How to determine a transitive or intransitive verb. What is verb transitivity?

The division of verbs into transitive and intransitive is based on their meaning.

Transitional verbs denote an active action that is directed or transferred to an object (subject). Pointing to an object clarifies the meaning of the verb, makes it more specific ( break a glass - break an enemy, build a house - make plans). The meaning of transitivity is expressed syntactically: the name of the object with transitive verbs is in the form V.p. without pretext (write a poem, love a friend, feel joy).

!!! In the form of R.p. an object can stand in 4 main cases:

1) if the verb has a negation ( don't receive letters);

2) if the object is not used to its full extent ( drank milk, ate bread);

3) if the object is undefined ( We were looking for shelter);

4) if R.p. indicates that the object is taken for temporary use ( Let the car go to town).

Instead of a noun, some equivalent of it can act as a direct object in a sentence:

a) indefinite form of the verb ( I asked him show book);

b) subordinate clause explanatory sentence (I love, when the day goes out across the river );

c) direct speech ( He said: "I'll come tomorrow" ) ;

d) substantivized unchangeable word ( I bet you Fine ).

NOTES:

1. There is a small group transitive verbs, which, as a rule, are used without an object. With them, the object is thought of as the only possible one and therefore is easily restored: plow (land), sow (grain), eat, heat, pay, smoke, drink. Such verbs are called absolute.

2. The accusative case of the object should be distinguished from the accusative circumstance. Vinit. The case of circumstance, denoting a certain period of time or space, does not express an object. In this case, it denotes the measure of action, that is, it acts as a circumstance, and in that case, questions cannot be asked from the verb whom? What?, to which the direct object answers ( sit all day, sleep all the way).

Intransitive verbs denote an action that does not transfer to an object, and therefore they cannot have a direct object.

In addition, there is a group of indirect-transitive verbs, that is, those verbs that control an obligatory indirect object (a noun in the indirect case with and without a preposition, except V. p.). These verbs denote the attitude towards an object or the state of the subject, but do not express the transition of action to the object: be afraid of the dark, be proud of your brother, think about victory.

It should be noted that the meaning of transitivity is closely related to the LZ of the verb. Often the same verb in one literal phrase is transitive, and the other is intransitive (Compare: He reads the letter. – The child is four years old, and he is already reading.).

Entire semantic groups of verbs can be transitive or intransitive. For example, verbs of creation or destruction, destruction of an object, as a rule, are transitive ( sew a coat, break a glass).

TO intransitive relate

Verbs of movement ( run, swim), position in space ( sit, hang), sound ( rattle, hiss), states ( be silent, be sick)

Verbs in – to act, -to sit, -it, denoting the occupation of the person named in the producing basis ( to be a hero, to idle, to carpenter)

Verbs to –xia(rejoice, wash)

Verbs formed from adjectives and nouns using a suffix -e- (turn white, cool down).

I think the above rule is more than clear. Based on this, we will now try to select a list of transitive verbs:

• stroked the cat;
• looked for the keys;
• wrote down the recipe, etc.

and intransitive verbs:

• fell asleep standing up;
• jump;
• fly.

• Transitive verbs are those whose action passes to the subject. For example, write, read, eat, draw, look, warm, and so on.

  Intransitive verbs are those whose action does not transfer to the subject. For example, laugh, study, fly, develop, and so on. Everything is very simple!

  Transitive verbs, examples:

  reading a magazine

  watching a movie,

  didn't drink tea

  amassed a collection

  ironing clothes

  to love life,

  foamed the soap.

  Intransitive verbs, examples:

  thought about life

  got ready to visit

  get the flu,

  wave a flag

  stared at the fire.

  

  Transitive verbs can be identified by conjugation; these are verbs of the second conjugation. Transitive verbs direct their action to an object and on this basis transitive verbs differ from intransitive verbs, which denote an action in itself. The tables contain definitions and examples of two types of verbs.

  

  

  

  Transitive verbs are verbs after which you need to write an addition or clarification. And intransitive ones are independent verbs.

  Examples of transitive verbs:

  • Girl writes composition.
  • The boy is already saw This movie.

  Examples of intransitive verbs:

  • Old man fell.
  • Finally a bus I arrived.

• Some examples of transitive verbs: draw (landscape), listen (fairy tales), tell (news), carry (bag), give (flowers), bring (joy).

  Some examples of intransitive verbs: dress, have fun, rejoice.

  Transition the verb indicates that the action moves to another object. Transitive verbs are verbs that control the accusative case of a noun without pretext and the genitive case with negation, with the noun designating a part of the whole or, on the contrary, large quantity items.

  Examples of transitive verbs: draw a house, build an apartment, carry a basket, drank milk, ate jam, ate meat, picked mushrooms, did not learn the rules.

  All other verbs are intransitive and returnable Same.

  For example: getting ready for a trip, shaking your fist, growing, flying away, shivering, getting sick.

  Determining whether a verb is transitive or not is very easy.

  It is necessary to ask the question after the verb: whom? or what?. If this can be done, then the verb is considered transitive; if not, then it is intransitive.

  For example: I see (what?) a tree,

  I know (what?) the rule,

  I'm preparing (what?) soup.

  BUT I admire (the question WHAT? cannot be asked),

  I’m coming (you can’t ask such a question either).

  There is a rule associated with transitivity. A verb is considered transitive if the noun in the accusative case next to it does not require a preposition. It is recommended to stand the birch bluntly. I look at the birch tree- look intransitive, because the noun in the accusative case comes with a preposition. I see a birch tree verb to see transition, because the noun came into vin. pad. without pretext. And everything like that. Very easy and simple.

  The rule indicates that in transitive verbs the object of action (in our case the word birch, but in the text any word) can also be expressed in the genitive case. This happens in 2 cases: 1). It denotes a part of the whole: buy bread, drink water, 2). before the verb there is a negation in the form of a particle not: did not drink coffee in the morning.

  The rest are intransitive. If you see a reflexive suffix -sya or -sya on a verb, it is intransitive. It turns out that there are fewer transitive ones than intransitive ones.

  Verbs can be transitional And not transitional. In the first case, it means that the action of the verb extends to the subject.

  This can happen, firstly, when a verb is used together with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition: write poetry, watch TV.

  Secondly, it is used together with a noun in the genitive case, when there is a negative particle before the transitive verb (watched TV - didn’t watch TV), and also when the action extends to part of the object, and not to the whole object (took things - took things (part of things).

  Other verbs are not transitive: get involved in (what?) football.

  If you take into account the transitivity/non-transitivity of the verb, you should pay attention to the meaning of the noun in the accusative case next to the verb, which should name the object of the action: stand for an hour (in line), - the noun is in the accusative case, and the verb is not transitive.

  

In this lesson we will talk about transitive verbs. Of course, the verbs themselves do not go anywhere. But the actions that they denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. You will learn how to distinguish transitive verbs from intransitive ones in this lesson.

Topic: Verb

Lesson: Transitive and intransitive verbs

1. The concept of transitive verbs

Actions that verbs denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. Such verbs are called transitional.

You can always ask a question from transitive verbs whom? or What?(questions in the accusative case without a preposition):

Write ( What?) letter

See ( whom?) boy

With intransitive verbs, the action does not pass directly to the subject.

You can ask any questions from intransitive verbs, except questions in the accusative case without a preposition:

Study ( how?) sports

Understand ( what?) to the muses ke

Refuse ( from what?) from help

It is important to correctly find the word to which the action denoted by the verb is directed. A transitive verb always carries with it a noun or a pronoun without a preposition, which is not just in the accusative case, but is the object of the action that the verb names:

See boy

See their

There may be cases when, despite the fact that the nouns are in the accusative case, the verbs are intransitive. Because these nouns are not the object of action, which are called verbs.

stand still hour

Wait a week

Transitivity/intransitivity verb is closely related to its lexical meaning. In one meaning a verb can be transitive, and in another it can be intransitive:

Learn At school.

The verb “teach” in the meaning of “teach” is intransitive.

Learn children.

The verb “teach” in the meaning “to teach” is transitive.

Editor rules manuscript.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “corrects” is transitive.

Peace rules the man himself.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “manages” is intransitive.

3. Sentences with transitive verbs

Sentences with transitive verbs can be either affirmative or negative. True, when negated, the accusative case of a noun can be replaced by the genitive.

He's a fly will kill .

IN in this case with a transitive verb will kill noun fly is in the accusative case.

Compare the same sentence, albeit with a negative meaning.

He flies won't kill .

The accusative case of the noun is replaced by the genitive.

However, remember: despite this, the verb does not lose its transitivity.

Often in the store we can hear the following phrases:

Please weigh me some sugar.

Cut off that cheese.

Form R.p. with transitive verbs it is used so that we understand that only part of the subject is being said, and not about the subject as a whole.

In a similar situation, if we're talking about about an object that is not divided into parts, V.p. is used:

Please weigh the pear for me.

Cut off that piece.

And if we are talking about an object that is divided into parts, we can use the form R.p.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Definition of verb transitivity ().

Homework

1. Exercise 1.

Indicate transitive verbs, underline the subject and predicate.

Autumn has come. The trees in the forest turned yellow. Leaves cover the bare ground with a variegated carpet. Many birds flew away. The rest are busy, preparing for winter. Animals are also looking for warm housing, stocking up on food for the long winter: a hedgehog made a hole in dry leaves, a squirrel brought in nuts and cones, a bear is preparing its den.

2. Exercise 2.

From this text, write down phrases with transitive and intransitive verbs in two columns, determine the case of the noun.

1. Young birch leaves have always delighted me with their delicate greenery. The guys planted these birch trees when they were at school.

2. There is no longer a feeling of piercing dampness in the air.

3. B open window the noise of the street burst in.

4. I returned the book as soon as I read it.

5. He stood at the fence and held a dog on a leash.

3. Exercise 3.

Indicate the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs in the text.

1. Monkeys are very afraid of snakes. Even cobras frighten them, although cobras feed on lizards and mice and do not hunt monkeys. A little monkey saw a boa constrictor. She climbs the tree with lightning speed, grabs the branches and, petrified with horror, cannot take her eyes off the predator.

2. Find Sakhalin Island on the map, draw a straight line to the south, and when leaving the bay you will see a tiny dot, and above it the inscription “Seal Island”. This is a famous island. A whole herd comes there every spring fur seals, valuable fur-bearing animals.

Transitivity/intransitivity is a category on the basis of which the relationship between the subject and object of an action can be distinguished. The meaning of this category is that the subject performs a certain action, and its result may or may not “appear” (not transfer) to the subject. Therefore, verbs in Russian are divided into transitive and intransitive.

Transitive and intransitive verbs. Lexical meaning

To determine transitivity, it is necessary to identify a key feature that acts as an addition to the verb and has a certain case marking.

A transitive verb is a verb that has the meaning of an action that is aimed at an object and changes or produces it (check the work, dig a hole).

Intransitive verb - denotes movement or position in space, or a moral state, or a physical state.

So-called labile verbs are also distinguished. They can act as both transitive and intransitive (the editor edits the manuscript - the world is ruled by the person himself).

Syntactic difference

The syntactic difference between transitive and intransitive verbs is associated with lexical meaning. Transitive and intransitive verbs are usually combined:

In addition, the object of action with transitive verbs can also be expressed in the genitive case, but only in the following cases:

• when designating part of an object: buy water, drink tea;
• if the verb has a negation: I have no right, I haven’t read the book.

Transitive and intransitive verbs (table) have the following basic differences.

Morphological characteristics

As a rule, these verbs do not have special But still, certain types of word formation act as indicators of the transitivity or intransitivity of the verb. So, a transitive verb is:

• all verbs with the suffix -sya (make sure);
• denominative verbs in which the suffix -e- or -nicha-(-icha-) stands out: to be picky, to become weak, to be greedy.

Transitive verbs include verbs that are formed from adjectives using the suffix -i-: green, blacken.

There are some cases when, by attaching a prefix to intransitive unprefixed verbs, transitive verbs are formed. Examples: harm and neutralize.

If there is no object in the sentence, then the transitive verb performs the function of an intransitive verb: The student writes well (the property inherent in this person is indicated).

Intransitive verbs contain special group reflexive verbs, their formal sign- this is the suffix -sya (to wash, to return).

Reflexive verbs. Peculiarities

Reflexive verbs are studied in school curriculum, just like transitive verbs (grade 6).

A reflexive verb denotes an action directed towards oneself. It is formed using the particle (postfix) -sya (-s).

The following main features of these verbs can be identified:

• Firstly, they can come from both transitive verbs (dress - dress) and intransitive verbs (knock - knock). But still, reflexive verbs (transitive verbs after adding the postfix -sya (-sya)) in any case become intransitive (to dress - to dress).
• Secondly, these postfixes are added: -sya - after consonants (washed, washed, washed), -sya - after vowels (dressed, dressed). It is worth noting that participles are always written with the postfix -sya (dressing, washing).
• Thirdly, reflexive verbs are formed in three ways: suffixal-postfixal - by adding a suffix and a postfix to the stem (res+vi(t)sya), prefixal-postfixal (na+drink_sya), postfixal (wash+sya).

Formation of derivatives in -sya and passive participles

Since the main morphological properties of transitive verbs are the formation of derivatives in -sya and which is not typical for intransitive verbs, let’s take a closer look at this process.

In most cases, a transitive verb is one that forms a passive participle or derivatives with the ending -sya, which can have a reflexive (hurry up), passive (create), or decausative (break up) meaning.

Exceptions are the verbs add (in weight), cost, weigh, and most semelfactives in -nu (pick). In addition, these verbs do not form passive and reflexive derivatives.

But still, there are intransitive verbs that can form passive constructions. For example, the verb expect. He forms a passive from the intransitive construction with the addition in I expect the arrival of Vasily - the arrival of Vasily is expected.

Correlation of verb transitivity

Despite the fact that transitivity does not have a single formal expression, there are still trends that connect the category of transitivity with the formal properties of the verb, for example, with verbal prefixes:

• Supermajority irreflexive verbs, having the prefix raz-, are transitive (blur, push apart). The exceptions are: verbs denoting movement with the suffix -va- / -iva- / -a- (waving, driving around); verbs expressing spontaneous changes in the properties of an object, in particular those containing the suffix -nu-, formed from intransitive verbs (soak, melt, swell); verbs containing thematic vowels -e-, which denote a change in properties (get rich, get rich); including calling, thinking about it.
• Almost all containing the prefix iz-, are transitive (exceptions: get wet, run out, deign and others).

Semantic properties of transitive verbs

The Russian language has a large class. In addition to those that are significantly affected by the situation, the verb may have a direct object that plays another semantic role (for example, see, have, create - with these transitive verbs nothing happens to the object, it is not destroyed, does not change).

So it turns out that contrast by transitivity should not be strictly connected with the semantic class of the verb. This means that a transitive verb does not necessarily have to denote an agential-patient situation. But still, some trends can be noted.

So, a transitive verb is:

Semantic properties of intransitive verbs

Having identified the semantic properties of transitive verbs, we can determine the properties of all the others, that is, intransitive ones:

• Verbs are one-place, without objects, that is, characterizing a change in the state of the patient (direct object, significantly affected by the situation), which was not caused by the agent. Or a case is possible when the agent plays an insignificant role: die, rot, fall, get wet.
• Doubles with an indirect addition. That is, verbs of help (with the exception of support): promote, help, condone, assist.
• Verbs that are used with an object speaking integral part agentive participant of the verb (to move, move, wave).
• Verbs of perception of a fictitious situation (count on, expect (what), rely on, hope for).

Non-canonical types of direct objects

It has already been said more than once that the key property of transitive verbs is the ability to interact with the direct object in the accusative case. But there are classes of verbs that are used not only with nouns and pronouns in the accusative case, but also with a word or phrase of another part of speech that is semantically identical to it to one degree or another. It can be:

• prepositional phrase (I scratched his ear);
• genitive group (grandfather did not read this newspaper);
• adverbial group (he drinks a lot, I decided so);
• sentential actant (infinitive phrase - I like to go to the theater; subordinate clause used together with the conjunction -so that or -that - I understood that he would go to the sea; subordinate clause together with the conjunction -when - I don’t like it when it rains).

Some of the listed constructions can not only replace the direct object used with transitive verbs, but also be used to express a similar function with intransitive verbs. Namely:

Analogues of the above additions in the accusative case have varying degrees prototypical properties of direct objects.

Let's sum it up

Despite the fact that this topic is one of the difficult ones, we were able to determine what a transitive verb means. We also learned to distinguish it from the intransitive and distinguish reflexive ones from the latter. And to prove this, let us give as an example phrases with transitive verbs, with intransitive and reflexive verbs:

• transitional: paint the walls, treat a patient, read a book, sew a suit, widen a sleeve, buy tea, drink water, has no right, rock a child;
• intransitive: walk the streets, believe in goodness, walk in the park, become exhausted from fatigue;
• reflexive: achieve a goal, disagree, get closer to each other, obey the boss, think about existence, vouch for a brother, touch on an issue.

Verbs of the Russian language are transitional And intransitive. General value transitivity/intransitivity characterized relation of action to object (S – V – O).

Transitional are called verbs that can have a direct object as a complement (i.e., they denote an action directed at an object). Indicator transitivity serves accusative direct object or genitive case with certain meanings.

Meaning transitivity- an internal property of a verb, it is included in its semantics(implicitly presented). Wed: pour, meet, chop and so on. (whom? or What?). This action necessarily presupposes the presence of a direct object.

Genitive The direct object has two meanings:

• 1) how part of the whole: drink (what?) waterat(V.p.) – drink (what?) waters(R. p.) (= “drink only part of the water, not all the water”);
• 2) when verbs with negation: does not read (neither) newspapers, (nor) books(R.p.) etc. (cf. reads (what?) books, newspapers(V.p.) – doesn't read (what?) - Not - neg. particles. + neither– will strengthen, particles, with negation (and without neither)).

Intransitive verbs denote an action that is confined to the subject and does not go directly to the object: growing, sitting and so on. Indicator intransitivity is absence of direct object with a verb (i.e. if the verb does not allow questions of the accusative case (who? what?), then it is intransitive).

Phenomenon transitivity/intransitivity– reflection lexical (semantic) specifics of the verb. Intransitive verbs mean actions sufficient for information, so they can be used absolutely, out of connection with some other word, without a spreading complement. Transitional verbs are called actions that do not exhaust information, For example: the child asks... (what?), the student listens... (what?). Therefore, transitive verbs cannot be used absolutely, but need extenders, direct objects: the child asks... (what?) a toy, a pencil(compare with the infinitive - eat, drink etc.) etc.; student listens to... (what?) lecture, message, report and etc.

Transitivity/intransitivity is not marked (cf. verbs read– transitional and sleep– intransitive). However meaning of intransitivity can be marked with postfix(intransitive formant). If you attach a postfix to any verb -sya, it will be intransitive, returnable.

Transitive verbs are not marked in any way, and intransitive verbs are either marked or not marked. Wed: took it, read it(not marked) – transitional; tookXia(marked), slept(not marked) – intransitive.

Usually formal indicators There is no transitivity/intransitivity, but there is a group of verbs in which transitivity/intransitivity is distinguished by suffix:

• – verbs with suffixes -icha- or -nicha-, -stvova-, -well- (carpenternothingugh, buoystvovayeah, that's a good ideaWelluh, morgueWellt etc.) are intransitive;
• – verbs with suffix -And- may be transitional ( prosAndt, rankAndt) ,
• – verbs with suffix -A- can be either transitional ( kissesAt, startAt), and intransitive ( chromiumAt, moanAt and etc.).

Let's compare verbs with suffixes -e-/-i-: verbs with meaning state Always intransitive (blacket, whiteet(= “to oneself”)), and verbs with the meaning “to perform an action on someone” are transitional (synAndt... (What? – underwear), whiteAndugh... (what! – walls)). In the same relation with suffixes -e-/-i- there are verbs formed in the prefix-suffix way: bleedingAndt(+ V. p.) – bleedinget(= "yourself"). Likewise: weaken - weaken the squad(I.p.) – exhaustedel(continuous) – exhaustedAndthere is an enemy(V. p. - transition).

There are the following ways to define verbs by the property of transitivity/intransitivity, indicating the basis for the definition:

• 1) transition, since there is an accusative case of the direct object;
• 2) transition, since there is a genitive hope of the direct object in negation;
• 3) transition, since there is a genitive case of a part of the whole;
• 4) transition, since the verb has an infinitive, which is replaced by the accusative or genitive of the direct object;
• 5) transition, since the verb has a dative with a preposition By, replaced by an accusative of a direct object;
• 6) transition, since the verb has an unchangeable nominal form (or an unchangeable quantitative combination), which is replaced by the accusative of the direct object.

Grammar The differences between transitive and intransitive verbs are as follows.

• 1. Everything returnable verbs are intransitive (quarrel, meet and etc.). Reflexive verbs can be formed from transitional And intransitive. It is very important to learn how to define the postfix function -xia :
  • a) he can change grammatical form words, i.e. be a means of forming collateral values;
  • b) joining a verb, it forms a word with a new lexical meaning;
  • c) can attach to a verb meaning of impersonality(For example: it's getting dark);
  • d) without postfix -xia verb not used(word formation).

Wed. pleaseXia(formative meaning – please

• (transition) + -xia(uninterrupted)), agreeXia(word-forming meaning – without -xia not used). Likewise: stopXia(form.), persuadeXia(form.), bring closerXia(form.), likeXia(words) turn whiteXia(form.), meetXia(form.), uniteXia(form.), be proudXia(words).
• 2. Only from transitional verbs can be formed passive participles (read – chitannoh, readeaty; decide – decideenneth and so on.).

There is no sharp boundary between transitive and intransitive verbs. Many transitional verbs can be used in not a transitive meaning. Wed: He singssong(transitive, since there is a direct object in the form of the accusative case without a preposition) – He's great sings(the verb is used in an intransitive meaning, since there is no direct object in the expressive sentence). Likewise: Boy reading a book – The boy is reading. But if intransitive verbs are formed from transitive verbs ( meet – meetXia, wash – washXia etc.), then intransitive verbs cannot become transitive.

• Historically postfix -xia was an indicator of the transitivity of the corresponding verb, but by joining the verb, it eliminated the placement of the accusative case with this verb. With some verbs, the accusative case is possible (usually instead of the genitive), but this does not make the verb transitive.