Determining the type of temperament: well, what can you do! Mixed type of temperament: description, characteristics.

Incredible Facts

Each type of temperament loves in its own way.

If you ask different people about love, for each of them this definition will be different depending on their temperament.

What does love mean for different types of temperament, what are their needs, and how compatible are they with each other.

Characteristics of a sanguine person in love

Since it is the most adventurous type of temperament, sanguine people are most compatible with their own type of temperament. In a partner, they are looking for a friend, someone who shares their interests, with whom they can talk and travel around the world.

Relationships for them are a kind of entertainment, they like to go on dates and do something new. We can say that a relationship with a sanguine person will be very interesting.

Their extrovert nature and striving for diversity says that most sanguine people have a fairly rich experience in relationships, and they can adapt to almost any situation.

They are friendly, not inclined to control a partner, so you will feel comfortable and at ease in their company. Do not forget about the generosity of this type of temperament, which can give you gifts from the very beginning of the relationship.

Sanguine people are good listeners and will ask you about themselves to satisfy their curiosity. During a conversation, they look directly into your eyes, touching your arm or leg, listening carefully to you. It will not be difficult for them to move from one topic to another, but they will talk about themselves rather in a joking manner.

A minor temperament often plays an important role in how you express love.

Most sanguine people have a rather flexible attitude towards morality, but sanguine-phlegmatic, as a rule, stable moral values, and he is looking for a partner with the same attitude. This type is more conservative in courtship, likes to give flowers, arrives on dates on time, and also wants to clearly know their place in a relationship.

sanguine melancholic looking for harmony. They are sensitive to the needs of a partner and generous. They will not choose a person who will compete with them in a relationship or disrupt their rhythm of life.

sanguineandc-choleric- This is usually an unusual person. They have strong nerves and like to walk on the edge without making excuses for their behavior and acting decisively. They need a partner who understands their need for independence. It is also worth noting that men and women of this temperament type are the sexiest.

In general, a sanguine person needs time before they commit themselves to a relationship, but when this happens, they become interesting and passionate partners.

Sanguine Love Language:

touch: holding hands, hugging and other forms of body contact

Present: it can be difficult for them to make a choice, so efforts on your part will always be appreciated.

full attention: listen to them, smile, nod, don't try to silence them.

Tasty food: remember that sanguine people love sensual pleasures

Characteristics of a choleric in love

For people of choleric temperament, building personal relationships is not entertainment, as for a sanguine person. They treat love and relationships the same way they treat everything else: pragmatic and purposeful. They will meet and study a potential partner to see if he suits them.

They need someone with whom they can exchange ideas and talk about topics that interest them.

They are attracted to people who know how to listen, in which case they can resolve conflict or disagreements, or who have other social skills.

Cholerics don't go after numbers when it comes to relationships, and in their youth they tend to have little personal experience. Of all temperament types, choleric people are the least likely to fall in love. Throughout their lives, they usually have only a few serious relationships.

If they are in a relationship, it is not easy for them to let go of a partner, even if he does not meet their expectations in some way.

They may act awkwardly, and if they are not interested or see a future with you, they may ignore you or show their impatience. Because of their determined nature, they are able to break off relationships at an unexpected moment.

At the same time, if they believe that a person is worth their time and effort, they will be completely focused on him. They can be romantic and make commitments. They express love by trying to fulfill your desires. It is important for them to feel needed, you can tell them about your problems and difficulties, and they will try to fix them.

A minor temperament type can also affect how a choleric person expresses his love.

people with mixed temperaments choleric-sanguine self-sufficient, imaginative, adventurous and looking for a similar partner who will not compete with them.

Choleric-phlegmatic aimed at success. In a relationship, they know what they want and won't settle for less. They have their own plans, and they are looking for someone who will help them achieve their goals. They can be difficult to understand, as they hide their true nature behind a mask of serenity and humor.

Choleric melancholic- This is the most romantic type among choleric people. They love to give gifts and celebrate special dates. Loyalty plays a very important role for them.

Choleric love language

Service: remember that a choleric person is a person of action, and he appreciates a partner who is not lazy, but works. If you wash their clothes, cook dinner, or be there when you need them, they will appreciate it.

Loyalty and respect: the choleric demands it, even if you don't want it. Just obey them and don't try to explain yourself.

physical proximity: choleric has a high libido, and it is difficult for him to live without physical intimacy.

Characteristics of a phlegmatic person in love

While many people are caught up in passion or emotion when they fall in love, phlegmatic love is more down to earth and pragmatic. In a partner, they see an assistant, and preferences are built on the basis of common sense and compatibility.

Their lover must be predictable, stick to tradition, and be devoted to the family.

Phlegmatic people take relationships seriously. They are well-mannered, they are not late, the men are gallant, and the women are homely. They will always think through dates in advance, protect their loved ones and give gifts with meaning.

They do not like showdowns and can sometimes seem unromantic for other types of temperament. For this reason, they are most often attracted to their type of temperament.

They do not choose their partners impulsively, but rather carefully, taking into account the opinion of friends and family, as they are afraid of criticism.

Intimacy with this type of person tends to develop very slowly. This is how a phlegmatic person can think things through in advance so that the relationship develops as planned.

The additional temperament also has an impact on how the phlegmatic loves.

Phlegmatic sanguine although it is cautious, it still seeks a certain variety.

Phlegmatic choleric can be resourceful, driven, and willing to take you to new, unexpected places.

Phlegmatic melancholic is a confident and kind person. He loves to bring people together and will most likely introduce you to his friends.

Phlegmatic people need marriage, they need a responsible partner who will respect traditions and is devoted to the family. When a phlegmatic person meets his soul mate, he takes full responsibility for his union.

Phlegmatic love language:

Time with family and friends: When you give them your attention, try not to be distracted by your phone or TV and maintain eye contact.

Words of support: often tell phlegmatic people how beautiful, smart they are, how you appreciate their love and care.

touch: not necessarily sex, but hugs, the desire to hold their hand or even tickle.

Characteristics of a melancholic in love

The melancholic is the most sensitive of the four temperament types. In a potential partner, they are looking for common intellectual and emotional points of contact. They are deeply offended if they are rejected.

They do not treat relationships lightly and simply, like sanguine people. They meet to build a long relationship or get married. Having formed an alliance, they give yourself completely and sometimes they get so tired emotionally that they stop meeting at all.

When a melancholic finds his person, he tries to maintain a close relationship with a partner, avoids conflicts, is ready to make concessions and sacrifices. Everything that happens within a relationship is carefully analyzed and weighed.

Melancholic is considered the most romantic type of temperament. They often fall in love, and romance comes first for them.

They plan romantic dates and weekends in advance, confess their feelings and hope for reciprocity.

Since melancholics are imaginative, they tend to idealize their partners. As the relationship develops, they discover that their ideal partner isn't quite as perfect, and this can destroy their union.

As already mentioned, a minor type of temperament plays a big role.

melancholic sanguine looking for true love, but at the same time he likes fun and adventurous partners.

melancholic phlegmatic He gets along well with different people, knows how to sympathize and has tact.

melancholic cholericto also looking for the perfect partner, but can be tough and at the same time calculating.

In general, melancholic people value serious relationships. However, if they realize that their partner is not the right match for them, they may leave or go in search of true love.

Melancholic Love Language:

Tender words: They love caresses and hugs when they are treated gently and caringly.

assurances: although the melancholic trusts you, from time to time he needs you to assure him of your love, promise never to offend and be there.

calmness: never raise your voice to a melancholic or you will lose him emotionally.

touch: a kiss on the forehead, on the cheek, gentle touches are of great importance for a melancholic.

Types of temperaments: compatibility in love

Sanguine and choleric

Compatibility: neutral

In general, a sanguine and a choleric rarely find each other attractive, but if they do fall in love, their union is very strong.

Their intellectual communication promises to be quite interesting. Both will look at each other with admiration: a sanguine person likes the rationality of a choleric person, and a choleric person likes the curiosity of a sanguine person.

However, it is worth remembering that both types of temperament need independence, both are self-sufficient and are always busy with something. On the other hand, no partner will be too demanding and jealous for no reason.

However, a choleric person can be insensitive, and sometimes wants to insist on his own at any cost. Fortunately, sanguine people tend to easily adapt to various circumstances.

Although both types of temperament tend to compete, choleric people are more ambitious and aggressive, while sanguine people are calm and persistent only in their own interests.

Sanguine and phlegmatic

Compatibility: complicated relationship

Two completely opposite types of temperament often find themselves in relationships.

They are really different, but this does not prevent them from creating a successful union. If the impulsive and adventurous sanguine decides that he wants to start a family, he will be attracted to the devoted and traditional phlegmatic. In addition, any sanguine person can brighten up the life of an inert phlegmatic person. A calm and cautious phlegmatic person will be delighted with the energy, vitality and ability not to lose heart of his partner.

In turn, the phlegmatic will push the sanguine to a stable job, family and responsibility. Problems will arise when the latter will neglect the rules of morality, ignore traditions and customs, while the sanguine person will be annoyed by the attempts of the phlegmatic to limit his freedom.

Despite all the differences, the ability to use them to your advantage will help bring the relationship into balance. The phlegmatic will take care of the home, family and future, while the sanguine will take on the role of leader.

Sanguine and melancholic

Compatibility: good

This is a rather interesting pair of dissimilar types of temperament.

Although there is often an attraction between them, melancholic women are suspicious of sanguine men, fearing that a careless sanguine person will hurt their feelings. In this pair, the creative abilities of the sanguine and the imagination of the melancholic are well combined. Both are optimistic, flexible and open-minded.

The sanguine will admire the confidence and patience of the melancholic. However, do not forget about the sanguine need for independence. The melancholic will want real intimacy, which he may not get from the sanguine, and as a result will feel lonely and abandoned.

In addition, the desire to analyze every step and action will drive a sanguine person crazy. On the other hand, a melancholic will want to discuss feelings and emotions, while a sanguine person may not have such a desire, which will make him seem superficial to a melancholic.

Despite everything, this couple has qualities such as flexibility and optimism that will help them get through difficult times.

Sanguine and sanguine

Compatibility: neutral

The two sanguine people have many different interests, they strive for novelty and adventure. They love to learn, are energetic, bold and flexible. Therefore, if two sanguine people come together, they are likely to do a lot together.

Such a couple is unlikely to quarrel over money, as they consider them only a means to make their dreams come true. Rather, everyone will try to surprise their partner with unusual gifts and surprises.

Also, this union will not be affected by domestic disagreements, since both are able to adapt, avoid rules and regimes and look for pluses in any business. Such features will help them survive even the most difficult times and situations.

However, despite the mutual attraction, they may have difficulties of a different kind. This type of temperament avoids serious discussions, which leaves many problems unresolved. Over time, they may lose their sense of intimacy due to the need for both independence. Do not forget about the sanguine's tendency to flirt, which can lead them far from a cozy family nest.

Sanguine people are also prone to various kinds of addictions, which means they can reinforce each other's bad habits. The love of adventure and risk-taking behavior can also destroy relationships.

Despite this, a minor type of temperament can significantly smooth out these shortcomings, and the couple will be very happy in this interesting union.

Choleric and phlegmatic

Compatibility: good

A pair of choleric and phlegmatic is a great example of how completely different types of temperament can get along and find happiness together.

These opposites are attracted to each other from the first meeting, and in this pair the qualities of both complement each other.

The prudence of the phlegmatic and the ability to resolve issues with the choleric will help them create a very strong team in any field. While the phlegmatic will consider the problem from different angles, analyze and draw conclusions, the choleric will become the engine of all changes.

They will also be able to complement each other in terms of social skills. Choleric people may sometimes lack the ability to empathize, while phlegmatic people have a developed sense of empathy. Both are able to admire each other's differences, which means they will always be interested.

The equanimity of the phlegmatic calms the choleric, and the latter will always be ready to take on the most difficult issues. If they both decide that they are ready to hold on to the relationship, nothing will stop them.

Choleric and melancholic

Compatibility: difficult relationship I

Between the choleric and the melancholic, love at first sight rarely occurs. Moreover, most often people of these types of temperament avoid each other's company. Of course, and among them there are many quite successful couples, but they rarely hold on to the compatibility of temperaments.

They can respect each other, but the melancholic will be greatly offended by the rudeness of the choleric, and he, in turn, will get tired of the sensitivity of the melancholic.

Another stumbling block may be the different interests of the partners. While the choleric pursues his own interests, the melancholic may feel lonely and abandoned.

Despite all the differences, they can build an alliance if they decide to create a stable family life and distribute responsibilities correctly. If the choleric takes care of the financial side of the issue, and the melancholic mainly plans and takes on most of the daily worries, they will be able to resolve many conflict situations.

Choleric and choleric

Compatibility: complicated relationship

A choleric man and woman rarely experience strong attraction or rejection of each other from the very beginning. However, there is a slight difference - a choleric man is slightly more supportive of a choleric woman than vice versa.

Cholerics are enterprising individuals, and they are looking for a partner who is quite competent and purposeful with common interests. These are straightforward people who say what they think and like to argue. On the other hand, if choleric people confess their love to their soul mate, you will not have to guess about their true feelings.

Both partners understand the need for independence and independence.

In this pair, choleric people will admire each other's determination, until disagreements arise between them. In the event of quarrels and conflicts, both tend to be uncompromising and pull the blanket over themselves.

Another problem may be the employment of both. If at the beginning of the novel each of them still pays attention to each other, then in a long-term relationship they no longer spend enough time together. The feeling of loneliness, as well as the thirst for attention and passion, can make them look around in search of a new partner.

Phlegmatic and melancholic

Compatibility: neutral

The phlegmatic and the melancholic have some differences in their views of the world, but these differences can easily turn into virtues.

Melancholics are rather inert and tend to put things off until later. They can get lost in their conclusions, looking at problems from all sides, but never solving them. At the same time, the phlegmatic takes everything very seriously and responsibly and always sets deadlines for common affairs.

On the other hand, the optimism and calmness of the phlegmatic will have a calming effect on the melancholic, who is prone to get nervous and worry over trifles.

Both partners strive for a strong and stable relationship. They are caring and attentive, although the melancholic will be more sensitive to the needs of a partner. They also like to make plans for the future together, take care of children.

A restrained phlegmatic may feel uncomfortable in the company of a more emotional melancholic. In turn, the melancholic may feel unwanted and unloved by the seemingly indifferent phlegmatic.

Despite these differences, they can be called a compatible couple who need comfort and peace. If they learn to turn their flaws into virtues, they can create a strong alliance that will stand the test of time.

phlegmatic and phlegmatic

Compatibility: good

As a rule, a phlegmatic man and a phlegmatic woman are naturally compatible. They are more likely to fall in love and get married and less likely to get divorced.

Phlegmatic attracts its own type of temperament, as both are calm and patient, and perfectly understand each other without words.

People of this type of temperament are traditional and devoted. The family comes first for them, and its safety and stability is paramount. Both can close their eyes to each other's shortcomings in order to save the marriage. In addition, it is easier for them than other couples to be faithful to each other.

With age, they may also have disagreements, but mostly on domestic issues related to cooking or cleaning the house.

melancholic and melancholic

Compatibility: good

Attraction between representatives of this type of temperament rarely occurs from the first meeting. Although melancholic women are interested in melancholic men, the same cannot be said for the latter. However, they fall in love and eventually form a happy union.

In this pair, both partners find comfort and tranquility. However, both have unrealistic ideas about love and relationships and are looking for the perfect partner, disappointed in those who do not match their ideal.

Melancholic partners strive for a deep, lasting union. They will discuss their feelings, hopes and disappointments, and also easily read a loved one by facial expressions, intonation and subtle reactions.

However, they can also face some difficulties. One of them may be the indecision of both. In case of problems, no one will be ready to discuss and solve them because of dislike for quarrels and disagreements.

If at least one of them can overcome passivity, this union has every chance of a great relationship.

Sanguine, melancholic and choleric. Each of them has certain qualities and distinctive features. In real life, classical "pure" temperaments are practically not found. Each person most often has the qualities of all four temperaments. Just some traits are dominant. For example, in a sanguine-choleric, the qualities of two

Sanguine people very quickly converge with other people, they are cheerful, they can easily switch from one type of activity to another, however, they do not like monotonous and monotonous work. They can easily control their emotions, quickly adapt to a new environment and actively contact other people. The speech of representatives of this temperament is emotional, fast, with expressive facial expressions, clear and loud. Sanguine and choleric in this are a bit similar to each other. Representatives of the sanguine temperament cannot stand monotony. If stimuli and events quickly replace each other, new impressions are constantly present, they manifest themselves from the active side. If the effects are monotonous and long, then the sanguine person quickly loses interest in them and begins to get bored. A sanguine-choleric may at the same time show slight irritability

Cholerics are very mobile, fast, excitable and unbalanced. Their mental activity is intense and stormy. In this case, excitation prevails over inhibition, which is characteristic of this type of nervous activity. This is colorfully manifested in impetuosity, intemperance, temper and irritability of a person. In the mixed temperament of the sanguine-choleric, these qualities are softened, which makes his representative more calm and balanced.

People with a choleric character have sharp gestures, unrestrained hasty speech, jerky movements and expressive facial expressions. The strength of feelings in such individuals is very high, and their manifestation is distinguished by liveliness and brightness. A person with this character is subject to sudden changes in mood. The imbalance greatly affects his daily activities.

The choleric person is fond of something, enthusiastically gets down to business, overcomes difficulties, works on the rise, while demonstrating his impetuosity and speed of movement. However, when his nervous energy is depleted, an avalanche-like decline in activity occurs. The mood changes dramatically, and the representative of this temperament begins to behave irritably and aggressively, while showing extreme emotional restraint. On this basis, conflict situations often arise. In a mixed temperament sanguine-choleric, the severity of some of the negative qualities of the latter usually decreases.

Very many negative properties of the choleric character warehouse can be compensated by the qualities that other "Pure" choleric and sanguine people have in their arsenal, as well as representatives of other character warehouses, practically do not occur. All types of temperament are reflected in the features of an average person.

Giving a psychological description of the types of temperament, it should be remembered that this division is conditional. Typical for each type are its extreme poles and the ratio between the various features. At the same time, “pure” temperaments almost never happen in life. Most people combine features of different temperaments, especially brightly after the child masters oral speech, that is, after 2-2.5 years. Also, one should not talk about “good” or “bad” temperaments: each type has both strengths and weaknesses.

Sanguine

sanguine people are people who have a strong, balanced and mobile nervous system. They are active, sociable, easily adapt to new conditions. They are sociable, quickly deal with people, easily establish good relations with them. In the circle of friends cheerful, cheerful, optimistic. By orientation - extroverts.

Sanguine people are emotional, with expressive facial expressions and pantomime, which is easy to control. they speak loudly, clearly, quickly, with the right intonation. During the conversation, they actively gesticulate, laugh out loud. Feelings arise very easily, just as easily change and are, as a rule, shallow. Today they are joyful, carefree and passionately in love, tomorrow they are sad, worried and can forget about their passionate love. However, in general, good luck and trouble are experienced easily, and therefore sanguine people are in a good mood and have a well-developed sense of humor.

Sanguine people willingly take on a new business, but their activity is productive only when the work captures them. If it’s not interesting, the work is monotonous, they abandon the case without finishing it. During work, they easily switch attention, but they devote little time to preliminary and control actions (for example, preparation for work, corrections, additions, etc.). They rarely plan their work, and if there is a plan, they do not strictly follow it, they are often distracted by trifles. Sanguine people easily grasp everything new, but their interests are weak, changeable and constantly require new experiences.

When communicating with sanguine people, we can recommend the following. Requirements for them should be maximum, but fair. You should show confidence in them and give vent to their internal energy, directing them to useful deeds. It is inappropriate to entrust monotonous work, because sanguine people get tired of it, but the work that has been started must be taught to complete it. To do this, you can use additional motivation. It is advisable to cultivate patience and purposefulness, to teach to value friendship.

Cholerics

Cholerics are strong, mobile and unbalanced people with a predominance of excitation over inhibition. they are characterized by a high level of activity, energy and perseverance. By orientation - extroverts. They love to be the center of attention. In communication, conflicting and uncompromising. They are impatient, unrestrained, quick-tempered. In relations with others, they can be harsh and overly straightforward, they lack restraint. However, there is no hatred in their anger, and they love others the more, the faster they give in to them.

These are emotionally unstable people. Emotions and feelings quickly arise, but just as quickly they can disappear. Expression is pronounced. Speech is hurried, interrupted, tense. Lively facial expressions, expressive gestures, sharp and energetic movements. They experience their joys, pains, sorrows deeply. Often under the influence of strong passions and affects. In this state, they can act thoughtlessly, which they will later regret.

Cholerics are characterized by cyclic behavior: they can work hard, overcoming difficulties, and suddenly leave everything. This is facilitated by a rapid change of interests. If the interests are serious, they can be energetic, enterprising, principled, capable of high concentration of attention. If there is no interest, they demonstrate affective experiences, irritability and incontinence. Just like sanguine people, they devote little time to preliminary and control actions and rarely plan their work.

In conditions of competition and competition, they improve their results. They have organizational skills. They have the ability to easily form skills and habits. The weak side is their tendency to violate discipline and conflict, as well as incontinence, harshness, affectivity, weakness of self-control in emotional situations. Through the speed of action, mistakes can be made.

In working with choleric people, it is recommended to capture them with an interesting business and give instructions; teach to be restrained; accustom to more calm and uniform work; guide them in the right direction. In dealing with choleric people, one should rationally use their energy, do not slow down activities in the form of direct prohibitions, communicate calmly and confidently. If this is a child, in no case should you punish her by prohibiting her activity (for example, wait, sit). In connection with the tendency of choleric people to aggression, to cultivate sympathy.

Phlegmatic

Phlegmatic people are strong, balanced and inert. Low level of activity behavior, slow, assiduous, calm, restrained, persistent, soft. Remain calm even in difficult life situations. They adequately respond to the influence of the external environment, but they cannot quickly respond to changes in the environment, they tend to have the same attitude towards others, sociability, but low sociability. By orientation - introverts.

Feelings arise slowly, but differ in strength, depth, constancy, duration and restraint in external manifestations. They are patient and rarely complain. Unaffected by affects. Taciturn, speech is slow, calm, with pauses. The voice is quiet, inexpressive. Gesticulation and facial expressions are very poor. They know how to control their emotions. Therefore, they are difficult to anger and they rarely "lose their temper."

Phlegmatic people are not inclined to change the environment, to frequent transition from one job to another. In activity they show seriousness, thoughtfulness, perseverance. They work hard and always get things done. Tasks are performed evenly and accurately, new information is acquired slowly, but thoroughly and for a long time.

They are characterized by stable interests. The work is planned and strictly adhere to the plan. Before making a decision, it will be a long time to think about it. They have a steady attention, but its switching is somewhat slow.

Phlegmatic people are advised to give more time to complete certain tasks, and to switch from one habitual action to another should be gradual. You can give additional instructions about the work they perform, avoid assignments associated with a high pace of activity. In no case do not complain about slowness and slowness. Welcome every manifestation of initiative and independence. It is advisable to stimulate the manifestation of sincere feelings.

Melancholy

Melancholics are characterized by a weak, unstable and inert nervous system. Low level of activity, restrained, experiencing fear of a new situation. Getting into new conditions, they are lost. Therefore, it is difficult to tolerate a change of scenery. There are closed, shy, indecisive, timid, avoid communication with unfamiliar people. They do not like new acquaintances and noisy companies. By orientation, they are introverts.

Melancholic people are very impressionable people, they are often offended; their feelings are distinguished by the slowness of the flow. They deeply experience any event in life, especially images and failures, however, unlike choleric people, they carry their grief in themselves, without outwardly showing their experiences. Melancholic movements are restrained, speech is slowed down, quiet, sometimes turning into a whisper. Constant in their affections. If they love someone, then the gap is a great tragedy for them. They will suffer, but they will not decide on this or that act. Prolonged and strong stress, as well as everything new and unusual, causes a slow reaction, and then its cessation. However, in a familiar and calm environment, they feel good and work productively. They plan their work. At the same time, decisions are made carefully. A lot of time is devoted to preliminary and control actions (for example, preparation for work, correction, additions, etc.). During work, their attention is easily distracted and focused only for a short time. They have stable, strongly expressed interests that change slowly.

In working with melancholics, it is recommended to observe the principle of gradualness. Show empathy and understanding of the human condition. Moral support when the environment changes. Approve the slightest manifestation of activity. Cultivate a sense of self worth. Learn to plan your activities, intelligently distributing time between work and leisure.

Does a person's temperament affect his success in life?

When communicating with people, it should be remembered that temperament is a stable individual psychological feature of a person and therefore it is almost impossible to change it. Under the influence of the environment, in general, only certain features are strengthened or weakened.

temperament without changing its type. Therefore, knowing the strengths and weaknesses of your temperament, you can learn not to show its individual manifestations, for example, excessive facial expressions and gestures, shyness, touchiness, etc. A person with any temperament can learn this. To a large extent, it depends on the moral and volitional qualities of character.

Only in some cases, mainly in early childhood, under the influence of severe physical and mental trauma, severe infectious diseases and other factors, as a result of changes in higher nervous activity, changes are also observed in the type of temperament.

To people with different types of temperament, respectively, you need a different attitude. So, punishment, reprimand, a bad assessment can positively affect choleric people who have a strong nervous system. In this case, negative reinforcement can stimulate them to improve.

However, this can affect melancholic people in the opposite way: they become depressed, their performance decreases, and depression may occur. The above type of response to negative reinforcement is the most likely, but not mandatory. Whether a person does just that or in another way will ultimately depend on his character.

So, differences in temperament are primarily differences in the originality of the dynamic manifestations of the psyche, and not in the level of its capabilities. Features of temperament determine the ways and means of work, and not the level of achievement. Therefore, temperament does not determine the social value and moral-volitional qualities of a person. They will depend on the character.

Sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic

Types of temperament

Temperament is an individual property of a person, which to the greatest extent depends on his innate, natural psychophysiological qualities. Temperament is an individual characteristic of a person in terms of the characteristics of his mental activity, such as intensity, speed, pace of mental processes.

Usually there are three areas of manifestation of temperament: the level of general activity, features of the motor sphere and the level of emotionality.

General activity is determined by the degree of intensity of human interaction with the environment - natural and social. There are two extremes here. One type of people is distinguished by its pronounced lethargy, passivity, and the other - by high activity, speed in action. Representatives of other temperaments are located between these two poles.

Motor or motor activity is expressed in the speed and sharpness of movements, in the rate of speech, as well as in external mobility or, conversely, slowness, talkativeness or silence.

Emotionality - is expressed in the speed of changing emotional states, susceptibility to emotional influences, sensitivity.

Since antiquity, temperament has always been associated with the physiological characteristics of the human body. Hippocrates (V century BC) described four types of temperament, determined by the fluid that supposedly predominates in the body: sanguine (from Latin sanguis - blood), choleric (from Greek chole - bile), phlegmatic (from Greek phlegma - mucus) and melancholic (from the Greek melaina chole - black bile). Temperaments were understood by Hippocrates in a purely physiological sense.

In the XVIII century. four psychological types were compared with the Hippocratic types of temperament, which marked the beginning of a psychological line in the study of temperaments. General ideas about temperaments at present are not much different from the ideas of the 18th century: choleric temperament is associated with irritability, sanguine temperament with cheerfulness, phlegmatic temperament with calmness, and melancholic temperament with sadness and vulnerability.

In modern psychology, temperament is defined as permanent and stable natural personality traits that determine the dynamics of mental activity, regardless of its content.

As properties of temperament, extraversion and introversion, the rate of reactions, plasticity and rigidity are distinguished.

Extraversion-introversion - the characteristics of temperament introduced by K. Jung - determine the dependence of a person's reaction and activity on external impressions that arise at the moment (extrovert), or on internal mental processes and states of a person (introvert). Extroverts include sanguine and choleric, introverts - phlegmatic and melancholic.

The rate of reactions characterizes the rate of mental processes and reactions (speed of mind, rate of speech, dynamics of gestures). The rate of reactions is increased in choleric, sanguine and well-rested melancholics and lowered in phlegmatic and tired melancholics. People with a fast rate of reactions and low sensitivity (sanguine and choleric) do not notice. that others (phlegmatic and melancholic) do not have time to follow the course of their thoughts, and on the basis of this they make completely unfounded conclusions about their mental abilities, which can cause direct damage to relationships between people, in particular business relationships.

Inactivity - the degree of involuntary reactions to external and internal influences and irritations (critical remark, offensive word, harsh tone, external influence). These are automated defense and orientation reactions. High reactivity in choleric and sanguine, low in phlegmatic.

Activity - characterizes the severity of the energy potential of the individual, with which a person overcomes obstacles and achieves a goal. Activity is expressed in perseverance, focus, concentration of attention and is the main quality of temperament that contributes to the achievement of the goal. The phlegmatic person has the highest activity, although, due to low reactivity, he is included in the work more slowly. The phlegmatic is highly active, he is not in danger of overwork. In choleric, high activity is combined with reactivity. Sanguine people are quite active, but if the activity is monotonous, they may lose interest in her. Melancholics are characterized by low activity.

The ratio of reactivity and activity determines what human activity depends to a greater extent: random external or internal circumstances - mood, random events, or goals, intentions, beliefs.

Plasticity and rigidity indicate how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences (plasticity) or how inert his behavior is (rigidity). The highest plasticity in sanguine people, rigidity characterizes phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic.

Emotional excitability reflects the threshold of the minimum impact necessary for the emergence of an emotional reaction and the rate of its development. Emotional excitability is increased in the sanguine, choleric and melancholic, and in the phlegmatic it is lowered.

A peculiar combination of activity, determined by the intensity and volume of human interaction with the environment - physical and social, and the severity of emotional reactions, determine the individual characteristics of temperament, i.e. "dynamic aspects" of behavior. Researchers remain confident that the dynamic properties of behavior have a certain physiological basis, i.e. are determined by certain features of the functioning of physiological structures, but what these structures and features are currently unknown. One thing is clear that temperament, being innate, is the basis of most personality traits, including its character. Temperament is the sensual basis of character. Being transformed in the process of character formation, the properties of temperament turn into character traits, the content of which is associated with the direction of the individual's psyche.

Temperaments and their characteristics

The phlegmatic is unhurried, imperturbable, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy with the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in work, remaining calm and balanced. In work, he is productive, compensating for his slowness with diligence.

Choleric - fast, passionate, impulsive, but completely unbalanced, with a sharply changing mood with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. Choleric, carried away, carelessly wastes his strength and quickly depletes.

A sanguine person is a lively, hot, mobile person, with frequent changes in mood, impressions, with a quick reaction to all events taking place around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. Usually sanguine people have expressive facial expressions. He is very productive at work, when he is interested, getting very excited about this, if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.

Melancholic - a person who is easily vulnerable, prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts little to external factors. He cannot restrain his asthenic experiences by an effort of will, he is too impressionable, easily emotionally vulnerable.

Each temperament has both positive and negative properties. Good upbringing, control and self-control makes it possible to manifest: melancholic, as an impressionable person with deep feelings and emotions; phlegmatic, as a seasoned person without hasty decisions; sanguine, as a highly responsive person for any work; choleric, as a passionate, frantic and active person in work.

The negative properties of temperament can manifest themselves as follows: in a melancholic - isolation and shyness; phlegmatic - indifference to people, dryness; in a sanguine person - superficiality, dispersion. inconstancy; choleric - hasty decisions.

As already noted, there are four main types of temperament: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic (Fig. 1, Table 1).

Sanguine temperament

I. P. Pavlov gives the following description of the features of the sanguine temperament: “A sanguine person is a hot, very productive figure, but only when he has a lot of interesting things to do, that is, constant excitement. When there is no such thing, he becomes boring, lethargic.

The sanguine person is distinguished by easy adaptability to changing living conditions, increased contact with people around him, and sociability. Feelings of a sanguine person easily arise and quickly change, his stereotypes are quite mobile, conditioned reflexes are quickly fixed. In a new environment, he does not feel constraint, is capable of quickly switching attention and changing activities, and is emotionally stable. People with a sanguine temperament are most suitable for activities that require quick reactions, significant efforts, and distribution of attention.

choleric temperament

“The choleric type,” I. P. Pavlov notes, “is clearly a fighting type, provocative, easily and quickly irritated.” “Carried away by some business, he puts too much effort on his means and forces, and in the end he is torn, exhausted more than he should, he is being worked out to the point that everything is unbearable for him.”

Choleric is characterized by increased emotional reactivity, fast pace and sharpness in movements. The increased excitability of a choleric person under adverse conditions can become the basis of irascibility and even aggressiveness.

Rice. 1. Reactions of people with different temperaments in the same situation (Figure X. Bidstrup)

Table 1. Types of temperament and their corresponding mental properties of a person

Pitchfork of temperament and the properties of higher nervous activity corresponding to them

With appropriate motivation, the choleric is able to overcome significant difficulties, devoting himself to business with great passion. It is characterized by a sharp change of mood. A person with a choleric temperament achieves the greatest effectiveness in activities that require increased reactivity and a significant one-time effort.

Phlegmatic temperament

"A phlegmatic person is a calm, always even, persistent and stubborn worker of life."

The reactions of the phlegmatic are somewhat slow, the mood is stable. The emotional sphere is outwardly little expressed. In difficult life situations, the phlegmatic person remains quite calm and self-possessed, he does not allow impulsive, jerky movements, since the processes of inhibition in him always balance the processes of excitation. Correctly calculating his strength, the phlegmatic shows great perseverance in bringing the matter to the end. Switching attention and activity is somewhat slow. His stereotypes are inactive, and in some cases his behavior is not flexible enough. The phlegmatic achieves the greatest success in those activities that require a uniform exertion of strength, perseverance, stability of attention and great patience.

Melancholic temperament

The melancholic temperament is clearly an inhibitory type of the nervous system. For a melancholic, obviously, every phenomenon of life becomes an agent that slows him down, since he does not believe in anything, does not hope for anything, sees and expects only the bad, the dangerous in everything.

The melancholic is characterized by increased vulnerability, a tendency to deep feelings (sometimes even for minor reasons). His feelings arise easily, are poorly restrained, outwardly distinctly expressed. Strong external influences hinder its activity. He is introverted - busy with his experiences, closed, refrains from contact with strangers, avoids new surroundings. Under certain conditions of life, shyness, timidity, indecision and even cowardice are easily formed in him. In a favorable stable environment, a melancholic can achieve significant success in activities that require increased sensitivity, reactivity, quick learning, and observation.

Sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic: temperament characteristics

Phlegmatic person. Choleric. Sanguine. melancholic

Stable, influencing

They tend to always be right. They like to do one thing and do it right the first time. Their stability and constancy in relation to the work they do makes them sensitive. Prone to restraint and prudent. They are constant, cautious, but very rarely dare to risk trying something new. They don't like to speak in front of an audience, but behind the scenes they will do everything in their power to help the band move in the right direction. They are driven by the opportunity to serve others and do the right thing.

Encouraging, leading, humble

They are attention-grabbing, commanding and stabilizing at the same time. They are not as prudent as Ants and those who are dominated by Ant-type tendencies. They are more active than passive. But they also have sensitivity and stability, balance. Appears to be more people and relationship oriented, but can be bossy, dominant, and determined when it comes to achieving their goals. They need to be more reflective and conservative. The details are not so important compared to the ability to lead and work with people.

Leading Influencers

They impress and dominate. They are pleased with the opportunity to bring the matter to the end and at the same time look in a good light. Powerful, captivating, they are the best influence on large groups of people. They can be very strong and care what others think. With good communication skills, they are interested in people. They need to be more sensitive and tolerant towards others. If they learn to slow down their pace and think carefully about their work, this can be a decisive factor for them. But also driven by the ability to control and impress.

Powerful, encouraging, painstaking

They are powerful, capable of impressing and competent. They tend to be more goal oriented, but in a situation where they are in front of people (audience), they can be people and relationship oriented. They need to be more sensitive and soft. Don't mind change. Active and purposeful, they are also compliant and cautious. They like to do everything right, enticing others to follow them. They combine the ability to express their thoughts aloud with determination and competence in achieving their goals. Safety is not as important as completeness in work and the ability to look good from the outside.

They are strong and capable students as well as harsh critics. They like to be in the lead, collecting information to successfully complete the work and achieve their goals. They are more concerned with getting things done and getting things done right than with how others think and feel. They are leading in relation to themselves and others. They dominate and are ironically caustic. They need to improve in the field of human relations. They need to be more sensitive and understanding. They are driven by the opportunity to make choices and the ability to successfully complete difficult work.

They influence others, they are stable. They love people and people love them back. They like to please people and serve them. They do not like time limits and do not like difficult tasks. They like to look good, they like to encourage others, but they often lack organization. They go in the direction they are directed. They need to care more about what they do than who they do it with. They are driven by a sincere desire to help others when given the opportunity. Whether they are front or back, they will influence and support others. They are good friends and obedient, diligent workers.

They bring the matter to an end. They prefer stable situations. Persistent in achieving the goal. Being essentially inconspicuous leaders, they perform better in small groups. They do not like to perform in front of a large audience, but they like to keep it under their control. Satisfied when relationships are defined and stable, but often try to dominate those relationships. Can be soft and hard at the same time. Really difficult circumstances motivate them to act, allowing them to systematically manifest themselves in solving difficult problems. They prefer to be confident in someone or something, not content with superficial impressions. On their way to achieving the goal, they are able to establish strong friendships.

They inspire, but at the same time they are prudent and cautious. They assess the situation and then adjust it to the already existing rules in order to look good in the eyes of others. They succeed in finding ways to make things better while getting many others involved. Sometimes they can be too persuasive and too preoccupied with getting the upper hand. They are often impatient and critical. They need to be more sensitive to individuals. Often they are more concerned with what others think. They do not like to break the established rules, they do not like to take risks. They need to dare to try new things and sometimes go against the crowd. In relationships, they act carefully and thoughtfully.

They are stable and thoughtful. They love to explore everything and find various facts. They like to weigh evidence in order to slowly come to a certain logical conclusion. They like to be in small groups. They don't like public speaking. Sensitive to the needs of others and consistent in helping them, but sometimes they are critical and sarcastic. They are true friends, but can be too picky. They need to show more enthusiasm and optimism. They are driven to action by the ability to do everything slowly and surely.

Competent, influential professionals

They like to do everything right, impress others and stabilize the situation. They are not aggressive and do not put pressure on others. Feel good in both large and small groups. Kind to people and prefer quality. Sensitive to what others think of them and their work. They need to be more direct and demanding. They can do everything well, but their disadvantage is the inability to make quick decisions. Able to do great things using other people, but need self-management and more perseverance. They are stimulated by sincere approval and logical explanations.

Competent, stable, leading (active)

This is a combination of caution, stability and dominance. They are more focused on achieving a goal than on a relationship, but in each case they care about specific people. They don't like public speaking. They prefer to get things done. Work best in small groups. Prone to seriousness. Often people misperceive them, accusing them of insensitivity, but they are very caring towards others. They just don't show it explicitly. They need to be more positive, more enthusiastic. Achieving the set goals is their natural character trait, but they need to be more friendly and less critical.

Mixed type of temperament sanguine choleric

Each of us has a certain concept of temperament. We know, but how? It seems that we know something, but more often at the level of jokes that can attract attention. Our professor, told the "green" students about this side of the innate component of human nature, which contributes to adequate adaptation, the following story.

The story of the manifestations of temperament

“Temperament is most evident in critical situations. For example, in one village a house caught fire. Who will run first? Of course, sanguine. He will grab a bucket and will help the owners to fill the fire. And for this he will be given a medal.

The next one will come, who do you think?

That's right, choleric. He will not put water on fire. But! The choleric organizes the supply of water, the collection of buckets, hooks and axes, and arranges people in a chain so that they do not interfere with each other. In a word, he will lead this entire campaign against the fiery element. And for this, the choleric will be given an order.

The phlegmatic will come last. Most likely, there will already be only firebrands in the place of the house. But a phlegmatic person is the person who will take an ax and will slowly and methodically, together with the owner, cut down a new house when everyone else has forgotten about the fire victim.

Question of students: what will people of melancholic temperament do?

Professor's answer: there is no melancholic temperament. He did not survive in the process of natural selection. A melancholic is usually considered an extreme, neurotic phlegmatic.

Usually in psychology they refer to 4 temperaments. But not all researchers agree with this. For example, V. I. Garbuzov (1977) identifies only three, explaining this position by the fact that the melancholic could not survive in the process of evolution and died out at its earliest stages.

School and mixture of temperaments

One more point must be kept in mind when it comes to types of temperament. In their complete and pure form, they are rarely found in life. In the majority of people, however, a mixture of 2-3 or even all 4 temperaments appears, even if with a predominance of one.

And there is nothing to regret about it. When the traits of different temperaments are happily combined, this seems to be the most desirable for the formation of a good character. A person not only lives better, but it is also easier to be useful to society if, depending on the circumstances, the cheerful enthusiasm and cheerfulness of a sanguine person, the stubborn perseverance of a choleric person, the dry and restrained caution of a melancholic person, or the cold-blooded calmness of a phlegmatic person are manifested in him.

As a rule, mixed temperaments are noticed in people already in childhood, features of two or three of them appear. Life comes to the aid of nature, with its random influences, as well as education, as a system of expedient impressions and influences that favor the strengthening and development of some, the elimination or mitigation of other traits, instincts and inclinations.

The school, its life and learning, is the most favorable environment for the formation of desirable mixed temperaments. In elementary school, children feel and should feel so free that the innate traits of their temperaments, with all the influences of home life, all their individual characteristics are revealed with sufficient clarity for an observant teacher.

Therefore, such a teacher forms a more or less clear idea of ​​each of his students, and this is very important for establishing correct relationships, for choosing appropriate influences in each individual case. But even in addition to the active direct influence of the teacher, the school itself contains influences favorable for

1. soften sharp, angular and undesirable manifestations of a particular temperament,
2. to form mixed temperaments corresponding to the conditions and needs of social life.

After all, the school (and even earlier the kindergarten) itself represents a community of adults and children gathered for a certain purpose common to all.

The ability to adapt to external conditions is highly characteristic of human nature in general, and of children in particular. Working in a society of their own kind, the children of the school themselves, without any violence, early begin to feel that it is impossible for everyone to do everything they want. They easily notice that some of their tendencies are unpleasant for their peers, others make them a laughing stock in the eyes of the whole class, and in general are not very convenient for living among other people.

Children, at first instinctively, then consciously, and then directly out of habit, gradually acquire tendencies that are more convenient for themselves and for the class as a whole. They assimilate the general mood of the class, emanating

1. from the personality of the teacher, with his living examples,
2. from the rules established by the school.

At the same time, the sharp features of temperaments are obscured or replaced by others, so that the desired emergence of mixed temperaments takes place without violence, so to speak, by itself.

The school (and kindergarten) as a community, in addition to literacy, mathematics and other academic subjects, from childhood teaches one very important science, which is difficult to learn outside of it, namely, to live with people, subordinating one's personal interests to the common ones. Everything in it contributes to the understanding and assimilation of this science:

1. and general teaching, in which the teacher does not deal with individual students, but with a class in which everyone must learn in such a way as not to interfere with others and keep up with others,
2. and school rules that establish certain relationships between teacher and students, students among themselves, each individual student to the class,
3. and general games that children play during breaks between lessons,
4. and general reading, which produces various impressions on individual children, who can neither hide nor restrain their impressions.

In this case, the extremes are noticeably balanced:

1. the contagious laughter of the sanguine brings some clarity and a lighter shade to the gloomy mood of the melancholic,
2. the deep and vivid impressionability of the choleric captivates the apathetic phlegmatic.
3. And, on the contrary, the seriousness and isolation of the melancholic moderates the noisy gaiety and sarcasm of the sanguine,
4. the calmness and composure of the phlegmatic restrains the energetic and sharp impulses of the choleric temperament.

The social nature of the school and schooling is a great educational force, and it must be used in the interests of the desired direction of the volitional manifestations of little students, preparing them for this life, when they become full members of society.

The school, no matter how we criticize it, prepares children not for a solitary life on a desert island, but for social life.

In everyday life, getting into the same situations, different people behave differently. The reason for this is not education and not the social environment, as it would seem, but the individual characteristics of the work of the central nervous system. Scientists have long noticed that even in the diverse behavior of people there is something in common, certain patterns, types of response to the situation. In this regard, there are four types of temperament: choleric sanguine, melancholic and phlegmatic. What was the basis for this division? With this question, I turned to the senior lecturer of the Department of Biomedical Disciplines of the Tomsk State Pedagogical University Chufistova Oksana Nikolaevna.

Temperament types

From the history of the issue

– Oksana Nikolaevna, why are there four types of temperament?

- Back in the fifth century BC, Hippocrates noted the presence in humans of four basic substances or “body juices”: blood, bile, black bile and mucus (lymph). Greco-Arab-Persian medicine was based on the recognition of the four elements of nature: water, fire, earth and air, which corresponded to the above "body juices". Combination (temperamentum, i.e. mixture) these substances and determines the characteristics of human behavior. Hippocrates outlined this idea in his writings on the classification of temperaments, distinguishing four main types of temperament in accordance with the substance prevailing in the body:

• sanguine is associated with the predominance of blood (sanguis);
• choleric with bile (chole);
• melancholic with black bile (melaina chole);
• phlegmatic with mucus (phlegma).

The ancient Greek scientist believed that hot blood - "sanguis" makes a person decisive, energetic, able to respond to changes in living conditions, while maintaining balance in actions. Caustic bile - "chole" contributes to the appearance of irascibility, irritability, nervousness. Phlegm (mucus) determines the features of composure, slowness, balance. Black bile "melanchole" makes a person fearful, indecisive, weak-hearted.

Relationship between temperament and physique

– Is it true that there is some connection between temperament and physique of a person?

- There are several concepts that are based on the connection of the mental characteristics of a person with his constitution. First of all, this is the concept of the psychiatrist E. Kretschmer, who for many years observed mental patients and revealed a certain relationship between behavior and physique. Yes, people picnic (large) physique with a wide chest, a protruding belly and a large head, they are characterized by openness, responsibility, smooth movements and a sharply changing mood.

People of asthenic physique: long and narrow chest, long limbs, elongated face, weak muscles - are characterized by isolation, inadequacy of reactions. Athletic built people with well-developed muscles, strong physique, high growth, broad shoulders and narrow hips have a calm, restrained character. Dysplastic- a disproportionate person has features of all of the above types.

Later, this concept was developed in the works of psychologist W. Sheldon, who identified three main types of constitution: endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic. Each type corresponds to a certain temperament. Endomorphs (fat with underdeveloped muscles) are prone to comfort, enjoyment of food, emotional communication with other people. Mesomorphs (athletes) are characterized by energy, the need for movement, activity, courage, riskiness, lust for power, aggressiveness. Ectomorphs - people with a fragile physique and lack of pronounced muscles are characterized by restraint, lethargy, isolation, fearfulness, and a tendency to loneliness.

The conclusions of E. Kretschmer and W. Sheldon have been questioned and tested more than once and in many ways turned out to be contradictory, but in general, the researchers recognized that there is a shaky but reliable relationship between physique and temperament.

Modern approach to the study of temperament

– What is the basis for the classification of temperaments today?

- The modern approach to the study of human temperament is associated with the properties of the central nervous system. The doctrine was developed in the theory of I. Pavlov about the types of higher nervous activity. The Russian physiologist associated the four types of temperament according to Hippocrates with the three main qualities of the nervous system: strength, balance and mobility of the processes of inhibition and excitation. I. Pavlov described four types of combination of these aspects as four types of higher nervous activity. "The strength of nervous processes" means the ability of cortical nerve cells to adequately respond to extremely strong stimuli either by excitation or inhibition. "Equilibrium" - equality between excitation and inhibition, "mobility" means the ability of nerve cells to change their state in response to a change in the environment. All these nervous processes can be mobile or inert. The ratio of these qualities is a prerequisite for dividing people into four categories.

In the future, the teachings of I. Pavlov and his followers developed and supplemented. In modern studies, the types of higher nervous activity are determined by more than 30 physiological indicators. The properties of the nervous system of man and higher animals began to be further divided into conditioned reflex and unconditioned reflex activity. In this regard, the Pavlovian concept of "force" is divided into the force of unconditional excitation and inhibition and the force of conditioned excitation and inhibition. In the light of recent discoveries, attempts were made to new classifications of higher nervous activity and three types of people were distinguished: mental, artistic and average.

– What is temperament, after all?

– Temperament is a type of human behavior, by no means a character. Temperament does not reflect the content side of the personality, its beliefs, views, interests. Temperament is a set of dynamic behavioral processes, reactions to events: intensity, speed, pace, emotionality, impulsivity, anxiety, plasticity. The type of the nervous system is the physiological basis for the formation of temperament.

Characteristics of temperament types - sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic

Influence on a person's character

– Can temperament change over time?

- The nervous system is part of the whole organism, its processes cannot change dramatically. In the first six years of life, morphofunctional maturation occurs, therefore a child with any type of temperament is characterized by an imbalance of nervous processes with a predominance of excitation over inhibition and low lability. At an older age, gradual stabilization occurs, when the processes of excitation and inhibition become stronger and more balanced. The basic properties of the nervous system reach their normal development by the age of 20-22.

Many researchers consider temperament as the result of the interaction of two factors: hereditary and environmental. But such characteristics as emotionality and activity have only a genetic conditionality. One of the distinguishing features of temperament is its stability, so a person cannot detect either the features of a choleric or a melancholic. It is also unlikely that temperament will change during life under the influence of the social environment, which can only change habits and skills. But proper upbringing forms certain styles of behavior, which often smooth out hereditary shortcomings in temperament.

– What effect does temperament have on a person's character?

- The formation of a person's character to a lesser extent depends on temperament, to a greater extent - on training and education. On the basis of any of the temperaments, all socially significant qualities of character can be formed, but their manifestations will be peculiar for each of the types of higher nervous activity. Temperament affects the formation of such qualities as balance, adaptability to the new, diligence, mobility, inertia. The individual characteristics of a person determine his greater or lesser adaptive abilities. The most preferable in this regard are the temperaments of the sanguine and phlegmatic, less adapted to life - choleric, who lack balance between the processes of inhibition and excitation. But most researchers are inclined to believe that the manifestation of the advantages of a particular temperament depends on the character, and not vice versa.

May be useful to many.

Types of temperament

A very, very long time ago, back in 400 BC, the scientist Hippocrates said that people can be conditionally divided into 4 main groups. The Roman physician Gallen supplemented this theory by discovering four main types of temperament:

1. Melancholic. The name comes from two words: "melena" and "hole", which means "black bile". In short, such people are distinguished by touching, sophistication and sadness.
2. Phlegmatic person. The word from which this term arose is "phlegm" - sputum, lymph. Such people are calm, balanced, but malleable and slow.
3. Sanguine. From the Greek, the term "sanguinis" is translated as blood. These are cheerful active people.
4. Choleric. In translation, the term "chole" means "yellow bile." These are emotional impulsive people who are prone to sudden mood swings.

How to find out what type of temperament a person has? Is it sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic or choleric? The Eysenck test can help with this. This is a classic task for determining the type of temperament. However, it must be said that in their pure form they are quite rare. In a person, two main types of temperament are most often mixed, one of which is more active, i.e. leading.

Appearance

So, the characteristic of choleric. Scientists have identified even the main external features of a person with this type of temperament:

1. Choleric is most often thin. He has long limbs, thin muscles.
2. The chest, pelvis, and back of such people are predominantly narrow.
3. The skull is cone-shaped, retracted, narrowed upwards with a slightly pointed parietal region.
4. The facial features of the choleric person are also pronounced, pointed.
5. Such people are distinguished by a fast, purposeful and clear gait.

About children

Characteristics of choleric (this type of temperament) may begin with a consideration of the nature of such children. How will they differ from their other peers? Already at a very early age, these kids know their worth and love to command. They easily subjugate adults. Parents achieve everything through crying, tantrums, which may not stop for hours. If the child gets what he wants, he becomes affectionate, loving. He has fun and plays, expressing joy with all his being. However, it must be said that from a very early age, such babies become dictators and tyrants. This type of behavior sometimes persists for the rest of your life.

Motility of choleric people

What else is interesting about the type of "choleric"? Such a person can be recognized even by special movements. Their motor skills have the following features:

1. Mimicry is always expressive.
2. Their movements are sharp, feverish.
3. Feels strong and energetic.
4. Speech is very fast. It seems that they are simply afraid of being late to say or do something.

Positive aspects of character

Be sure to consider the nature of the choleric. What are its positive aspects can be identified in people with this type of temperament?

1. Optimism. Most choleric people are optimists. They almost never get upset, because. can find a way out of a variety of situations. In addition, they are able to inspire other people, lead, show the way. Cholerics are excellent at concentrating solely on what is necessary, always making the right decision.
2. Confidence. Cholerics are always confident in the correctness of their actions and decisions. That is why very often they achieve success in life. They are alien to doubt, which, in fact, is a destructive sensation.
3. Leadership. Cholerics are very often leaders. Often - informal, the so-called black cardinals. They have a sharp mind and the ability to make the right decisions with lightning speed. That is why they are respected by others.
4. A responsibility. People with this type of temperament are very hardworking. And they are responsible for the fulfillment of the assigned tasks. This quality often helps them achieve success in their careers.

Negative character traits

What else needs to be said if the characteristic of choleric is considered? So, it is necessary to highlight the negative aspects of the character of people with this type of temperament.

1. Authoritarianism. Very often, such people think that only they know what is right and how. In addition, choleric people most often do not know how to sympathize and sympathize. Justifying this by the fact that everyone is to blame for their own misfortunes.
2. Irritability. Cholerics are very fast, both in thought and in action. They do not like slow people, as well as those who are indecisive and shy. These qualities of people with this type of temperament are very annoying. Also, choleric people do not tolerate when they do not agree with their opinion.
3. prone to violence. Cholerics are not inclined to forgive insults. In addition, they are very vindictive. Such people can exert psychological pressure. These are demanding parents and sometimes cruel partners.
4. tendency to prejudice. Choleric people make others believe in what they themselves believe.
5. Impatience. People with this type of temperament do everything very quickly, without dwelling on the details. That is why they sometimes miss important little things.
6. Stubbornness and cunning. A choleric person can easily persuade a person to his opinion, ignite him and make him work for himself. He is also very jealous of his own opinion, not wanting to listen to someone else's.
7. Limited communication. Choleric people do not like being surrounded by too many people. They choose for themselves such comrades and employees who do not annoy them. If the boss is a choleric, he will interact with the team through one person.

emotional sphere

1. Cholerics very often fall in love at first sight. This feeling captures them instantly, like an explosion.
2. They are very proud and ambitious. They love to be honored or respected by others.
3. Cholerics are characterized by frequent and rapid mood swings. They come out of a calm state abruptly, becoming aggressive, impatient, angry.
4. People with this type of temperament are characterized by irascibility. They have a lack of self-control.
5. Emotions of a choleric person manifest themselves brightly, openly, without hesitation.

Labor activity

So, the characteristic of the choleric, what else should be mentioned? So, I would like to talk separately about how such people behave in the workplace. As mentioned above, these are very hardworking and purposeful people. They are not alien to the desire to become a leader, and for this they will do a lot (sometimes going, as they say, over their heads). To achieve their goal, choleric people can even sacrifice personal relationships with employees. In the hands of such a worker, everything goes smoothly, he does any work quickly. However, not always qualitatively, because he does not know how to focus on details. If a choleric becomes a leader, he will be very demanding, authoritarian. Everyone will have to reckon with his opinion, and the initiative will most often be punished. Any innovations should pass through such a director, all issues should be resolved. However, the enterprise itself with such a leader will only benefit and prosper.

Compatibility

With whom does a choleric person get along best? Its compatibility with other types of temperament:

1. Choleric phlegmatic. Choleric will be very comfortable in the shadow of an unflappable phlegmatic. And the latter, in turn, will rejoice in the activity and restlessness of the partner. A phlegmatic person will never fully open his soul, but this is nothing for a choleric person. After all, he does not pay attention to trifles and details. Such an alliance is possible and can last for a very long time.
2. Choleric-sanguine. In this pair, mutual support of partners comes to the fore. The choleric will be a generator of ideas, the sanguine will try to bring them all to life. Problems can arise at the stage of choosing the leader of the relationship, because both members of the couple strive for leadership and the main position. There will be constant competition. If this is dealt with, the couple will be able to live together for a very long time.
3. Choleric melancholic. Most likely, such a relationship is doomed to failure. After all, a morally weak melancholic simply cannot withstand the pressure of a choleric. In addition, the choleric will not reckon with the partner's emotions, bringing him to tears and tantrums. The latter will not last long and will soon simply run away.
4. Choleric-choleric. This is a very noisy and stormy union. Everything will be here - love and fights until you drop. Possible beating dishes and passionate reconciliation. There will be practically no mutual assistance, since everyone seeks to be independently responsible for their actions. Attempts to take a leadership position will lead to multiple scandals. Such an alliance can both quickly fall apart and last a very, very long time.

However, it is worth saying that in any case, relationships should be fought for. And if both sides give in to each other, even the most seemingly incompatible types of temperament can exist side by side for a very long time.