and the Sanitary Rules and Norms, Sanitary Norms also limit the use specified types emitters prohibited for circulation.

Infrasonic weapons are weapons that use infrasound frequencies below 20 Hz. At levels from 110 to 150 dB or more, it can cause unpleasant subjective sensations and numerous reactive changes in people, which include changes in the central nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and the vestibular analyzer.

Impact on humans.

Acceptable sound pressure levels are 105 dB in the octave bands of 2, 4, 8, 16 Hz and 102 dB in the octave band of 31.5 Hz.

In the early 1960s, NASA conducted many experiments on the effects of powerful infrasound on humans. It was necessary to check how the low-frequency rumble of the rocket engines would affect the astronauts. It turned out that low sound frequencies (almost from zero to 100 hertz), with a sound intensity of up to 155 dB, produce vibrations in the chest wall, disrupting breathing, causing headaches and coughing, and distortion of visual perception.

Subsequent studies showed that the frequency of 19 hertz is resonant for the eyeballs, and it is this frequency that can not only cause visual disturbances, but also visions and phantoms. So engineer Vic Tandy from Coventry mystified his colleagues with a ghost in his laboratory. Visions of gray glimpses were accompanied by a feeling of awkwardness among Vic’s guests. It turned out that this was the effect of a sound emitter tuned to 18.9 hertz.

Resonance frequencies of human internal organs

Frequency (Hz): Organ:

0.05 - 0.06, 0.1 - 0.3, 80, 300 Circulatory system
0.5-13 Vestibular apparatus
2-3 Stomach
2-4 Intestines
2-5 Hands
0.02 - 0.2, 1 - 1.6, 20 Heart
4-8 Abdomen
6 Spine
6-8 Kidneys
20-30 Head
19, 40-100 Eyes

When the frequencies of internal organs and infrasound coincide, the corresponding organs begin to vibrate, which can be accompanied by severe pain. Infrasound can “shift” the tuning frequencies of internal organs.

The sets of biologically active frequencies do not coincide in different animals. For example, the resonant frequencies of the heart for humans are 20 Hz, for horses - 10 Hz, and for rabbits and rats - 45 Hz.

Application for defeat.

Creation of uncomfortable states: fear, anxiety, horror;
. Damage to the cardiovascular system;
. Destruction of blood vessels;
. Destruction of internal organs;

Infrasound can instill in a person such feelings as: melancholy, panic, a feeling of cold, anxiety, trembling in the spine. When in resonance with human biorhythms, infrasound of particularly high intensity can cause instant death. People exposed to infrasound experience approximately the same sensations as when visiting places where encounters with ghosts took place.

Physicist Robert Wood conducted an interesting experiment in the 1930s: during a performance in a theater, his acoustic device was connected to an organ. As a result, a monstrous resonance arose - glass shook, chandeliers rang, and the audience was gripped by horror. Panic began in the hall. To produce sound of a similar frequency, a pipe measuring about 45 meters was used. Residents of surrounding buildings also felt the impact.

Significant psychotronic effects are most pronounced at a frequency of 7 Hz, which is consonant with the alpha rhythm of natural brain vibrations, and any mental work in this case becomes impossible, since it seems that the head is about to be torn into small pieces. Infrafrequencies of about 12 Hz with a strength of 85-110 dB induce attacks of seasickness and dizziness, and vibrations with a frequency of 15-18 Hz at the same intensity instill feelings of anxiety, uncertainty and, finally, panic.

With sufficient intensity, sound perception also occurs at frequencies of several hertz. Currently, its emission range extends down to approximately 0.001 Hz. Thus, the range of infrasound frequencies covers about 15 octaves. If the rhythm is a multiple of one and a half beats per second and is accompanied by powerful pressure of infrasonic frequencies, it can cause ecstasy in a person. With a rhythm equal to two beats per second, and at the same frequencies, the listener falls into a dance trance, which is similar to a drug trance.

When a person is exposed to infrasound with frequencies close to 6 Hz, the pictures created by the left and right eyes may differ from each other, the horizon will begin to “break,” problems with orientation in space will arise, and inexplicable anxiety and fear will occur. Similar sensations are caused by light pulsations at frequencies of 4-8 Hz. Infrasound can affect not only vision, but also the psyche, and also move the hairs on the skin, creating a feeling of cold.

Devices:
Archival footage of Nazi acoustic weapons:

"Sonic Cannon" by Richard Wallauszek
Dr. Richard Wallauschek from the Research Institute of Acoustics in Tyrol led the work to create an emitter capable of causing concussion or death. His Schallkanone (“Sound Cannon”) installation was ready in 1944.

In the center of a parabolic reflector with a diameter of 3250 mm, an injector with an ignition system was installed, into which oxygen and methane were supplied. The explosive mixture of gases was ignited by the device at regular intervals, creating a continuous roar of the required frequency. People, finding themselves within 60 meters of this hellish structure, immediately fell unconscious or died.

But Germany no longer had time for experiments. In January 1945, the Research and Development Commission refused to fund Wallausek's work "because the situation today is such that the use of acoustic waves as a weapon is inapplicable."

The installation was captured by the Americans. The secret Intelligence Bulletin of May 1946 states: "At a distance of up to 60 meters from the emitter, the intensity of the effect is such that the person dies."

"Wind Cannon" by Dr. Zippermeyer.

Dr. Zippermeyer from the Luftwaffe Technical Academy developed the Windkanone (“Wind Cannon”) installation. A gas mixture exploded in its combustion chamber, but vortices of compressed air, twisted into a tight ring with special nozzles, were used as a damaging factor. It was assumed that such rings, released into the sky, would break American planes into pieces.

The Zippermeyer model of the cannon smashed planks into splinters 150 meters away, but when the Ministry of Munitions created a full-scale installation at a training ground near the city of Hillersleben, it turned out that the impact force of the vortex rings weakened and was not capable of harming high-flying aircraft.
The doctor was unable to complete his work: Hillersleben was soon captured by Allied troops.

In 1999, the NATO Council adopted so-called non-lethal weapons (NLW). The list includes weapons that use infrasound generators.

Long-range acoustic device.

The American Technology Corporation has developed 4 types of infrasonic weapons. They were tested in 1999 at the Quantico test site (Virginia). Two are for a single fighter, the other two are for mounting on special vehicles.
All of them create infrasound with a power of 120-130 dB. The directed beam hits the ear membranes and resonates in the body. The person experiences a painful shock, loses consciousness, and feels nauseated, but does not die. This weapon is also very economical, because it uses about 70% of the energy.

Infrasonic barricades.

________________________________________

In the early 1990s in the USSR, under the control of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the tutelage of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, dozens of organizations operated that took part in the research and development of emitters of electromagnetic, infrasonic and ultrasonic effects on the human psyche and body, and also specialized in their continuous production .

Serial acoustic (infrasonic, ultrasonic) weapons are produced for military products at the Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant. The USSR Ministry of Defense, in a number of other psychotronic devices, has created pulsed infrasound technology that imitates mental suggestion.

Medical research into the effects of infrasound on humans.

Doctors drew attention to the dangerous resonance of the abdominal cavity that occurs during vibrations with a frequency of 4-8 Hz. We tried tightening (first on the model) the abdominal area with belts. Resonance frequencies increased slightly, but the physiological effects of infrasound did not weaken.

Lungs and heart like any volumetric resonating systems, they are also prone to intense vibrations when their resonance frequencies coincide with the frequency of infrasound. The walls of the lungs have the least resistance to infrasound, which can ultimately cause damage.

Brain.
Here the picture of interaction with infrasound is especially complex. A small group of subjects were asked to solve simple problems, first while exposed to noise with a frequency below 15 hertz and a level of approximately 115 dB, then under the influence of alcohol, and finally under the influence of both factors simultaneously. An analogy was established between the effects of alcohol and infrasonic irradiation on humans. With the simultaneous influence of these factors, the effect intensified, the ability to perform simple mental work noticeably deteriorated.

In other experiments it was found that the brain can resonate at certain frequencies. In addition to the resonance of the brain as an elastic-inertial body, the possibility of a “cross” effect of resonance of infrasound with the frequency of a- and b-waves existing in the brain of every person was revealed. These biological waves are clearly detected on encephalograms, and by their nature, doctors judge certain brain diseases. It has been suggested that random stimulation of biowaves by infrasound of the appropriate frequency can affect the physiological state of the brain.

Blood vessels.
There are some statistics here. In experiments by French acousticians and physiologists, 42 young people were exposed to infrasound with a frequency of 7.5 Hz and a level of 130 dB for 50 minutes. All subjects experienced a noticeable increase in the lower limit of blood pressure. When exposed to infrasound, changes in the rhythm of heart contractions and breathing, weakening of vision and hearing functions, increased fatigue and other disorders were recorded.

The impact of low-frequency vibrations on living organisms has been known for a long time. For example, some people who experienced earthquake tremors suffered from nausea. (Then you should remember about the nausea caused by the vibrations of a boat or a swing. This is due to the effect on the vestibular apparatus, and not everyone has a similar “effect.”

Nikola Tesla (whose surname now denotes one of the basic units of measurement, a native of Serbia) about a hundred years ago initiated such an effect in an experimental subject sitting on a vibrating chair. (*There were no smart people who considered this experience inhumane). The observed results relate to the interaction of solid bodies, when vibrations are transmitted to a person through a solid medium. The impact of vibrations transmitted to the body from the air has not been sufficiently studied.

It will not be possible to swing the body, such as on a swing, in this way. It is possible that unpleasant sensations arise due to resonance: the coincidence of the frequency of forced vibrations with the frequency of vibrations of any organs or tissues. Previous publications about infrasound mentioned its effect on the psyche, manifested as inexplicable fear. Maybe resonance is also to blame for this

In physics, resonance is an increase in the amplitude of vibration of an object when its natural frequency of vibration coincides with the frequency of an external influence. If such an object turns out to be an internal organ, circulatory or nervous system, then disruption of their functioning and even mechanical destruction is quite possible. Are there any measures to combat infrasound?

Measures to combat infrasound.
It must be admitted that there are not so many of these measures yet. Community noise control measures have been in development for a long time. Almost 2,000 years ago in Rome, Julius Caesar banned the riding of rumbling chariots at night. And 400 years ago, Queen Elizabeth III of England forbade husbands to beat their wives after 10 pm, “so that their screams would not disturb the neighbors.”

Nowadays, measures are being taken to combat noise pollution on a global scale: engines and other parts of machines are being improved, this factor is taken into account when designing highways and residential areas, sound-proofing materials and structures, shielding devices, and green spaces are being used. But we should remember that each of us must be an active participant in this fight against noise.

Let us mention the original muffler for infrasonic noise of compressors and other machines, developed by the labor safety laboratory of the St. Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers. In the box of this muffler, one of the walls is made flexible, and this makes it possible to equalize low-frequency variable pressures in the air flow passing through the muffler and the pipeline.

The platforms of vibroforming machines can be a powerful source of low-frequency sound. Apparently, the use of the interference method of attenuating radiation by antiphase superposition of oscillations is not excluded here. In air suction and atomization systems, sudden changes in cross-section and inhomogeneities in the flow path should be avoided in order to prevent the occurrence of low-frequency oscillations.

Some researchers divide the effect of infrasound into four gradations - from weak to... lethal.
Classification is a good thing, but it looks rather helpless if it is not known what the manifestation of each gradation is associated with.

Infrasound on stage and television?
If you look into the past, you can already notice the impact of infrasound frequencies on a person. Here are instructions from Michel Harner’s book “The Way of the Shaman”: To enter the “tunnel” you will need your partner for the entire time necessary for you to obtain a “shamanic state of consciousness” ” was accompanied by beating a drum or tambourine at a frequency of 120 beats per minute (2 Hz). You can also use a tape recording of a shamanic “kamlaniya.” In a few minutes you will see a tunnel of black and white rings and begin to move along it. The speed of alternation of rings is set by the rhythm of the beats.

It is known that modern rock music, jazz, etc. owe their origin to traditional African “music”. This so-called “music” is nothing more than an element of the ritual actions of African shamans or collective ritual actions of the tribe. Most of the melodies and rhythms of rock music are taken directly from the practice of African shamans.

Thus, the effect of rock music on the listener is based on the fact that he is introduced into a state similar to that experienced by a shaman during ritual actions. “The power of rock lies in intermittent pulsations, rhythms that cause a biopsychic reaction in the body that can affect the functioning of various organs. If the rhythm is a multiple of one and a half beats per second and is accompanied by powerful pressure of infrasonic frequencies, it can cause ecstasy in a person. With a rhythm equal to two beats per second, and at the same frequencies, the listener falls into a dance trance, which is similar to a narcotic one.”

In the same row is ritual music itself, for example, the “meditative” music of Shoko Asahara, the head of the religious sect “Aum Shinrikyo,” which at one time was broadcast day after day by Russian radio throughout the country.

The impact of psychotronic weapons is most massive when television and computer systems are used as intermediate channels. Modern Computer techologies allow you to transform any sound (music) file in such a way that when listening, the necessary special effects arise: “...sound encoded under the alpha rhythm will help you relax, sound encoded under the delta rhythm will help you fall asleep, under the theta rhythm - to achieve a state meditation.” .

So is infrasound a psychotronic weapon?

The creators of superweapons based on the effects of infrasound claim that they completely suppress the enemy, causing him such “inevitable” consequences as nausea and diarrhea. Developers of weapons of this type and researchers of their terrible consequences “ate” a lot of money from the state treasury. It is possible, however, that the above-mentioned troubles threaten not an imaginary enemy, but very real generals - customers of such weapons - as retribution for incompetence.

Jurgen Altmann, a researcher from Germany, stated at a joint conference of the European and American Acoustical Associations (March 1999) that infrasonic weapons do not cause the effects attributed to them.
The army and police hoped for similar things. Law enforcement officials believed that these agents were more effective than chemical ones, such as tear gas.

In the meantime, according to Altman, who has studied the effects of infrasonic vibrations on people and animals, sonic weapons do not work. According to him, even with a noise level of 170 decibels, it was not possible to record anything special, such as involuntary bowel movements. (I remembered that the media recently noted the successful testing of an American-made infra-scare gun. A bluff for the benefit of the “inventors” and to intimidate an imaginary enemy?)

Sid Heal, who works for the US Department of Defense on the infrasonic weapons development program, notes that the researchers have changed the formulation of the problem. Along with attempts to create prototype weapons, they are carefully studying the effects of infrasound on humans.

Infrasonic weapons.

Attempts to create “Trumpets of Jericho” capable of destroying cities, destroying or at least demoralizing enemy soldiers began during World War II and continue to this day. Along the way, scientists uncovered the mystery of ghosts and the Bermuda Triangle, but never created a weapon.

It is known that certain sound frequencies cause fear and panic in people, while others stop the heart.

Frequencies between 7 and 8 hertz are generally extremely dangerous. Theoretically, such a powerful enough sound can rupture all internal organs. Seven hertz is also the average frequency of alpha rhythms in the brain. Whether such infrasound can cause epileptic seizures, as some researchers believe, is unclear. Experiments give conflicting results.

One way or another, there are plenty of scientific prerequisites for creating sonic weapons. But there are still more myths than facts here. Fans of Internet surfing can find a lot of references to mysterious experiments, but are unlikely to ever see a working sample. One story tells about a certain Feraliminal Lycanthropizer device, which, thanks to selected infrasound frequencies, stimulated animal reflexes, sexual excitement in people, and made them forget about conventions. This is an electronic drug. Legends claim that the influence of the machine not only caused violent orgies, but also caused a number of murders during them.

There is no evidence for this and many similar stories. Just as there is no evidence for many tales about infrasonic weapons that destroyed buildings over vast areas. And the first real attempts to create infrasonic weapons were made by the Germans during World War II. In 1940, they planned to give the British many special copies of gramophone records with recordings of popular performers, but with the addition of infrasound.

The fact that ultra-low frequency vibrations, inaudible to the ear - infrasound - and ultra-high frequency - ultrasound - can be dangerous to humans was known long before the Second World War. But scientists in Nazi Germany tested the effects of ultrasound and infrasound on prisoners.

They were the first to discover that infrasound effectively incapacitates people: the experimental subjects experienced dizziness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing. People's behavior was also dramatically disrupted: unconscious fear developed into panic, people went crazy or tried to commit suicide.

It would seem that this is it, a miracle weapon! However, all attempts to transfer experiments from enclosed spaces to test sites were unsuccessful: infrasonic waves stubbornly refused to propagate only in a given direction, but affected primarily the installation personnel.

In addition, the generator turned out to be too bulky, and the effective impact distance was small. The military came to the conclusion that a conventional machine gun works much better.

Dr. Wallausek's paraboloid.

Having failed with infrasound, German scientists decided to focus on other acoustic and aerodynamic effects that could be used as weapons. These developments took place in two places.

Dr. Richard Wallauschek from the Research Institute of Acoustics in Tyrol led the work to create an emitter capable of causing concussion or death. His Schallkanone ("Sound Gun") installation was ready in 1944.

In the center of a parabolic reflector with a diameter of 3250 mm, an injector with an ignition system was installed, into which oxygen and methane were supplied. The explosive mixture of gases was ignited by the device at regular intervals, creating a continuous roar of the required frequency.

People, finding themselves within 60 meters of this hellish structure, immediately fell unconscious or died.

But Germany no longer had time for experiments. In January 1945, the Research and Development Commission refused to fund Wallausek's work "because the situation today is such that the use of acoustic waves as a weapon is inapplicable."

The installation was captured by the Americans. The secret Intelligence Bulletin of May 1946 states:

“At a distance of up to 60 meters from the emitter, the intensity of the impact is such that a person dies... However, the Yankees also came to the conclusion that “the weapon is of dubious military significance due to its short range.”

"Wind cannon" of the Luftwaffe.

The reference book Waffen und Geheimwaffen des Deutschen Heeres 1933 - 1945 (Weapons and Secret Weapons of the German Armed Forces, 1933 - 1945) mentions that Dr. Zippermeyer of the Luftwaffe Technical Academy developed the Windkanone (Wind Cannon).

The gas mixture also exploded in its combustion chamber, but vortices of compressed air, twisted into a tight ring with special nozzles, were used as a damaging factor. It was assumed that such rings, released into the sky, would break American planes into pieces.

The Zippermeyer model of the cannon smashed planks into chips 150 meters away, but when the Ministry of Munitions created a full-scale installation at a training ground near the city of Hillersleben, it turned out that the impact force of the vortex rings quickly weakened and was not capable of harming aircraft.

The doctor was unable to complete his work: Hillersleben was soon captured by Allied troops. Zippermeyer managed to escape, but only to fall into the hands of the Red Army. After serving ten years in Soviet camps, he returned to his homeland only in 1955.

Zippermeyer did not know that his instruments were exported to America. Guy Obolensky, one of the engineering experts brought in by the US government to study the technology and equipment taken out of Germany after victory (Project Paperclip), recalled how he recreated the Wind Cannon model in his laboratory in 1949:

"The device had a devastating effect on objects. It broke boards like matches. As for soft targets, like people, the effect was different. Once I fell under its blow, I felt as if I had been cracked by a thick carpet of rubber, and for a long time I could not recover".

We still don’t know whether Obolensky studied the “Wind Cannon” in its acoustic version. But judging by how successful the Americans have been in creating powerful “non-lethal weapons” using sound waves, such work has been going on in the United States for a very long time.

During the war, Hitler's scientists actually designed devices that generated infra- and ultrasound. A person who came within the range of such a “sound gun” began to hallucinate. Fortunately, the Nazis were never able to bring their devices to fruition.

But their ideas, initially pushed to the margins by the development of nuclear missile weapons, have recently received their development. The US Army Armament Research, Development and Maintenance Center (ARDEC) has created devices that generate “acoustic bullets” - powerful sound pulses that do not dissipate in space.

A similar device was boasted to American experts in Russia: according to the military, their installation generates a powerful infrasonic “acoustic bullet” the size of a volleyball, hitting a person hundreds of meters away.

Against the crowd...

To disperse poorly armed crowds, for example, in Iraq, the Americans use a “squealer” - a metal box with a powerful speaker that creates directed sound waves of frequencies close to ultrasound.

Sound waves form a pulsation in the ear, which is unpleasant for hearing and can cause pain, dizziness and nausea, and loss of orientation in space. The radius of the effective impact of the "verbal" is 700 - 800 meters.

Another way to use acoustic weapons. Shields on the road that emit infrasound can easily replace barricades.

In Iraq, combat infrasound emitters were also used, which became safe for operators. Two waves are directed to the desired location from different directions, from different installations. The waves themselves are harmless, but at the point of their intersection they form dangerous radiation, causing blurring of vision and spasms of internal organs, up to the physical destruction of the enemy.

...pirates...
Two years ago, non-lethal sonic weapons became available to civilians and immediately proved their reliability.

Ships sailing in the choppy waters near Somalia are often attacked by pirates. In 2005, they captured 25 ships. On November 5, 2005, the Seabourne Spirit almost became the 26th, if not for the latest weapons.

The owners of the luxury cruise ship did not skimp and installed an LRAD (Long Range Acoustic Device) installation costing about 30 thousand dollars. A small device weighing 24 kilograms is equipped with a parabolic antenna that emits sound waves with a frequency of 2100 - 3100 Hz and a power of 150 decibels.

LRAD operates effectively at a distance of 300 meters, making you want to immediately run away from the “firing sector.” While the passengers sat in the ship's restaurant behind several bulkheads, the crew drove away the invaders with an unbearable sound. In a helpless rage, the pirates fired at the liner with a grenade launcher, causing almost no damage, and retreated.

...and rapists and hooligans
The creators of LRAD from American Technology Corporation have also developed a more portable sonic weapon. The "gun" is about the size of a baseball bat and emits a "beam" of about 140 decibels. One “shot” is enough to neutralize any man for a long time. The "gun" is now actively used by FBI capture groups.

Another company, Compound Security Service, created the Mosquito device, which emits inaudible but annoying sounds. It costs about $800 and is designed to drive bullies out of places without physically assaulting them. Range of action - 15 - 20 meters. The device has already been purchased by many shop and establishment owners throughout the UK.

Scientists predict that what lies ahead for the British is the connection of such devices into a single system with an already existing network of video cameras to monitor the behavior of people on the streets. And it will no longer be a people, but a herd controlled by shepherds using buttons. What German scientists could not implement in 1940, the British are now doing on their own with their own hands.