How many children did Tsiolkovsky have? Space genius

Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky is a world-renowned Soviet researcher, promoter of space exploration.

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky is a scientist and inventor, a pioneer in the field of space exploration. He is the "father" of modern astronautics. The first Russian scientist to become famous in the field of aeronautics and aeronautics, a man without whom it is impossible to imagine astronautics.

Tsiolkovsky's discoveries made a significant contribution to the development of science, he is known as the developer of a rocket model capable of conquering outer space. He believed in the possibility of establishing human settlements in space.

From the biography of K.E. Tsiolkovsky:

The biography of the scientist is a vivid example of his dedication to his work and perseverance in achieving the goal, despite difficult life circumstances.

The future great scientist was born on September 17, 1857 in the Ryazan province, in the village of Izhevskoye, not far from Ryazan.

Father Eduard Ignatievich worked as a forester and was, as his son recalled, from an impoverished noble family, and mother Maria Ivanovna came from a family of small landowners, she ran a household.

Three years after the birth of the future scientist, his family moved to Ryazan because of the difficulties that arose at his father's work.

The initial training of Constantine and his brothers (reading, writing and the basics of arithmetic) was done by my mother. In 1868, the family moved to Vyatka, where Konstantin and his younger brother Ignatius became students of the men's gymnasium. Education was hard, the main reason for this was deafness - a consequence of scarlet fever, which the boy suffered at the age of 9. In the same year, a great loss happened in the Tsiolkovsky family: everyone's beloved elder brother of Konstantin, Dmitry, died. And a year later, unexpectedly for everyone, my mother was gone.

The family tragedy had a negative impact on Kostya's studies, Tsiolkovsky was often punished for all sorts of pranks in the classroom, moreover, his deafness began to progress sharply, which more and more isolated the young man from society.

In 1873, Tsiolkovsky was expelled from the gymnasium. He never studied anywhere else, preferring to study his education on his own, because books generously gave knowledge and never reproached for anything. At this time, the guy became interested in scientific and technical creativity, he even designed a lathe at his home.

Parents of K. E. Tsiolklvsky

At the age of 16, Konstantin, with the light hand of his father, who believed in the ability of his son, moved to Moscow, where he unsuccessfully tried to enter the Higher Technical School. Failure did not break the young man, and for three years he independently studied such sciences as astronomy, mechanics, chemistry, mathematics, communicating with others with the help of a hearing aid.

The young man visited the Chertkovskaya public library every day; it was there that he met Nikolai Fedorov, one of the founders of Russian cosmism. This outstanding man replaced all the teachers combined for the young man.

Life in the capital was too expensive for Tsiolkovsky, besides he spent all his savings on books and devices, so in 1876 he returned to Vyatka, where he began to earn money by tutoring and private lessons in physics and mathematics. Upon returning home, Tsiolkovsky's eyesight fell significantly due to hard work and difficult conditions, and he began to wear glasses. Pupils went to Tsiolkovsky, who had established himself as a high-quality teacher, with great eagerness. The teacher used methods developed by himself in teaching lessons, among which a visual demonstration was the key.

For geometry lessons, Tsiolkovsky made models of polyhedrons from paper, together with his students he conducted experiments in physics. Konstantin Eduardovich earned the fame of a teacher who explains the material in an understandable, accessible language: it was always interesting in his classes.

In 1876, Ignatius, Constantine's brother, died, which was a very big blow for the scientist.

In 1878, Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, together with his family, changed their place of residence to Ryazan. There he successfully passed the exams for a teacher's diploma and got a job at a school in the city of Borovsk. In the local district school, despite the considerable distance from the main scientific centers, Tsiolkovsky actively carried out research in the field of aerodynamics. He created the foundations of the kinetic theory of gases, sending the available data to the Russian Physicochemical Society, to which he received an answer from Mendeleev that this discovery was made a quarter of a century ago.

The young scientist was very shocked by this circumstance; his talent was taken into account in St. Petersburg. One of the main problems that occupied Tsiolkovsky's thoughts was the theory of balloons. The scientist has developed his own version of the design of this aircraft, characterized by a thin metal shell. Tsiolkovsky outlined his thoughts in the work of 1885-1886. "Theory and experience of aerostat".

In 1880, Tsiolkovsky married Sokolova Varvara Evgrafovna, the daughter of the owner of the room in which he lived for some time. Tsiolkovsky's children from this marriage: sons Ignatius, Ivan, Alexander and daughter Sophia.

In January 1881, Constantine's father died. Later, a terrible incident occurred in his life - the fire of 1887, which destroyed everything: modules, blueprints, acquired property. Only the sewing machine survived. This event was a heavy blow for Tsiolkovsky.

In 1892 Tsiolkovsky moved to Kaluga. There he also got a job as a teacher of geometry and arithmetic, while studying astronautics and aeronautics, he built a tunnel in which he checked aircraft.

It was in Kaluga that Tsiolkovsky wrote the main works on space biology, the theory of jet propulsion and medicine, while continuing to work on the theory of a metal airship.

Konstantin did not have enough own funds to conduct research, so he turned for financial help to the Physicochemical Society, which did not consider it necessary to financially support the scientist.

Konstantin is rejected and spends family savings on his work. The money was used to build about a hundred prototypes. Subsequent news of Tsiolkovsky's successful experiments still prompts the Physicochemical Society to allocate 470 rubles to him. The scientist invested all this money in improving the properties of the tunnel.

The cosmos irresistibly beckons Tsiolkovsky, he writes a lot. Begins fundamental work on "Exploration of outer space with a jet engine". Konstantin Tsiolkovsky pays more and more attention to the study of space.

The year 1895 was marked by the publication of Tsiolkovsky's book "Dreams of the Earth and the Sky", and a year later he began work on a new book: "Exploration of Outer Space Using a Jet Engine", in which he focused on rocket engines, transportation of cargo in space and the characteristics of fuel.

The beginning of the new, twentieth century, was difficult for Constantine: no more money was allocated to continue research important for science, his son Ignatius committed suicide in 1902, five years later, when the river flooded, the scientist's house was flooded, many exhibits, structures and unique calculations. It seemed that all the elements of nature were opposed to Tsiolkovsky. By the way, in 2001 on the Russian ship "Konstantin Tsiolkovsky" there was a strong fire that destroyed everything inside (as in 1887, when the house of the scientist burned down).

The life of a scientist became a little easier with the advent of Soviet power. The Russian society of lovers of world studies allocated him a pension, which practically did not allow him to die of starvation. After all, the Socialist Academy did not accept the scientist into its ranks in 1919, thereby leaving him without a livelihood. In November 1919, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was arrested, taken to the Lubyanka and released a few weeks later thanks to the petition of a certain high-ranking party member.

In 1923, another son, Alexander, did not become, who made the decision to die on his own. The Soviet authorities remembered Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in the same year, after the publication of G. Obert, a German physicist, about space flights and rocket engines. During this period, the living conditions of the Soviet scientist changed dramatically. The leadership of the Soviet Union paid attention to all his achievements, provided comfortable conditions for fruitful activity, and appointed a personal life pension.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, whose discoveries made a huge contribution to the study of astronautics, died in his native Kaluga on September 19, 1935 from stomach cancer.

The main dates of the biography of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

* 1880 married in church marriage with V. Sokolova.

* 1896 began to investigate the dynamics of the movement of rockets.

* In the period from 1909 to 1911 - received official patents related to the construction of airships in the countries of the Old and New World and Russia.

* 1918 becomes a member of the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences. Continues teaching at the Kaluga Unified Soviet Labor School.

* 1919 the commission does not accept the project of the airship for arming the Soviet army. He wrote his autobiography "Fatum, Rock, Destiny." He spent several weeks in prison at the Lubyanka.

* 1929 met with a colleague in rocket science with Sergei Korolev.

Scientific achievements of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

1. Creation of the country's first aerodynamic laboratory and wind tunnel.

2.Aerostat, which can be controlled, an airship made of solid metal - the development of Tsiolkovsky.

3. Proposed a new project for a gas turbine thrust engine.

4. More than four hundred works on the theory of rocketry.

5. Development of methods for studying the aerodynamic properties of aircraft.

6. An exposition of a rigorous theory of jet propulsion and a proof of the necessity of using rockets for space travel.

7. Developed a rocket launch from an inclined level.

8. This development was used in artillery installations of the "Katyusha" type.

9. Worked on the substantiation of the possibility of travel to space.

10. Seriously engaged in the study of real interstellar travel.

Interesting facts from the life of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

1. As a 14-year-old teenager, he made a lathe. A year later I made a balloon.

2. At the age of 16, Tsiolkovsky was expelled from the gymnasium. He never studied anywhere else, and studied his education on his own: books generously gave him knowledge.

3. With his own money, Tsiolkovsky created about a hundred different models of aircraft and tested them.

4. The news of Tsiolkovsky's successful experiments nevertheless prompted the Physicochemical Society to allocate him 470 rubles, which the scientist spent on the invention of an improved aerodynamic tunnel.

5. The only thing that survived the fire in Tsiolkovsky's house was a sewing machine.

6. During the flood, the house of the scientist was flooded, many exhibits, structures and unique calculations were destroyed.

7. Two sons of Tsiolkovsky committed suicide at different times.

8. Tsiolkovsky is a self-taught scientist who substantiated the idea that rockets should be used for space flights.

9. He sincerely believed that humanity will reach such a level of development that it will be able to inhabit the vastness of the Universe.

10. Inspired by the ideas of the great inventor, A. Belyaev wrote a science fiction novel called "The Star of the CEC".

Quotes and statements by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

1. “Glimpses of serious mental consciousness emerged while reading. At the age of 14, I decided to read arithmetic, and everything seemed completely clear and understandable to me. From that time on, I realized that books are a simple thing and quite accessible to me. "

2. “The main motive of my life is to do something useful for people, not to live a life for nothing, to move humanity forward a little bit. That is why I was interested in things that gave me neither bread nor strength. But I hope that my works, maybe soon, or maybe in the distant future, will give society mountains of bread and an abyss of power. "

3. “Abyss of discovery and wisdom await us. We will live to receive them and reign in the Universe, like other immortals. "

4. "The planet is the cradle of the mind, but you cannot live in the cradle forever."

5. “First, they inevitably come: thought, fantasy, fairy tale. They are followed by scientific calculation and already, in the end, execution is crowned with thought. "

6. “New ideas need to be supported. Few have such value, but it is a very precious property of people. "

7. “Penetrate people into the solar system, dispose of in it like a mistress in a house: will the secrets of the world be revealed then? Not at all! How inspecting some pebble or shell will not yet reveal the secrets of the ocean. "

8. In his science fiction story “On the Moon” Tsiolkovsky wrote: “It was impossible to hesitate any longer: the heat was hellish; at least outside, in places where it was lit, the stony soil was heated to the point that rather thick wooden planks had to be tied up under the boots. In a hurry we dropped glass and earthenware, but it did not break - the weight was so weak. " According to many confessions, the scientist accurately described the lunar atmosphere.

9. “Time may exist, but we do not know where to look for it. If time exists in nature, then it has not yet been discovered. "

10. “Death is one of the illusions of the weak human mind. It does not exist, because the existence of an atom in inorganic matter is not marked by memory and time, the latter, as it were, does not exist. The multitude of the existence of the atom in organic form merge into one subjectively continuous and happy life - happy, since there is no other one ”.

11. "The fear of natural death will be destroyed from deep knowledge of nature."

12. “Now, on the contrary, I am tormented by the thought: have I recouped with my labors the bread that I ate for 77 years? Therefore, all my life I have been striving for peasant agriculture, to literally eat my own bread. "

Monument to K.E. Tsiolkovsky in Moscow

photo from the Internet

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is an outstanding Russian scientist, inventor, naturalist, philosopher. In 1883 he wrote the book "Free space", in which he described the processes occurring in space, its properties. It was in this book that Konstantin Eduardovich first proposed the rocket principle of movement in airless space. Was the space surrounding Konstantin Eduardovich himself free for creativity and scientific research? Unfortunately no. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was born in 1857, and at the age of 9 he almost completely lost his hearing after suffering scarlet fever. When he entered the Vyatka gymnasium, there were problems with education - the gymnasium student Tsiolkovsky could not meet the requirements of the educational institution, fully master the material, pass exams. Children in every possible way bullied the talented fellow practitioner, subjected him to sophisticated bullying and ridicule. Konstantin Eduardovich later called this period "the saddest, darkest time of my life."

Konstantin was expelled from the gymnasium in the third year of study. Since that time, mistrust and bitterness have settled in his soul. But his natural curiosity and craving for natural sciences did not allow him to give up. Konstantin took up self-education, studied textbooks and monographs, conducted physical and chemical experiments at home. He had golden hands, and even in early childhood, he himself made toys, watches, skates. When the need arose for experimental research, he managed to make a lathe, an astrolabe. Showing remarkable design talent, Konstantin built a variety of self-propelled mechanisms, the springs for which he extracted from old ladies' crinolines.

For three years, first in Vyatka, then in the Chertkovo public library in Moscow, he mastered not only the gymnasium program, but a significant part of the university one. Circumstances forced him to look for a livelihood, and Konstantin Eduardovich took up tutoring, and later teaching. This fact causes natural surprise: how did a person who is practically deaf managed to succeed in teaching? The fact is that Tsiolkovsky made extensive use of visual methods - he conducted experiments with his students, made models of geometric figures and various aircraft.

Nevertheless, the free space around the scientist continued to shrink. The fire and two floods destroyed the devices, apparatus, scientific notes, calculations created by him. Konstantin Eduardovich, unable to communicate with other researchers and not being aware of the scientific work in progress in the world, was doomed to “reinvent the wheel”. Many of his discoveries have already been made by other scientists.

Articles sent by Tsiolkovsky to scientific publications were not published, and his works were not published. Konstantin Eduardovich stopped hoping for recognition, but, nevertheless, continued his scientific activity. He studied biomechanics, aeronautics theory, and even eugenics. He was ignored as a scientist, but appreciated as an educator. In 1892, Tsiolkovsky was transferred to Kaluga, a teacher at a district school.

The beginning of the 20th century was especially difficult for the scientist: the death of his sons, lack of support from the scientific community, poverty, arrest. Nevertheless, Konstantin Eduardovich did not abandon his research activities, wrote books, improved the model of a balloon with a metal shell. He spent all his money purchasing materials. But his most important works were devoted to astronautics and the theory of rocket propulsion.

Only after 1923 the space surrounding the great scientist became more or less free. The Soviet authorities became interested in his works, publications and followers appeared. Many of Tsiolkovsky's ideas formed the basis of modern theories of space flight.

The famous Soviet writer A. Belyaev wrote a fantastic novel about the space station called "Star of the KEC". Have you already guessed what this acronym means? Quite right. These are the initial letters of the name Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky!

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky brief biography is presented in this article and may be supplemented.

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky short biography

Born into the family of a forester in the village of Izhevskoye, Ryazan Province, in 1857 on September 5. After suffering scarlet fever in childhood, he almost completely lost his hearing; deafness did not allow him to continue his studies at school, and from the age of 14 he studied independently.

From 16 to 19 he lived in Moscow, studied physics and mathematics in a cycle of secondary and higher education. In 1879 he passed exams for the title of teacher and in 1880 he was appointed teacher of arithmetic and geometry at the Borovskoye district school of the Kaluga province.

For 12 years Tsiolkovsky lived and worked in Borovsk, teaching arithmetic and geometry. There he also married Varvara Evgrafovna Sokolova, who became his faithful assistant and adviser.

While teaching, Tsiolkovsky began to engage in scientific work.
Almost all the works of this great inventor were devoted to jet vehicles, airplanes, airships, as well as many other aerodynamic research.

It is worth noting that it was Konstantin Eduardovich who had a completely new idea for those times of building an airplane with a metal sheathing and a frame. In addition, in 1898, Tsiolkovsky became the first Russian citizen to independently develop and build a wind tunnel, which later began to be used in many flying vehicles.

The passion to know the sky and space prompted Konstantin Eduardovich to write more than four hundred works, which are known only to a small circle of his admirers.

Among other things, thanks to the unique and thoughtful suggestions of this great explorer, today almost all military artillery uses flyovers to launch volley fire. In addition, it was Tsiolkovsky who thought out a method for refueling missiles during their direct flight.

Scientific activity occupied all of Tsiolkovsky's free time, but the main one for many years was still teaching. His lessons aroused students' interest, gave them practical skills and knowledge. Only in November 1921, at the age of 64, Tsiolkovsky left his teaching job.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, his scientific activities were supported by the state. In 1918, Tsiolkovsky was elected a member of the Socialist Academy. In 1921, Tsiolkovsky was assigned an increased personal pension.

On September 17, 1857, exactly 160 years ago, Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky was born - a brilliant Russian scientist, a man who stood at the origins of theoretical cosmonautics. “Russians in Space” is the result of his entire life as well.

The uniqueness of Tsiolkovsky is not only in his colossal contribution to the comprehension of heavenly and outer space, but in general in the versatility of his nature. After all, Tsiolkovsky not only formulated and developed astronautics, rocket science, aeronautics and aerodynamics. He was a philosopher and writer, one of the brightest representatives of Russian cosmism and the author of a number of works at the intersection of science and fantastic literature, in which he called for the exploration and settlement of outer space.

The very origin of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, as it were, symbolized the unity of the two components of Russia - Western, European, and Eastern, Asian, and, of course, Russian culture united them. On the paternal side, Constantine belonged to the Polish noble family of the Tsiolkovsky family, whose representatives had already become very poor at the end of the 18th century and, in fact, led the lives of ordinary employees. The father of the future founder of cosmonautics Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky (Makar-Eduard-Erasmus Tsiolkovsky) graduated from the Forestry and Land Survey Institute in St. Petersburg and served as a forester. The maternal line of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky is the Yumashev family of Tatar origin. Even during the reign of John IV, the ancestors of his mother Maria Ivanovna Yumasheva, small local nobles, moved to the Pskov region. There they gradually became Russified, adopted the Russian tradition.

Konstantin Eduardovich was born in the village of Izhevsk near Ryazan, where his father served at that time. In 1868, my father transferred to Vyatka, where he received the position of the head of the Forestry Department. In Vyatka, Konstantin went to the local gymnasium. It was difficult for the future genius to study at the gymnasium. The situation was complicated by the fact that in childhood, while sledding, Konstantin caught a cold, had scarlet fever and, as a result of complications, received partial hearing loss. This ailment also did not contribute to good studies. Moreover, in 1869, Konstantin's elder brother Dmitry, who studied at the Naval School in St. Petersburg, suddenly died. The death of the eldest son was a terrible blow to his mother, Maria Ivanovna, and in 1870 she died suddenly. Left without a mother, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky began to show even less zeal for studies, stayed for the second year, and in 1873 he was expelled from the gymnasium with a recommendation "to enter a technical school." This is how Tsiolkovsky's formal education ended - after being expelled from the gymnasium, he never studied anywhere else. I did not study - in the official, formal sense of the word. In fact, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky studied all his life. It was self-education that allowed him to become the person who is remembered 160 years after birth.

In July 1873, his father sent Konstantin to Moscow to enter the Higher Technical School (now the Bauman Moscow State Technical University). The young man received a letter with him to his father's friend, in which Edward asked him to help his son settle in a new place. But this letter to Tsiolkovsky was lost, after which the young man rented a room on Nemetskaya Street and engaged in self-education in the free Chertkovsky public library. I must say that Tsiolkovsky approached his self-education very thoroughly. He did not have enough money - his father sent only 10-15 rubles a month. Therefore, Tsiolkovsky lived on bread and water - in the literal sense. But I patiently went to the library and gnawed at the granite of sciences - physics, mathematics, chemistry, geometry, astronomy, mechanics. Konstantin did not ignore the humanitarian disciplines.

Konstantin lived in Moscow for 3 years. They had to return to Vyatka for the reason that the father, who had grown old and was about to retire, could no longer send him even the meager money that he had sent before. Upon his return, Tsiolkovsky, thanks to his parental connections, was able to quickly find a clientele and give private lessons. After his father retired in 1878, the entire remaining Tsiolkovsky family returned to Ryazan. In the fall of 1879, at the First Provincial Gymnasium of Ryazan, Konstantin successfully passed the full exam for the district teacher of mathematics. After passing the exam, Konstantin received a referral to the Borovskoye district school for the position of a teacher of arithmetic, where he left in January 1880. In Borovsk, located 100 km from Moscow, Konstantin spent the next 12 years of his life. It was during the years of his life in Borovsk that Tsiolkovsky began to develop the theory of aerodynamics, dreaming of conquering the sky. In 1886, he completed the work "Theory and experience of a balloon with an elongated shape in the horizontal direction", based on the experience of designing and testing his own balloon design. Around the same time, in 1887, Tsiolkovsky published his first literary work, the science fiction story On the Moon. From this time on, science fiction will occupy him no less than the theoretical foundations of aeronautics.

In 1892, Tsiolkovsky, who by this time was considered one of the best teachers in Borovsk, at the suggestion of the director of public schools D.S. Unkovsky was transferred to Kaluga - to the Kaluga district school. In Kaluga, Konstantin Eduardovich settled for the rest of his life. It was here that he carried out most of his scientific developments and formed his scientific and philosophical system of views.

As you know, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was not only a practical scientist, but also a philosopher of science. In his philosophical views, he adhered to the Russian cosmists. Even in his youth, while studying in a Moscow library, Tsiolkovsky met Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov, an assistant librarian, who was actually a prominent religious philosopher and scientist, “Moscow Socrates,” as his enthusiastic students called him. However, due to his natural shyness and "wildness", as Tsiolkovsky himself later recalled, he did not get to know exactly the philosophical concept of Nikolai Fedorov, one of the founders of Russian cosmism.

Fedorov believed that chaos prevails in the Universe, with destructive consequences. To avoid the destruction of the Universe, it is necessary to transform the world, combining science and religious truths, uniting humanity around a "Common Cause". In Fedorov's concept, religion did not contradict science, and humanity had to achieve the ability to control nature, overcome the finiteness of space and time, and conquer space. The very idea of ​​resurrecting dead people by using scientific achievements was amazing. Tsiolkovsky, following as a whole in the mainstream of the ideas of Russian cosmism, no longer represented a religious, but its natural scientific direction.

One of the most important achievements of Tsiolkovsky's philosophy was the understanding of the cosmos not just as a physical environment containing matter and energy, but as a space for the application of human creative energy and abilities. Tsiolkovsky was enthusiastic about space, considering it a repository of contentment and joy, since outer space should be inhabited by perfect organisms that were able to conquer and master it. Man, exploring space, also improves and approaches these perfect organisms.

According to Tsiolkovsky, space exploration is an integral and most important stage in the evolution of mankind. Believing in the improvement and development of mankind, Tsiolkovsky was convinced that the modern man has much to develop. He must overcome his immaturity, the consequences of which are wars and crimes. It was in scientific and technological progress that Tsiolkovsky saw a way of radical transformation of both the surrounding world and humanity itself. But, at the same time, being a consistent supporter of the scientific and technological revolution, Tsiolkovsky did not forget about issues of ethics, which were of great importance within the framework of his philosophical concept.

Tsiolkovsky's cosmic ethics is very original. For example, she recognizes the superiority of some forms of life that are developed and have a perspective, over others - imperfect, undeveloped. The colonization of outer space is carried out precisely by developed, perfect forms that eradicate primitive organisms. At the same time, Tsiolkovsky shares the idea of ​​"reasonable egoism", which consists in "true selfishness, concern for the future of one's atoms." Since atoms are exchanged in space, intelligent beings are in a moral relationship. The conditions for the successful development of atoms in the Universe are created precisely by perfect and developed organisms. Any further complication of organisms is, from the point of view of Tsiolkovsky, a great blessing.

Such views of Tsiolkovsky influenced his position on the social, demographic development of society. Although the main attention in his philosophical concept Tsiolkovsky always paid to the issues of space, cosmic mind, he was no stranger, and the so-called. "Social engineering", formulating their own vision of eugenics. No, Tsiolkovsky's eugenics had nothing to do with the eugenic theories of European racists popular at the beginning of the 20th century. But Tsiolkovsky argued that the future of mankind, its improvement and prosperous development depend on how many geniuses are born in the world - the locomotives of this development. For more geniuses to be born, this process, from the point of view of Tsiolkovsky, must be controlled. In each city or settlement, it is necessary to create and equip the so-called. "The best houses". They should provide apartments for the most capable and talented men and women. The marriages of such “genius people” should only be contracted with the appropriate permission, as well as the appropriate permission for childbearing. Tsiolkovsky believed that the implementation of this measure would lead to the fact that in several generations the number of talented and capable people and even geniuses would rapidly increase, since geniuses will marry only their own kind and children will be born of a genius father and a genius mother, inheriting all the qualities of biological parents.

Of course, many of Tsiolkovsky's views now seem naive, and some are overly radical. For example, he argued the need to rid society of the sick, crippled, and feeble-minded. It is necessary to take good care of such people, but they should not give offspring, and if they are hindered in reproduction, then humanity will become better over time, Tsiolkovsky believed. As for the criminals, their scientist and philosopher suggested "splitting into atoms."

Tsiolkovsky had a special attitude to the issues of death and immortality. For Tsiolkovsky, as well as for some other representatives of the philosophy of Russian cosmism, was characterized by a belief in the possibility of rational achievement of human immortality - with the help of scientific progress. The possibility of immortality was deduced by them from the greatness of the Cosmos, whose life cannot but be endless. At the same time, cosmists understood that immortality is not necessary for an imperfect person, the infinity of existence makes sense only for perfect, intelligent creatures. From the point of view of Tsiolkovsky, at the current stage of human development, death plays the role of artificial selection, contributing to the further improvement of the human race. The relative death of a person, like that of another creature, from the point of view of Tsiolkovsky, is a certain stop in existence that does not bring absolute death. After the death of a person, atoms take on a simpler form, but they can be reborn again.
At the same time, since dying always brings suffering, Tsiolkovsky sees it as an undesirable process. The dying of a "rational being" is especially undesirable, since it interrupts the implementation of the plans and tasks of the latter and this slows down the general development of mankind, negatively affecting its improvement. Here Tsiolkovsky approaches the idea of ​​immortalism - personal physical immortality for a specific person, which, in his opinion, can be realized in three ways: by extending human life (to begin with up to 125-200 years), changing the very nature of a person and his body, and degenerating the human personality.

The October Revolution took place when Tsiolkovsky was already an elderly man. For the next 18 years he lived in the Soviet state and, I must say, Tsiolkovsky's relations with the Soviet government were quite good. For example, in 1921 he was awarded a life pension for his services to national and world science. It is unlikely that in tsarist Russia he would have received such an encouragement. The Soviet authorities took Tsiolkovsky's research extremely seriously. After the death of the scientist, he became one of the "icons" of Soviet cosmonautics and rocketry, which were erected, among other things, to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. Many streets in a number of cities of the Soviet Union, educational institutions, museums were named after him. In many ways, it is thanks to the Soviet regime that the “Kaluga dreamer” has forever remained in the Russian - not only as a projectionist, philosopher and science fiction writer, but also as a herald and theorist of space exploration.

MAIN DATES OF THE LIFE AND WORK OF KE TSIOLKOVSKY

1857, September 17 (5)- In the village of Izhevsk, Ryazan province, in the family of the district forester Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky and his wife Maria Ivanovna (nee Yumasheva), a son, Konstantin, was born.

1858, summer- The Tsiolkovsky family moves to Ryazan.

1867, winter- Konstantin loses his hearing after suffering scarlet fever.

1868, autumn- The Tsiolkovsky family moves to Vyatka (now Kirov).

1869, autumn- Konstantin Tsiolkovsky enters the Vyatka men's gymnasium.

1870, autumn- Death of the mother.

1873 summer - 1876 October- Konstantin Tsiolkovsky lives in Moscow and is engaged in self-education. Acquaintance with the philosopher-cosmist N.F. Fedorov.

1876, end of October- Return to Vyatka.

1878, summer- Tsiolkovsky's father retires, and the family moves to Ryazan.

1879, September- Konstantin Tsiolkovsky externally passes exams for the title of teacher of district schools; Received a teaching certificate in October.

1880, January- Received an appointment in the town of Borovsk, Kaluga province, started teaching arithmetic and geometry at the Borovsk district school.

1880, August 20- Wedding with Varvara Evgrafovna Sokolova (November 5, 1857 - August 20, 1940).

1880–1883 - The first scientific works were written: "The theory of gases", "The duration of the radiation of the Sun", "Free space", "Mechanics like a changing organism."

1887, spring- Speech at a meeting of the Society of Natural Science Lovers in the Great Hall of the Polytechnic Museum with a report on a metal controlled balloon. Acquaintance with Professor A. G. Stoletov, who provided the young scientist with important moral support.

1887, April- Fire in the house where Tsiolkovsky lived; the family is deprived of all acquired property, the scientist - the library, instruments and laboratory equipment.

1890, October- The VII (aeronautical) department of the Russian Technical Society at its meeting gave a negative assessment to the project of a metal balloon (airship) presented by Tsiolkovsky, and rejected the scientist's request to allocate funds for the construction of an experimental model.

1891, second half- The first works of Tsiolkovsky - "The pressure of a liquid on a plane evenly moving in it", "How to protect fragile and delicate things from jolts and blows" - were published in the Proceedings of the Department of Physical Sciences of the Society of Natural Science Lovers.

1892, February- Tsiolkovsky and his family are moving to Kaluga. Beginning of teaching at the Kaluga district school.

1892, spring- Publication of the first book of the scientist - "Controlled metal balloon".

1893–1894 - Publication of works: "Controlled metal balloon" (2nd part), "Gravity as the main source of world energy", science fiction story "On the Moon", "Is a metal balloon possible?", "Airplane, or Bird-like ( aviation) flying machine ".

1895, spring- The book "Dreams of the Earth and the Sky" was published.

1896 -Starting work in the field of rocket dynamics. First drafts of the article "Exploration of world spaces by jet devices". Continuation of the design of the metal airship.

1897, autumn- Using his own funds, he built the world's first wind tunnel and began experiments to study air resistance. I contacted the physics department of the Russian Physicochemical Society with a message about the discovery and a request for financial support. Received an answer about the futility of the project and a refusal of material assistance.

1897 - The journal "Scientific Review" (No. 7) published an article "Duration of the Sun's radiation. The pressure inside the stars (the Sun) and their compression due to the elasticity of matter. " The beginning of creative cooperation with the publisher of the magazine, writer-educator and philosopher M. M. Filippov.

1898, December- Writes a treatise "Scientific Foundations of Religion", which laid the foundation for an extensive cycle of subsequent God-seeking works.

1899, February- Begins teaching physics at the Kaluga Diocesan Women's School, combining this with work at the Kaluga District School.

1900, January- The Russian Academy of Sciences makes a decision on the allocation of financial assistance in the amount of 470 rubles to continue experiments in aerodynamics.

1900, August- Dismisses from service in the Kaluga district school due to completely upset health. From now on, the teaching activity of Tsiolkovsky is associated with the diocesan school - up to the liquidation of the latter by the decision of the Soviet authorities.

1900 - The journal "Scientific Review" (No. 12) publishes a review article by Tsiolkovsky "Achievements of aeronautics in the 19th century."

1901, December- Preparation of a report on air resistance experiments carried out with a wind tunnel. The report, which was later sent to the Academy of Sciences, did not receive due assessment and was not published.

1902, April - July- Prepares for publication the article "Exploration of world spaces by jet devices" (in two parts).

1903, January- Beginning of work on the philosophical work "Ethics, or Natural Foundations of Morality".

1903 May- Journal "Scientific Review" (No. 5) publishes the first part of Tsiolkovsky's article "Exploration of world spaces by jet devices".

1904, May- Purchase of his own house in Kaluga (now the Memorial House-Museum of K.E. Tsiolkovsky).

1909–1911 - Obtaining patents for their inventions related to the method of joining metal sheets in order to construct a variable volume airship shell - in Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Italy, Great Britain, France, Russia, Austria and the USA.

1911, end - 1912, beginning- The journal "Bulletin of Aeronautics" (editor - BN Vorobiev) publishes in seven issues the second part (and a summary of the first part) of the article "Exploration of world spaces by jet devices".

1914, April 8-13- Participation in the III All-Russian Aeronautical Congress, held in St. Petersburg. Presentation with a report on a metal airship (report due to Tsiolkovsky's illness and at his request was read by P.P. Canning).

1914, April- Acquaintance with the 17-year-old student of the Kaluga real school, Alexander Chizhevsky.

1915, January- He appeals to the Main Department of Agriculture and Land Management with a request to take ownership of a plot of state land in the Black Sea province.

1914–1916 -Among others, the following works have been written and published: "Nirvana", "The Second Law of Thermodynamics", additions to the first and second parts of "Exploration of World Spaces by Reactive Devices", "Formation of the Earth and Solar Systems", "General Alphabet and Language", "Knowledge and its distribution ”,“ Grief and genius ”.

1917–1918 -Work on the philosophical and sociological treatises "The Ideal Structure of Life", "Human Properties", "Science and Faith", "The Adventures of the Atom".

1917, December- Speaks at the newly created People's University with a series of lectures on philosophy and the "social structure of mankind."

1918 - The magazine "Nature and People" in No. 2-14 publishes the science fiction story "Out of the Earth".

1918, July 1- Dismissed from the Kaluga Diocesan Women's School in connection with the liquidation of the latter.

1918, August 25- Elected as a competing member of the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences.

1918, November 1- Admitted to the position of a teacher of the 6th Kaluga Unified Soviet Labor School.

1918- The work "Genius Among People" has been published.

1919, February- Appeals to the command of the Southern Front and the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs with a proposal to build an airship for the needs of the Red Army.

1919, May 30- A commission consisting of professors Zhukovsky, Vetchinkin and others gives a negative conclusion regarding the advisability of building a metal airship designed by Tsiolkovsky.

1919, summer- Written autobiographical notes "Fatum, rock, destiny."

1919, November 17- Arrested by the Extraordinary Commission and escorted under escort to Moscow to the investigative prison on Lubyanka.

1920, autumn- Makes an attempt to move to a permanent place of residence in Kiev.

1920, October 25- The Kaluga Provincial Economic Council reported to Kiev that it was impossible for Tsiolkovsky to move for health reasons.

1920 -Release as a separate edition of the science fiction story "Out of the Earth" (journal publication in 1916 was not completed).

1921, June 20- Hired to work in the technical bureau of the Kaluga Regional Economic Council as a design engineer.

1921, August 1- Transferred to the position of a consultant on technical issues of the Kaluga Governmental Economic Council.

1921, November 9- The Small Council of People's Commissars, with the participation of V. I. Lenin, adopted a resolution: “In view of the special merits of the scientist and inventor, aviation specialist K. E. Tsiolkovsky in the field of scientific development of aviation issues, assign him a life pension of 500,000 rubles. per month".

1923, August 23- Delivers a lecture in Moscow in front of the audience of the Air Force Academy.

1923, November-December- Publication of the brochure "Rocket into Outer Space" with a foreword by A. L. Chizhevsky, which defends the priority of K. E. Tsiolkovsky in the field of rocketry.

1924 -Publication of the brochure "The Story of My Corrugated Metal Airship."

1924, April- Publishes in the regional newspaper "Commune" a review of the book by A. L. Chizhevsky "Physical factors of the historical process."

1925, May 3- Participates in a dispute at the Polytechnic Museum in Moscow on the topic "Tsiolkovsky's metal airship and how to build it."

1925–1935 - Everyday work on theoretical and budgetary substantiation, consulting and modeling of a metal airship of its own design; a stubborn struggle to bring the idea to life.

1926 - No. 14 of the Ogonyok magazine publishes an article by Tsiolkovsky “The history of my airship” with a portrait of the author.

1927 -The brochure "General human alphabet, spelling and language" has been published.

1928 - The Ogonyok magazine (No. 14) publishes the autobiography of KE Tsiolkovsky, written by A. L. Chizhevsky and timed to coincide with the 70th anniversary of the founder of cosmonautics.

1928 - In Kaluga, brochures are being published: "The Will of the Universe" (with the attachment of the essay "Unknown Reasonable Forces"), "Love for Oneself, or True Self-love", "Mind and Passions".

1929, autumn(presumably) - Tsiolkovsky in Kaluga is visited by S.P. Korolev, the future designer of Soviet rocket and space systems, with the help of which the first artificial Earth satellite and the first manned space flight were launched.

1930 - Publication of the work "Scientific Ethics".

1932, September- Throughout the country, Tsiolkovsky is being honored on the occasion of his 75th birthday.

1932, summer - autumn- Consulting the movie "Space Voyage" and work on the "Album of Space Travel".

1933, May 2- Writes an appeal letter to "My friends" and begins to send out unpublished philosophical notes.

1934 - Published two volumes of "Selected Works of K. E. Tsiolkovsky": Book. 1. "All-metal airship"; Book. 2. "Reactive motion".

1935, September 21- He was buried in the Country Garden (since 1936 renamed into the Park named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky).