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History of origin. History of the International Red Cross

Russia joined the Geneva Convention in 1867, and at the same time, on May 15, 1867, Emperor Alexander II approved the Charter of the Society for the Care of Wounded and Sick Soldiers (in 1876 it was renamed the Russian Red Cross Society). By this time, Russia had accumulated extensive experience in providing assistance to war victims. Russia was one of the first countries in the world where the Red Cross Society was created.

From the first years of its existence, ROKK developed its activities both within the country and abroad. The society's units worked on the battlefields during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), the war of Montenegro and Serbia with Turkey (1976), the Serbo-Bulgarian (1885), the Greek-Turkish (1897) and other wars and conflicts.

The Russian Red Cross Society set itself broader goals than societies in other countries. The ROKK Charter, adopted in 1893, in addition to helping the wounded on the battlefields during the war, also provided for assistance to war invalids and the population affected by natural disasters.

First world war(1914-1918) 38 states were involved, the number of active armies exceeded 29 million people, and more than 20 million people died. At this time, the ROKK prepared and sent 10 thousand nurses to the medical institutions of the military department, formed 150 food centers, more than 20 sanitary courts, equipped 360 sanitary trains, and 65 anti-epidemic detachments worked in areas where the wounded were concentrated. During the First World War, it was first used on the battlefields in Europe. chemical weapon; Asphyxiating gases brought severe suffering to the soldiers. ROKK organized enterprises in Moscow and Petrograd for the production of special protective bandages and organized their delivery to the front.

On November 20, 1918, a general meeting of members of the Russian Red Cross Society was held in Moscow, where the Charter was adopted and the Central Committee was elected. The humane traditions and valuable experience of the ROKK were adopted by the Soviet Red Cross and were widely developed in its activities.

The October Revolution and the civil war that followed brought severe trials to the people of Russia. During this period, the main focus of the activities of the Soviet Red Cross was assistance in the fight against epidemic diseases and hunger. 439 sanitary institutions were formed and sent to the fronts, including sanitary-epidemiological detachments, nutrition centers, and hospitals.

The resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, signed by V.I. Lenin on May 30, 1918, brought to the attention of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the governments of all states that recognized the Geneva Convention that “this convention, both in its original and in all later editions, and also all others international conventions and the agreements relating to the Red Cross recognized by Russia before October 1917 are recognized and will be respected by the Soviet Government, which retains all rights and prerogatives based on these conventions and agreements."

The humane attitude of the Soviet Red Cross towards prisoners of war and refugees and its activities to alleviate the suffering of the population received recognition from the international community and on October 15, 1921, the International Red Cross officially recognized the Soviet Red Cross.

In 1921, a severe drought affected the regions of the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, and southern Ukraine. The activities of the Red Cross Society during this period developed in two directions: medical and food assistance to the population and work to collect donations within the country and abroad. During this period, 17 medical and food teams were created, equipped and sent to disaster areas using the funds raised. When a wave of epidemic diseases began, the Soviet Red Cross formed and sent three specialized sanitary-epidemic teams to disaster areas, which not only cleaned and examined the area, but also built baths and disinfected premises.

The Soviet Red Cross carried on intensive negotiations with Mr. F. Nansen, the ICRC and other humanitarian organizations and called for assistance to the starving people of Russia. In the same year, the Red Cross Societies of Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, the USA and other countries responded to this call. As a result, the Nansen Committee ensured that 5 million poods of food were sent to Russia.

Everyone's help foreign countries for the period from 1921 to 1922 amounted to more than 512 million tons of food, which made it possible to provide food for about 11 million hungry people.

In 1923, representatives of the Red Cross Societies of the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia and the Azerbaijan Red Crescent concluded an agreement on the formation of the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (SOKK and CP USSR).

During this period, through the efforts of SOKK and KP activists, medical and obstetric centers were opened, primarily in remote and backward areas Far North, Siberia and Central Asia.

During the same period, the Soviet Red Cross, at its own expense, organized a health service for young pioneers, and a network of children's preventive outpatient clinics, camps, sanatoriums, playgrounds, and nurseries was created. In 1925, the Artek pioneer camp was opened with funds from the Central Committee of the OKC of the RSFSR. SOKK and KP of the USSR initiated the creation of air ambulance, which contributed to the timely treatment of thousands of patients.

In the pre-war years of the 30s, the SOKK and Communist Party of the USSR organized mass training of the population in the techniques of providing first aid medical care, caring for the sick at home, sanitary posts and squads were formed. In 1926-1927 for support state system health care, local organizations SOKK and KP created courses for nurses.

In a climate of international tension, the Soviet Red Cross began mass preparation of the population for the sanitary defense of the country. In 1934, training began for the adult population under the “Ready for Sanitary Defense” (GSO) program and for schoolchildren “Be Prepared for Sanitary Defense”

In 1934, ROKK as part of SOKK and KP was accepted into International League Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

The activities of SOKK and KP in the field of mass medical and sanitary training of the population and treatment and preventive work have made a significant contribution to the preparedness of the population for severe trials that befell Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War.

During the war years, assistance to the sick and wounded reached an unprecedented scale. Organizations of the Soviet Red Cross trained 23 million people under the GSO program.

Helping the wounded on the battlefields, working in hospitals, loading and unloading ambulances, organizing donations and more - this is the scope and nature of the work carried out by activists of the SOKK and KP societies to help the military sanitary service of the Red Army and civilian health authorities.

A nurse is a girl in a soldier's overcoat who has taken up the baton of the sisters of mercy Crimean War, World War I, Civil and other wars. For their dedicated work, the International Committee of the Red Cross awarded the Florence Nightingale medal to 46 Soviet women.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Red Cross actively participated in organizing the donor movement. 5.5 million people were involved in this movement, among them 90% were women, and over two million liters of donor blood were sent to the front. In 1944, the Executive Committee of the SOKK and KP formed 30 sanitary-epidemiological detachments that operated in the liberated regions of Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova.

The Great Patriotic War is one of the most striking pages in the history of the Soviet Red Cross, which contributed to the common cause of victory over German Nazism.

In after war time The Soviet Red Cross, true to its duty, came to the aid of the peoples of foreign countries in the elimination of dangerous infectious diseases, the organization of medical institutions and the development of national healthcare. Our doctors worked in Poland, China, and North Korea to eliminate epidemics of plague, typhoid, and smallpox. Soviet Red Cross hospitals were opened in Iran, Ethiopia, and North Korea, in which our specialists provided medical care to the local population.

As a token of gratitude for their great contribution to the cause of peace and humanitarianism, the International Red Cross, in February 1963, on the occasion of the centenary of its founding, along with other societies, awarded the SOKK and KP the Vermeil medal. The medal is made of gold and silver, on front side depicts a volunteer orderly, as a symbol of the origins of the Red Cross movement. The inscription on the medal is “International Red Cross, Geneva” and in Latin “Charity on the battlefield”.

Following the principles of humanism and mercy, the Soviet Red Cross provided free assistance to the peoples of foreign countries in the fight against epidemics, diseases, hunger, and the consequences of natural disasters and armed conflicts. For the period from 1981 to 1986 SOKK and KP provided various help 71 countries of the world.

Drought, cyclones, earthquakes, floods, typhoons caused enormous damage to the population of countries such as Niger, Sudan, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Laos, Bolivia, Peru, Mexico, Colombia and others. Emergency aid was sent to these countries - tents, blankets, stretchers, medicines, medical instruments, dressings, food.

In 1987, an acute food shortage arose in India due to a bad harvest. Famine began in the country, and epidemics of infectious diseases broke out. Aid to the population of India from the Soviet Red Cross became one of the largest humanitarian actions in the 80s.

To assist in the prevention of infectious diseases, the Soviet Red Cross sent large quantities of vaccines against polio, smallpox and cholera to backward third world countries free of charge. Mobile medical units of the Soviet Red Cross successfully worked in Peru, Jordan, Bangladesh, Algeria, Somalia, and Ethiopia. Under the auspices of the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1980-1981, two medical units of the SOKK and KP worked in Cambodia.

In the 90s, the Russian Red Cross Society faced new challenges to solve problems that had not previously occurred in our country. Rapid socio-economic and political transformations led to the appearance on the map former USSR new independent states.

Interethnic and civil conflicts broke out, which led to the emergence of hundreds of thousands of refugees and millions of internally displaced persons. The socio-economic crisis has left below the poverty line not only such vulnerable categories as pensioners, large families, disabled people, children from disadvantaged families, but also a large number of working population.

On July 20, 1996, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On state support Russian Red Cross Society, and on December 27 of the same year a Resolution was adopted State Duma RF "On state support of the Russian Red Cross Society"

St. Petersburg State University

Faculty of Medicine

Abstract for the course "History of Medicine" on the topic:

"Russian Red Cross"

1st year student 103 gr. R. A. Tikhomirov

Introduction

1. History

2. History of the Russian Red Cross

3. Fundamental principles

4. Emblem

How did the red crescent appear?

Emblem as a symbol of protection

The emblem as a symbol of belonging to the movement

5. Russian Red Cross

6. St. Petersburg branch

List of used literature

Introduction

One of the leading organizations in the world to provide assistance to victims of war, providing assistance to refugees and asylum seekers, assistance to the elderly and people with disabilities is the Red Cross Movement. Many have heard or know about the existence of this movement, but do not have a complete understanding of its activities. In my essay, I would like to reveal the history of the origin, emblem and main provisions of the work and activities of this organization.

So, I myself have more than once taken part in various Red Cross programs and therefore this topic is quite relevant for me. For example, I participated in the 3rd Open Championship of the Russian Red Cross in First Aid in 2009.

1. History

It all started on June 24, 1859, near the Italian town of Solferino (a village in northern Italy), where French and Italian troops fought the Austrians who were then occupying the country. In this fierce battle, 40,000 casualties - killed and wounded - fell within a few hours.

Fig. 4 “Battle of Solferino”

The sanitary services of the warring parties were clearly powerless to help in the current situation. The sight of the severe suffering of the wounded horrified the Swiss Henri Dunant, who came to those places on business. Having appealed to the residents of neighboring villages, he (not being a doctor) began to provide assistance to all wounded soldiers, regardless of nationality. At first, Dunant was helped by four French doctors, one German and two Italian students, then local women and tourists - English, French and Italians - joined. They worked tirelessly for several weeks.

Fig.5 Henri Dunant (1828-1910) - a great humanist and “ideologist” of the World Red Cross Movement. Author of the book "Memories of the Battle of Solferino" Winner of the first Nobel Prize peace (1901).

Returning to Geneva, Switzerland, Henri Dunant could not erase this horrific picture from his memory. He took up the pen to tell the world about this war drama, repeated so many times. In 1862, his book “Memories of Solferino” was completed. So in his book, he called for the creation in every country of societies to help victims of war and to provide assistance to the military medical service. Thoughts about organizing international private voluntary assistance to war victims, without distinction of their ranks and nationalities, arose in Dunant under the influence of the activities of the English nurse Florence Nightingale and her compatriots, who, since November 1854, were caring for sick and wounded soldiers in the Turkish city of Skaturi, which amazed him. during the Crimean War, also N.I. Pirogov and the sisters of mercy of the Cross Movement community led by him, who began their noble activities in December 1854 in the location Russian troops in the Sevastopol. As soon as the book, printed with his own money, came out of print, Dunant sent it to the European monarchs of the time, politicians, military, philanthropists, friends. The success was immediate and exceeded all expectations. The book greatly alarmed Europe, as many were unaware of the brutal reality of the battlefields.

At that time, there was a charitable society in Geneva, whose president was the lawyer Gustav Moynier. The book “Memories of Solferino” shocked me, he wrote. Being a man of action, Moynier invited Dunant to talk about this book with other members of the Society.

During the meeting, a commission of five members was created. In addition to Henri Dunant himself and Gustav Moynier, it included General Guillaume-Henri Dufour and doctors Louis Appiah and Theodore Maunir - all Swiss citizens. The commission first met on February 17, 1863 and called itself the “International Committee for the Relief of the Wounded.”

In the following months, these five members of the Committee carried out intense activities, as a result of which an international conference was held in Geneva in October 1863. Representatives of sixteen states took part in it. For this occasion, the distinctive negative sign of the Swiss flag was chosen - a red cross on a white background.

The sign was intended to highlight, and therefore protect, those who provide assistance to wounded soldiers. This conference formed the basis for the establishment of the RED CROSS. And the committee itself was later renamed the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

The great merit of Henri Dunant is that he did not limit himself to the individual and spontaneous humanitarian gestures of his predecessors, but put forward new, specific proposals in his book and disseminated them widely:

““Is it not possible to create in all European countries relief societies which, in time of war, would, on a voluntary basis, provide care for the wounded, regardless of nationality?”

This proposal would form the basis for the creation of national Red Cross societies and, later, Red Crescent Societies.

In addition to protecting the wounded, according to Henry Dunant, it was necessary to provide the status of neutrality in the battle area to those caring for them. Therefore, he proposed to formulate:

“...an international principle, conventional and legalized, which, if agreed upon and ratified, would form the basis of societies for the relief of the wounded in different countries...”.

This second proposal of Dunant marked the beginning of modern international humanitarian law, the first written and concrete embodiment of which will be the Geneva Convention of 1864.

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is the founding agency of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.

Fig.6 Emblems of the Red Cross and Red Crescent.

2. History of the Russian Red Cross

1854-1914

In 1854, during the Crimean War, Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna founded the Holy Cross community of sisters of mercy in St. Petersburg. The community's sisters of mercy provided assistance to war victims - the wounded and sick. During the heroic defense of Sevastopol (1854-1855), the outstanding Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov was entrusted with the leadership of this community.

Many researchers consider Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna and Pirogov, the founder of the nursing service, as well as the English subject Florence Nightingale, who in 1854 led a detachment of nurses working in an English hospital during the Crimean War, as predecessors of Henri Dunant.

Russia ratified the Geneva Convention on May 10, 1867, and at the same time, on May 15, 1867, Emperor Alexander II approved the Charter of the Society for the Care of Wounded and Sick Soldiers (in 1876 it was renamed the Russian Red Cross Society). On May 18, the first meeting of the created society took place, which elected a central governing body - the Main Directorate. By this time, Russia had accumulated extensive experience in providing assistance to war victims. Russia was one of the first countries in the world where the Red Cross Society was created. Over the years, the Russian Red Cross Society became one of the most powerful in the world, not only in terms of its social influence, due to the fact that members of the imperial family were widely represented in it, but also, equally, in terms of its financial resources (the monthly budget of the ROSC reached 18 million rubles).

1914-1918

38 states were involved in the First World War, the number of active armies exceeded 29 million people, and more than 20 million people died. At this time, the ROKK prepared and sent 10 thousand nurses to the medical institutions of the military department, formed 150 food centers, more than 20 sanitary courts, equipped 360 sanitary trains, and 65 anti-epidemic detachments worked in areas where the wounded were concentrated. The Information Bureau for Prisoners of War Affairs operated in Petrograd. During the First World War, chemical weapons were used for the first time on the battlefields of Europe - asphyxiating gases brought severe suffering to soldiers. ROKK not only organized enterprises in Moscow and Petrograd for the production of special protective bandages, but also ensured their delivery to the front.

A general meeting of members of the Russian Red Cross Society was held in Moscow, where the Charter was adopted and the Central Committee was elected. The humane traditions and valuable experience of the ROKK were adopted by the Soviet Red Cross and were widely developed in its activities.

The resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, signed by V.I. Lenin on May 30, 1918, brought to the attention of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the governments of all states that recognized the Geneva Convention that “this convention, both in its original and in all later editions, as well as all other international conventions and agreements relating to the Red Cross, recognized by Russia before October 1917, are recognized and will be respected by the Soviet Government, which retains all rights and prerogatives based on these conventions and agreements."

1921-1930

Help from all foreign countries for the period from 1921 to 1922. amounted to more than 512 million tons of food, which made it possible to provide food for about 11 million hungry people.

During this period, through the efforts of SOKK and KP activists, medical and obstetric centers were opened, primarily in remote and backward areas of the Far North, Siberia and Central Asia.

In the pre-war 30s, the SOKK and Communist Party of the USSR organized mass training of the population in first aid techniques, caring for the sick at home, sanitary posts and squads were formed. In 1926-1927 To support the state health care system, local SOKK and KP organizations created nursing courses.

1934-1945

In 1934, the ROKK, as part of the SOKK and KP, was admitted to the International League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

The activities of SOKK and KP in the field of mass medical and sanitary training of the population and treatment and preventive work made a significant contribution to the preparedness of the population for the difficult trials that befell the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War.

During the war years, assistance to the sick and wounded reached an unprecedented scale. Organizations of the Soviet Red Cross trained 23 million people under the GSO program.

A nurse is a girl in a soldier’s overcoat who took up the baton of sisters of mercy during the Crimean War, World War I, Civil and other wars. For their dedicated work, the International Committee of the Red Cross awarded 46 Soviet women the Florence Nightingale medal.

The Great Patriotic War is one of the most striking pages in the history of the Soviet Red Cross, which contributed to the common cause of victory over German Nazism.

1945-1963

In the post-war period, the Soviet Red Cross, true to its duty, came to the aid of the peoples of foreign countries in eliminating dangerous infectious diseases, organizing medical institutions and developing national healthcare. Our doctors worked in Poland, China, and North Korea to eliminate epidemics of plague, typhoid, and smallpox. Soviet Red Cross hospitals were opened in Iran, Ethiopia, and North Korea, in which our specialists provided medical care to the local population.

As a token of gratitude for their great contribution to the cause of peace and humanitarianism, the International Red Cross, in February 1963, on the occasion of the centenary of its founding, along with other societies, awarded the SOKK and KP the Vermeil medal. The medal is made of gold and silver, on the front side there is an image of a volunteer orderly, as a symbol of the origin of the Red Cross movement. The inscription on the medal is “International Red Cross, Geneva” and in Latin “Charity on the battlefield”.

1970-1980

In 1987, India experienced severe food shortages due to crop failure. Famine began in the country, and epidemics of infectious diseases broke out. Aid to the population of India from the Soviet Red Cross became one of the largest humanitarian actions of the 80s.

1990

In the 90s, the Russian Red Cross Society faced new challenges to solve problems that had not previously occurred in our country. Rapid socio-economic and political transformations led to the emergence of new independent states on the map of the former USSR.

On July 20, 1996, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On state support of the Russian Red Cross Society” was issued, and on December 27 of the same year, the Resolution of the State Duma of the Russian Federation “On state support of the Russian Red Cross Society” was adopted.

3. Fundamental principles

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, born of the desire to provide assistance to all wounded on the battlefield without exception or preference, strives in all circumstances, both internationally and nationally, to prevent or alleviate human suffering. The movement is designed to protect the life and health of people and ensure respect for the human person. It promotes mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting peace between peoples.

IMPARTIALITY

The movement makes no distinction based on race, religion, class or political opinion. It only seeks to alleviate the suffering of people, and first of all those who need it most.

NEUTRALITY

INDEPENDENCE

Movement is independent. National Societies, while assisting their governments in their humanitarian activities and subject to the laws of their country, must nevertheless always maintain autonomy in order to be able to act in accordance with the principles of the Red Cross.

VOLUNTARY

In its voluntary assistance activities, the Movement is in no way guided by a desire for profit.

UNITY

There can only be one National Red Cross or Red Crescent Society per country. It must be open to everyone and carry out its humanitarian activities throughout the country.

VERSATILITY

The movement is worldwide. All national societies enjoy equal rights and are obliged to help each other.

The Fundamental Principles were proclaimed at the 20th International Conference of the Red Cross in Vienna in 1965. This revised text forms part of the Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, adopted at the XXV International Conference of the Red Cross, held in Geneva in 1986.

4. Emblem

The red cross and red crescent are one of the most recognizable symbols all over the world. Originally created to represent the sanitation services of the armed forces and provide protection for the sick and wounded, they have evolved over time into symbols of impartial care provided to all who suffer. However, the fact that a person, organization or company is involved or wishes to participate in relief work does not in itself give them the right to use those symbols in carrying out their activities.

The use of these emblems and the name "Red Cross" is governed by the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977, as well as the national legislation of each state.

The Red Cross emblem is the key to all humanitarian activities - the emblem is designed to protect both the victims and the people who came to their aid. In countries with a predominantly Muslim population, traditionally, the red crescent is used instead of the red cross emblem, thus

THE EMBLEM OF THE RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT DO NOT CARRY ANY RELIGIOUS OR POLITICAL MEANING, ARE NOT SYMBOLS OF MEDICINE AND ARE EQUAL IN USE.

Any use of the red cross (red crescent) emblem not authorized by the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols and by unauthorized institutions (commercial firms, non-governmental organizations, pharmacies, individuals, private practitioners, hospitals, clinics and ambulances) is misuse (abuse) .

Clause 2.1, Article 2 of the Charter of the Russian Red Cross (RRC): “The Russian Red Cross is the only organization on the territory of the Russian Federation that has the right to use the phrase “Red Cross” and the Red Cross emblem in its name.” Clause 2.2, Article 2: “The emblem of the RKK is a heraldic image on a white background of a red cross made of two straight lines of equal length and width, intersecting in the center at a right angle and not reaching the edge of the background. Clause 2.5, Article 2: “The RRC, in accordance with the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols thereto of 1977, the Rules for the use of the Emblem of 1991, establishes rules for the use of the Red Cross emblem on the territory of the Russian Federation.”

HISTORY OF ORIGIN

In 1859, Henri Dunant witnessed the Battle of Solferino, after which thousands of wounded soldiers were left without any help on the battlefield. The bodies of the dead were at the mercy of predators and looters. The army sanitation services failed to cope with their responsibilities, and one of the reasons for this was that they did not have any single distinctive emblem that could be easily identified by each side of the conflict.

An international conference was held in Geneva in 1863, which tried to find a solution to the problem of the low efficiency of army sanitary services on the battlefield. The conference participants approved the emblem: a red cross on a white background, as the distinctive sign of societies providing assistance to wounded military personnel - the future national societies of the Red Cross and Red Crescent.

In 1864, the first of the Geneva Conventions was adopted and the red cross was recognized by the Diplomatic Conference as the distinctive sign of the medical services of the armed forces.

"Out of respect for Switzerland heraldic sign a red cross on a white field, formed by reversing the federal colors...” This explanation, given in Article 38 of the 1949 Geneva Convention I, comes much later, and there is no certainty as to why a red cross on a white background was chosen as the emblem.

How did the red crescent appear?

During the Russian-Turkish war in the Balkans in 1876, Ottoman Empire I preferred to use a red crescent on a white background instead of a red cross. It was followed by other countries where the majority of the population professes Islam. At the Diplomatic Conference in 1929, as a distinctive sign medical institutions and formations were recognized as a red crescent on a white background.

Subsequently, Article 38 of the 1949 Geneva Convention I recognized the emblems of the red cross and red crescent on a white background as protective insignia of military medical services. This excluded the possibility of using any other signs other than the indicated emblems.

In 1982, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies adopted the red cross and red crescent on a white background as its emblem.

Emblem as a symbol of protection

During times of conflict, the emblem serves as a visible sign of the protection provided in accordance with the provisions of the Geneva Conventions. Its purpose is to show the armed forces that the following are protected by the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols:

persons (volunteers from national societies, medical personnel, delegates of the International Committee of the Red Cross, etc.)

medical formations (hospitals, first aid stations, mobile hospitals, etc.), as well as

vehicles (land, sea and air).

It is necessary that the emblem used as protective sign, evoked respect and encouraged armed forces to restraint in actions. Therefore it must be large.

The emblem as a symbol of belonging to the movement

The use of the emblem as a distinctive sign is intended to show, primarily in times of peace, that the persons and objects designated by it are related to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (also known as the International Red Cross), i.e. to the following organizations:

national societies (such as the Russian Red Cross),

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies or

International Committee of the Red Cross.

In this case, the emblem should be smaller. In addition, the emblem is intended to remind that these organizations are guided in their work by the Fundamental Principles of the Movement.

5. Russian Red Cross

The Russian Red Cross Society was founded on May 15, 1867 and was recognized by the International Committee of the Red Cross on October 5, 1921.

Since May 1923, the Red Cross Society of the RSFSR was part of the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (SOKK and KP). In 1934, the ROKK, as part of the SOKK and KP, was admitted to the International League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (now the International Federation).

The new Charter of the Russian Red Cross was approved at the XI Congress of the Red Cross Society of the RSFSR on May 30, 1991, and in new editions of the XII (1996) and XIII (2001) congresses of the All-Russian public organization "Russian Red Cross".

The Russian Red Cross (RRC) has 97 regional branches in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, 1548 district branches. The organization has more than 3,000 full-time employees (including 2,178 sisters of mercy) and about 1.5 million members, who are united in 13,355 primary Red Cross organizations.

The highest governing body of the RKK is the Congress. During the period between congresses, the activities of the RKK are managed by the RKK Board. The RKK Congress is convened by the RKK Board once every 5 years. The Chairman of the RKK Board is at the same time the Chairman of the RKK Presidium - a permanent governing collegial body.

The main goals of the Russian Red Cross:

Providing emergency humanitarian aid victims of natural disasters, accidents and disasters, in armed conflicts

Providing medical and social assistance to representatives of vulnerable segments of the population

Propaganda of the ideas of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the foundations of international humanitarian law.

Activities of the Russian Red Cross today:

Mercy nursing service, which provides medical and social services at home to lonely elderly and disabled people

Providing humanitarian assistance to the most vulnerable segments of the population

Assistance programs for populations affected by emergency situations

Operational rescue teams

Preparation of sanitary squads and sanitary posts

Fighting particularly dangerous diseases

Attracting volunteers and training young activists

Free canteens for homeless people, refugees and forced migrants

Children's orphanages

Free health and social assistance centers for the needy population of Russia.

Since 1991, RKK has launched activities to provide assistance to vulnerable and unprotected segments of the Russian population. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the International Committee of the Red Cross and national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies actively joined in helping the RKK.

RKK has established partnerships with international and non-governmental organizations: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Doctors Without Borders (Medecins Sans Frontieres), World organization health (WHO).

Over the past four years, more than 50 joint federal humanitarian programs have successfully operated in 62 regions of Russia. As a result, more than 10 million of our compatriots (forced migrants, single elderly people, people with disabilities, children from large and single-parent families, orphans, the homeless, the unemployed) were fed, clothed, shod, received medical care, free legal advice, psychological support.

Due to the scale of its work, global network regional offices, extensive international relations and recognition of the population, currently the Russian Red Cross is the leading non-governmental organization involved in humanitarian activities on the territory of the Russian Federation.

6. St. Petersburg branch

The Red Cross movement in Russia originated in St. Petersburg in 1867; it embodied the high ideals of humanism accumulated by humanity.

The St. Petersburg (regional) branch of the Russian Red Cross (St. Petersburg Red Cross) is a structural subdivision of the All-Russian public organization "Russian Red Cross".

The St. Petersburg branch includes 8 district (local) branches and 4 branches, organized on a territorial basis. The organization has more than 100 employees and about 40,000 thousand members, who are united in 315 primary Red Cross organizations.

The highest governing body of the St. Petersburg branch is the Conference, convened by the Board once every 5 years. During the period between conferences, the management of the St. Petersburg branch is carried out by the Board of the regional branch. The Chairman of the Board is at the same time the Chairman of the Presidium - a permanent governing collegial body.

The main goals of the St. Petersburg Red Cross:

Providing effective and high-quality assistance to vulnerable segments of the population of St. Petersburg, and persons affected by armed conflicts and other emergency situations

Promoting respect for the human person

Propaganda of the ideas of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the foundations of international humanitarian law

Since the beginning of the 90s of the last century, the St. Petersburg branch has been carrying out comprehensive programs to provide assistance to vulnerable and unprotected segments of the population of St. Petersburg. The activities of the organization are supported by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the International Committee of the Red Cross and national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies, as well as international and non-governmental organizations: the European Commission, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). http://images.yandex.ru/search?p=13&ed=1&text=%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D0 %BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%20%D0%B8%20%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B %D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86&spsite=fake-054-56490.ru&img_url =upload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2Fb%2Fb6%2FCroixrouge_logos.jpg%2F800px-Croixrouge_logos.jpg&rpt=simage&nl=1

History of medicine: Textbook for students. higher honey. textbook establishments/ T.A. Sorokina. –3rd ed., revised. and additional –M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2004.-560 p.

History of the creation of the Russian Red Cross Society

Russia joined the Geneva Convention in 1867, and at the same time the Society for the Care of Wounded and Sick Soldiers was created on the basis of the Holy Cross community. In 1879 it was renamed the Russian Red Cross Society, abbreviated as ROKK. The emperor himself, all the great princes and princesses, many high-ranking secular officials and representatives of the highest clergy became honorary members of this Society. The society was under the patronage of the empress.

Since 1875 Regulations were issued for Red Cross nurses to care for the sick and wounded during the war. Teams of Red Cross nurses provided assistance to the wounded on the fields of the Russian-Turkish and Russian-Japanese wars.

By 1897, 109 communities provided two years of training for nurses. And by 1913 There were 10,000 sisters of mercy in Russia. In the pre-Soviet period, ROKK constantly provided assistance to victims of foreign military conflicts.

During the First World War on January 1, 1917, 2,500 doctors, 20,000 nurses, and over 50,000 orderlies were in the service of the ROKK. The Central Information Bureau on Prisoners of War operated under the ROKK. ROKK was responsible for supplying refugee assistance institutions and regulating their movement. When the Germans first used chemical weapons in 1915, the ROKK quickly mastered the production of gas masks and produced about 6 million of them in just three months.

During Civil War more than 400 ROKK units provided assistance to the wounded. Since 1921, he fought famine in the Volga region, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and the Caucasus. Since 1922, ROKK has provided food and medical assistance to about 33 thousand children every day.

In 1923, the chairmen of the Red Cross societies of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia and the Red Crescent of Azerbaijan signed a declaration of unification and the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies of the USSR was created ( Soviet Red Cross). In the 1920s, the ROKK fought against tuberculosis, venereal diseases, trachoma, and smallpox.

IN In 1867, the Russian Society for the Care of the Sick and Wounded was created in Russia; in 1876 it was renamed the Russian Red Cross Society and became part of the International Red Cross. This society was formed thanks to the heroic activities of the sisters of mercy communities, the efforts of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, N.I. Pirogov and Orthodox Church. The famous Russian doctors N.I. took an active part in the work of the society for many years. Pirogov, SP. Botkin, N.V. Sklifosovsky, N.N. Burdenko, SI. Spasokukotsky.

In 1868, the first Red Cross community was established in Moscow; in 1870, the St. George community was organized (one of the most famous), it was headed by Elizaveta Kartseva. Many communities of sisters of mercy were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Red Cross.

The creation of the Red Cross Society is the beginning of a serious restructuring and further development of the system of sisters of mercy communities.

The main functions of the society: training qualified nurses and providing free medical care. In other countries, organizations trained nurses only to help victims of war.

The communities had their own charter; they were rich organizations with their own hospitals, outpatient clinics, and homes for elderly sisters.

Participation of the Sisters of Mercy in the Russian-Turkish War

1877-1878 It.

Many doctors (N.I. Pirogov, N.V. Sklifosovsky, S.V. Botkin) and 118 nurses took direct part in the hostilities. The sisters of mercy fulfilled their duty during this war as well. N.I. Pirogov highly appreciated the activities of the sisters of mercy during the Russian-Turkish war: “E.P. Kartsev at the theater of military operations in Bulgaria and E.M. Bakunina, who acted in this war in Asian Turkey, can serve as an ideal of older sisters for us.”

The Russian-Turkish war went down in history as the most unfavorable in terms of epidemics. Many sisters died from typhus, including Baroness Yulia Petrovna Vrevskaya. Among the first female volunteers, she went to the Balkans as a nurse, abandoning the secular life of St. Petersburg. With her attitude to business, to the sick and wounded, the Baroness set an example to everyone who worked next to her; with her death she attracted many Russian women into the ranks of the sisters of mercy. I.S. Turgenev knew Yulia Petrovna well and dedicated one of his prose poems to her tragic death:

“On the dirt, on the stinking damp straw, under the canopy of a dilapidated barn, on a quick fix turned into a camp military hospital, in a devastated Bulgarian village - she was dying of typhus for more than two weeks.

...She was young, beautiful; high society knew her; Even dignitaries inquired about her. Ladies envied her, men followed her... two or three people secretly and deeply loved her. Life smiled on her; but there are smiles worse than tears.

A tender, meek heart... and such strength, such a thirst for sacrifice! Helping those in need... she didn’t know any other happiness... she didn’t know - and didn’t know. All other happiness passed by. But she's been with this for a long time

made peace - and all, burning with the fire of unquenchable faith, devoted herself to serving her neighbors.

No one ever knew what treasures she buried there, in the depths of her soul, in her very hiding place - and now, of course, no one will know.

And why? The sacrifice has been made... the deed is done.

But it’s sad to think that no one said thank you even to her corpse - even though she herself was ashamed and shunned all gratitude.

Let her dear shadow not be offended by this late flower, which I dare to lay on her grave!”

1613 the beginning of the reign of the House of Romanov dynasty, which reigned in Russia until 1917.

State charity became one of the activities of the imperial family.

Empress Maria Feodorovna, the wife of Emperor Paul I, played a special role in the development of charity in Russia. She headed the educational homes she created, a commercial school in Moscow, established several women's institutes, and laid the foundation for widespread free education for women in Russia.

19th century

Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, the wife of Grand Duke Mikhail, during the Crimean War (1854-1855) for the first time organized private assistance on the battlefields, involving women in caring for the wounded in hospitals located at the theater of military operations.

“...If today the Red Cross covers the world, it is thanks to the example set during the war in Crimea by Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna...” - these words belong to the founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Henri Dunant.

The Russian Red Cross was established with the active participation of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, wife of Alexander II.

May 3 (old style) 1867 Emperor Alexander II approved the Charter of the Russian Society for the Care of Wounded and Sick Soldiers, and in 1879 Society renamed to "Russian Red Cross Society", abbreviated ROCK. The Emperor, grand dukes and princesses, high-ranking secular officials and representatives of the highest clergy became honorary members of the Society.

In the same 1867 was created Moscow management of the company. Among its founders are the founder of the Ladies' Guardianship for the Poor, Princess Shcherbatova Sofia Stepanovna, the Brotherly Loving Society for Providing Apartments for the Poor - Princess Nadezhda Borisovna Trubetskaya, the community of sisters of mercy "Quench My Sorrows" - Princess Shakhovskaya Natalya Borisovna, Moscow Metropolitan Filaret, foreman of the Moscow merchant class Bostanjo glo Vasily Mikhailovich , Governor General Prince Dolgorukov Vladimir Andreevich (total of about 140 famous Moscow citizens). The first general meeting took place in January 1868.

IN late XIX V. management renamed to Moscow Red Cross Society. The society organized hospitals for those wounded during hostilities.

Moscow Metropolitan Filaret

The society began training medical personnel for wartime needs, organizing hospitals at the front, collecting donations and providing material assistance to the wounded and sick. Many outstanding physicians of the 19th century participated in its activities: N.I. Pirogov, N.V. Sklifosovsky, S.P. Botkin. Before the Russian-Turkish War, about two dozen communities of sisters of mercy already existed in Russia.

On the initiative of Maria Alexandrovna, the society, created to provide assistance to the wounded on the battlefields, provided assistance to the population during mass disasters (to help the population of the country affected by famine, epidemics, fires), and provided assistance to the armies and population of other countries.

The first Red Cross community was established in 1868 in Moscow. Two years later, in St. Petersburg, the Main Directorate of the ROKK, with the participation of Princess Eugenia Maximilianovna and Sergei Petrovich Botkin, organized the St. George community. Subsequently, it was headed by the son of the outstanding clinician S.P. Botkin - Evgeniy Sergeevich. He worthily continued his father’s work not only as a talented doctor and court physician, but also as a trustee and mentor of communities of sisters of mercy. True to his medical duty to the end, he could not leave his charges and was shot along with the family of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg.

IN 1870 -1871 ROCK assisted the wounded (both Germans and French) during the Franco-Prussian War.

IN 1872 ROCK provided assistance to the population of the city of Shamakhi affected by the earthquake.

IN 1875 ROCK collected more than 106 thousand rubles. and issued various benefits worth 40 thousand rubles. to help victims of fires in 1875 in Morshansk, Bryansk, Rzhev, Volsk. In subsequent years, assistance to fire victims was constantly provided.

IN 1875 A regulation was issued regarding Red Cross sisters appointed to care for the sick and wounded during the war.

IN 1877 —1878 - during Russian-Turkish War ROCK took over almost all medical care for the army. More than three thousand sisters of mercy were trained, who, along with military doctors, saved the lives of soldiers. 1288 sisters were sent to the front, 55 of them died

IN 1878 —1879 medical units ROCK fought the plague in the village of Vetlyanka, Astrakhan region

IN 1879 - medical teams ROCK fought against diphtheria in the Poltava province.

IN 1879 In addition to the above-mentioned communities, under the jurisdiction of the ROKK there were: the community of the sisters of Princess Baryatinskaya, the Aleksandrovsky department of the Red Cross sisters in St. Petersburg, communities in Helsingfors, Tambov, Vilna, Warsaw, Kyiv - less than thirty in total. By 1900, their number increased to 84. Geographically, they spread from Arkhangelsk in the north to Tiflis in the south, from Warsaw in the west to Khabarovsk in the east.

WITH 1882 — ROCK began to help disabled war veterans (free treatment, training in crafts). The following were built: a widow's house for the families of fallen soldiers and officers, 4 orphanages, a house of cheap apartments, a school for orphans, 2 shelters for incurable and chronically ill people. Sick and wounded officers were sent free of charge to foreign and domestic hospitals.

IN 1891-1892 ROKK provided charitable assistance to victims of the famine that affected 25 provinces, and fought the epidemics that accompanied the famine.

IN 1894 The Holy Cross Community of Sisters of Mercy came under the jurisdiction of the ROCC.

A huge role in the development of the Red Cross belonged to Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna - older sister the last Russian Empress and wife of the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duke Sergius Alexandrovich.

IN 1896 , in Moscow, under the auspices of the local branch of the Red Cross Society, whose chairman was Grand Duke Sergius Alexandrovich, and on the initiative of the Moscow Ladies' Committee, the Iverskaya community of sisters arose.

IN 1897 A surgical clinic with an operating room and six wards with 16 beds was opened in the community. Inpatient treatment was paid. By the beginning of the 20th century, 47 nurses and 24 subjects were already working here - by this time, assistance was provided to more than 40 thousand patients, half of whom were operated on.

IN 1897 ROKK provided charitable assistance to flood victims in St. Petersburg. In 1898, he again provided charitable assistance to those affected by famine (in 9 provinces) and fought the epidemics that accompanied the famine.

IN 1899 ROKK in St. Petersburg created a Committee to provide first aid to victims of accidents and public disasters. He opened stations that became the prototype of the future Ambulance Service.

XX century

All communities of sisters of mercy at the beginning of the 20th century were under the jurisdiction of the Red Cross Society under the patronage of the widowed Empress Maria Feodorovna, wife Alexandra III and mother of Nicholas II. Their activities were regulated General Charter Red Cross communities, approved in 1903.

During the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 ROKK provided assistance to the wounded. In addition, the ROKK opened the Central Prisoner of War Information Bureau, which collaborated with the Japanese Red Cross.

With announcement Russo-Japanese War The largest undertaking in terms of monetary and organizational costs was the equipment of flying sanitary detachments. The Red Cross of Empress Maria Feodorovna, charitable institutions of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and the Special Committee of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna participated in their creation. Both capitals formed ten flying squads.

On behalf of the ROKK, the Special Committee equipped two barges of a floating hospital for 400 people for the evacuation of the sick and wounded along the Sungari and Amur rivers, starting from Harbin. In September 1904, Elizaveta Feodorovna established the “Elizabeth Sanatorium” for recovering soldiers.

Through the joint efforts of ROKK institutions, about 600 thousand people received assistance during the Russian-Japanese War (1904-1905). To prevent infectious diseases and epidemics, two bacteriological and eight disinfection teams were created for the first time, 22 sanitary trains made 179 trips and transported more than 87 thousand wounded and sick. on Far East and in Siberia there were 158 infirmaries of the Russian Red Cross Society with 26 thousand beds, 25 flying squads, the Headquarters of the Red Cross was in Harbin.

WITH 1876—1912 ROKK also provided assistance to victims of foreign military conflicts - the Italo-Abyssinian War (1896), the Spanish-American War (1896), the Greco-Turkish War (1897), the Boer War (1899), the Balkan Wars (1912-13), as well as the inhabitants of Macedonia who suffered from "internal turmoil" , Italians - during the earthquake in Calabria and Sicily, residents of Paris after the flood, Montenegrins - in the fight against the cholera epidemic, residents of Constantinople who became victims of the fire.

With the outbreak of the First World War, the enormous work on organizing assistance to the wounded turned out to be invaluable. The military medical service of the Russian army could not cope with the huge flow of wounded. There were not enough personnel, property, and medical institutions. And the Russian Red Cross Society organized parallel medical care for the wounded and sick at the front and in the rear. As during the Russo-Japanese War, mass training of sisters of mercy began in short-term two-month courses. If by 1912 there were 3,442 sisters of mercy in the communities, then in 1914, under the auspices of the Red Cross, 150 schools were already actively operating, in which 10 thousand sisters of mercy were trained.

On January 1, 1917, 2,500 doctors, 20,000 nurses, and over 50,000 orderlies were in the service of the ROKK. The Central Information Bureau on Prisoners of War operated under the ROKK. ROKK was responsible for supplying refugee assistance institutions and regulating their movement.

When the Germans first used chemical weapons in 1915, the ROKK quickly mastered the production of gas masks and produced about 6 million of them in just three months.

Maria Fedorovna, wife of Alexander III, was a trustee of the Russian Red Cross Society until 1917. During the First World War, her daughter, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, having mastered the skills of a nurse, cared for the sick in the hospitals of Kyiv.

During the First World War, an infirmary of the Russian Red Cross was established in Tsarskoye Selo, where courses for nurses operated. After completing these courses, Alexandra Fedorovna and her older daughters worked in this infirmary, like ordinary nurses. It was an unprecedented real-life incident. royal families Europe.

The family of Emperor Nicholas II initiated a movement against tuberculosis in Russia called “White Chamomile”.

Soviet period

4 January By decree of the Council of People's Commissars, the Main Directorate of the Red Cross was abolished and in its place a Committee for the Reorganization of the Society was established; the property and capital of Red Cross institutions were transferred to state ownership. On August 7, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the activities and reorganization of the ROKK. During the Civil War, more than 400 ROKK units provided assistance to the wounded. Since 1921, he fought famine in the Volga region, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and the Caucasus. Since 1922, ROKK has provided food and medical assistance to about 33 thousand children every day. In 1922, ROKK began the fight against malaria, in 1923 - against social diseases.

IN 1923 the chairmen of the Red Cross societies of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia and the Red Crescent of Azerbaijan signed a declaration of unification and the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies of the USSR (Soviet Red Cross).

IN 1920s ROKK fought against tuberculosis, venereal diseases, trachoma, and smallpox.

IN 1924 ROKK created the “Health Service for Young Pioneers”. In 1925, in Crimea, with funds from the ROKK, the Kid `s camp"Artek".

IN 1927—1940 years, the Soviet Red Cross trained the population in first aid skills and trained nurses. In the 1930s, the efforts of the Soviet Red Cross were aimed at serving workers at large industrial construction sites and railway transport (construction of bathhouses, laundries, sanitary checkpoints).

By Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 1383 “On the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies of the USSR” dated December 3, 1938, all economic, medical and sanitary activities and 6111 medical, preventive and other activities were removed from the jurisdiction of local and republican committees of the Union of Red Cross Societies institutions were transferred to health authorities and other organizations.

1941-1945 .During the Great Patriotic War The Soviet Red Cross trained nurses and orderlies, organized blood donation. In March 1945, the Central Information Bureau on Displaced Persons was created under the Executive Committee of the SOKK and Communist Party of the USSR

IN 1945-1949 sanitary and epidemiological units of the Soviet Red Cross fought the plague in Manchuria, suppressed outbreaks of typhus in Poland, and outbreaks of cholera, smallpox and other infectious diseases in the DPRK. In 1946 in various cities North Korea The Soviet Red Cross deployed 17 hospitals, its hospitals and medical centers operated in 8 cities in China. In addition, there were Soviet Red Cross hospitals in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), Tehran (Iran), and Lakhdaria (Algeria).

IN 1948 The Ivanovo International Boarding School came under the jurisdiction of the Soviet Red Cross.

IN 1957 on the initiative of the committees of the Red Cross societies of Moscow and Leningrad, a movement of gratuitous blood donors . In 1960, to provide medical and social assistance to lonely patients, war and labor veterans at home, the Society’s committees began to create a service visiting nurses (later renamed the Mercy Service)

IN 1986 after the disaster on Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Committees of the Red Cross Society set up sanitary posts on the roads, carried out educational work among the population, provided assistance to the victims, collected and sent environmentally friendly products to contaminated areas.

IN 1989 The Soviet Red Cross formed the first team of volunteer rescuers, which included specialists who worked in Armenia after the 1988 earthquake. In 1990, the Rescue Service of the Russian Red Cross was founded on its basis.

Post-Soviet period

IN 1992 The XII Extraordinary Congress of the SOKK and the Communist Party of the USSR decided to liquidate the SOKK and the Communist Party of the USSR. The legal successor of SOKK and Communist Party of the USSR on the territory of the Russian Federation became Russian Red Cross Society (ROSC).

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