Compound words. Letter abbreviations, compound words and graphic abbreviations
There are a lot of words in the Russian language. Formed by the fusion of two or more bases. Especially, Soviet period Our history was rich in such new formations. As a result, the modern Russian language uses a huge variety of abbreviations and compound words, the spelling of which can sometimes cause difficulties.
However, in fact, there are rules governing the writing of such units, and they are not difficult to remember.
1. All compound words (having two or more stems) are written together. At the same time, each part included in their composition is written as it would be written if it were an independent word. For example:
- Komsomol, Gazprom, wall newspaper, Mosodezhda.
Since the spelling of all the stems that form a compound word is based on independent words similar to them, therefore:
a.) on the border of the stems the letters b and b are not written, for example: tsekhyacheka. However, b can be written if it indicates the softness of the preceding consonant in the position before the vowels A, O, U, E. This rule is easy to explain: the listed vowels indicate the hardness of the consonant preceding them, therefore, if you do not write b, then the consonant will read solidly. For example:
- costutil (without b it will be read as “costutil”);
b). At the beginning of the stems of a compound abbreviated word, Y is never written, even if the consonant sound is pronounced firmly. This is due to the fact that in the Russian language there are no words starting with Y. For example:
- Pedagogical Institute, Gospolitizdat;
V). After consonants, E is written if a word begins with it, the stem of which was included in a compound word, for example:
- NEP, HPP, Mosenergo.
2. The following groups of compound words and abbreviations are written in lowercase letters only:
A). All compound words:
- cultural enlightenment, vostroktransenergo, special work, propaganda, etc.;
b). Abbreviations that are read by sounds, and not by the names of the letters included in their composition:
- university, rono, bunker.
3. Compound abbreviated words that name institutions and organizations are written with a capital letter:
- Mosgorgaz, Gosplan, Mosduma, etc.
4. Only in capital letters The following groups of abbreviations are written:
A). Which are read by the names of the letters they contain:
- USSR, GES, CPSU, Cheka, FBI, etc.;
b). Which are read by the sounds of the words included in their composition, but only if the first word in them full transcript written with a capital letter. Usually these are names government agencies and organizations various kinds. For example:
- MFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), GIBDD (State Security Inspectorate) traffic), NSU (Novosibirsk State University), UN (United Nations), etc.;
If these abbreviations are declined, then the case ending is written in capital letters, continuous with the entire word:
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs, TASS, etc.
V). Which are read in one part by the names of the letters, and in the other by the sounds:
- CSKA (pronounced "tseeska")
5. In complex abbreviated proper names, composed by truncation of the stem of one word and the letter abbreviation of all other words, the first letter is written in capital. This rule applies mainly to the names of countries and states. For example:
- AzSSR Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic)
6. There are also graphic abbreviations. They differ from abbreviations, first of all, in that, although they are abbreviated in writing, they are pronounced out loud in full. As a rule, they are written with a lowercase letter and are limited by a period. However, traditional abbreviations of metric names and names of measures are not limited to a dot (kg, m, km, s). For example:
- north-west (northwestern), w. d. ( Railway) etc.
7. Common abbreviations that do not require special explanation and are permitted for use in any publication include the following:
- etc., etc., etc. etc., pp., cf., see, c. (cc.), g. (gg.), t. (vol.), n. Art., Art. Art. ( a new style, old style), AD, city (city), region, district (river), lake, o. (island), gr., associate professor (Assistant Professor), Academician (academician), prof. (professor), im. etc.
However, if the word being abbreviated contains the letter b, then this letter cannot be abbreviated:
- Uralsk (Ural)
When two identical consonants collide (for example, in the word “grammatical”), the abbreviation should be after the first consonant (“grammatical”). When two different consonants (“folk”) or several consonants at once (“Russian”) collide, the word should be abbreviated after all the consonants (“narodn.,” “russk.”)
Compound words are a type of abbreviation that is formed by the initial elements of each name. Simply put, if in the phrase “local committee” you add the first few letters of each word, you get “mestkom”. This is one way to shorten long names, which was widely used in the USSR and remains popular to this day.
What are complex abbreviated samizdat, cultural education, Ministry of Defense, Gosstandartmetrology, social security, collective farm, educational program.
There are several rules that determine how certain compound words are written and used.
Spelling
- All compound words are written together. Examples: local newspaper, wall newspaper, Mosodezhda.
- Each part of the resulting word is written the same way it would be written in the original word. Thus, the letters “ъ” and “ь” cannot appear between these parts. On the other side, soft sign written at the end of the part if it is followed by the letter “a”, “o”, “u”, “e” (for example, costutil).
- At the beginning of the second part there is no “y” written: Gospolitizdat, pedagogical institute.
- “E” after consonants is written only if the original word begins with it: Mosenergo, NEP.
Lowercase and uppercase letters
- Complex abbreviated words are always written in small letters, unless the first abbreviated word is a proper noun: rabkor, kultrabota, special clothing.
- Abbreviations that are read not by the names of the letters, but by their sounds, are written in small letters: rono, university, bunker.
- If compound words mean a name, then they are written with a capital letter: Mossovet, Oblgaz.
Writing abbreviations
An abbreviation is similar to compound words, but, unlike them, it is formed only by the first letters of each component element. For example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs - MIA.
- If the entire abbreviation is read by the names of the letters, then it is written in capitals: USSR, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Central Committee, MTS, CPSU.
- The entire abbreviation is written in capital letters if it denotes the name of the organization. For example: EEC society), MFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), UN (United Nations).
- If an abbreviation can be inflected, then its ending is written in small letters: MFA, TASS.
- If one part of the abbreviation is read by sounds, and the other by letters, then the entire word is written in capitals: CDSA (read “tse-de-sa”).
- If a proper name is abbreviated, and one of the words is truncated to several letters, and the rest to one, then only the first letter is written in capital: AzSSR.
Use in literature
Almost all compound words are intended to be used in oral speech, and not in literature. But there are several that can be used in all literature, except that which is intended for beginning readers:
- etc. - the like
- etc. - others
- others - others
- see - look
- i.e. - that is
- etc. - so on
- Wed - compare
- year - year
- gg. - of the year
- eg - For example
- V. - century
- Art. Art. - old style
- t. - volume
- centuries - centuries
- vol. - volumes
- region - region
- n. e. - ad
- lake - lake
- city - city
- R. - river
- and. d. - railway
- n. Art. - a new style
- Assoc. - assistant professor
- acad. - academician
- prof. - Professor
- page - page
- them. - name
- gr. - citizen
Other words are abbreviated according to several rules:
- You can’t shorten it with a vowel and with “b”: Karelian - “k.”, “kar.”, but not “ka.”, “kare.”, “Karel.”.
- When abbreviating, you need to do it after the first of them: wall - “sten.”, grammatical - “gram.”. If several different consonants coincide, the following applies: reverse rule: The contraction is made to the last consonant. For example, folk - “folk”, Russian - “russk”, artificial - “art”.
>>Russian language 6th grade >>Russian language: Compound and compound words
COMPOUND AND COMPLEX ABBREVIATION WORDS
Theory A
COMPLEX words are words consisting of two (less often three) roots. They are formed as a result of adding the stems of the original words ( steam, carry -> steam locomotive) or whole words ( chair, bed -> chair-bed).
When forming complex words, connecting vowels are more often used O And e:
Sometimes complex words are formed without connecting vowels: plastic.
Practice A
1. Label the roots in difficult words. Emphasize the connecting vowels o and e. Determine the meaning of the words based on the meaning of the roots. Find modern synonyms for outdated words. Remember: meaning outdated word often turns out to be more specific and narrow than the new one, cf.: astrologer - astronomer.
Sample. A barber is someone who shaves beards. Barber - hairdresser.
Water carrier, aeronaut, woodcutter, cook, chiropractor, chronicler, sailor, flour miller, commander, salt maker, steel maker, glass blower, chimney sweep.
2. Write down the names first Vehicle, then instruments and mechanisms. Label the roots and connecting vowels.
Car, all-terrain vehicle, helicopter, lightning rod, hole puncher, dredge, coffee grinder, ice ax, lunar rover,
butter churn, microscope, mousetrap, steam locomotive, steamship, vacuum cleaner, samovar, scooter, airplane, dump truck,
snowmobile
3. Come up with funny names for the devices you would like to invent. Titles must consist of complex words.
4. Translate into Russian. Label the roots and connecting vowels in Ukrainian and Russian words.
Samoskid, sailor, lively, generous, ore-haired, self-teacher, flyer.
Did you know?
The word THANK YOU comes from the phrase God bless!(expression of thanksgiving) by combining stems and truncation of the final consonant.
Theory B
COMPOUND CONTRACTION (in Ukrainian: collapsible and shorter) the word consists of abbreviated stems.
When forming a compound abbreviated word, the following are taken from the abbreviated words: 1) parts consisting of several sounds: fish(aquatic) household(dish) -> fish farm; 2) initial letters: M(Oskovsky) G(national) at(university) -> Moscow State University, pronounced [emgeu]; 3) initial sounds: N(scientifically)-And(research) And(institute) -> Research Institute.
Practice B
5. Determine how compound words are formed and read them.
Head teacher - head of the educational department; caretaker - manager of the farm; sambo - self-defense without weapons; strength - resistance of materials; Faculty of Philology - Faculty of Philology; Yunnat - young naturalist.
6. Read these words. Distribute them into three groups according to the method of abbreviating words indicated in Theory B.
Department store, stationery, manufactured goods, dry cleaning, Sberbank, kindergarten, housing office, main post office, military registration and enlistment office, research institute, tire service, youth theater, recreation center.
N.F. Balandina, K.V. Degtyareva, S.A. Lebedenko. Russian language 6th grade
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Sometimes, instead of several long words, you can say just a few sounds. This can be done using compound words. You will learn what compound words are and how to use them correctly in speech in this lesson.
Topic: Word formation
Lesson: Compound words
1. The concept of compound words.
Compound words- these are words that are both complex (that is, they consist of several stems) and abbreviated (since these stems are used in truncated form).
Thus, compound words(or abbreviations) are words formed by adding abbreviated stems.
2. The history of the origin and meaning of compound words.
This method of word formation made itself known in late XIX centuries and not a single European language has escaped. In the Russian language, the first compound words appeared in the late 90s of the 19th century.
These were, for example, the words:
RSDLP- Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
Will sell- one of the commercial and industrial companies involved in the sale of metal.
During the First World War, military vocabulary was also reduced:
Glavkoyuz- Commander-in-Chief of the Southwestern Front
Nachresidun - Chief of the Danube River Forces
And yet, before the events of 1917, complex abbreviated words were almost never used in oral speech; they were used mainly in written speech.
Thus, the abbreviation was used everywhere E.I.V.- His Imperial Majesty.
In the 1920s, many compound words appeared:
local committee, Mossovet, revolutionary tribunal, NEP and so on.
This tendency in the language manifested itself so clearly that names formed in this way began to appear. For example, in the 20-30s the following names were popular:
Vilen and Vladlen- Vladimir Ilyich Lenin,
Kim - Communist International youth,
Dazdraperma- Long live the First of May.
After the Great Patriotic War the desire for reductions was manifested only in the names of institutions.
In modern Russian the process of formation of complex abbreviated words is also quite active:
Each of us has heard the word UEFA (UEFA) - European Union football associations (Union des associations européennes de football)
Many of us are familiar with the name of the company LUKoil- English oil - oil; LUK - Langepas, Urai, Kogalym.
Often we no longer notice that the word is a compound abbreviation.
This, for example, happened with the word lavsan. Lavsan is the name artificial fiber. The word is formed from the sounds included in the name of the institution where this fiber was invented: Laboratory of Macromolecular Compounds of the Academy of Sciences.
The words are also compound abbreviations foreman, motel, supermarket, university, laser, radar and so on.
3. Groups of compound words according to the method of formation.
In the Russian language, according to the method of formation, all compound words are divided into the following groups:
1. Formed from initial sounds, letters or combinations:
university - higher education institution,
VDNH- exhibition of achievements National economy,
CSKA- central sports club of the army.
2. Formed from the initial parts of words:
caretaker- Head of the household.
3. Mixed type, combining the first two methods:
IMLI- Institute of World Literature.
4. Formed from a combination of the initial part of a word with the whole second word:
spare parts- spare parts.
5. Formed from a combination of the beginning of the first word with the end of the second:
moped- motorcycle and bicycle.
6. Formed from a combination of the beginning of the first word with the beginning and end of the second:
destroyer- destroyer.
Complex abbreviated words may not contain all the words that make up the full names:
Gosplan- state planning committee
Also, in complex abbreviated words, the order of the stems can be changed:
sycophant - sycophant. These words are synonyms.
Compound words have become widespread in formal business style in many languages of the world.
4. Gender of compound words.
The gender of letter abbreviations and abbreviations ending in a vowel is usually determined by the gender of the main word in the full name.
VDNH- Exhibition of achievements of the national economy. The main word is exhibition - female. This means that the compound abbreviated word VDNH will also be feminine.
RIA- Russian information Agency. The main word is agency, neuter gender. This means that the abbreviation RIA will also be neuter.
Sound abbreviations ending in a consonant mostly refer to masculine. For example, the oldest university. Although, if we decipher it, it will turn out highereducational institution. The main word is establishment, neuter. But university- a masculine word.
At the same time,
UN- United Nations - zh.r.
NPP- nuclear power plant - l.r.
hydroelectric power station- hydroelectric power station - railway
Therefore, it is useful to consult a dictionary.
Bibliography
- Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
- Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.
- Spelling compound words ().
- About compound words ().
Homework
1. Exercise No. 1.
Determine the gender of compound words.
To check, underline in combination key word, which determines the gender of the compound abbreviation:
UN Research Institute of the Ministry of Emergency Situations
2. Exercise No. 2.
Write down, insert the missing letters. Determine the gender of the highlighted words.
For one hundred and fifty boys and girls the path to working profession started in Vocational school which … trains metallurgists.
In the near future it is planned to build two ...ATS twenty thousand numbers each …
Irkutsk ... hydroelectric power station- the first-born of the Angarsk cascade of stations.
