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Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich biography briefly the most important. Brief biography A

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. Born on January 4 (15), 1795 in Moscow - died on January 30 (February 11), 1829 in Tehran. Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman. State Councilor (1828).

Griboyedov is known as homo unius libri - the writer of one book, the brilliantly rhymed play "Woe from Wit", which is still very often staged in Russian theaters. It served as the source of numerous catch phrases.

Griboyedov was born in Moscow into a wealthy, noble family. His ancestor, Jan Grzybowski (Polish: Jan Grzybowski), moved from Poland to Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The author's surname Griboyedov is nothing more than a peculiar translation of the surname Grzhibovsky. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Fyodor Akimovich Griboyedov was a clerk and one of the five compilers of the Council Code of 1649.

The writer's father is retired Second Major Sergei Ivanovich Griboyedov (1761-1814). Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna (1768-1839), maiden name was also Griboedova.

According to relatives, as a child Alexander was very focused and unusually developed. There is information that he was the great-nephew of Alexander Radishchev (the playwright himself carefully hid this). At the age of 6 he was fluent in three foreign languages, in his youth already six, in particular fluent in English, French, German and Italian. He understood Latin and ancient Greek very well.

In 1803 he was sent to the Moscow University Noble Boarding School; Three years later, Griboedov entered the literature department of Moscow University. In 1808 he received the title of candidate of literary sciences, but did not leave his studies, but entered the moral and political department, and then the physics and mathematics department.

On September 8, 1812, cornet Griboyedov fell ill and remained in Vladimir, and, presumably, until November 1, 1812, due to illness, did not appear at the regiment's location. In winter, during Patriotic War In 1812, when the enemy appeared on Russian territory, he joined the Moscow Hussar Regiment (a volunteer irregular unit) of Count Pyotr Ivanovich Saltykov, who received permission to form it. Arriving at his place of duty, he found himself in the company of “young cornets from the best noble families” - Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, and the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. Subsequently, he wrote in a letter to S.N. Begichev: “I was in this squad for only 4 months, and now for the 4th year I have not been able to get on the right path.”

Until 1815, Griboedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of cavalry general A. S. Kologrivov. Griboyedov’s first literary experiments - “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher”, the essay “On the Cavalry Reserves” and the comedy “The Young Spouses” (translation of the French comedy “Le secre”) - date back to 1814. In the article “On the Cavalry Reserves” Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.

In 1815, Griboyedov came to St. Petersburg, where he met the publisher of the magazine “Son of the Fatherland” N.I. Grech and the famous playwright N.I. Khmelnitsky.

In the spring of 1816, the aspiring writer left military service, and already in the summer he published an article “On the analysis of the free translation of the Burger ballad “Lenora”” - a response to N. I. Gnedich’s critical remarks about P. A. Katenin’s ballad “Olga”. At the same time, Griboyedov’s name appears in the lists of active members of the Masonic lodge “Les Amis Reunis” (“United Friends”).

At the beginning of 1817, Griboyedov became one of the founders of the Masonic lodge "Du Bien". In the summer he entered the diplomatic service, taking the position of provincial secretary (from the winter - translator) of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. This period of the writer’s life also includes his acquaintances with A. S. Pushkin and V. K. Kuchelbecker, work on the poem “Lubochny Theater” (a response to M. N. Zagoskin’s criticism of “The Young Spouses”), and the comedies “Student” (together with P. A. Katenin), “Feigned Infidelity” (together with A. A. Gendre), “One’s own family, or the Married Bride” (co-authored with A. A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky).

In 1817, the famous “quadruple duel” between Zavadovsky-Sheremetev and Griboedov-Yakubovich took place in St. Petersburg. It was Griboyedov who gave the reason for the duel, bringing the ballerina Istomin to the apartment of his friend Count Zavadovsky (Griboyedov was 22 years old at that time). Cavalry guard Sheremetev, Istomina’s lover, summoned Zavadovsky. Griboedov became Zavadovsky’s second, and Yakubovich became Sheremetev’s cornet of the Life Ulan Regiment.

Griboyedov lived with Zavadovsky and, being a friend of Istomina, after the performance he brought her to his place, naturally, to Zavadovsky’s house, where she lived for two days. Sheremetev was in a quarrel with Istomina and was away, but when he returned, instigated by A.I. Yakubovich, he challenged Zavadovsky to a duel. Yakubovich and Griboyedov also promised to fight.

Zavadovsky and Sheremetev were the first to reach the barrier. Zavadovsky, an excellent shooter, mortally wounded Sheremetev in the stomach. Since Sheremetev had to be immediately taken to the city, Yakubovich and Griboyedov postponed their fight. It took place the following year, 1818, in Georgia. Yakubovich was transferred to Tiflis for service, and Griboedov also happened to be passing through there, heading on a diplomatic mission to Persia.

Griboedov was wounded in the left hand. It was from this wound that it was subsequently possible to identify the disfigured corpse of Griboyedov, killed by religious fanatics during the destruction of the Russian embassy in Tehran.

In 1818, Griboedov, having refused the position of an official of the Russian mission in the United States, was appointed to the post of secretary under the Tsar's Charge d'Affaires of Persia. Before leaving for Tehran, he completed work on “Sideshow Trials.” He left for his duty station at the end of August, two months later (with short stops in Novgorod, Moscow, Tula and Voronezh) he arrived in Mozdok, and on the way to Tiflis he compiled a detailed diary describing his travels.

At the beginning of 1819, Griboedov completed work on the ironic “Letter to the Publisher from Tiflis on January 21” and, probably, the poem “Forgive me, Fatherland!”, and then went on his first business trip to the Shah’s court. On the way to the appointed place through Tabriz (January - March) he continued to drive travel notes, started last year. In August he returned back, where he began to advocate for the fate of Russian soldiers who were in Iranian captivity. In September, at the head of a detachment of prisoners and fugitives, he set out from Tabriz to Tiflis, where he arrived the following month. Some events of this journey are described on the pages of Griboyedov’s diaries (for July and August/September), as well as in the narrative fragments “Vagin’s Story” and “Ananur Quarantine”.

In January 1820, Griboyedov went there again, adding new entries to his travel diary. Here, burdened with official chores, he spent more than a year and a half. His stay in Persia was incredibly burdensome for the writer-diplomat, and in the fall of the following year, 1821, due to health reasons (due to a broken arm), he finally managed to transfer closer to his homeland - to Georgia. There he became close to Kuchelbecker, who had arrived here for service, and began work on the draft manuscripts of the first edition of “Woe from Wit.”

Since February 1822, Griboyedov was the diplomatic secretary under General A.P. Ermolov, who commanded the Russian troops in Tiflis. The author’s work on the drama “1812” is often dated to the same year (apparently timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of Russia’s victory in the war with Napoleonic France).

At the beginning of 1823, Griboyedov left the service for a while and returned to his homeland, for more than two years he lived in Moscow, in the village. Dmitrovsky (Lakotsy) Tula province, in St. Petersburg. Here the author continued the work begun in the Caucasus with the text “Woe from Wit”, by the end of the year he wrote the poem “David”, a dramatic scene in verse “Youth of the Prophetic”, vaudeville “Who is the brother, who is the sister, or Deception after deception” (in cooperation with P. A. Vyazemsky) and the first edition of the famous waltz “e-moll”. It is customary to attribute the appearance of the first entries of his “Desiderata” - a journal of notes on controversial issues of Russian history, geography and literature - to the same period of Griboedov’s life.

The following year, 1824, dates back to the writer’s epigrams on M.A. Dmitriev and A.I. Pisarev (“And they compose - they lie! And they translate - they lie!..”, “How magazine brawls spread!..”), the narrative fragment “Character my uncle,” the essay “Special Cases of the St. Petersburg Flood” and the poem “Teleshova.” At the end of the same year (December 15), Griboyedov became a full member of the Free Society of Amateurs Russian literature.

At the end of May 1825, due to the urgent need to return to his place of duty, the writer abandoned his intention to visit Europe and left for the Caucasus.

Subsequently, he will learn Arabic, Turkish, Georgian and Persian. The first teacher who taught Griboedov the Persian language was Mirza Jafar Topchibashev. On the eve of this trip, he completed work on a free translation of the “Prologue in the Theater” from the tragedy “Faust”, at the request of F.V. Bulgarin, he compiled notes to “Extraordinary Adventures and Travels...” of D.I. Tsikulin, published in the April issues of the magazine “Northern” archive" for 1825. On the way to Georgia, he visited Kiev, where he met prominent figures of the revolutionary underground (M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A. Z. Muravyov, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol and S. P. Trubetskoy), lived for some time in Crimea, visiting the estate of his old friend A.P. Zavadovsky. On the peninsula, Griboyedov developed a plan for the majestic tragedy of the Baptism of the ancient Russians and kept a detailed diary travel notes, published only three decades after the author’s death. According to the opinion established in science, it was under the influence of the southern trip that he wrote the scene “Dialogue of Polovtsian Husbands.”

Upon returning to the Caucasus, Griboyedov, inspired by participation in the expedition of General A. A. Velyaminov, wrote the famous poem “Predators on Chegem.” In January 1826, he was arrested in the Grozny fortress on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists; Griboyedov was brought to St. Petersburg, but the investigation could not find evidence of Griboedov’s belonging to secret society. With the exception of A.F. Brigen, E.P. Obolensky, N.N. Orzhitsky and S.P. Trubetskoy, none of the suspects testified to the detriment of Griboyedov. He was under investigation until June 2, 1826, but since it was not possible to prove his participation in the conspiracy, and he himself categorically denied his involvement in the conspiracy, he was released from arrest with a “cleansing certificate.” Despite this, Griboyedov was under secret surveillance for some time.

In September 1826 he returned to service in Tiflis and continued his diplomatic activities; took part in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty (1828), beneficial for Russia, and delivered its text to St. Petersburg. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; On the way to his destination, he again spent several months in Tiflis and married there on August 22 (September 3), 1828, Princess Nina Chavchavadze, with whom he only lived for a few weeks.

Foreign embassies were not located in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to present itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboyedov died: on January 30, 1829 (6 Sha'ban 1244 AH), a crowd of thousands of rebellious Persians killed everyone in the embassy, except for the secretary Ivan Sergeevich Maltsov.

The circumstances of the defeat of the Russian mission are described in different ways, but Maltsov was an eyewitness to the events, and he does not mention the death of Griboyedov, only writes that 15 people defended themselves at the door of the envoy’s room. Returning to Russia, he wrote that 37 people in the embassy were killed (all except him alone) and 19 Tehran residents. He himself hid in another room and, in fact, could only describe what he heard. All the defenders died, and there were no direct witnesses left.

Riza-Kuli writes that Griboyedov was killed with 37 comrades, and 80 people from the crowd were killed. His body was so mutilated that he was identified only by a mark on his left hand, received in the famous duel with Yakubovich.

Griboedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David.

The Persian Shah sent his grandson to St. Petersburg to resolve the diplomatic scandal. To compensate for the blood shed, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, including the Shah diamond. This magnificent diamond, framed with many rubies and emeralds, once adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it shines in the collection of the Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin.

At the grave, Griboyedov’s widow Nina Chavchavadze erected a monument to him with the inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you!”

In recent years Yuri Tynyanov dedicated the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” (1928) to the life of A. S. Griboedov.

Date of birth: January 15, 1795
Date of death: February 11, 1829
Place of birth: Moscow

Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich- talented Russian diplomat, Griboyedov A.S.- a famous playwright, a brilliant poet, a gifted pianist and composer, a true nobleman and State Councilor.

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was born on January 15, 1795 in Moscow. The future famous playwright, a wonderful poet, a wonderful pianist and composer, as well as a subtle diplomat and a convinced nobleman, was the descendants of the Poles who moved to Russia in the 17th century. Their last name sounded like Grzhibovsky, but was translated into Russian.

His father, Sergei Ivanovich, was a retired officer who, in his youth, caroused and played cards from morning to evening. His mother came from the same Polish family, was a very strong and domineering woman, confident in herself and her abilities.

Alexander Griboedov spent his entire childhood in Moscow with his sister and on his mother’s family estate in the Smolensk province. Since his childhood, many relatives were amazed at the perseverance and hard work of Griboedov, who played the flute and piano excellently, sang beautifully, wrote poetry and composed musical opuses.

Like all nobles, he received an excellent education at home under the guidance of I. D. Petrosilius, a famous scientist. In 1803, he entered a boarding school at Moscow University, three years later he entered the Faculty of Literature, and in 1808 he defended his PhD in Literary Sciences. After graduating from the Faculty of Literature, he entered the moral and political department, and then the physics and mathematics department.

He himself studied foreign languages and varying degrees mastered French, German, English, Italian, Greek, Latin, Arabic, Persian and Turkish. IN student years he also communicated quite closely with many Decembrists.

Mature years:

In 1812, with the beginning of the Patriotic War, Alexander Griboyedov voluntarily joined the army. He immediately enters the hussar regiment and receives the rank of cornet. His cavalry unit stood in reserve throughout the war; he never saw a real battle. Immediately after the end of the war, Griboyedov resigned.

After the war, he settled in St. Petersburg, where he began actively writing for the magazines “Son of the Fatherland” and “Bulletin of Europe”. In 1817, he co-founded the DuBien Masonic Lodge, and also became a member of the diplomatic department, the College of Foreign Affairs. At first he worked as a provincial secretary, and then became a translator. Exactly at Northern capital he met Pushkin, who greatly influenced his development as a writer. Griboyedov was forced to leave St. Petersburg after an unsuccessful duel between Zavadovsky and Sheremetev.

In 1818, having refused the post of diplomatic representative in America, he began to serve in the secretariat of the imperial chargé in Persia. He later ended up in Tiflis, where he met Yakubovich, with whom he had scores to settle from an ill-fated duel in St. Petersburg. He was also forced to fight and was seriously wounded in the left hand. In 1821, due to a serious hand injury, he went to Georgia, where he began working on “Woe from Wit.” A year later he becomes secretary under Ermolov.

In 1823, he returned to Russia and began to actively work on completing Woe from Wit; he also actively works with many representatives of Russian literature. About two years later he had to move to the Caucasus, where he stayed until 1826, and then was arrested as an accomplice in the Decembrist uprising.

No evidence was found, and therefore he was allowed to return to work in the Caucasus. He became an active participant in the development of diplomatic relations between Russia, Persia and Turkey, and was the initiator of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty with Persia, which was beneficial for Russia, which became the final point in the war between these countries. After this, he became the main representative of Russia in Persia. In 1828, Griboyedov married Nina Chavchavadze.

In 1829, on a January morning, the Russian embassy in Tehran was attacked by radical Muslims. During the attack, all embassy employees were killed, including Griboyedov.

He was buried in Tiflis on Mount St. David. He was the initiator of the conclusion of an important diplomatic agreement between Russia and Persia, used a unique aphoristic method for constructing dialogues and narration in Woe from Wit, and was also one of the important propaganda tools of the Decembrists, using his creativity to expose the moral character of the nobles.

Important dates in the life of Alexander Griboyedov:

Born 1795
- Entered the noble boarding school at Moscow University in 1803
- Defense of the candidate's thesis and receipt of the title of Candidate of Literary Sciences in 1808
- Voluntary entry into the army in 1812
- Beginning of active literary collaboration with metropolitan magazines in 1815
- Membership in the Masonic lodge, entry into the diplomatic service, as well as participation in the duel between Sheremetev and Zavardovsky as a second in 1817
- Appointment to the secretariat of the Persian diplomatic mission and a duel with Yakubovich in 1818
- Moving to Georgia and starting work at Ermolov’s diplomatic mission in 1821
- Publication of “Woe from Wit” after returning to Russia in 1824
- Transfer to the Caucasus in 1825
- Arrest in the Decembrist case in 1826
- Conclusion of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty after returning to diplomatic service, marriage to Nina Chavchavadze, transfer to Persia in 1828
- Attack on the Russian embassy in Tehran and death in 1829

Interesting facts from the life of Alexander Griboedov:

Griboedov was seriously wounded in the left hand in a duel with Yakubovich, this wound later became an opportunity to identify the writer's corpse after he was mutilated beyond recognition by the embassy attackers
- Griboedov had no children, The only son gave birth after Griboyedov's death and died shortly after birth
- Griboyedov’s wife was a 15-year-old girl who remained faithful to her husband until the end of her days
- Huge diamond natural origin"The Shah", which is the pride of the Russian treasury, was presented to Emperor Nicholas II by Prince Khozrev-Mirza as an apology for the death of Griboedov

From 1822 to 1826, Griboedov served in the Caucasus at the headquarters of A.P. Ermolov, from January to June 1826 he was under arrest in the Decembrist case.

Since 1827, under the new governor of the Caucasus, I.F. Paskevich, he was in charge of diplomatic relations with Turkey and Persia. In 1828, after the conclusion of the Turkmanchay Peace, in which Griboedov took an active part and the text of which he brought to St. Petersburg, he was appointed “plenipotentiary minister” to Persia to ensure compliance with the terms of the treaty.

In the same year in August, Alexander Griboedov married eldest daughter his friend - the Georgian poet and public figure Alexandra Chavchavadze - Nina, whom he knew since childhood, often studied music with her. Having matured, Nina evoked in the soul of Alexander Griboyedov, an already mature man, a strong and deep feeling of love.

They say she was a beauty: a slender, graceful brunette, with pleasant and regular features, with dark brown eyes, charming everyone with her kindness and meekness. Griboyedov called her Madonna Murillo. On August 22, 1828, they were married in the Zion Cathedral in Tiflis. There is an entry in the church book: “The Plenipotentiary Minister in Persia of His Imperial Majesty, State Councilor and Cavalier Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov entered into a legal marriage with the girl Nina, the daughter of Major General Prince Alexander Chavchavadzev...”. Griboyedov was 33 years old, Nina Alexandrovna was not yet sixteen.

After the wedding and several days of celebrations, the young couple left for the estate of A. Chavchavadze in Kakheti, Tsinandali. Then the young couple went to Persia. Not wanting to expose Nina to danger in Tehran, Griboedov temporarily left his wife in Tabriz, his residence authorized representative Russian Empire in Persia, and went to the capital to present to the Shah alone. In Tehran, Griboedov was very homesick for his young wife and worried about her (Nina had a very difficult time with her pregnancy).

On January 30, 1829, a crowd, incited by Muslim fanatics, destroyed the Russian mission in Tehran. During the destruction of the embassy, the Russian envoy Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was killed. The riotous crowd dragged his mutilated corpse through the streets for several days, and then threw him into a common pit, where the bodies of his comrades already lay. Later he was identified only by the little finger of his left hand, mutilated in a duel.

Nina, who was waiting for her husband in Tabriz, did not know about his death; Worried about her health, those around her hid the terrible news. On February 13, at the urgent request of her mother, she left Tabriz and went to Tiflis. Only here they told her that her husband was dead. She suffered from premature labor due to stress.

On April 30, Griboyedov’s ashes were brought to Gergery, where A.S. saw the coffin. Pushkin, who mentions this in his “Travel to Arzrum”. In June, Griboyedov’s body finally arrived in Tiflis, and on June 18, 1829, it was interred near the Church of St. David, according to the wishes of Griboyedov, who once jokingly told his wife: “Don’t leave my bones in Persia; if I die there, bury me in Tiflis, in the monastery of St. David." Nina fulfilled her husband's will. She buried him where he asked; Nina Alexandrovna erected a chapel on her husband’s grave, and in it - a monument depicting a woman praying and crying in front of a crucifix - an emblem of herself. On the monument there is the following inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory; but why did my love survive you?”

2. Stepan Nikitich Begichev(1785–1859) – colonel, Russian memoirist; brother of D. N. Begichev and E. N. Yablochkova. In 1813 he served as adjutant under General A. S. Kologrivov together with his brother Dmitry and A. S. Griboedov. He was a member of the early Decembrist organizations. Was a member of the Welfare Union. In the 1820s, Begichev's house was one of the centers of cultural life in Moscow. A. S. Griboyedov, V. F. Odoevsky, V. K. Kuchelbecker, D. V. Davydov, A. N. Verstovsky were here. Based on personal memories, he wrote a “Note about A. S. Griboyedov” (“Russian Bulletin”, 1892).
Prince Alexander Alexandrovich Shakhovskoy (1777–1846) - Russian playwright and theater figure from the Shakhovsky family. From 1802 to 1826 he served in the St. Petersburg Directorate of Imperial Theaters and actually led the theaters of St. Petersburg. In 1811-1815, Shakhovskoy took an active part in the activities of the “Conversations of Lovers of the Russian Word.” At this time he wrote the poetic comedy “A Lesson for Coquettes, or Lipetsk Waters.” In terms of artistic merit, this play rose above everything that was created in Russia in the field of verse comedy after Kapnist’s “Sneak” and before “Woe from Wit.” ()

10. Gnedich Nikolai Ivanovich(1784–1833) – poet and translator. Griboyedov wrote a critical article against Gnedich, who sharply criticized Katenin's translation of Burger's ballad "Lenora". Gnedich considered Zhukovsky’s ballad “Lyudmila” to be an exemplary translation of this work. Griboedov noted the inaccuracies of Zhukovsky's translation, which softened the style of the original, and defended Katenin's vernacular translation. Despite this harsh criticism, Griboedov valued Gnedich as a writer and translator. In 1824, having returned to St. Petersburg, he considered it necessary to visit him and in a letter to P. A. Vyazemsky on June 27 he wrote: “I saw Gnedich, despite his tie being tied with an examiner, in thoughts and words and did something pompous, but it seems that he is much smarter than many here" (

Works on the website Lib.ru in Wikisource.

Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov(January 4, Moscow - January 30 [February 11], Tehran) - Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman. State Councilor (1828).

Griboyedov is known as homo unius libri- writer of one book, a brilliantly rhymed play “Woe from Wit,” which is still one of the most frequently staged in Russian theaters, as well as the source of numerous catchphrases.

Biography

Origin and early years

Griboyedov was born in Moscow into a wealthy, noble family. His ancestor, Jan Grzybowski (Polish. Jan Grzybowski), at the beginning of the 17th century moved from Poland to Russia. The author's surname Griboyedov is nothing more than a peculiar translation of the surname Grzhibovsky. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he was a clerk and one of the five compilers of the Council Code of 1649 was Fyodor Akimovich Griboedov.

The writer's father is retired Second Major Sergei Ivanovich Griboyedov (1761-1814). Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna (1768-1839), maiden name was also Griboedova.

According to relatives, as a child Alexander was very focused and unusually developed.

War

But they had barely begun to form when the enemy entered Moscow. This regiment received orders to go to Kazan, and after the expulsion of the enemies, at the end of the same year, it was ordered to follow to Brest-Litovsk, join the defeated Irkutsk Dragoon Regiment and take the name of the Irkutsk Hussars.

On September 8, 1812, cornet Griboedov fell ill and remained in Vladimir, and until, presumably, November 1, 1813, due to illness, he did not appear at the regiment's location. Arriving at his duty station, he found himself in the company “young cornets from the best noble families”- Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. He subsequently wrote in a letter to Begichev: “I was in this squad for only 4 months, and now for the 4th year I have not been able to get on the right path.

Until 1815, Griboyedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of cavalry general A. S. Kologrivov. Griboedov's first literary experiments - “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher”, feature article "About cavalry reserves" and comedy "Young Spouses"(translation of the French comedy “Le secr - dates back to 1814. In the article "About cavalry reserves" Griboedov acted as a historical publicist.

The enthusiastic and lyrical “Letter...” from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher of “Bulletin of Europe” was written by him after Kologrivov was awarded in 1814 with the “Order of St. Vladimir Equal to the Apostles, 1st degree” and the holiday of June 22 (July 4) in Brest-Litovsk, in the cavalry reserves, regarding this matter .

In the capital

In 1815, Griboyedov came to St. Petersburg, where he met the publisher of the magazine “Son of the Fatherland” N. I. Grech and the famous playwright N. I. Khmelnitsky.

In the spring of 1816, the aspiring writer left military service, and in the summer he published an article “On the analysis of the free translation of the Burger ballad “Lenora” - a response to the critical remarks of N. I. Gnedich about the ballad “Olga” by P. A. Katenin. At the same time, Griboyedov’s name appears in the lists of active members of the Masonic lodge “Les Amis Reunis” (“United Friends”).

At the beginning of 1817, Griboyedov became one of the founders of the Masonic lodge "Du Bien". In the summer he entered the diplomatic service, taking the position of provincial secretary (from the winter - translator) of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. This period of the writer’s life also includes his acquaintance with A. S. Pushkin and V. K. Kuchelbecker, work on the poem “Lubochny Theater” (a response to M. N. Zagoskin’s criticism of “Young Spouses”), and the comedies “Student” [(together with P. A. Katenin), “Feigned Infidelity” (together with A. A. Gendre), “One’s own family, or the Married Bride” (co-authored with A. A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky).

Duel

Griboedov was wounded in the left hand. It was from this wound that it was subsequently possible to identify the disfigured corpse of Griboedov, killed by religious fanatics during the destruction of the Russian embassy in Tehran.

In the east

In 1818, Griboyedov, having refused the position of an official of the Russian mission in the United States, was appointed to the post of secretary under the Tsar's Charge d'Affaires of Persia. Before leaving for Tehran, he completed work on “Sideshow Trials.” He left for his duty station at the end of August, two months later (with short stops in Novgorod, Moscow, Tula and Voronezh) he arrived in Mozdok, and on the way to Tiflis he compiled a detailed diary describing his travels.

At the beginning of 1819, Griboedov completed work on the ironic “Letter to the Publisher from Tiflis on January 21” and, probably, the poem “Forgive me, Fatherland!”, and then went on his first business trip to the Shah’s court. On the way to Tehran through Tabriz (January - March), I continued to write travel notes that I started last year. In August he returned to Tabriz, where he began to advocate for the fate of Russian soldiers who were in Iranian captivity. In September, at the head of a detachment of prisoners and fugitives, he set out from Tabriz to Tiflis, where he arrived the following month. Some events of this journey are described on the pages of Griboyedov’s diaries (for July and August/September), as well as in the narrative fragments “Vagin’s Story” and “Ananur Quarantine”.

In January 1820, Griboedov again went to Tabriz, adding new entries to his travel diary. Here, burdened with official chores, he spent more than a year and a half. His stay in Persia was incredibly burdensome for the writer-diplomat, and in the fall of the following year, 1821, due to health reasons (due to a broken arm), he finally managed to transfer closer to his homeland - to Georgia. In Tiflis, he became close to Kuchelbecker, who had arrived here for service, and began work on the draft manuscripts of the first edition of “Woe from Wit.”

Since February 1822, Griboyedov was secretary for diplomatic affairs under General A.P. Ermolov, who commanded the Russian troops in Tiflis. The author’s work on the drama “1812” is often dated to the same year (apparently timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of Russia’s victory in the war with Napoleonic France).

At the beginning of 1823, Griboyedov left the service for a while and returned to his homeland, for more than two years he lived in Moscow, in the village. Dmitrovsky (Lakotsy) Tula province, in St. Petersburg. Here the author continued the work begun in the Caucasus with the text “Woe from Wit”, by the end of the year he wrote the poem “David”, a dramatic scene in verse “Youth of the Prophetic”, vaudeville “Who is the brother, who is the sister, or Deception after deception” (in cooperation with P. A. Vyazemsky) and the first edition of the famous waltz “E-moll”. It is customary to attribute the appearance of the first entries of his “Desiderata” - a journal of notes on controversial issues of Russian history, geography and literature - to the same period of Griboedov’s life.

The following year, 1824, dates back to the writer’s epigrams on M.A. Dmitriev and A.I. Pisarev (“And they compose lies! and translate - they lie!..”, “How magazine brawls spread!..”), a narrative fragment “The character of my uncles,” essay “Special Cases of the St. Petersburg Flood” and poem “Teleshova.” At the end of the same year (December 15), Griboyedov became a full member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

On South

At the end of May 1825, due to the urgent need to return to his place of duty, the writer abandoned his intention to visit Europe and left for the Caucasus. On the eve of this trip, he completed work on a free translation of the “Prologue in the Theater” from the tragedy “Faust”, at the request of F.V. Bulgarin, he compiled notes to “Extraordinary Adventures and Travels...” of D.I. Tsikulin, published in the April issues of the magazine “Northern” archive" for 1825. On the way to Georgia, he visited Kiev, where he met prominent figures of the revolutionary underground (M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A. Z. Muravyov, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol and S. P. Trubetskoy), lived for some time in Crimea, visiting the estate of his old friend A.P. Zavadovsky. On the peninsula, Griboyedov developed a plan for the majestic tragedy of the Baptism of the ancient Russians and kept a detailed diary of travel notes, published only three decades after the author’s death. According to the opinion established in science, it was under the influence of the southern trip that he wrote the scene “Dialogue of Polovtsian Husbands.”

Arrest

Return to duty

In September 1826 he returned to Tiflis and continued his diplomatic activities; took part in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty (1828), beneficial for Russia, and delivered its text to St. Petersburg. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; On the way to his destination, he again spent several months in Tiflis and married there on August 22 (September 3) to Princess Nina Chavchavadze, with whom he only lived for a few weeks.

Death in Persia

The foreign embassies were not located in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to present itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboyedov died: on January 30, 1829 (6 Sha'ban 1244 AH), a crowd of thousands of rebellious Persians killed everyone in the embassy, except for secretary Maltsov.

The circumstances of the defeat of the Russian mission are described in different ways, but Maltsov was an eyewitness to the events, and he does not mention the death of Griboyedov, only writes that 15 people defended themselves at the door of the envoy’s room. Maltsov writes that 37 people in the embassy were killed (all except him alone) and 19 Tehran residents. He himself hid in another room and, in fact, could only describe what he heard. All those who fought died, and there were no direct witnesses left.

Griboyedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David.

The Persian Shah sent his grandson to St. Petersburg to resolve the diplomatic scandal. To compensate for the shed blood, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, including the Shah diamond. Once upon a time, this magnificent diamond, framed with many rubies and emeralds, adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it shines in the collection of the Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin.

At his grave, Griboyedov’s widow Nina Chavchavadze erected a monument to him with the inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”.

Yuri Tynyanov dedicated the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” (1928) to the last years of A. S. Griboyedov’s life.

Creation

According to his literary position, Griboedov belongs (according to the classification of Yu. N. Tynyanov) to the so-called “younger archaists”: his closest literary allies are P. A. Katenin and V. K. Kuchelbecker; however, the “Arzamas people” also appreciated him, for example, Pushkin and Vyazemsky, and among his friends there were such different people, like P. Ya. Chaadaev and F. V. Bulgarin.

Even during his years of study at Moscow University (), Griboyedov wrote poems (only mentions have reached us), created a parody of Ozerov’s work “Dmitry Donskoy” - “Dmitry Dryanskoy”. Two of his correspondences are published in Vestnik Evropy: “On cavalry reserves” and “Letter to the editor.” In 1815, he published the comedy “Young Spouses” - a parody of the French comedies that made up the Russian comedy repertoire at that time. The author uses the very popular genre of “secular comedy” - works with a small number of characters and an emphasis on wit. In line with the polemic with Zhukovsky and Gnedich about the Russian ballad, Griboedov writes an article “On the analysis of the free translation of “Lenora”” ().

Techniques of parody: introducing texts into everyday context, exaggerated use of periphrasticism (all concepts in comedy are given descriptively, nothing is directly named). At the center of the work is a bearer of classicist consciousness (Benevolsky). All knowledge about life is gleaned from books, all events are perceived through the experience of reading. Saying “I saw it, I know it” means “I read it.” The hero strives to act out book stories; life seems uninteresting to him. Griboyedov will later repeat the lack of a real sense of reality in “Woe from Wit” - this is a trait of Chatsky.

"Woe from Wit"

The comedy “Woe from Wit” is the pinnacle of Russian drama and poetry. The bright aphoristic style contributed to the fact that she was all “dispersed into quotes.”

“Never has any people been so scourged, never has any country been dragged so much in the mud, never has so much rude abuse been thrown into the public’s face, and yet never has more complete success been achieved” (P. Chaadaev. “Apology for a Madman” ).

Griboyedov spoke 3 foreign languages at the age of 6. He was fluent in French, English, German and Italian, and understood Latin and Ancient Greek. Later, while in the Caucasus, he learned Arabic, Georgian, Persian and Turkish.

Memory

In Moscow there is an institute named after A. S. Griboyedov - IMPE named after. Griboyedova
In the center of Yerevan there is a monument to A. S. Griboyedov (author Hovhannes Bejanyan, 1974), and in 1995 it was published Postage Stamp Armenia, dedicated to Griboyedov.
In Alushta, a monument to A. S. Griboyedov was erected in 2002, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the city.
Memorial plaques remind of A. S. Griboyedov’s stay in Simferopol (on the facade of the building of the former Athens tavern, where the playwright supposedly stayed in 1825).
In Tbilisi there is a theater named after A. S. Griboyedov, a monument (author M. K. Merabishvili)
There are Griboyedov streets in Bryansk, Yekaterinburg, Krasnoyarsk, Ryazan, Irkutsk and a number of other cities and settlements in Russia and Ukraine. And also in Yerevan (Google Maps), Sevan, Minsk, Vitebsk (), Simferopol, Tbilisi, Vinnitsa, Khmelnitsky, Irpen, Bila Tserkva.
Griboyedov Canal (until 1923 - Ekaterininsky Canal) - a canal in St. Petersburg
A bust of Griboedov is installed on the facade of the Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

In philately

In numismatics

Addresses in St. Petersburg

11.1816 - 08.1818 - apartment building of I. Valkh - embankment of the Catherine Canal, 104;
01.06. - 07.1824 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the Moika River, 40;
08. - 11.1824 - apartment of A.I. Odoevsky in the Pogodin apartment building - Torgovaya Street, 5;
11.1824 - 01.1825 - P. N. Chebyshev’s apartment in the Usov apartment building - Nikolaevskaya embankment, 13;
01. - 09.1825 - apartment of A.I. Odoevsky in the Bulatov apartment building - St. Isaac's Square, 7;
06.1826 - apartment of A. A. Zhandre in the Egerman house - embankment of the Moika River, 82;
03. - 05.1828 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the Moika River, 40;
05. - 06.06.1828 - house of A.I. Kosikovsky - Nevsky Prospekt, 15.

Awards

Editions of essays

Full composition of writings. T. 1-3. - P., 1911-1917.
Essays. - M., 1956.
Woe from the mind. The publication was prepared by N.K. Piksanov. - M.: Nauka, 1969. (Literary monuments).
Woe from the mind. The publication was prepared by N.K. Piksanov with the participation of A.L. Grishunin. - M.: Nauka, 1987. - 479 p. (Second edition, supplemented.) (Literary monuments).
Essays in verse. Comp., prepared. text and notes D. M. Klimova. - L.: Sov. writer, 1987. - 512 p. (Poet's Library. Large series. Third edition).
Complete works: In 3 volumes / Ed. S. A. Fomicheva and others - St. Petersburg, 1995-2006.

Museums

“Khmelita” - State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve of A. S. Griboyedov

Notes

Griboyedov's date of birth is a special question. Options: , , , , 1795. The year 1795 is indicated in the first formal list (autobiography upon admission to the position), this year is indicated by the widow of A. S. Griboedov Nina Chavchavadze, and some friends. In the second formal list, Griboyedov already indicates 1794. Bulgarin and Senkovsky indicate the years 1792, respectively. The year 1790 is in the official papers after 1818, in the papers of the investigation into the uprising of December 14, 1825. It is known that a sister was born in 1792, and a brother in 1795. From this, researchers conclude that the versions or 1794 are solid. It should be noted that Griboyedov could deliberately hide his date of birth if it dates back to 1790 - in this case, he was born before his parents’ marriage. In 1818, he received a rank giving him the right to hereditary nobility, and could already publish his year of birth, this did not deprive him of privileges.
“The Personality of Griboyedov” S. A. Fomichev. (Retrieved July 4, 2009)
Unbegaun B. O. Russian surnames. - M.: Progress, 1989. - P. 340
FEB: Nikolaev et al. From the history of the Griboyedov family. - 1989 (text).
See also Polevye Lokottsy, where Griboyedov stayed with Begichev in 1823
http://bib.eduhmao.ru/http:/libres.bib.eduhmao.ru:81/http:/az.lib.ru/g/griboedow_a_s/text_0060.shtml S. N. Begichev “Note about A.S. Griboyedov"
FEB: Sverdlina. During the war years. - 1989
Minchik S.S. Griboyedov and Crimea. - Simferopol: Business-Inform, 2011. - pp. 94-96.
// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Minchik S.S. Griboyedov and Crimea. - Simferopol: Business-Inform, 2011. - pp. 115-189.
Series: Prominent personalities of Russia
Alexander Griboyedov and Nina Chavchavadze
Alexander Griboyedov. His life and literary work (chapter 6)
Alexander Griboyedov. His life and literary activity - A. M. Skabichevsky

Literature

A. S. Griboedov in the memoirs of his contemporaries. - M., 1929.
A. S. Griboedov in the memoirs of his contemporaries. - M., 1980.
A. S. Griboyedov in Russian criticism. - M., 1958.
A. S. Griboedov as a phenomenon of history and culture. - M., 2009.
A. S. Griboyedov, 1795-1829. - M., 1946.
A. S. Griboyedov: His life and death in the memoirs of his contemporaries. - L., 1929.
A. S. Griboyedov: Materials for the biography. - L., 1989.
A. S. Griboyedov. - M., 1946. - (Literary heritage; T. 47/48).
A. S. Griboyedov. Life and art. Album. - M., 1994.
A. S. Griboyedov. Creation. Biography. Traditions. - L., 1977.
Balayan B.P. Blood on the diamond “Shah”: the tragedy of A.S. Griboedov. - Yerevan, 1983.
Veselovsky A. N. A. S. Griboedov (biography). - M., 1918.
Griboyedov: encyclopedia. - St. Petersburg, 2007.
Griboyedov's places. - M., 2007.
Griboedov readings. - Vol. 1. - Yerevan, 2009.
Dubrovin A. A. A. S. Griboyedov and art culture his time. - M., 1993.
Enikolopov I.K. Griboyedov in Georgia. - Tbilisi, 1954.
Kireev D. I. A. S. Griboyedov. Life and literary activity. - M.-L., 1929.
Kogan P. S. A. S. Griboyedov. - M.-L., 1929.
Lebedev A. A. Griboyedov. Facts and hypotheses. - M., 1980.
Chronicle of the life and work of A. S. Griboedov, 1791-1829. - M., 2000.
Face and genius. Foreign Russia and Griboyedov. - M., 2001.
Meshcheryakov V. P. A. S. Griboyedov: literary environment and perception (XIX - early XX centuries). - L., 1983.
Meshcheryakov V.P. The life and deeds of Alexander Griboedov. - M., 1989.
Minchik S.S. Griboyedov and Crimea. - Simferopol, 2011.
Myasoedova N. About Griboyedov and Pushkin: (Articles and notes). - St. Petersburg, 1997.
"On a way…". Crimean notes and letters of A. S. Griboedov. Year 1825. - St. Petersburg, 2005.
Nechkina M. V. A. S. Griboedov and the Decembrists. - 3rd ed. - M., 1977.
Nechkina M.V. Investigative case of A.S. Griboyedov. - M., 1982.
Orlov V. N. Griboyedov. - L., 1967.
Petrov S. M. A. S. Griboedov. - 2nd ed. - M., 1954.
Piksanov N.K. Griboyedov. Research and characteristics. - L., 1934.
Popova O. I. A. S. Griboyedov in Persia, 1818-1823. - M., .
Popova O.I. Griboyedov - diplomat. - M., 1964.
Problems of creativity of A. S. Griboyedov. - Smolensk, 1994.
Pypin A. N. A. S. Griboedov. - Ptg., 1919.
Skabichevsky A. M. A. S. Griboyedov, his life and literary activity. - St. Petersburg, 1893.
Stepanov L. A. Aesthetic and artistic thinking of A. S. Griboyedov. - Krasnodar, 2001.
"Where Alazan winds..." - Tbilisi, 1977.
Tunyan V. G. A. S. Griboyedov and Armenia. - Yerevan, 1995.
Tynyanov Yu. N. Death of Vazir-Mukhtar. - M., 2007.
“Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory.” To the 200th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Griboyedov. - St. Petersburg, 1995.
Filippova A. A. A. S. Griboyedov and the Russian estate. - Smolensk, 2011.
Fomichev S. A. Alexander Griboedov. Biography. - St. Petersburg, 2012.
Fomichev S. A. Griboyedov in St. Petersburg. - L., 1982.
Khechinov Yu. E. The life and death of Alexander Griboyedov. - M., 2003.
Khmelitsky collection. - A. S. Griboyedov. - Smolensk, 1998.
Khmelitsky collection. - Vol. 2. Griboyedov and Pushkin. - Smolensk, 2000.
Khmelitsky collection. - Vol. 9. A. S. Griboyedov. - Smolensk, 2008.
Khmelitsky collection. - Vol. 10. A. S. Griboedov. - Smolensk, 2010.
Tsimbaeva E. N. Griboyedov. - 2nd ed. - M., 2011.
Shostakovich S. V. Diplomatic activity of A. S. Griboedov. - M., 1960.
Eristov D. G. Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov. (1795-1829). - Tiflis, 1879.
Bonamour J. A. S. Griboedov et la vie littéraire de son temps. - Paris, 1965.
Hobson M. Aleksandr Griboedov's Woe from Wit: A Commentary and Translation. - London, 2005.
Kelly L. Diplomacy and murder in Tehran: Alexander Griboyedov and Imperial Russia’s Mission to the Shah of Persia. - London, 2002.
Kosny W. A. S. Griboedov - Poet und Minister: Die Zeitgenossische Rezeption seiner Komödie “Gore ot uma” (1824-1832). - Berlin, 1985.
Lembcke H. A. S. Griboedov in Deutschland. Studie zur rezeption A. S. Griboedovs und der Ubersetzung seiner Komodie "Gore ot uma" in Deutschland im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. - Stockholm, 2003.