home » Shoes » Methods of taking notes and recording lectures. Modern note-taking methods

Methods of taking notes and recording lectures. Modern note-taking methods

It is believed that students take more notes, better and more confidently than schoolchildren. However, if a high school student is ready to master the art of note-taking right now, nothing can stop him. On the contrary, learning to organize your notes in a way that works best for you will help you better prepare for college.

Cornell Note-Taking Method The method gets its name from Cornell University in the USA. We divide the page for notes into the main space and a rather large left margin. In the main space you write the lecture text. And then, re-reading what you have written, specially mark each idea in the left margin, and also write out keywords and important details. IN classic version method, the field for notes is 2.5 inches, that is, 6.35 cm. Then it is logical to assume that the entire sheet is in A4 format. Such notebooks can be found in stationery stores.

The left margin is also for your own remarks. The more independent impressions you are able to generate from an educational text, the more more space they are necessary - therefore, it makes sense to fill out only one side of the sheet, and give the other side the functions of the same field for notes. Or write on both sides of the sheet, but deviate from the outline of each lesson in more cells or lines.

When repeating the material of such a summary, cover the entire text on the right with the card, leaving only the marking of the left margin visible, then remove the card and check whether you have said everything.

Indentation method

You are listening to a lecture - and suddenly you notice that the teacher clearly expresses his thoughts in the direction “from the general to the specific.” Wonderful! On the left write the main concept or main idea. And you write out subordinate concepts on the right - and the more detailed or insignificant this or that detail of the educational material is, the further from the left field it is located. There is no need to mark parts of the resulting structure in any other way.

This diagram is convenient to use to repeat the main points. Although it is impossible to trace a simple chronology on it.

And if the lecturer was jabbering, then you won’t be able to make notes using this method. If you yourself are not very experienced in making notes of any kind, then using this method will initially lead you to blots in your notes. It's OK. Practice. And, of course, you must be prepared to connect fragmentary concepts together using retelling.

Mapping method

Facts take shape - mapping presents us with the content of the lecture graphically. You almost become an artist in front of the lecturer - so this is a method for creative people; for those who have developed visual perception and visual memory. A critically thinking author of such a note will be able to easily edit notes by adding numbers and color codes. So, you get a chance to see exactly how you think. Choose this method if the lecture content is well organized or if you don't know the lecturer at all. (More details about the method are described in No. 5, 2009.)

What if you perceive information better by hearing? Don’t worry: the lecturer already helps you with his intonation.

Both the indentation method and the mapping method are an excellent cure for the consequences of preparing for the Unified State Exam, which attracts the attention of a high school student to the details of the course material and, alas, weanes off seeing its structure as a whole. The Unified State Exam is useful only when you clearly see this structure and take out the necessary element of knowledge from one or another “mental shelf”.

Table method

When you are expected to be told educational material“by year”, take a ruler and pencil with you and try to enter the content of the lecture into the table. Consider how to title the columns. These are likely categories that need to be explored. Write down key ideas, characteristic phrases, meaningful words. By repeating a topic, it will be easy to compare facts, and you will also get rid of the confusion that often accompanies the perception of chronologically presented new knowledge.

Phrase method

Each new thought is written on a separate line. Every new fact- Same. Each new topic- it goes without saying. Everything listed is numbered consecutively, which means that with each line you become even smarter. Another thing is that it remains unclear how important each of the phrases is for understanding the entire topic and how phrases that are not located next door are related to each other. However, the method is suitable when the topic is explained to you very quickly and nothing can be missed. But such a summary is subject to mandatory subsequent analysis and, possibly, reworking into something more digestible. And it is definitely not suitable if you are taking notes, say, from a thick university textbook.

And notes

Notes need to be re-read, otherwise they will be useful only before practical classes and exams, and after the session the material will be forgotten. The word abstract in Latin means review. It turns out that by definition we write notes in order to subsequently review the educational material. To make it convenient for you to actively use the notes, do not be lazy to place interrogative and exclamation marks and using convenient icons, mark what information to check yourself, what to ask about, what to clarify, what to study in more detail, and where to give more examples.

What to train on

By the start of classes preparatory courses It’s best to already be able to take notes. Where can I learn this?

It’s all very simple: you can take notes on intellectual television and radio programs, since they are accessible. And textbooks for preparing for university are worth considering for which method of note-taking they would be most suitable if read aloud. Take notes on the manual you like (or especially difficult to understand).

You can look for material for notes outside the home. If there is a museum in your city, ask if the museum has a lecture hall on art or science. Attend a series of lectures - and try to come away with perfectly organized information.

You can find out where lectures are still being held (or have been held - and their content has already been posted on the Internet) on Internet recommendation services. However, the reality is that on the World Wide Web as a whole, most of the video lectures posted for free access are in English. Until you know how to take notes in Russian-language lectures, it is too early to write down English-language ones. They should be listened to for another purpose - to become familiar with the vocabulary of your future specialty and develop listening skills.

Valentina Pisareva
Basic techniques for writing notes and working notes at teachers' meetings

Abstract – translated from Lat.. "review", "exposition"- is a systematic, logically coherent recording oral or written text. Need in notes may arise in cases where it is necessary to convey a large amount of information in a limited amount of time, to isolate the most important and significant from live speech. This great way organizing information in your head. But a summary is not an exact recording information being studied word for word, and recording of meaning, essentially, the most important thing, so everyone summary - unique, unique and different from others. When a person writes abstract, he performs a peculiar "clotting" information, leaving only the most important, key points. All the rest thrown out: first of all, these are words and phrases that organize the coherence of the text or are the author’s comments on what was said. Such elements can be removed from notes, without fear for the integrity of the information, especially since they can be easily recalled by viewing noteworthy key records.

The main requirement for notes is recording must be systematic, logically connected, so that it can be used not only by the compiler, but also by other readers. Careful listening and note-taking involves intense mental activity.

Tasks note-taking:

1. Promotes deep understanding and lasting assimilation of the material being studied.

2. Helps production skills and abilities of correct, competent presentation in writing theoretical and practical issues.

3. Forms the ability to clearly express other people’s thoughts in your own words.

Basic Note-Taking Techniques can be divided by 3 groups:

1 Group. Abbreviation of words, phrases, terms.

These techniques easy to learn and include:

1)abbreviation and hyperabbreviation of terms.

Abbreviation - a compound word formed from initial letters or initial elements of words (Preschool educational institution, Federal State Educational Standard, Federal State Educational Standard, FEMP, PPRS, SRI, NOD, HLS, deputy head, kindergarten). This effective remedy, accelerating recording and allowing you to avoid repeating frequently used words. When introducing abbreviations, you must Special attention ensure that they are consistent throughout records.

A hyperabbreviation is an abbreviation with one letter. There are two basic techniques application of this high-speed method note-taking. 1-designation of a word by an initial letter with a dot (S. -standard, O. -education, A. -adaptation). This method can be used on a short interval of homogeneous text. The 2nd initial letter is circled line - letter "in a wrapper"(D - activity, I - game, C - goal).

Most often this reception used to abbreviate terms.

2) quantification - reversal of the initial letter. This method note-taking invented and introduced by the German mathematician Georg Cantor, the resulting signs were given the name quantifiers. Let's take advantage reception Kantor and we ourselves will introduce abbreviations for frequently used words in the field of preschool education:

Program, -children, -parents, -blocks, -socialization.

3) hieroglyphics and pictography.

Use of hieroglyphic records. Hieroglyphs are the most ancient Chinese figurative signs.

Writing in hieroglyphs alone is not very convenient. But the use of their individual elements when note taking is very effective, if you enter them into your records, giving them some meaning.

Use of pictograms. Pictography - displaying the contents of a message in the form of a picture. The pictogram creates an image, which is important for using the visual mechanism memory: after all, the strongest memory in humans is visual.

Pictograms should be used wherever Can: this reception gives brilliant results and in acceleration records, and in ease of reading and memorization.

4) ways ending records. This reception omission of letters and designation of omitted letters by a hyphen (which, concept, concept, r-e-development, f-e- formation, function- function, self-but- independently).

Reviewed ways to write words, symbols and phrases are simple and after a short training are performed automatically.

2 Group. Reworking the phrase.

These are the most effective, but difficult to master techniques. Techniques for taking notes on phrases are more complex, as they require comprehension and creative text processing. But they give a much greater effect in terms of speed records, and in the subsequent perception and memorization of the text. Basic The idea is to recode and fold the text. They include:

1) spatial recording. This method of use when taking notes length and width of a sheet of paper. This includes drawing up tables, graphs, and diagrams. For example, let's take this text: "Into the contents preschool educational programs in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard, additional education includes five educational regions: « Cognitive development» , « Physical development» , « Speech development» , "Social and communicative development", "Artistic and aesthetic development", which, in turn, are divided into blocks..." Taking notes this information as scheme:

Soder-e P.

Pozn-e r-e Physical-e-r-e Speech-e-r-e Social-com r-e khud-est-koe

"FEMP""R-e pozn-

Researcher D"

The effectiveness of this reception also consists in, that you can always go back and supplement the diagram.

2) bringing the phrase to an equivalent form. Application of this reception requires understanding of the text being taken notes, creative it processing and high speed of thinking. By acceleration recording this technique is most effective. Its essence is to find a phrase equivalent to the given one, but shorter. You can search for such a phrase in several directions: choose shorter synonyms for the words that make up the phrase or formulate the same thing in other words, eliminating, for example, some adjectives. Let's take it text: “Big changes have taken place in the preschool education system. From the end of 2013 to the beginning of 2014, a program for modernizing preschool education was launched. Entered into force new law "On education in Russian Federation» , in which for the first time preschool education becomes the first stage in education..." Short recording: “DO is the first step in the image (law “About image in the Russian Federation”)»

3) collapsing a phrase using context. The objective premise of this idea is the redundancy of language. Studies have shown that the Russian language has about 80% redundancy. That is, if you remove not 80% of the text, but fewer characters and words, then you can save the text and it will not be difficult to read. First of all, the subject group can be removed from the phrase, since it coincides with the content of the context and, therefore, can be easily reconstructed from it. For example, if the topic of the lecture is: “Presentation of the educational program of a preschool educational institution in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education”, then from the phrase “sections of the educational program” you can leave it "sections". The next candidate for deletion is the predicate group. In this group, verb words, especially those associated with enumeration (such as "consists of", "includes", are replaced by graphic symbols such as a fork or a parenthesis.

3 Group. Use of color.

Color carries Additional information, contributing better memorization and focusing attention when reading notes. You can use colored markers for this.

This group includes fairly easy to learn techniques:

2)work color depending on the degree of importance of the text and the correspondence of parts of the text.

You can color-code information based on importance. Therefore, the most important places in the context are highlighted in red (definition, wording of laws, blue - theoretical material, green - examples. You should not use many colors, preferably no more than three or four.

Technique of rational Note-taking is one of the basic skills of students, teachers and scientific workers. Knowledge, skills and abilities in this area must be taught in the same way as we teach everything else, since independently invented technology note-taking turns out to be primitive.

Flow method
Cornell method
Bill Gates method
Mind maps
Red line method

Quick Note-Taking- one of the most important skills for those who study at school or university. It would seem that this issue needs to be given attention first in order to make it easier for students to retain information on paper. But, oddly enough, quick note-taking is not taught at all - despite the fact that this directly affects academic success. How many students are even able to understand what they wrote in a hurry during lectures?

Therefore, today we will talk about non-standard methods note-taking invented successful people for their own use - they will be useful to those who prefer to save data on paper, not trusting electronics.

Flow method

Recently, coach Scott Young invented a rather original method of note-taking, designed not so much to record information as to express the listener's opinion. It involves not just passively listening to a lecture, but delving into what is said, analyzing and forming your own ideas based on the information received. The notes record the main points of the lecture and your thoughts on what you heard. Of course, such a summary will be radically different from what the teacher presents, so in order to save the text of the lecture itself, it is better to be on the safe side using a voice recorder.

Cornell method

It got its name from Cornell University, where the professor who invented it, Walter Pauk, taught. More than half a century has passed since then, but the method is still popular among teachers and students, especially in American colleges.

For your notes you will need an A4 sheet of paper, a pen and a ruler. Draw a horizontal line at the top of the page, separating the field for the date and title. In the same way, separate the bottom of the page - in this field you will write several sentences in which you concentrate main idea lectures. You will be left with the middle part of the sheet - you need to draw it with a vertical line into a large right column and a small left one.

Take notes on a lecture or paragraph teaching aid in a large column the way you are used to doing it in a notebook. It is advisable to leave small gaps after sentences so that you can add something there as needed. Then you need to fill out a narrow column - write out key dates, surnames and titles opposite the place where they appear in the text. Over the next 24 hours, fill out the bottom of the page - in a few sentences, outline the essence of what you wrote in a large column.

This method is good because it forces a person to constantly return to the notes, revise them and thereby remember the information better. But if the notes are not finalized, then the Cornell method loses its main idea and turns into an ordinary short summary.

Bill Gates method

In the early 2000s, Rob Howard, who worked entrepreneurial activity, met with Bill Gates for negotiations. This acquaintance brought him many interesting observations, so Howard shared his impressions with the readers of his blog.

The most striking thing was that one of the richest people on the planet did not use a laptop or voice recorder for his recordings. He wrote everything by hand on paper.

Howard looked at his interlocutor's notebook and noticed that the page was divided into several squares, each of which contained information on a specific topic. For example, one of the blocks was devoted to questions that Bill had during the conversation.

There is an opinion that Bill Gates' method is nothing more than a slightly modified Cornell method, so it can be transformed according to the needs of the user, and not just mindlessly copied. The placement, size of the squares and their theme can be anything - as long as they fulfill their purpose.

Mind maps

This technique of storing information is widely used in the West. Its spread is associated with the name of British TV presenter and psychologist Tony Buzan, who actively used mental maps in the seventies of the last century in his television program “Think with Your Head” (BBC). Today this method is quite popular among those who use brainstorming to searching for new ideas.

First, you need to draw a circle or square in the center of the page in which you will write the topic of the lecture. After this, use rays to draw new squares or circles from the central block, placing important concepts and data in them. When using this technique, it is better to write with pens different colors so that branches of different topics are united using color. Get more information about the rules for compiling mental maps, you can in one of our articles.

Red line method

If all of the above methods seem too extraordinary to you, we suggest using a method that is not very different from classical note-taking. It consists in the fact that you write down a lecture in the usual way, but you start each new sentence with a new, red line, and at the same time number them in order. Thus, each offer receives its own personal number.

This will help refer the reader (that is, yourself) to different parts notes using digital notes. For example, if the text has a connection with some fact indicated in the initial paragraphs, then there is no need to draw awkward arrows, but just write: “see. No. 48." And then the entries will look much neater, and the list-like structure will help in assimilation of information.

If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.

The art of note-taking is rarely taught at school and college, although this skill may be one of the key skills that ensures success in school. How Bill Gates structures his notes, what the Cornell method is and who promoted mind-mapping the most - 5 useful note-taking techniques for those who still prefer paper and pen.

Cornell method

Cornell University professor Walter Pauk developed his famous note-taking method in the middle of the last century. To use it, you will first have to make the appropriate markings on an A4 sheet.

You need to draw two horizontal lines: one at the top to mark a place for the title and date, and the other at the bottom so that five or six sentences can be written under it summarizing the contents of the notes on this page. In the remaining middle part of the sheet, you need to draw another long vertical line, dividing it into two unequal columns - the one on the left should be significantly narrower than the one on the right (it is recommended to make it a little more than six centimeters wide).

As you listen to a lecture or read a textbook, take notes in your usual manner in a wide column. It’s better to leave a little empty space between sentences so that you can add something else to them.

After the lecture, fill out the left column - highlight the most important ideas, names, dates, formulate questions, and so on. And in the next 24 hours you will also need to fill out the bottom field - formulating the essence of your entries on this page in a few sentences.

This note-taking method is very popular in America, and in some educational institutions They are even trying to make it mandatory. It encourages students to re-read their notes, add to them and revise them. But, if the student does not return to his notes, there is, in general, no particular benefit from such a design of the material.

Bill Gates method

In 2003, young entrepreneur Rob Howard met Bill Gates and, clearly very impressed by this meeting, wrote a post about it on his blog. Perhaps most of all, Howard's readers were struck by the fact that during the negotiations, Bill Gates (for a moment, one of the wealthiest people in the world) made notes himself, by hand, and not on a laptop.

Howard also describes a little about the way Gates structured the material. The sheet of his notebook was marked into squares, in each of which he wrote down a block related to a specific topic. For example, one of the squares at the bottom of the sheet was reserved for questions that Gates had during the negotiations.

Some bloggers believe that Gates' squares are a reworking of the traditional Cornell method, and encourage readers to tailor the system to their own needs, rather than simply trying to copy the style of its creator, Microsoft.

Mind-mapping method

Mind-mapping is a popular writing technique, according to the rules of which you should always start in the middle of the sheet. In a circle or frame right in the center of the page you need to indicate the main concept that will be discussed in the summary.

And then, using branches in different directions, write down the key words and ideas associated with it in new circles. If you're going to use this method, it's best to stock up on at least three different colored pens to make the different branches more visible.

The main popularizer of this technique was Tony Buzan, an English psychologist and television presenter who actively used the mind mapping method in the mid-1970s in his television show “Use Your Brain.” Today, brainstorming enthusiasts often resort to this method.

Sentence method

For those who are not yet ready to try new non-linear note-taking methods, we can recommend the so-called sentence method. It's very similar to the standard transcript method - where you just try to capture everything the lecturer says on a sheet of paper. The only difference is that each sentence here must be written on a new line and numbered in order.

Numbering will help you easily make a reference from one sentence to another with just one small note (for example, “see #67”) - no more need to understand the confusing arrows that cross out half of the entries.

Flow method

If you're tired of using shorthand in your notes, you can try this note-taking method recently formulated by coach Scott Young. It is based on the following idea: listening to a lecture is not a passive process; in order to truly benefit from a lecture, you need to think and develop your own ideas.

Therefore, in a note prepared in this way, you should write down only the key points of the lecture and give free rein to your comments. It is clear that such recordings will be quite different from classic notes, so just in case, take a voice recorder to the lecture as a backup.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

A note for a student is a good help that will help you quickly remember educational material and prepare for test work or an exam. This is an excellent tool for organizing information in your head. Of course, one note is not enough for good preparation: without your own reflection and generalization, without effort in class and without working with scientific sources, it is difficult to achieve excellent results in your studies. But the outline represents a kind of foundation, a “compass”, if you like, which will help on the path to mastering knowledge. The ability to reproduce material read or listened to depends on the ability to take notes. Therefore, the first thing a student should learn is note-taking.

You need to understand that listening and recording a lecture is a complex type of university work. Attentive listening and note-taking of lectures involves intense mental activity of the student.

Human attention is very unstable. Staying focused requires willpower, so it is important to systematically control yourself in this regard while listening to lectures.

Taking notes develops the mind, attentiveness, and helps to consolidate knowledge in memory. If students switch off during a lecture and start taking dictation, this leads to degradation. Mechanical, mindless dictation is pointless.

A note is an abbreviated recording of an oral or written text that a student creates for personal use, so each note is unique, unique and unlike the note of his desk neighbor. This is not an exact recording of the lecture text word for word, but a recording of the meaning, the essence of the lecture, the most important thing. When a student writes a summary, he performs a kind of “folding” of information, leaving only the most important, key points. Everything else is thrown out: first of all, these are words and phrases that organize the coherence of the text or are the author’s comments on what was said. Such elements can be removed from the notes without fear for the integrity of the information, especially since they can be easily recalled by reviewing the key notes noted down.

In addition to the ability to take notes, it is important to learn how to work productively with your notes. After all, each of the notes will be useful not only when preparing for certain exams, but also during the entire training and subsequent passing of state exams.

Note-taking examples. Let us recall the basic note-taking techniques. They can be divided into three groups. 1. Abbreviation of words, phrases, terms. These techniques are the easiest to master and include: hyperabbreviation of terms (the initial letter of the term is outlined with a line), quantification (reversing the initial letter), hieroglyphics and pictography (working with pictures), methods of writing endings.

2. Reworking the phrase. These are the most effective, but difficult to master techniques. These include: spatial notation (using the length and width of a piece of paper). bringing a phrase to an equivalent form, using context and macro context.

3.Use of color. Includes fairly easy-to-learn techniques: rubrication. highlighting significant details with color, working with color depending on the degree of importance of the text and the correspondence of parts of the text.

1.Write words, phrases, terms

Abbreviations

An abbreviation is a compound word formed from initial letters or initial elements of words (ATS, foreman). This is an effective tool that speeds up writing and allows you to avoid repeating frequently used words.

Currently, the following types of abbreviations are used in abbreviation:

abbreviations of words meaning settlements(city - city, region - region);

names of months and dates (15.06.02);

telegraph graphic abbreviations(tchk, zpt);

symbols of quantities and units of measurement (Ohm, V, km, cm);

abbreviations adopted in planning and accounting documentation (State Bank, receipt No.);

official names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, their divisions (SM, AN, economic unit, main board, financial department);

names of some materials (kozhimite, lavsan);

names of products, machines and devices (moped, hydroelectric power station, radar, spare part);

names of documents (GOST, OST, ORM, TU, TZ, state order);

job titles, academic titles(academician, corresponding member, prof., head, deputy, acting)

Exist certain rules abbreviations. When introducing abbreviations, special care must be taken to ensure that they are consistent throughout the entry.

An abbreviation must not be the same form as an existing word or the same as another abbreviation. The abbreviation must be reversible, that is, the resulting abbreviation can be unambiguously expanded into the full name. Abbreviations must satisfy the norms of Russian pronunciation. Abbreviations that are the names of institutions, enterprises, organizations, as well as designating product brands, etc., are written with a capital letter.

The word “year” after the dates is shortened, leaving one letter “g.”, and after several dates the letters “yy.” (no dot is placed between them). For example: 2001, 1996-2000. Educational and fiscal years write through a slash, abbreviating Last year to the first two digits and using the word year in the singular. For example, in the 1998/99 academic year.

Rubles and kopecks are abbreviated as “rub.” and “kop.”, if they are used separately. IN mixed number they are abbreviated - “r.” and "k." For example, 2000 rubles, 80 kopecks, 2000 rubles. 80 k.

Hyperabbreviation

A hyperabbreviation is an abbreviation with one letter. There are two main techniques for using this method of high-speed note-taking. 1. Designation of a word by an initial letter with a dot (for example, K. - abstract, S. - system, A. - audit, etc.). This method is often used in dictionaries. But it is permissible to use it on a short interval of homogeneous text. 2. A method called the use of letters “in a wrapper”. For example, - algorithm, - system, - economics, etc.

Most often, this technique is used to abbreviate terms.

Use of hieroglyphic notation. Hieroglyphs are the most ancient figurative signs. Most of the hieroglyphs were phonograms; they denoted either a combination of 2-3 consonant sounds or individual consonants. Among the hieroglyphs there were also ideograms, that is, signs denoting individual words and concepts. From hieroglyphic writing, italics and ligatures developed. Italic is a typographic font style with a slant to the right, close to handwriting, which arose as a result of the desire for speed and convenience of writing without taking away the pen.

Ligature is a letter or sign formed from combining elements of two or more letters or signs into one, conveying one sound (for example, in German sch - “w” or tsch - “h”).

Writing in hieroglyphs alone is not very convenient. But using their individual elements when taking notes is very effective.

We use hieroglyphs all the time, especially in mathematical texts, but they can also be used in other texts to replace several words with one sign. When taking notes, it makes sense to use the simplest hieroglyphs, both generally accepted and invented.

In the group of generally accepted ones, these are, first of all:

mathematical and logical symbols: +, -, =, x, :, >,<;

Affiliation sign, component (for example, A?B);

The implication sign is one of the logical operations; it corresponds to the connective “if... then”;

& is a conjunction sign, one of the logical operations; reflects the use of the conjunction “and” in logical deductions;

V - disjunction sign; corresponds to the conjunction “or”; ? - negation sign, one of the logical operations; reflects the use of the expression “it is not true that...”. As successful examples of the use of invented hieroglyphs, we can cite: /\/ - contradiction; N - vice versa; ? - interconnected, etc.

Use of pictograms. Pictography - displaying the content of a message in the form of a picture. The drawing does not specify the words in which the message should be expressed, nor the language of the message. Conventional symbolism is possible in the pictogram (for example, two connected hearts - “love”). Elements of pictographic writing can be successfully used when taking notes, as they have increased clarity. Examples of pictograms when taking notes: F(x)? - is the function increasing, F(x)? - decreases, F(x)? - increases and is limited from above. The pictogram creates an image, which is important for using the visual memory mechanism. Therefore, pictograms not only speed up recording, but also significantly improve the perception of notes, promote memorization of material, as they force visual memory to work and make it possible to perceive not words, but images. All circuitry is based on pictographic writing. Examples of pictograms:

In the field of humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines, this reduction technique is rarely used, since the concepts of these disciplines are difficult to depict in the form of a picture. Although you can find options for using icons, for example: ? - plan, ? - documentation.

Methods for high-speed note-taking of words. These techniques are individual and require a creative approach. As general recommendations, we can offer: 1. Designation of frequently used words and phrases with initial and final letters. For example: m.b. - May be; d. - must; those. - that is; because - because; etc. - and so on; and so on. - etc; and others - and others; etc. - and others; r-m - consider; p-m - we will receive; s-t - exists.

2. Compression of a word by underwriting vowels as uninformative signs that provide mainly euphony of speech. A striking example of such a technique is the well-known technique of “writing without vowels.” For example, the phrase “Who sent you a letter without vowels?” can be replaced by the clearly readable but difficult to pronounce “kt psl tb psm bz glsnkh?” A series of consonants that form words carry more information than vowels. To compare the information content of consonants and vowels, we can cite the same phrase written only in vowels: “about oa ee io e ay.” Since when writing without vowels, information about cases and other grammatical features is lost, you can use a mixed technique, that is, retain vowels only in endings, for example, trbvnia, trgvlya, zrbtnaya plta. Abbreviations of words by a break in the outline on a vowel letter (for example, abolition of private property - note cha sbstvti; untimely payment of wages - nsvrmaya vy zrbtnoy plty).

Omissions of letters and designation of missing letters with a hyphen (for example, work - r-ta; management - m-nt; marketing - m-ng; commerce - k-tion). Abbreviation of a word by designating parts of words at the beginning and end with several letters (for example, conference - conf or kf, quantity - klvo). Abbreviated designation of frequently occurring pronouns (for example, which - kryy, so that - chby).

2. Quick note-taking of phrases

The considered methods of writing words, symbols and phrases are simple and, after a short training, are performed automatically. Techniques for taking notes on phrases are more complex, as they require comprehension and creative processing of the text. But they give a much greater effect both in the speed of recording and in the subsequent perception and memorization of the text. The main idea is to recode and fold text. The objective premise of this idea is the redundancy of language. Studies have shown that the Russian language has a redundancy rate of about 80%. That is, if you remove up to 80% of the characters from the text, you can understand what is being said. It is this redundancy that makes it easy to understand each other, despite the peculiarities of each person’s pronunciation (accent, unclear pronunciation of endings, incorrect stress) and natural interference (noise, musical and visual background). True, after removing 80% of the characters, the text has to be deciphered rather than read, which is unacceptable for note-taking.

If you remove not 80% of the text, but fewer characters and words, then you can shorten the text, and it will not be difficult to read. Collapsing a phrase using context. The essence of this technique is that when taking notes, those words that can be easily restored in meaning are removed from the text. The author of any text (textbook, lecture text) cannot omit such words, otherwise his speech will become dry, lose its harmony and will be perceived worse. Therefore, the reduction must be performed by the listener.

First of all, the subject group can be removed from the phrase, since it coincides with the content of the context and is therefore easily reconstructed from it. For example, if the topic of the lecture is rational note-taking, then from the phrases “notes are used for...”, “the advantages of notes are...” you can leave “used for...”, “advantages...”. What this refers to is easily restored in meaning: the whole lecture is about the notes, which means these phrases also refer to it. Secondly, part of the phrase is removed from the phrase, which in meaning duplicates its other part.

For example, if in a lecture the characteristics of an airplane wing and a helicopter rotor are compared, then there is no need to use the fully named phrases in the notes, but they can be shortened to “wing” and “rotor”, since it is already clear which aircraft they refer to. The next candidate for deletion is the predicate group. In this group, verb words, especially those associated with enumeration (such as “there are”, “consists”, “include”), are replaced by graphic symbols, for example, a fork or a parenthesis.

Phrase conversion. The use of this technique requires understanding the text being noted, its creative processing and high speed of thinking. This technique is most effective in speeding up recording. Its essence is to find a phrase equivalent to the given one, but shorter. The search for such a phrase can be carried out in several directions: select shorter synonyms for the words that make up the phrase (for example, using well-known words of a foreign language); formulate the same thing in other words, eliminating, for example, some adjectives that perform only the functions of “decoration”; choose a shorter text using a system of abbreviations of words and phrases. It is advisable to begin training this technique by taking notes on printed texts, since this gives time for comprehension and condensation of the text with gradual acceleration.

3.Use of color

Color carries additional information, promoting better memorization and focusing attention when reading notes.

You can use colored markers for this. Fears about additional time spent on this are in vain, since the use of other techniques, for example, underlining, outlining, using different letter sizes, etc., leads to even greater loss of time and is also less informative.

Color highlighting is a feature of handwritten notes. This is due to the fact that it is difficult to make, for example, font highlighting in a manuscript, and in books, color printing is much more complex and expensive, so printing often uses a combination of different fonts (bold, italics, different typefaces).

It's helpful to learn a few basic techniques for using color.

Start a new topic, paragraph or point with a red line in the literal sense of the word, that is, highlighting headings with colors or crossing out the ends of points. This technique is especially effective if the notes are used for reference purposes.

You can use the “traffic light” rule, that is, highlight with red prohibitive colors what should not be done, and green colors that permit what should be done.

You can highlight work by color according to importance. Therefore, red in the notes highlights those places that the lecturer draws attention to: definition, formulation of laws, theorems, etc. By developing this idea and introducing not only red into the notes, but also green, blue and others, you can highlight in different colors parts of a note in a note that have different significance.

It is convenient and effective to use this technique when taking notes on mathematical texts. For example, theorem statements are highlighted in red, definitions in green, and other text in blue or black. If you read the outline (especially when re-reading in the process of preparing for an exam) mainly in red and green, you get what can be called the skeleton of the discipline, i.e., positions that deserve primary attention are highlighted. Such reading does not scatter attention and allows you to more clearly see the goals facing the sections, the connection between them, individual provisions and definitions.

The idea behind color matching is as follows: interconnected parts of the material are written in the same color.

Most often this technique is used when it is necessary to highlight:

description of structures consisting of several parts, while the component parts of the diagram are depicted in different colors and their description is given in the same color; recording the dynamics of processes, while the position of parts of the structure is shown in different colors and their description is given in the same color;

image and description of options for any solution that have slight differences; at the same time, different options are shown and described in different colors instead of re-representing them.

Image in different colors and, if necessary, description of families of curves, especially if they are non-monotonic.

But you should not use many colors, preferably no more than three or four.

information note-taking phrase recording

The technique of rational note-taking is one of the basic skills of students, teachers and researchers. Knowledge, skills and abilities in this area must be taught in the same way as we teach everything else, since a self-invented note-taking technique usually turns out to be primitive.

Naturally, everyone must choose the specific system of these techniques, especially abbreviations, based on their own needs and tastes. At the same time, it is clear that such a summary can only be read by its author, which creates the right attitude towards the lecture and increases the efficiency of the educational process.

As a general recommendation, it can be noted that cursive writing techniques, especially contractions, should be introduced gradually 3-5 times a week to give you time to get used to them. In this case, it may be useful to keep track of their vocabulary along with abbreviations.

Experience shows that 50-70 abbreviations are sufficient for subjects studied at a university, some of which will be standard, and some will be individual. You can master them in a few months.

An educated person actively uses about 2,000 words of his native language, and about the same amount is his passive vocabulary (for comparison: in Ozhegov’s dictionary there are about 57,000 words). Multiplication tables, grammar rules, first names, last names, addresses, telephone numbers, etc. are added to the memory load.

So 50-70 contractions constitute a small fraction of the total amount of information available in memory (less than 0.1%). And after the necessary training, contractions will be perceived as completely natural.

References

1. G. Alder, “Techniques for the development of intelligence”, “Peter”, St. Petersburg, 2001.

2. E. Bono, “Non-standard thinking”, “Medley”, Minsk, 2000.

3. T. Buzan, “Make the most of your mind”, “Medley”, Minsk, 2000.

4. T. Buzan, “Teach yourself to think”, “Medley”, Minsk, 2000.

5. B. Depoter, M. Henaki, “Quantum learning”, “Potpourri”, Minsk, 1998.

6. M. Zdenek, “Development of the right hemisphere”, “Potpourri”, Minsk, 1997.

7. D. Kehoe, “The subconscious can do anything”, “Medley”, Minsk, 2000.

8. E. Minko “Accelerated note-taking and reading”, “Peter”, St. Petersburg, 2003.

9. H. Silva, B. Goldman “Intelligence management using the Silva method”, “Medley”, Minsk, 2000.

10. R. Sternberg, “Hone your intellect”, “Medley”, Minsk, 2000.

Posted on Allbest.ru