Message about any businessman. The most famous entrepreneurs of the world and Russia

Today, many seek to open their own business and thereby gain financial independence. But the world of business is not as simple as it might seem at first glance. Special laws reign here, according to which only the strongest survive. No wonder well-known entrepreneurs advise newcomers to always keep their eyes open, otherwise competitors will devour them in an instant.

But how to understand what's what in a world where big money rules? The answer is simple: study the experience of well-known businessmen and draw the necessary conclusions. But for this you need to know who they are - the most famous entrepreneurs in Russia and abroad.

Who is an entrepreneur

First you need to understand that, because despite the fact that this concept is very common, many still do not know its true meaning.

So, an entrepreneur is a person who is engaged in any kind of activity (production of things, provision of services or resale of goods) in order to obtain material benefits. At the same time, he is a leader who bears the burden of responsibility for the products, and also monitors all stages of production.

It is important to remember that an entrepreneur is a strong-willed person, because he always puts his money and reputation on the line.

The history of entrepreneurship

The first businessmen appeared long before the introduction of money into circulation, in those distant times when market relations were based on mutually beneficial exchange. And those who were mothers and smarter always sought to sell their goods on more favorable terms.

Naturally, with the advent of money, entrepreneurship became even stronger, because now it was possible to calculate the benefits much more efficiently. Many have heard the saying “War is the engine of progress”, and so, the more conflicts there were, the faster the market developed. In circulation were weapons, overseas goods, as well as slaves, which for a long time were considered a universal currency in many states.

But the very word "entrepreneur" arose much later. It was introduced into the vocabulary by the French economist and philosopher Jean-Baptiste Say, and it happened in 1800.

Notable Entrepreneurs of the Past

We will not recall the businessmen of the Ancient World, since there is no reliable information about them, and there is no special benefit from their methods either. It is more reasonable to consider those who achieved fame not so long ago, opening the doors to a world of great opportunities, or rather, the great businessmen of the twentieth century.

The most famous entrepreneurs of the last century:

1. Thomas Edison. The name of this man is familiar to many to this day. Thanks to his innovative ideas, electrical appliances became the norm. The telephone is one of his first creations, for which he received $100,000 from Western Union. Among his other merits, one can note the kinescope, as well as modernization. After Edison left General Electric, which became one of the leading manufacturers of electrical appliances in the world.
2. Henry Ford. The founder of the great corporation Ford Motor Company, whose glory cannot be expressed in words. But not in the automobile business lies Henry's success, no. First of all, he was a great entrepreneur who always knew how to subdue competitors with his ideas for
3. Bill Gates. It is difficult to find someone who does not know about Microsoft, because the Windows operating system is now installed on almost every computer. Although in 1976, when Bill Gates first opened it, no one believed in the prospects of the new industry. The reason for this triumph was an unshakable belief in himself and in his dream, because when Gates had to choose between work and study, he chose the first without hesitation.
4. Founder of McDonald's fast food chain. Ray was not a cook, moreover, he did not even come up with the menu in the first restaurant. The very idea belonged to the McDonald brothers, but the far-sighted Kroc, sensing the benefits, bought all the rights to the company in 1961. After much effort, his chain of branded eateries has spread all over the world.
5. Steve Jobs. Another IT genius who dropped out of college for his dream. Many know him as the founding father of such a giant as Apple. Also, thanks to his ideas, Jobs managed to make his brand the dream of millions, which significantly increased his sales revenue.

Famous Russian entrepreneurs

As for Soviet times, all plants and factories were under the leadership of the state, and entrepreneurs were equated with criminals. But with the collapse of the USSR, everything changed dramatically. Now everyone could compete for their piece of the pie, using their own tricks for this.

The most famous entrepreneurs in Russia:

1. One of his fortune is measured at 15 billion dollars. During his life, he tried many ways to earn money - from carpentry to oil trading. The latter brought him such a large capital.
2. Roman Abramovich. This man was popularly called the "aluminum tycoon", which is directly related to his line of work. Rabinovich himself believes that his success lies in the fact that he works tirelessly until he reaches the intended goal.
3. Back in Soviet times, Mikhail earned money by speculating on theater tickets. Over the years, his income increased significantly, which allowed him to penetrate into more prestigious areas of business. Many famous entrepreneurs speak of him as a shark that will tear apart everything in its path.
4. Former head of Gazprom, who signed many important contracts for the sale of gas.
5. Elena Baturina. Famous entrepreneurs in Russia are not only men, and Baturina is a good example of this. This business lady owns several cement plants, as well as a network of the largest construction plants in Moscow.

The youngest entrepreneurs

Recently, the younger generation is catching up with their mentors more and more rapidly. So, many well-known entrepreneurs of the world have barely crossed the threshold of 30 years, moreover, half of them are still teenagers.

First of all, Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of the social network Facebook, should be noted. At the time of opening, he was only 20 years old, which did not become an obstacle on the way to world fame.

Tom Thurlow is a well-known English entrepreneur who, at the age of 19, opened his book sales network. It was he who released the famous Harry Potter series, which made him even richer.

Chad Hurley is the man who invented YouTube. At the age of 31, he sold his brainchild to Google for $1.65 billion, making him one of the richest people on the planet.

Women in tough business

There are many examples of women becoming successful entrepreneurs. Therefore, we consider only the most famous representatives of the fair sex.

1. Coco Chanel. She changed the world of fashion and also stole the hearts of many men. All famous entrepreneurs spoke of her as a reformer and saw her as a worthy competitor.
2. Oprah Winfrey. In addition to hosting one of the most famous talk shows in the US, Oprah is also a talented entrepreneur. Many are sure that she is able to turn into gold everything that her hands touched.
3. Mary Kay Ash. She founded the Mary Kay Cosmetics cosmetics company, and was also the first to introduce a network sales system into it.

The most unusual ways to make a fortune

Well-known entrepreneurs are not only serious people, among them there are those who go through life with humor. It was partly due to this feature that they managed to earn their first millions.

The German Robert Pot for a long time headed a waste collection company in the city of Wuppertal, but this occupation did not bring a decent income. One day he had a wonderful idea to organize a museum, where the exhibits would be rubbish from the city. As practice has shown, such a business could bring him his first million.

Many well-known entrepreneurs are happy to share their experience, and some even publish books with invaluable advice. Do not miss the opportunity to read them, because such knowledge can change life for the better.

Summing up what they have read, many will agree that the main thing is not to give up and always follow your dream. After all, only in this way can success be achieved, regardless of the difficulties encountered on the path of life.

Opportunities for the rapid transformation of production and trade were opened by the peasant reform of 1861, which freed many workers. The demand for manufactured goods grew in the country. The government of the Empire stimulated and supported domestic industrialists, bankers, merchants, striving to accelerate the development of the economy through its legislative acts.

In 1863-1865, the government passed laws that gave the right to "trade and other crafts to persons of all classes without distinction of sex, both Russian subjects and foreigners." Members of merchant guilds, urban aristocracy and local nobles, peasants, colonists in their places of settlement, Jews in the Pale of Settlement gained freedom of enterprise and received certificates for industrial and commercial activities.

The new commercial and industrial legislation gave a tremendous impetus to the rapid development of economic activity in the country. Well-known domestic economist L.I. Abalkin wrote: "The class of industrialists was replenished by all strata of society, the former serf could become "innumerable rich", his yesterday's owner-landowner-exchange tycoon, nobleman-officer, state institution has grown to the managing director of a bank or a joint-stock company.

Indeed, towards the end of the nineteenth century. Petersburg, 35 merchants, 2 nobles, 69 burgesses, 35 peasants owned textile enterprises, and 45 merchants, 18 nobles, 257 burgesses, 192 peasants owned metalworking factories.

The affairs of those who were engaged in the production of sugar were rapidly going uphill: among the largest landowners, representatives of noble families - the Baryatinsky, Yusupov, Bobrinsky, Pototsky, Shuvalov, and recent merchants, newly minted nobles, such as the famous sugar refiners Tereshchenko and Kharitonenko.

The most industrial and oldest industrial class, the merchant class, also changed dramatically, gradually turning into a commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. The great Fyodor Chaliapin vividly and figuratively described the upward path traditional for the Moscow merchants: “A Russian peasant, having escaped from the village from a young age, begins to cobble together his well-being as a future merchant or industrialist in Moscow itself. oil on buckwheat, his comrade shouts merrily and cunningly observes the stitches of life with a slanting eye, how and what is sewn up and what is sewn to what. in a cheap tavern, he drinks tea with brown bread. He is cold, cold, but always cheerful, does not grumble and hopes for the future. He is not embarrassed by what kind of goods he has to trade, trading in different ones. Today icons, tomorrow stockings, the day after tomorrow amber, otherwise and books. In this way he becomes an economist. And there, look, he already has a shop or a small factory. And then, go ahead, he is already a merchant of the 1st guild. the son is the first to buy the Gauguins, Picasso, the first to take Matisse to Moscow. And we, the enlightened ones, look with nasty gaping mouths at all the Matisses, Manets and Renoirs that have not yet been understood and say in a nasally critical way: - Tyrant. Meanwhile, petty tyrants, meanwhile, quietly accumulated wonderful treasures of art, created galleries, museums, first-class theaters, set up hospitals and shelters throughout Moscow.

Merchants created family and joint-stock partnerships, firms, trading houses, expanded markets for wholesale trade. They also participated in railway and steamship construction, owned large machine-building and repair plants.

Many large and small industrialists came out of the peasantry. Even in the pre-reform period, the most enterprising peasants, working at the enterprises of their owners, invested money in profitable business through figureheads. Having made a capital, they bought "free", and then acquired small factories and factories. The rich "capitalist peasants" eventually signed up as merchants, became honorary citizens. Former peasants Alekseev, Ryabushinsky, Krestovnikov, Soldatenkov laid the foundation for the largest and most famous entrepreneurial dynasties.

The grateful memory of posterity will forever remember the names of Moscow merchants-entrepreneurs who presented the city and the country with excellent collections of paintings (the Tretyakov brothers, Shukins, Morozov, Mamontov), ​​founded the world's first Theater Museum (Bakhrushin), the Art Theater (Morozov), the magazines "World of Art "," Golden Fleece "," Blue Rose "(Diaghilev, Ryabushinsky).

They, occupying honorary positions in the city, improved it: gas, and then electric lighting, pavements, water supply, sewerage, and a tram appeared in Moscow. Manufacturers, seeking to retain qualified workers at their enterprises, built housing for them, created a network of social service institutions.

In 1900, the owner of the Trekhgornaya manufactory, Nikolai Prokhorov, was awarded the French Order of the Legion of Honor, and his enterprise received the "Grand Prix" of the international Paris exhibition for technical equipment. Trekhgornaya manufactory was awarded two gold medals - for training workers in a six-year technical school for 250 students and for taking care of the life of workers. The manufactory had a nursery, a kindergarten, a maternity hospital, an orphanage, a hospital, a nursing home, a free public library, evening and Sunday classes.

Morozov dynasty

At the beginning of the 20th century, the top of the Moscow merchant class consisted of two and a half dozen families - seven of them bore the surname Morozov. The most eminent in this series was considered the largest chintz manufacturer Savva Timofeevich Morozov.

The exact size of Morozov's capital today can only be guessed at. "T-vo Nikolskoy manufactory Savva Morozov, son and Co" was one of the three most profitable industries in Russia. One salary of Savva Ivanovich (he was only a director, and his mother was the owner of the manufactory) was 250 thousand rubles a year. For comparison: the then Minister of Finance Sergei Witte received ten times less (and even then Alexander III paid the "irreplaceable" Witte more from his own pocket).

Savva belonged to the generation of "new" Moscow merchants. Unlike their fathers and grandfathers, the founders of the family business, the young merchants had an excellent European education, artistic taste, and diverse interests. Spiritual and social issues occupied them no less than the problem of making money.

The family business was started by Savva's grandfather and namesake - the economic man Savva Vasilyevich Morozov.

"Savva son Vasiliev" was born a serf, but managed to go through all the steps of a small producer and become the largest textile manufacturer. An enterprising peasant in the Vladimir province opened a workshop that produced silk lace and ribbons. He worked on the only machine tool himself and himself walked to Moscow, 100 miles away, to sell goods to buyers. Gradually, he switched to cloth and cotton products. He was lucky. Even the war of 1812 and the ruin of Moscow contributed to the increase in income. After several factories in the capital burned down in the capital, a favorable customs tariff was introduced, and the cotton industry began to rise.

For 17 thousand rubles - huge money for those times - Savva received "freedom" from the nobles of the Ryumins, and soon the former serf Morozov was enrolled in the Moscow merchants of the first guild.

Having lived to a ripe old age, Savva Vasilievich did not overcome the letters, but this did not prevent him from doing excellent business. He bequeathed to his sons four large factories, united by the name "Nikolskaya Manufactory". The old man took care to arrange for his descendants even in the next world: next to his grave at the Rogozhsky cemetery stands a white-stone Old Believer cross with an inscription, already faded from time to time: “At this cross, the family of the merchant of the first guild Savva Vasilyevich Morozov is supposed.” Today, four generations of Morozov lie there.

The Morozov family was Old Believer and very rich. The mansion in Bolshoy Trekhsvyatitelsky Lane had a winter greenhouse and a huge garden with gazebos and flower beds.

The future capitalist and freethinker was brought up in the spirit of religious asceticism, in exceptional severity. Priests from the Rogozhskaya Old Believer community served daily in the family chapel. The extremely pious mistress of the house, Maria Feodorovna, was always surrounded by hosts. Any of her whims was the law for the household.

On Saturdays, underwear was changed in the house. The brothers, the elder Savva and the younger Sergei, were given only one clean shirt, which usually went to Seryozha, his mother's favorite. Savva had to wear the one that his brother took off. More than strange for the richest merchant family, but this was not the only eccentricity of the hostess. Occupying a two-story mansion with 20 rooms, she did not use electric lighting, considering it to be demonic power. For the same reason, she did not read newspapers and magazines, she shied away from literature, theater, and music. Afraid of catching a cold, she did not take a bath, preferring to use colognes. And at the same time she kept her family in her fist so that they did not dare to rock the boat without her permission.

Nevertheless, changes inexorably invaded this firmly established Old Believer life. The Morozov family already had governesses and tutors, children - four sons and four daughters - were taught secular manners, music, and foreign languages. At the same time, tried and tested "forms of education" for centuries were used - for poor academic success, the young merchant growth was mercilessly beaten.

Savva was not distinguished by special obedience. In his own words, while still at the gymnasium, he learned to smoke and not to believe in God. His character was paternal: he made decisions quickly and forever.

He entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University. There he seriously studied philosophy, attended lectures on the history of V.O. Klyuchevsky. Then he continued his education in England. He studied chemistry at Cambridge, worked on his dissertation and at the same time got acquainted with the textile business. In 1887, after the Morozov strike and his father's illness, he was forced to return to Russia and take charge of the affairs. Savva was then 25 years old.

Until 1918, the Nikolskaya manufactory was a joint venture. The main and main shareholder of the manufactory was Savva's mother Maria Fedorovna: she owned 90% of the shares.

In matters of production, Savva could not help but depend on his mother. In fact, he was a co-owner-manager, and not a full owner. But "Sava the Second" would not have been the son of his parents, had he not inherited from them irrepressible energy and great will. He said about himself: "If anyone gets in my way, I will cross and not blink."

I had to sweat, - Savva Timofeevich later recalled. - The equipment at the factory is antediluvian, there is no fuel, but here there is competition, a crisis. It was necessary to rebuild the whole thing on the go.

He ordered the latest equipment from England. The father was categorically against it - it was expensive, but Savva broke his father, who was behind the times. The old man was disgusted by his son's innovations, but in the end he gave in: fines were changed at the factory, prices were changed, new barracks were built. Timofey Savvovich stamped his feet on his son and scolded him as a socialist.

And in good moments, very old, he used to stroke me on the head and say: "Oh, Savvushka, you will break your neck."

But the realization of the disturbing prophecy was still far away.

Things were going well for the Association. The Nikolskaya manufactory ranked third in Russia in terms of profitability. Morozov products displaced English fabrics even in Persia and China. At the end of the 1890s, 13.5 thousand people were employed in the factories, about 440 thousand poods of yarn and almost two million meters of fabric were produced here annually.

Secretly, Maria Fedorovna was proud of her son - God did not deprive him of either intelligence or mastery. Although she got angry when Savva first ordered in his own way, as he saw fit, and only then approached: "Here, they say, mama, let me report ..."

And here is what one of the engineers of the Nikolskaya manufactory recalled about Savva Timofeevich: “Excited, fussy, he ran hopping from floor to floor, tested the strength of the yarn, put his hand into the thick of the gears and pulled it out unharmed, taught teenagers how to tie a broken thread He knew every screw here, every movement of the levers. Engineers, foremen, workers approached him, asked about something ... he gave orders, wrote notes, pointed somewhere with his hands, patted the workers on the shoulder and treated them to cigarettes from a large leather cigarette case.

Wealthy Fabricant Varvara Alekseevna Morozova

Entrepreneurship in Russia has traditionally been considered a male occupation, but it happened that women also achieved success in it. One of the brightest and most successful representatives of the business world was Varvara Alekseevna Morozova, nee Khludova, a merchant's daughter and wife. Her first husband was A.A. Morozov, a poorly educated and mentally ill person who passed away early. The brother of Varvara Alekseevna-Mikhail Khludov also died in a psychiatric hospital. An outstanding nature, a champion of education, a capable actress (she played in charity performances in favor of the starving), V.A. Morozova, having become a widow, took over the management of the Tver cotton fabric manufactory and coped with it quite successfully.

Her sister-in-law, M.K. Morozova, recalled: "Varvara Alekseevna was a well-educated person. At the same time, she was very businesslike and practical, she knew how to navigate commercial affairs well." She was valued and respected in the commercial environment. Varvara Alekseevna served as a prototype for the heroine of P.D. Boborykin "China Town" - Anna Serafimovna Stanitsina.

A charming woman with an attractive smile, large dark eyes and "sable" eyebrows, she was "a classic type of progressive Moscow philanthropist", modest in everyday life and generous in kindness to people. The famous playwright Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko said about her: "The type is wonderful in its own way. A beautiful woman, a wealthy manufacturer, kept herself modest, never flaunted her money anywhere." She raised five children, actively participated in public life.

One of her first charitable undertakings was the construction of a psychiatric clinic in Moscow on Devichye Pole. Over time, a large educational medical center grew up there. The Tver manufactory had a hospital, a maternity hospital, a pharmacy, a sanatorium, an orphanage, a nursery, a school, a needlework school, and a library.

In her house on Vozdvizhenka, Varvara Alekseevna opened a literary salon, which was visited by famous writers and poets. Among them are Alexander Blok, Valery Bryusov, Andrei Bely, Vladimir Solovyov.

At the expense of Morozova, almost the first free Turgenev library-reading room in Russia was built and opened in 1885. Designed for 100 visitors, it had a rich book fund and received periodicals. Readings were held here; Literary novelties and current events were discussed with the participation of the color of Moscow professors. Following Turgenevskaya, libraries-reading rooms of Ostrovsky, Gogol, Pushkin appeared.

Morozova laid the foundation for another type of institutions important for Russia - in 1873 she opened an elementary school, and in 1877 she founded craft classes for children from the poorest families. The boys who graduated from the vocational school received the title of master in plumbing and carpentry. In 1901 Varvara Alekseevna handed over the school to the city.

Putilov Nikolay Ivanovich

breeder and entrepreneur, pioneer of rail rolling in Russia, metallurgist, builder, inventor and expert in military gun production; came from an old Novgorod noble family; was brought up (since 1830) in the naval company of the Alexander Cadet Corps, in 1832 he was transferred to the Marine Corps, from where he was released (December 23, 1837) as a midshipman and left in the officer classes of the Marine Cadet Corps (then - the Nikolaev Marine Academy). Finishing the course in 1840, he drew attention to himself with an article published in the Mayak magazine (1840, No. 3) about the error of the famous French mathematician Cauchy in his course on integral calculus; the article of the young midshipman aroused the interest of the famous Russian mathematician, academician M. V. Ostrogradsky, who invited Putilov to be his assistant in the study of certain issues of external ballistics; the results of their joint work were later published in the Notes of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. At the end of the course in officer classes, Putilov was promoted to lieutenant and left at the Corps, where from 1841 to 1843 he taught cadets mathematics, astronomy and navigation; in addition, he taught mathematics courses for applicants to higher educational institutions. In 1843, due to poor health, P. had to leave for a warmer climate, for which he entered the service in the Southern (VI) District of the Corps of Engineers of Military Settlements, who was then in charge of the entire construction department in southern Russia, and in practice studied the construction business. Having retired in 1844, P. returned to St. Petersburg in 1848 and here, in the position of an official for special assignments under the director of the Shipbuilding Department, he got acquainted with marine engineering. In 1854, during the Eastern War, when the combined fleets of England and France blockaded Kronstadt, P. was, by the Highest order, appointed authorized by General-Admiral Vel. Book. Konstantin Nikolaevich for the construction of a gunboat flotilla and corvettes; thanks to the activities of Putilov, during the year 67 gunboats were built, with approximately 100 steam forces each, and 14 corvettes with 250 steam forces each, armed with 397 large-caliber guns, 3 floating docks and a workshop were built to repair the flotilla; in addition, he also provided assistance in the construction of 14 floating batteries and built 6 gunboats in Riga. At the same time, with the highest permission, Putilov published (in 1854-1859) 37 volumes of the Collection of News Relating to the War of 1853-1856. Appointed in 1855 as a senior official for special assignments of the Shipbuilding Department, and in 1857 he was dismissed with the rank of coll. adviser, P. turned to the enterprises of the mining industry in the north of Russia and, supported by Vel. Book. Konstantin Nikolaevich and the head of the Naval Ministry Krabbe, for the first time organized in Finland the production of iron from cast iron smelted from lake ores, and for this purpose he built there, in the area of ​​​​the Saima water system, in the period 1857-1868, 3 plants that annually smelted up to 400,000 pounds cast iron and up to 200,000 pounds of iron and steel. In 1864, in partnership with Obukhov and Kudryavtsev, Putilov began to build a steel plant on the Neva, near St. Petersburg, called Obukhovsky; for the first time in Russia, armor-piercing shells began to be manufactured at this plant and guns of the largest calibers were prepared, both for land and naval military departments. On January 12, 1868, Putilov bought an iron and steel plant (Putilovsky), the original foundation of which dates back to 1801, and which, having been in the hands of the treasury, in private sole and comradely possession, since 1864 was under the control of the administration. This purchase could be realized only because Putilov secured an order from the treasury for 2,800,000 pounds of rail, at a price of 1 r. 88 k. per pound. On January 20, 1868, the rolling of rails, which were cheaper than foreign ones, began at the new plant; worn, old rails bought up by Putilov from the railways; with the help of this material, rails with steel heads, famous in their time, were produced according to the method invented by Putilov; puddling iron and steel were produced on the spot; the activity of the plant expanded rapidly, its productivity soon reached 2 million poods a year, the number of workers increased to 2,000 people, and the gross production of rails in Russia was ensured. In 1869, an order was accepted by the treasury for the conversion of 10,000 old-style guns to a new one. In the same year, Putilov began to realize the dream of his youth, a project that he never changed, namely, the construction in St. Petersburg, on the seaside near Ekateringof, a commercial port where three trade routes were to be connected - sea, river and railway. The grandiose project, however, only in an insignificant part reached completion: work was begun on digging a sea canal from Kronstadt to St. Petersburg, pools and warehouses were built, and the Putilov railway was built. a road to connect the future port with all Russian railway lines (at present it is a port branch of the Nikolaevskaya railway); for the implementation of all these enterprises, a joint-stock company was formed with Putilov at the head. But the work was interrupted by the death of Putilov, which followed on April 18, 1880. As for the factories, since 1870 they produced cast steel and manufactured artillery shells that competed with Krupp's, manufactured various tools, parts of locomotives and wagons. After the approval, on October 24, 1872, of the charter and formation, in 1873, of the aforementioned joint-stock company (which many considered fictitious, since Putilov himself was in fact the owner of all the shares), a new plant was built near the old one, with mechanical workshops, with Siemens and Pernod ovens, with Bessemer apparatus, for the preparation of 1000 railway cars annually. The following year, the Putilov factories received an order for the manufacture of 4 million pounds of steel rails, and the production of steam locomotives and complex machines began. But in reality, hidden from the majority, the factories did not live up to expectations with their actual productivity, and there was much that was unclear in their activities, in their reports and in the management of resources. Since 1876, the State Bank, which lent the company up to 5 million rubles for working capital, already owned approximately 4/5 of the entire share capital of the Putilov Plants Society. Compared with the real value of the whole business, the debts of the Society were not so great, however, since 1877, the State Bank became the real owner of the factories; and both the management of business, and the factories with all the buildings and land - everything left Putilov. Meanwhile, by 1880, the production of steel rails alone began to exceed 3 million poods at the plant, in 1880 it reached 12 million poods, and by the centenary of the plant (in 1901), its annual turnover was more than 20? million rubles and the number of workers on it extended to 12? thousands of people. Be that as it may, the initiative in the matter, which had reached such a tremendous development, belonged to Putilov, although he could not cope with it. Unprecedented until that time in Russia, the case was staged and launched thanks to the energy, perseverance, diligence, enterprise and ability of P., who was distinguished by the courage and breadth of his commercial views and plans and great organizational talent. Putilov was a man with an extremely expressive face, his character was lively, receptive, his mind was active, carried away and versatile. He died in action. Art. advice. To the very seaside, where they were assigned a place of burial, Putilov's body was carried on a stretcher by factory workers, who had gathered several thousand; the funeral service was delivered by the rector of the Theological Academy Yanyshev; the public was greatly impressed by the speech at the grave of V. A. Poletika, a friend of Putilov; This speech provoked a controversy in the newspapers, which covered Putilov's personality and activities in a very heterogeneous way. In technical production, Putilov made several remarkable inventions for refining and decarburizing metals, for their splicing and for stamping artillery shells; he also owns a method of building buildings from old rails.

Putilov Alexey Ivanovich (1866-1929)

Chairman of the Board of the Russian-Asian Bank. Coming from a poor noble family of the Novgorod province, A. Putilov (he was a distant relative of the famous industrialist N.I. Putilov, the founder of the Putilov factory in St. Petersburg) graduated from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, in 1890 he entered the service of the Ministry of Finance.

On the eve of the First World War, Putilov set a course for the all-round attraction of domestic capital to the Russian-Asiatic Bank. By 1917, the bank controlled over 160 joint-stock companies, including such famous enterprises as the Putilov Plant, the Nevsky Shipbuilding, the Russian-Baltic Shipbuilding, Oil Trust and others

Contemporaries were amazed by Putilov's ability to instantly make decisions on cases under discussion and accurately predict the outcome of complex, multi-way combinations. His performance was legendary. Putilov was very unpretentious in everyday life and even at high meetings, it happened that he appeared in a shabby jacket.

After the revolution of 1917, all the property of the banker was nationalized, he himself emigrated to France.

RYABUSHINSKY Pavel Pavlovich (June 17, 1871, Moscow - July 19, 1924, Cambo-les-Bains, France)

From an Old Believer family of cotton and paper manufacturers.

Graduated from the Moscow Practical Academy of Commercial Sciences (1890).

Since 1900, he headed the Association of Manufactories P.M. Ryabushinsky with his sons, from 1901 chairman of the board of the Kharkov Land Bank, from 1902 co-owner of the Ryabushinsky Brothers banking house and chairman of the board of the Moscow Bank organized on its basis (since 1912).

Since 1906, he was a foreman (since 1915, chairman) of the Moscow Exchange Committee, a member of the Council of Congresses of Representatives of Industry and Trade, since 1909, chairman of the Society of Cotton and Paper Manufacturers of the Moscow Region.

Since November 1905, a member of the Central Committee of the Union of October 17, in October 1906 Ryabushinsky, who did not agree with the policy of the Octobrist leader A.I. Guchkov, moved to the Party of "Peaceful Renewal", a policy of rejection of revolutionary ideas and uprisings, in 1912 one of the initiators of the creation of the Progressive Party, a member of the Central Committee and chairman of its Moscow Committee.

He promoted his political views in the newspapers "Morning" (1907) and "Morning of Russia" (1907, 1908 - 17), headed the editorial committee of these publications and financed them.

Participated in the movement of the Old Believers for the equalization of their rights with other religions. Since 1905, he was a deputy chairman of the council of the Congress of Old Believers. At the beginning of the First World War, he was authorized by the infirmary, created at the expense of the Moscow merchants in the army.

In May 1915, at the 9th Commercial and Industrial Congress, he called on entrepreneurs to organize military-industrial committees, and since June he has been chairman of the Moscow Military-Industrial Committee.

In September, he was elected to the State Council (from trade and industry).

In November, on the initiative of Ryabushinsky, a "working group" was created at the Moscow Military Industrial Committee to unite the workers around the military industrial committees and convene an All-Russian Workers' Congress.

During the February Revolution of 1917, one of the initiators of the creation of the Moscow Committee of Public Organizations. At the 1st Congress of the All-Russian Union of Trade and Industry convened on the initiative of Ryabushinsky on March 19-22, he called for "the unity of all social forces" in view of the ongoing war, for the support of the Provisional Government until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, proceeded from the idea of ​​the inviolability of capitalism in Russia, arguing: " The moment has not yet come to think that we can change everything by taking everything away from some and giving it to others, this is a dream ... we still have to go through the path of developing private initiative."

He opposed the participation of representatives of the socialist parties in the Provisional Government, on July 19 he published in the newspaper "Utro Rossii" a declaration of the council of the All-Russian Union of Trade and Industry, which accused the "socialist ministers" and leaders of the Soviets of the RSD that "social reform went uncreative, but in a destructive way, it threatens Russia with hunger, poverty and financial collapse. Reflecting the dissatisfaction of business circles with the economic policy of the Provisional Government (including the grain monopoly introduced on March 25) and the revolutionization of the masses, in a speech on August 3 at the 2nd All-Russian Trade and Industrial Congress, he noted that "at the moment, the commercial and industrial class cannot,” and predicted a financial and economic failure, stating: “What I am talking about is inevitable. But, unfortunately, the bony hand of hunger and popular poverty is needed to grab the false friends of the people, members of various committees and councils by the throat so that they will come to their senses"
In the Bolshevik press and among the workers, Ryabushinsky's phrase was interpreted as a call to the bourgeoisie to strangle the revolution with the "bony hand of hunger."

Ryabushinsky advocated the elimination of dual power, "a radical break in power with the dictatorship of the Soviets" (Morning of Russia, 1917, July 19), provided financial support to the Union of Army and Navy Officers, participated in the Meeting of Public Figures in Moscow on August 8-10, was elected to the Standing Committee Member of the State Conference in Moscow.

After the suppression of the Kornilov speech, he retired from political activity, was treated in the Crimea for tuberculosis, in mid-September he was arrested by the decision of the Simferopol Soviet as an "accomplice in the conspiracy", released by order of A.F. Kerensky.

In 1919 he emigrated to France.

Honorary Chairman of the Trade and Industry Congress.

Prokhorov dynasty

The Prokhorov dynasty, the founders and owners of the Trekhgornaya Manufactory, a large industrial enterprise in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Performances in the commercial and industrial field of the third generation of the Prokhorov family.

The next period of Manufactory's life was a turning point in its production.

The Prokhorov brothers were forced to sacrifice weaving, to give it a secondary place in production. They clearly saw that the further development of their production in this direction in the future did not open up broad prospects and that it was time for them to begin the production of chintz by mechanical means. Huge sums for those times go to the construction of stone buildings and imported equipment of the factory. Now, having a printing press and two platforms, using steam and a steam engine for work in the factory, the Prokhorov brothers already had the opportunity to significantly increase their production at any time.

Expanding the factory, the brothers decided to strengthen the commercial and industrial enterprises they created. Now each of them began to grow up children, and therefore a purely domestic, family, way of doing business became not entirely convenient. On May 8, 1843, the Prokhorovs concluded a notarial agreement between themselves on the formation of the Trade
Houses under the firm "Br. I., K. and Y. Prokhorovs”.

The Moscow Manufactory Exhibition of 1842 brought great help both to the Prokhorovs and to the Russian manufacturing industry in general. On it, Russian manufacturers saw a lot of new machines and apparatus that contribute to the improvement and reduction in the cost of their production.

The Prokhorov factory made the best possible use of everything that the exhibition prompted.

Bleaching, steam room, finishing departments at factories br.

Prokhorovs after the exhibition are arranged completely anew. Production itself in many respects begins to take a different direction, it moves away, as it were, away from the “manufactory” proper. New methods began to be applied to the development of goods.

Installation of a shearing machine, singling of goods, new, more advanced bleaching equipment reduced the cost and improved their own production and put the company in a position independent of other companies.

The provincial factories were in more favorable economic conditions, Yakov Vasilievich Prokhorov, than the factories in the capital. As a result of 1804 - 1858. As a result, most of the Moscow cotton-printing factories were forced to close. Only those of them survived that stood out for their equipment and the quality of their products.

The main circumstance that retarded the development of the manufacturing industry in Moscow were political reasons and the related question of fuel.

To all sorts of restrictive regulations on the part of the government for factory work, there was added a complete ban on the use of firewood in factories and factories. For steam boilers of fuel, a more “notable” amount was required.

The Prokhorov brothers were the first in Moscow to come up with the idea to take up the development of peat bogs. Thus, in the second half of the forties, the development of peat and its application to the furnace of steam boilers and even to the heating of residential buildings began.

Arranging the factory on new principles, the Prokhorov brothers were very concerned that all parts of their factory should be headed by “fundamental owners”. To this end, the brothers themselves The Prokhorovs tried to supplement their knowledge with the latest information on the cotton business, and their main concern was to give their sons a thorough technical training that would meet the modern requirements of factory technology.

The trading affairs of the Prokhorovskaya manufactory in the mid-fifties revived significantly and could have gone brilliantly, but there was a loss in capital and labor: Yakov Vasilyevich began to show painful heart attacks more and more often; Konstantin Vasilyevich, heartbroken due to the loss of two adult sons, dropped his hands at work, and he began to indulge in religious affairs. As a result, trade affairs could not go on as confidently and calmly as before, and to top it all off, in 1857, Vasily Ivanovich's nephew and his stepmother had to be separated from the company.

Thus, in this difficult time, the only able-bodied owner turned out to be one 22-23 year old Ivan Yakovlevich.

In December 1857, Konstantin and Yakov Vasilyevich received permission to conduct their commercial and industrial affairs under a new firm:

“Br. K. and Y. Prokhorovs”. In general, the new treaty was close to the treaty of 1843. Paragraph 9 is completely new, by which the contracting brothers, in the event of the death of both, granted the right to Ivan Yakovlevich to become the full owner of all the affairs of the company. In order to streamline the entire internal structure of factory life in general, Ivan Yakovlevich, with the consent of his uncle, in the same 1858 organized the “Prokhorovs’ Economic Committee” at his factory. The terms of reference of this Committee included issues related to the economic, administrative and social structure of the life of the factory and its entire population. This ordering at the factory was quite modern: it coincided with the movement in industrial and commercial affairs that manifested itself in 1855-57, and especially at the end of the Eastern War.

The success of the case inspired Ivan Yakovlevich, gave him great courage and confidence in business. The severe world crisis in the manufacturing industry in 1857 could not but affect our industry.

Despite the general stagnation, the affairs of the Prokhorovskaya manufactory were going satisfactorily, although there was a slight decline. New times have arrived...

Despite all the concerns of Ivan Yakovlevich about improving the goods produced by his factory, the forward movement towards expanding production had to stop. The revival of our manufacturing industry, caused by the Crimean Campaign and then supported by the Great Reform of 1861, under the influence of the world crisis, began to give way to a lull in our country. By the end of 1862, things at the factory of the Prokhorov brothers were very bad. 1863 was worse than its predecessor, and 1864 was very bad. Until November, the factory worked quietly, then the Prokhorovs stopped the factory. The company was in complete ruin.

Despite the hopelessness of his situation, Ivan Yakovlevich did not succumb to temptation, he retained the factory and soon he received a significant order, and an urgent one at that. Factory business began to improve.

After all that Ivan Yakovlevich had to endure in the mid-sixties, he was going to breathe more freely, but fate was preparing new trials for him. His hopes that Konstantin Konstantinovich would completely lead the technical business at the factory did not come true.

On October 12 of the same year, a domestic condition was finally concluded on the separation of K. V. Prokhorov from the company.

From 1843 to 1874, the year the Partnership was founded, the firm Br.

Prokhorov took part in industrial exhibitions; and every time the successes of the manufactory were favorably noted in Russia and abroad.

1) In 1848, the factory was given the opportunity to depict the state emblem on its products.
2) In 1851, at the World Exhibition in London, the factory received a medal.
3) In 1861, at the All-Russian exhibition in St. Petersburg, the right to depict the state emblem.
4) In 1862 at the world exhibition in London - a gold medal.
5) In 1867 at the world exhibition in Paris - a silver medal.
6) In 1870, at the All-Russian exhibition in St. Petersburg, the right to depict the state emblem.
7) In 1873 at the world exhibition in Vienna - a silver medal.

V. Transformation of the trading house “Br. Ya. and K. Prokhorov” in the “Partnership of Trekhgornaya Manufactory”. Activities of Ivan Yakovlevich Prokhorov and his sons: Sergei and Nikolai Ivanovich.

After Konstantin Vasilyevich and his son left the factory, the burden of all worries, both technical and commercial, fell entirely on Ivan Yakovlevich alone. The completely independent factory and industrial activity of Ivan Yakovlevich did not begin in brilliant conditions. Factory buildings were cramped and dilapidated, workshop equipment in most cases turned out to be outdated. In order to raise the production of the company to the appropriate height, a great effort was required on the part of the owner and the expenditure of significant funds for new buildings and the refurbishment of workshops.

Having adjusted the technical side of his factory and the course of his commercial affairs and raised the annual output of goods at the factory, Ivan Yakovlevich decided to strengthen his firm, that is, to put it in the position of a legal entity so that it could exist without much hesitation even at those moments, Ivan Yakovlevich
Prokhorov when 1836-1881 a single leading force will not be at the head of its affairs. With such an expansion of production, which the factory adopted in the mid-seventies, it already became difficult for him alone to keep everything in his hands, to enter into all aspects of a vast business. There was a need for assistants who were interested in the business, as its owners.

At the family council, Ivan Yakovlevich, his wife Anna Alexandrovna and his brother Alexei Yakovlevich came up with the idea to establish a partnership on shares. Among the founders, they invited two persons from experienced employees, Nikita Vasilyevich Vasilyev, who was in charge of the commodity part, and Vasily Romanovich Keller, who had been the chief accountant since 1868.

At the end of 1873, a draft charter was drawn up for the “Partnership of the Prokhorov Trekhgornaya Manufactory”, which was approved by the Highest on March 15, 1874. Ivan Yakovlevich attached great importance to the establishment of the Partnership; he had high hopes that the business would be further consolidated and developed. At the very beginning of its activity, the Partnership found itself in unfavorable conditions: 1875 was marked in Russia by a poor harvest, 1876 was no better than its predecessor in commercial terms. In 1876, the partnership of the Prokhorov Trekhgornaya manufactory was forced to reduce its production, although not to the same extent as other manufactories.

This decline in industrial affairs continued until 1877.

The declaration of war with Turkey immediately revived and raised domestic trade. Money appeared among the masses, and with it an increased demand for manufactured goods.

Many of the manufacturers during these two years have made a great fortune. The affairs of the Prokhorovskaya manufactory were unusually successful.

There were a huge number of orders. The partnership at this time began to show special concern for the expansion of its factories by increasing the territory, constructing buildings, setting up new machines.

In March 1877, the Partnership made a very useful acquisition: it bought the neighboring calico-printing and dyeing factory of M. K. Balashova.

Unfortunately, the Prokhorovskaya manufactory, which was preparing to expand its business widely, had to suspend its activities for some time: on the night of December 22-23, all of its factory buildings, located along the banks of the Moscow River, burned to the ground. Both cars and goods perished in the flames. As a far-sighted and experienced industrial figure, Ivan Yakovlevich decided at all costs not to interrupt business until the construction of new factory buildings, but set about finding an equipped factory for himself. Such, fortunately, was soon found. It was Ignatov's factory in Serpukhov, which had closed shortly before.

At the beginning of January 1878, the purchase of the factory took place. Industrial affairs were good. It was necessary to hurry with the device of the purchased factory; The board, employees and craftsmen put great effort into this; Ivan Yakovlevich spared no expense. The result of joint efforts was that the Serpukhov factory began to produce finished goods in early March. The Serpukhov factory worked around the clock.

Having arranged things at the Serpukhov factory, Ivan Yakovlevich began to develop a project for a new cotton-printing factory in Moscow. This project was drawn up in accordance with the modern conditions of the cotton business.

The location of all parts of the factory was designed so that the harsh goods, having arrived at one end of it, gradually moving from one department to another, would come out completely ready at the other. In the winter of 78-79, the construction of a new factory on the Three Mountains began. The device of the Trekhgornaya factory was rapidly moving forward. In October 1881, the final transfer of workers from Serpukhov to Moscow began, but the opening of a new factory was somewhat slowed down due to a very important event in the life of the Partnership - on October 23, the main founder of the Partnership, Ivan Yakovlevich Prokhorov, suddenly died in Serpukhov.

Ivan Yakovlevich at that time was only forty-five years old. In his person, one of the most energetic representatives of the manufacturing industry, a man of broad initiative in industrial affairs, went down to the grave. With complete success, he bore on his shoulders all the burdens of the transitional time in the history of Russian industry, Russian public and state life, as well as the difficult moments that befell the Trekhgornaya manufactory.

In addition to maintaining a school, a hospital at the factory, a response during the Russian-Turkish war by building a large infirmary for the wounded, the organization of the Board of Trustees for the parish poor deserves to be noted.

After himself, Ivan Yakovlevich left to his successors a well-established and well-organized commercial and industrial enterprise; at the same time, he bequeathed to them the traditions that he himself inherited from his ancestors: vigilantly follow all the improvements and discoveries in technical matters and treat cordially those whose hands create the well-being of the company.

Prokhorovskaya factory, starting from the 80s, received a slightly different direction than before. The partnership begins to blaze new trails, draws up a definite program and tries to organize things more rationally. This turn, outlined by Ivan Yakovlevich, was accepted by his successors, sons Sergei and Nikolai Ivanovich.

A. Ya. Prokhorov, remaining in 1881 the head of the manufactory, handed over the management of all affairs, commercial and technical, to his nephews, but left only general supervision for himself. His ill-health prevented him from working as actively as he worked with his brother, and now he took part in the conduct of business mainly by way of advice, directing young manufacturers. Brothers Sergei and Nikolai were almost the same age.

Everything - both in activity and in the character of Sergei Ivanovich suggests a parallel with his remarkable ancestor Timofei Vasilyevich. Here is a thirst for useful knowledge, and courage in action, and a broad initiative, and a kind, sympathetic heart to all. Both the one and the other were more public, statesmen in the industrial field, rather than industrialists in the narrow sense of the word. They always put their personal interests in the background in relation to the interests of the state or public.

In 1882, Sergei Ivanovich founded a scientific chemical-analytical laboratory at his factory. First of all, the Prokhorov factory laboratory set itself the task of finding scientifically substantiated methods for determining the merits of those products that entered the factory.

The largest work of the chemical laboratory is the bleaching of cotton fabrics on a purely scientific basis and under the control of the chemical laboratory.

Among the outstanding works of the Prokhorov laboratory of that time, it is impossible not to mention the production of colored etching by Sergey Ivanovich Prokhorov according to the black-aniline 1858 - 1899 plus. The honor of this remarkable discovery in the cotton business belongs to Nikolai Gavrilovich Volchaninov, who worked for more than thirty years at the factory of the Association of the Prokhorov Trekhgornaya manufactory. This method, borrowed from N. G. Volchaninov from the Prokhorov factory by Mr. Prudhomme, soon became the common property and for more than a quarter of a century was used almost everywhere both in Russia, as well as in Europe and America.

The brothers Sergei and Nikolai Ivanovich, according to the interests of the business and personal inclinations, divided the labor of doing business among themselves.

Sergei Ivanovich concentrated in his hands the technical side of production. Nikolai Ivanovich, for his part, having taken charge of the commercial side of the affairs of the Partnership, gradually began to radically transform them. The trading activities of the Partnership began to expand: it opened wholesale warehouses and retail stores not only in the center of Russia, but also on its outskirts, as well as in Persia.

The brothers decided to expand their production beyond the calico business. Namely: to attach paper-weaving and paper-spinning business to cotton-printing business.

Modestly started in 1799 by V. I. Prokhorov and F. I. Rezanov, the chintz and shawl-printing factory, after 100 years, grows into a huge business. The equipment of the factory, which cost only hundreds of rubles, becomes ten millionth. Turnovers grow from tens of thousands to tens of millions of rubles. The output from a few hundred pieces at the time of its transition into the second century of existence rises to 1,351,000 pieces of just stuffed and painted goods.

Expanding and improving the production of its factories, the Partnership, faithful to the precepts of the founders of the company and his immediate successors, constantly baked about improving the material, spiritual and moral life of its workers, sparing no funds for this. Concern for the improvement of the life of workers has never been relegated to the background by the owners of the Manufactory, this has always been done not out of coercion or duty, but out of heartfelt attraction. The philanthropic activity of the Partnership is enormous: it is a school for artisan students, and a manufacturing and technical school, and classes for workers, and music classes, and religious and moral readings, and a factory theater, and a Consumer Society, and medical assistance, and hostels for workers, and almshouses.

After the partnership was formed, the Prokhorovskaya Manufactory took part in six exhibitions: in Paris (1886), in Antwerp (1887), in Chicago (1893) it was awarded gold medals, at the All-Russian exhibitions in Moscow (1882) and Nizhny Novgorod (1886), she acquired the right to depict the State Emblem on products.

Such was the examination of the Manufactory at the Russian Exhibition at the end of its centenary existence.

VI. Factories of the Association of the Prokhorov Trekhgornaya manufactory.

The entry of the Prokhorovskaya Trekhgornaya Manufactory into a new century of life was marked by its great success with participation in the Paris World Exhibition of 1900. For the success of the Manufactory in the technical field, the Partnership was awarded the highest award “Grand Prix”.

The growth of the Manufactory in the 20th century was not limited to the expansion of the cotton print business. Paper spinning and weaving have expanded equally in the last decade, but this expansion has taken a somewhat different direction. For reasons of an economic nature, the Partnership decided in the future to increase its Moscow paper-spinning and weaving factories and move part of its industrial activity outside of Moscow.

In 1907, the Partnership acquires a significant part of the shares of the Yartsevskaya Manufactory, located in the Smolensk province.

The rise in oil prices at the beginning of the twentieth century put the manufacture in a difficult position; not wanting to remain dependent on the market in this regard, the Partnership decided to acquire an estate with coal deposits in the south of Russia. The partnership, in its mines, arranged on its own estate, as well as on leased lands, annually mined up to 240 thousand tons of first-class anthracite.

The future expansion of the coal business turned out to be useful not only in the interests of our own business, but also in the interests of the state.

In 1905, the factory was threatened with the same fate as during the French invasion. The December events, which swept like a formidable wave throughout Russia, everywhere left heavy traces of destruction behind them. Many factory buildings were pierced from the outside by artillery shells, and in some places there was a lot of internal damage. Prokhorov's factories were stopped for a period no longer than what it was in other industrial enterprises at that time.

During the First World War, the Association of Prokhorovskaya Trekhgornaya Manufactory organized three infirmaries at the factories, for which the owners ceded one of their houses, part of the hospital and one of the dormitories. In addition, the Association took care of the families where the breadwinners were called up for war. As a purely Russian institution, immediately after the declaration of war, Manufactory directed a significant part of its production to meet the needs of wartime. Prokhorovskaya Manufactory was the first in Russia to start the production of hygroscopic cotton wool. In addition, the factory carried out huge commissariat orders for waterproof shawl and suit fabrics on time. For the performance of these works, both employees and workers spared no effort.

After 1917, after the October Revolution, when the Bolsheviks came to power, the factory was nationalized. Many of the descendants of the Prokhorov family shared the fate of the Gulag prisoners.

It must be said that her prosperity in years favorable for industry and a stable balance in years of trials were not by themselves, not by chance, but were the result of the unceasing, energetic and loving work of four generations of the Prokhorov family. All of them looked at their work - the work of a manufacturer, not only from a personal point of view, but saw in it, to a large extent, serving the state interests.

Botkin family

In the tragic July 1918, together with the royal family, Dr. Evgeny Sergeevich Botkin was shot. The last Russian life physician, he was one of the representatives of a large merchant family that played a significant role in the history and culture of Russia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Such families are the "golden fund" of the Russian nation.

The Botkins were from the townspeople of the city of Toropets, Tver Region. In the old days Toropets prospered. It lay on the way from Novgorod and Pskov to Moscow, to Kyiv, to the Volga and further to the eastern countries, where Russian merchants went with caravans. However, after the founding of St. Petersburg, the town fell into disrepair. Trade people sought to move out of it to more developed areas. So, in 1791 Konon Botkin and his sons Dmitry and Peter moved to Moscow. At that time they had their own textile factory, and textile production has always been the economic profile of Moscow.

However, in the capital city, the Botkin family business suddenly turned in a different direction. Moscow at that time was fond of tea. The history of Russian tea business began at the end of the 17th century, when a trade agreement was signed with China. For a century, tea was very expensive, and therefore little was drunk. But since the end of the 18th century, tea consumption has steadily increased. A. Suvorov himself was among his ardent admirers. Young Pyotr Kononovich Botkin guessed the "tea prospect" in Moscow and, having enrolled in the Moscow merchants, in 1801 founded a company that was engaged in wholesale tea trade. To reduce the price of goods, he opened his own buying office in Kyakhta and bought tea from the Chinese in exchange for his textiles, since China recognized only barter. Soon his company became the largest and most famous supplier of Chinese tea in Moscow. The Botkins, like the Perlovs, were among not only the richest, but also the oldest tea merchants in Moscow, while their eminent competitors - the Gubkins, Popovs, Vysotskys - began their tea business much later.

"Tea kings" Botkins mastered new frontiers of tea, not holding on to the "old fashioned". When in the middle of the 19th century the government decided to import English tea through the western borders of the empire, the Botkins set up their own buying office in London and were among the first to bring to Moscow outlandish Indian and Ceylon tea, mastered by the British. The experiment was risky, because Moscow has always preferred Chinese tea. Soon all sorts of fakes poured onto the tea market, but Botkin tea always remained tea of ​​the highest quality. Ivan Shmelev cites a joke with which elite Botkin tea was served: "To whom - here they are, and for you - Mr. Botkin! To whom it's steamed, but for you - master's!"

The "tea well-being" of the Botkins made it possible for all members of this huge family to get on their feet. From two marriages, Peter Kononovich had nine sons and five daughters. After the Patriotic War of 1812, he bought a mansion at 35 Zemlyanoy Val. This house miraculously survived, and now it is decorated with a memorial plaque in memory of the fact that it was here in September 1832 that Sergei Petrovich Botkin, the luminary of Russian medicine, was born. It is interesting that another great Russian doctor, Nikolai Pirogov, the future teacher of Dr. Botkin, was born and spent his childhood in the same region. He even went to Verkhnyaya Syromyatnicheskaya Street to the same Kryazhev school, where Vasily Botkin, Sergei Botkin's elder brother, later studied. And the parish church of the Botkins was probably the Trinity Church in Syromyatniki, near the Kursk railway station, demolished by the Bolsheviks.

In the same 1832, shortly after the birth of his son Sergei, who was his eleventh child, Peter Kononovich bought a large new estate in Petroverigsky Lane, 4 - a real family nest. The Botkins managed to catch the legendary Petroverigsky Church, which left the name of the lane. The wooden temple was founded in 1547 by order of Ivan the Terrible, in memory of the day of his wedding to the throne, which took place on the feast of Adoration of the honest chains of the Apostle Peter. The boyar I.D. Miloslavsky built a stone temple with his own kosht in 1669, since the wedding of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with his daughter Maria Miloslavskaya was also celebrated on that day. The ancient church survived the invasion of Napoleon, but was abolished in 1840. And the parish church of the Botkins became the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary on Pokrovka - the favorite church of F.M. Dostoevsky.

And the house itself, which Botkin bought, was already a historical landmark of Moscow. At the beginning of the 19th century, the family of Ivan Petrovich Turgenev, a distant relative of the writer and director of Moscow University, lived here. Zhukovsky and Karamzin visited him. His sons also remained in the memory of Russian history: Nikolai Turgenev, one of the first Russian theoretical economists, better known for his participation in the Decembrist movement; Alexander is an archeographer and archivist, a close friend of A.S. Pushkin, who had a difficult fate to accompany the body of the late poet to the burial place - to the Svyatogorsky Monastery.

But back to the Botkins. As in most strong merchant families, the first attention was paid to the religious education of children in the Botkin family. And it has borne fruit. The Botkins were major benefactors and organizers of churches. Pyotr Kononovich himself donated a lot to churches, to orphanages, received the Order of St. Vladimir and the title of honorary citizen. The children followed the example of their father.

By the way, none of the Botkins became a revolutionary. Even the well-known publicist, "Westernizer with a Russian lining" Vasily Petrovich Botkin, who won the friendship of V. Belinsky and A. Herzen, personally acquainted with Karl Marx, was a fierce critic of the "wild" socialist doctrine and opponent of the introduction of Marxism into the Russian working environment.

In this deeply religious family, the moral principles of philanthropy, compassion, helping one's neighbor, diligence and respect for other people's work were laid down. Yes, and the father himself showed enough respect for his children, being a harsh, but, in essence, a kind person. The merchant of the old school did not think about universities for his children, but he gave them to prestigious boarding schools and did not contradict the further choice of profession.

Under the influence of his son Vasily, the father "tolerated" meetings of intellectuals in the house, which is why the Botkin house was not only ranked among the "most educated merchant houses", but also became one of the centers of Moscow culture. People of diametrically opposed views and beliefs stayed here: N.V. Gogol (whom one of the Botkin brothers, Nikolai Petrovich, subsequently saved his life), A.I. Herzen, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, actors M.S. Shchepkin, P.S. Mochalov. Here V.G. had his last Moscow apartment. Belinsky, friend of Vasily Botkin. The learned word aroused respect in Pyotr Kononovich, and he expressed his respect for science in a very peculiar way: when the historian T.N. Granovsky, the old merchant, went on Easter to congratulate his lodger with a hat in his hand, although he had never "broke his hat" before scientists, and the lodger was also much younger than he was.

After the death of Pyotr Kononovich in 1853, the older brothers provided for all family members who were not involved in the tea business, and together allocated 100 thousand rubles of dowry for sister Maria, who in 1857 married A.A. Feta: with this money, the poet bought an estate in the Oryol province. Their other sister, Ekaterina Petrovna, became the wife of the manufacturer Ivan Vasilyevich Shchukin, so that the famous collector of French impressionism Sergey Ivanovich Shchukin and the great collector of Russian antiquities Pyotr Ivanovich Shchukin were the grandchildren of Pyotr Kononovich Botkin.

The actual head of the tea company was Pyotr Petrovich Botkin, a born merchant and a very pious person. He was a diligent warden of his parish church of the Assumption on Pokrovka, monitored the state of the church building and satisfied all its material needs. And after the consecration of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, he also became its headman: this position was traditionally occupied by wealthy merchants who had the opportunity to provide the temple with everything necessary at their own expense and maintain it in good order. Contemporaries remembered how Pyotr Botkin Jr. honored the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and always went to the Assumption Cathedral on the way to bow to her.

He helped build Orthodox churches even in... Argentina. In 1887, the Orthodox residents of Buenos Aires, among whom were immigrants from Russia, turned to Alexander III with a request to arrange an Orthodox church for them. The request was fulfilled over time: Nicholas II himself with the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna made a donation to this temple, and P.P. was among other benefactors. Botkin.

All this contributed to the success of the tea trade: the Botkin company prospered. P.P. Botkin had a very rare feature: he did not wear a mustache and beard - the main merchant sign, but the most patriarchal merchants willingly dealt with him.

Dmitry Petrovich Botkin, one of the eldest sons of Peter Kononovich, was also distinguished by piety. Having married Sophia Mazurina, the granddaughter of the famous Moscow mayor, he also acquired his own house, where every year they brought the miraculous Iberian icon and the image of the Savior from the Kremlin chapel at the Spassky Gates for prayer. Dmitry Petrovich donated funds for the beautification of the Korsun-Bogoroditsky Cathedral, the main temple of the city of Toropets, native to the Botkins. His shrine - the Korsun Icon of the Mother of God - was presented to Toropets by the Polotsk princess in memory of her wedding with Alexander Nevsky. Dmitry Petrovich himself collected paintings, one of the first in Russia to be carried away by the painting of Corot, Courbet and Millet. Being friendly with Pavel Tretyakov, he often helped him in the selection of paintings. And his brother Mikhail Botkin himself discovered the ability to draw and entered the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, where he studied with F. Bruni (who painted the Cathedral of Christ the Savior), received the title of academician of historical painting and in 1882 was appointed a member of the Commission for the restoration of the Annunciation Cathedral in the court of the Kremlin.

From merchant. families. Graduated from Law. Faculty of Moscow. un-ta (1909), sinks. Commercial in-t (1913). From 1912, he headed the A.V. Buryshkin Trade Association for Manufactory Goods. Member Council of Ros. of the Mutual Insurance Union, member of the Audit Commission of the North, Insurance Society and Receiving Department of Car Washes. Kupech. about-va mutual credit. Since 1912, a member of the Council of Congresses of representatives of industry and trade, elected Moscow. exchange about-va, foreman of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair Exchange Committee, in 1915 foreman of the Moscow. Exchange Society, one of the organizers of the Society of Manufactory Wholesalers. He was a member of the so-called group. young capitalists led by P.P. Ryabushinsky; member editorial to-ta gas. "Morning of Russia," participated in its financing. Since 1912, the vowel washes. Gor. thoughts. From the moment of formation (November 1912) he entered the Moscow. branch of the Central Committee of the Progressive Party. To the 1st world. head of war control department at Ch. to-those Vseros. Union of cities (1914-17). In 1915-17 member. Center, and Moscow. Military-Industrial who in. In his Moscow house he opened an infirmary for the wounded.

After Feb. Revolution of 1917 was elected in April. comrade sinks mountains head, in March, one of the organizers of the All-Russia. Trade-Prom. union. He joined the Cadets (at the municipal elections in June he was on the Cadet list), after the victory of the Socialist-Revolutionaries in the elections, he was again re-elected to the post of comrade. sinks mountains heads. He was a member of the Committee of Societies, Organizations of the City of Moscow. After the resignation of AI. Konovalov from the post of min. trade and industry pr-va book. G.E. In May, Lvov offered Buryshkin to take this post (Buryshkin refused because of solidarity with Konovalov), in con. Aug - early sept. negotiations with Buryshkin on the same occasion were conducted by A.F. Kerenkim; were interrupted due to opposition from the entrepreneurs. circles, who believed that Buryshkin "does not represent the interests of the org.-industrial class" as participating in the "SR" mountains. administration (OPI GIM, f. 10, op. 1, D. 41, l. 69). Wash participant. State. meetings (Aug.): 13 Aug. as part of the "org.-industrial group, he participated in a meeting in Moscow of General L.G. Kornilov. On September 15, as part of a delegation of Moscow representatives of the cadet circles, he negotiated with Kerensky on the formation of a coalition. cabinet on the condition that individual cadets enter it. Oct. headed the trade and industry group in the Provisional Council of the Russian Republic (Pre-Parliament).

After receiving a message about Oct. armed restore one of the organizers of the K-ta societies, rescues at car washes. Gor. Duma, which united the anti-Bolsheviks. societies. forces. In the spring of 1918, he participated in the "Right Center" in Moscow, then in the "National Center", in the summer he left Moscow for the south of Russia. In 1919 min. finance in Kolchakovsky pr-ve. In January 1920, he emigrated through the USA to France, and joined the councils as an emigrant. org-tions. Published memories of sinks. merchants.

Buryshkin's son Vladimir (1911-68) - an active participant in the French. Resistance to the 2nd world. war, headed the organization for the rescue of the downed over France English. pilots, awarded the highest. military orders of France.

It has always been difficult to do business in Russia, but success stories still happen. Sometimes former serfs turned into magnates due to their tenacity and entrepreneurial streak. "Secret" tells about five entrepreneurs from the time of the Russian Empire, who managed to build a big business.

Alexander Chichkin

The merchant of the first guild Alexander Chichkin changed the dairy market of his time. Before he opened the Moloko store on Bolshaya Dmitrovka, the product was sold exclusively on the streets and markets. Within a few years, he managed to build a network. In 1914, he had 91 stores, two dairy plants and a curd and sour cream branch, 40 butter stations. The plant processed 100–150 tons of milk per day. In the firm "A.V. Chichkin" employed 3,000 people.

The entrepreneur paid a lot of attention to marketing: all the shops were lined with snow-white tiles, the clerks were dressed in snow-white uniforms, there were never-before-seen cash registers in the hall, which guaranteed an honest attitude towards customers. Every evening, fresh milk in cans was ceremonially brought into the stores, and yesterday's product was publicly poured into the sewer in the street in the morning.

By 1917, the fixed capital of the enterprise was more than 10 million rubles. After the revolution, Chichikov's entire business was nationalized. He could not avoid exile: he had to spend two years in northern Kazakhstan until he was rescued from there by Molotov and Mikoyan. Then Chichkin became an ordinary Soviet pensioner, but still participated in the development of plans and projects for the development of the dairy industry in the USSR.

Stepan Abrikosov

The ancestor of the surname Stepan Abrikosov was a serf, his family supplied sweets to the master's table - marshmallow and apricot jam (hence the surname). In 1804, the 64-year-old Stepan received his freedom and soon opened an artel family production in Moscow. Sweets were bought here for parties and weddings, and soon they managed to open a fruit and confectionery shop. The popularity of the Apricots grew.

In 1820, after the death of Stepan, the production was transferred to his sons Ivan and Vasily. But the pace set by the father, they failed to maintain. After 20 years, they lost their production due to debts. It seemed that the well-known family business ceased to exist, but by that time Stepan's grandson, Alexei, had grown up. He was a capable young man, with a particular interest in bookkeeping. He decided to revive the family business and organized home production: the Abrikosovs again made jam, made sweets and baked gingerbread. To reduce the cost of production, he began to buy fruits in the Crimea, and later he was the first to establish year-round fruit supplies to Moscow. His goal was to make the production really big. As a result, after 30 years, by 1872? Alexei had 40 confectionery workshops, which employed 120 workers. In total, 512 tons of sweets were produced per year.

The sons of Alexei continued the work. They formed a partnership and built a factory. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Abrikosov business had become one of the leaders in the country's confectionery market. Its annual turnover was 2.5 million rubles.

After the revolution, the family's enterprises were nationalized. In 1922, the factory was named after the Bolshevik Pyotr Babaev, but for several years the name of the Abrikosovs remained on the labels to attract attention. Some family members managed to escape abroad, but others failed to escape arrest.

Pyotr Smirnov

Pyotr Smirnov was from a family of serfs who brewed and sold wine on holidays. Having received freedom, father and uncle Petra decided to make the wine business their main business. Peter worked in this area since childhood: first he became a clerk for his father, and then he founded a small winery.

The business of Peter Smirnov developed rapidly: the number of cellars, factories, warehouses, shops increased, brand awareness grew. The secret of success lay in the impeccable reputation of the entrepreneur and his good connections in the trade sector. He worked with relatives who did not dare to let him down or deceive him, and used only high-quality raw materials: spring water, alcohol from cereal grains (not from beets), good fruits and berries.

Peter himself looked for the latter: he traveled to regional farms, extracting unknown varieties. The Smirnov firm produced wine, liqueurs, tinctures, vodka and liqueurs - more than 400 items in total. The technical equipment of its factories was constantly updated, the enterprise quickly became the largest in the world and received international recognition. Smirnov became a supplier to the imperial court and received the right to place the coat of arms of the Russian Empire on labels (now the quality of his products was guaranteed by the state). He also supplied alcohol to the court of the King of Sweden, opened branches in London, Paris and New York.

At the end of the 19th century, Smirnov's income fell sharply: the state decided to take control of the alcohol market and introduced a "wine monopoly". He was still a very rich man, his fortune was estimated at almost 9 million rubles, but difficulties in business crippled his health, and in 1898 he died. Peter's son, Vladimir, fled the country after the revolution and created the Smirnoff brand. In Russia, the brand was revived only after the collapse of the USSR.

Grigory Eliseev

Grigory Eliseev was born into a wealthy family. His great-grandfather also sold expensive foreign goods in Russia: wines, tropical fruits, oysters and truffles. For their delivery, the company had its own merchant fleet: four sailboats and a steamer. At 32, he inherited a trading empire with a fixed capital of 3 million rubles. He established the Eliseev Brothers Trade Association and began to manage the business at his own discretion. In the first year of operation, the company's turnover amounted to 64 million rubles.

Once Eliseev came up with a bold idea: to arrange an exhibition of fine wines in Paris. It is difficult to surprise the French with wine, but the young entrepreneur succeeded. He was even awarded him the Order of the Legion of Honor. The furore strengthened Eliseev's position in the market.

Two more years later, the entrepreneur bought a house on Tverskaya and instructed the best specialists to turn it into a miracle of architecture. The work was completed by 1901, when the "Eliseev's Store and cellars of Russian and foreign wines" were solemnly opened. Gastronomic luxury was sold here: wines, fruits, sweets, colonial groceries, crystal. Everything was fresh, clean and high quality. It was the country's first general food store.

The most famous product of "Bure" was gift watches, which the emperor gave to diplomats, officials and cultural figures. It is known that during the reign of Alexander III, 3,477 gift watches worth 277,472 rubles were presented, the vast majority of them were from the Bure company.

In addition, the company produced prize products for the officers of the Russian army, as well as simple watches: they could be bought in a store at a reasonable price. The brand has become very recognizable. In the writings of Chekhov alone, the expression "watch "Bure"" occurs more than 20 times. To maintain recognition at the same level, Pavel Bure and his descendants put a lot of effort into participating in exhibitions, where their products won medals many times. By the beginning of the 20th century, the company occupied 20% of the Russian watch market.

Business did not cease to exist with the revolution. He was saved by the fact that the production was in Switzerland. The company "Bure" still exists.

Cover photo: Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky public domain, Wikimedia Commons, Library of Congress

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Biography of Alice Walton

Date of birth: October 7, 1949 Place of birth: New Port, Arkansas, USA Alice Louise Walton is an American business woman, heir to the Walmart empire. Alice Louise Walton was born in October 1949 in Newport. She was the fourth child in the family and the only girl. Her parents Sam and Helen began to develop the business before the birth of their daughter, which later became a world-famous empire. After graduating from school, Alice began to study at Trinity University and graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and economics. Professional activity began in her father's company, but despite this, she built a career herself. Having joined the company as an analyst manager, two years later she became the head of the analytical department, and a little later, when her brother founded one of the banking groups, she became his

Biography of Milton Hershey

Date of birth: September 13, 1857 Place of birth: Derry Church, Pennsylvania, USA Date of death: October 13, 1945 Place of death: Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA Milton Hershey was born in September 1857 in the USA. Henry's father sought to earn more, so the family constantly moved. Milton called his mother Veronica Fanny, always considered her opinion. Due to moving Hershey did not finish school, in 1871, at the insistence of his mother, he went to work as an apprentice printer in an Anglo-German newspaper. Two years later, the business went bankrupt, so he became an apprentice confectioner. The boy began to study the production of lollipops, it was interesting to him, plus he began to show

Biography of William Wrigley

Date of birth: September 30, 1861 Place of birth: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Date of death: January 26, 1932 Place of death: Phoenix, Arizona, USA William Wrigley is an American entrepreneur, founder of the Wrigley company (chewing gum production). William Wrigley was born in September 1861 in Philadelphia, in 1891 he moved from there to Chicago, began selling his father's soap. As a purchase encouragement, he gave packets of baking powder to the soap. The latter was popular, so William switched to its production and sale. In 1892, he came up with a new move - he gave two bags of chewing gum as a gift for purchase. At that time it was not produced on an industrial scale, so Wrigley decided to focus on it. Founded a company under his own name, the first products

Biography of Stefan Persson

Date of birth: October 4, 1947 Place of birth: Sweden Carl Stefan Erling Persson is a Swedish businessman. Stefan Persson was born in October 1947 in Sweden. His father Erling founded the H&M brand. The son became the sole heir to the empire of his father, which he founded in the year of his birth. Before that, my father was engaged in delivering cheeses, but was inspired by American entrepreneurs and created his own clothing brand. It was distinguished by the availability of prices and the sale directly from the warehouse. Gradually, the network expanded, and in 1968 acquired a co-owner and replenished with men's clothing. In the 1970s, his father entrusted Stefan with the development of international markets. His first success was the opening of a store in the UK. He applied an interesting store development tactic - each customer was given a record of the popular ABBA group. Father believed

Biography of Christina Walton

Date of birth: February 8, 1955 Place of birth: Jackson, Wyoming, USA Christina Walton is an American business woman and philanthropist. Kristen Ruth Tallant was born in February 1955 in Wyoming as a girl. She spent her childhood here, almost all of her youth. She married John Walton, who founded the Walmart chain of stores in the 1970s. In 2005, her husband crashed on a plane, so the entire fortune went to Kristen. She got about 18.2 billion dollars. Kristen was able to manage her fortune and increased it to 41 billion. Today she owns a 9% stake in Walmart Corporation, she is part of the banking group ArvestBankGroup, Inc. and receives income from a business related to solar panels. Christina Walton's Achievements: Net Worth $41 Billion Ranked No. 1 Several Times

Biography of William Hewlett

Date of birth: May 20, 1913 Place of birth: Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Date of death: January 12, 2001 Place of death: San Jose, California, USA William Reddington Hewlett is an American entrepreneur, engineer, co-founder of Hewlett-Packard Corporation (HP) . William Hewlett was born in May 1913 in Michigan, USA. His father taught medicine at the University of Michigan. At the age of three, the family moved to California, where his father was invited to teach at Stanford University. As a child, William suffered from dyslexia, but graduated from high school with excellence in mathematics and engineering. He was fond of creating homemade bombs, mountaineering. When the boy was 12 years old, his father died. After graduation, the young man decides to get an education at Stanford University.

Biography of Earl Muntz

Date of birth: January 3, 1914 Place of birth: Elgin, Illinois, USA Date of death: June 21, 1987 Place of death: Los Angeles, USA Earl Munz is an American entrepreneur and inventor. Earl Mantz or Muntz was born in the US state of Illinois in January 1914. From childhood he began to get involved in electronics, assembled the first radio at the age of 8, and at 14 he designed a car radio for his parents. At the age of 15, during the Great Depression, he left school and began working in his family's hardware store. In 1934 he bought his first car on credit, went to California and discovered the difference in cost. In 1940 he moved to California and founded a used car dealership. 13 right-hand drive cars purchased in Glenleil, he sold in two weeks. Soon he opened a second branch in Los Angeles. In 1948 received

Biography of Alexei Alchevsky

Date of birth: 1835 Place of birth: Sumy, Kharkov province, Russian Empire Date of death: May 7, 1901 Place of death: St. Petersburg, Russian Empire Alexei Kirillovich Alchevsky is a Russian businessman, industrialist, merchant, founder of a mortgage bank. Alexey Alchevsky was born in Sumy, Kharkov province. His father was a small merchant selling groceries and colonial goods. He graduated from the Sumy district school, in 1862 he left for Kharkov. Participated in the Ukrainian national movement, was the head of the circle of the Ukrainian intelligentsia Hromada. He was engaged in publishing books, magazines, opening schools. The first thing was a tea shop, in his spare time he studied economics and finance. In 1866, he initiated the opening of the Kharkov Mutual Credit Society - he issued money under

Biography of Ruslan Bayramov

Date of birth: August 7, 1969 Place of birth: Novo-Ivanovka, Gadabay region, Azerbaijan Ruslan Fatalievich Bayramov is a businessman. Ruslan Bayramov was born in August 1969 to a Russian and Azerbaijani family in a small village in Azerbaijan. The village where he was born was founded by his grandfather, the Old Believer Grigory Ivanov. Parents were philologists, specialized in Russian language and literature. I finished school with only one B. As a child, she grazed geese and sold vegetables. The mother wanted her son to become a doctor, but after two attempts to enter the medical institute, Ruslan went into the army. There he became interested in yoga, philosophy, religion. In 1992 he entered Moscow State University at the Faculty of Theory of State and Law. At the same time, he registered a company, opened a small, but his own business - he rented Soyuzpechat pussies from

Biography of Alexander Konovalov

Date of birth: September 17, 1875 Place of birth: Moscow, Russian Empire Date of death: January 28, 1949 Place of death: Paris, France Alexander Ivanovich Konovalov is a Russian businessman, industrialist, and politician. Alexander Konovalov was born in September 1875 in Moscow. His father was a merchant of the first guild, originally from Kostroma, where he graduated from high school. From 1894 to 1895 Alexander studied physics at Moscow University, then left for Germany. There he studied at the School of Spinning and Weaving. He also graduated from the Moscow Conservatory with Professor Siloti, but decided to build a career in entrepreneurship. In 1897, Ivan Konovalov and his son began to preside over the family partnership. He began to develop the enterprise, carried out its modernization, introduced new technologies and labor organization, which

Biography of Charles Schwab

Date of birth: February 18, 1862 Place of birth: Williamsburg, Pennsylvania, USA Date of death: October 18, 1939 Place of death: New York, USA Charles Michael Schwab is an American entrepreneur, steel magnate, head of Bethlehem Steel (the second largest in the country ). Charles Schwab was born in February 1862 in Pennsylvania. His grandparents emigrated from Germany. He graduated from St. Francis College, after two years of study he moved to Pittsburgh, where he got his first job. In 1897 he began his career in a steel mill under the leadership of chief engineer Carnegie. He soon became president and renamed the company the Carnegie Steel Company. In 1901, for the company, Schwab negotiated a sale to Morgan, after which he became president of the U.S. SteelCorporation, companies

Biography of Lido Iaccoca

Date of birth: October 15, 1924 Place of birth: Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA Lido Anthony Iacocca is an American industrialist, manager, president of the Ford Motor Company and chairman of the board of the Chrysler Company. Lee Iacocca was born in October 1924 in Pennsylvania to Italian immigrants. His parents Nicola and Antonietta ran the restaurant. In 1942, Li graduated from high school and Lehigh University with a degree in industrial engineering. After graduation, he began studying at Princeton. In 1946 he began his career as an engineer at the Ford Motor Company, but then moved to the sales department, where he achieved success. He worked in the Philadelphia department and became an assistant sales manager, but was soon transferred to the main office. Career moved quickly, in 1960 he became vice president, in 1967 -

Biography of Franklin Mars

Date of birth: September 24, 1883 Place of birth: Hancock, Minnesota, USA Date of death: April 8, 1934 Place of death: Chester Springs, Pennsylvania, USA Franklin Clarence Mars is an American entrepreneur, founder of the confectionery company Mars Incorporated. Franklin Mars was born in September 1883 in Minnesota, USA to a poor family. The boy had polio, moved on crutches, which is why he did not attend school, but studied at home. It was there that he began to observe his mother, who made sweets, and studied the process of preparation. He dreamed of making chocolate, and in 1902 he did it for the first time - he made sweets and sold them. In the same year he married, and in 1904 the son Forrest was born to the family. The couple soon divorced, and Mars remarried. Candy has faded into the background for now - Franklin worked

Biography of Alexander Mantashev

Date of birth: 1842 Place of birth: Tiflis (Tbilisi), Russian Empire Date of death: April 19, 1911 Place of death: St. Petersburg, Russian Empire Alexander Ivanovich Mantashev is a Russian businessman, oilman, and philanthropist. Alexander Mantashev was born in 1842 in Tiflis in the family of the Armenian merchant Hovhannes Mantashyants. He spent his childhood in the city of Tabriz, where his father traded cotton and fabrics. The son from a young age delved into the intricacies of trade. In 1869, Alexander left for Manchester, England, and began to lead cotton and textiles. In 1872 he returned to Tiflis and opened a textile shop with his father. In 1887, his father died, Alexander began to develop the business and soon became an influential figure in the city. He began to engage in trade in various industries, finance, a shareholder of the Commercial Bank and showed

Biography of Harvey Firestone

Date of birth: December 20, 1868 Place of birth: Columbiana, Ohio, USA Date of death: February 7, 1938 Place of death: Miami Beach, Florida, USA Garvey Samuel Firestone is an American entrepreneur, industrialist, founder of the Firestone Tireand Rubber Company. . Harvey Firestone was born in December 1868 in Ohio, USA. His father ran a farm. After graduating from high school, Garvey began working as a manager in one company, while studying at Columbia University. After graduation, he began working at a rubber tire factory in Columbus. This was the time of the last years of draft carriages and the use of horses for transportation. In 1900, Firestone moved to Akron, where he set up his own company with a $20,000 investment. The company was engaged

Biography of Isidor Strauss

Date of birth: February 6, 1845 Place of birth: Otterberg, Germany Date of death: April 15, 1912 Place of death: Atlantic Ocean Isidor Strauss is a German-American entrepreneur, co-owner of the Macy's department store chain, member of the US House of Representatives. Isidor Strauss was born in February 1945 to a Jewish family in Otterberg. He was the eldest child of five. In 1854, the family emigrated to the United States, began to live in Georgia, opened a store. During the Civil War, he wanted to become a member of the Confederate army, but due to the age of 16, he was not taken to the war. During the war, he worked as a clerk in his father's shop, representing the family business in England. After the war, the family moved to New York, where Isidor and his brother Nathan set up a dishware business in Macy's department store. Married in 1871

Biography of David Packard

Date of birth: September 7, 1912 Place of birth: Pueblo, Colorado, USA Date of death: March 26, 1996 Place of death: Stanford, California, USA David Packard is an American entrepreneur. David Packard was born in September 1912 in Pueblo, Colorado. He graduated from high school, began at an early age to show interest in science, sports, research. There, his makings of a leader were discovered. In 1934 he received a bachelor's degree from Stanford University, where he played American football and basketball. At Stanford, he met his future wife and business partner, William Hlett. After Stanford, he studied at the University of Colorado, moved to New York and began working for General Electric. In 1938 he returned to Stanford, became a master of electrical engineering, married. In 1939 he founded with Hewlett

Biography of Jay Miner

Date of birth: May 31, 1932 Place of birth: Prescott, Arizona, USA Date of death: June 20, 1994 Place of death: Mountain New, California, USA Jay Glen Miner is an American entrepreneur, microchip designer, and engineer. Jay Glen Miner was born in May 1932 in Arizona. He graduated from the University of California at Berkeley in 1959 with a Bachelor of Science in Engineering. He started his career in electronics, worked on medical automation projects. In the late 1970s, he got a job at a video game company. Then he invented microcircuits, combining individual technological components into one. This chip was responsible for the appearance of the image on the screen. Soon the microchip became widely known outside the company, and profitable orders appeared. Miner's next successful work was the development

Biography of James Simons

Date of birth: 1938 Place of birth: Newton, Massachusetts, USA James Harris Simons is an American mathematician and trader. James (Jim) Simons was born in 1938 to a Massachusetts Jewish family. His ancestors came from the Russian Empire, Matthew's father owned a shoe factory, and his mother Marcia was a housewife. In 1958 he began studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, became a bachelor of mathematics. In 1961 he began his studies at the University of California, Berkeley, and at the age of 23 he received his Ph.D. From 1964 to 1968 he was a member of the research group at the Institute of Defense. He also taught mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard. In 1968 he was appointed head of the mathematics department at Stony Brook University. In 1976 he received the Oswald Veblen Prize.

Biography of Stepan Lianozova

Date of birth: 9 August 1873 Place of birth: Moscow, Russian Empire Date of death: 10 August 1949 Place of death: Paris, France . Stepan Lianozov was born in August 1873 in Moscow. His father, Armenian Georgy Martynovich, was a commercial adviser and merchant of the first guild, a major financier. Stepan graduated from the Moscow gymnasium and Moscow State University, natural and law faculties. In 1898 he completed his studies and worked for two years in the Moscow Court as an assistant barrister. In 1901 he moved to Baku, began to develop the oil business. In 1907 he founded the company Lianozov and sons with a capital of 2 million rubles, became president and included in

Biography of Fedor Stakheev

Date of birth: 1870 Place of birth: Yelabuga, Russian Empire Date of death: 1945 Place of death: unknown. Stakheev Fedor Vasilievich is a Russian businessman, engineer, philanthropist, statesman. Fedor Stakheev was born in 1870 in Yelabuga to the family of a merchant of the first guild, Vasily Grigorievich, and a patron of the arts, Glafira Fedorovyn. The Stakheev family was an old merchant family. In 1895 Fedor graduated from the Moscow Technical School and became a mechanical engineer. After graduation, he served in the Navy, was a mechanical engineer on the battleships Peter the Great, Rurik, the cruiser Admiral Nakhimov, sailed in the Pacific Ocean. Having retired, he began expanding the Stakheevs' trading house, and was engaged in social activities. In 1900 he was for the first time elected an honorary magistrate of the Elabuga district of Vyatka

Biography of Levi Strauss

Date of birth: February 26, 1829 Place of birth: Buttenheim, Bavaria, Germany Date of death: September 26, 1902 Place of death: San Francisco, California, USA Levi Strauss is an American entrepreneur, industrialist, and inventor of jeans. Born LebStrauss (LivaisStrauss) was born into a Jewish family in Bavaria. In 1845, his father died of consumption, and two years later the family of his mother, Loeb and his two sisters emigrated to the United States. In the same place, Loeb became Levi, changed the spelling of his surname. They had somewhere to move - two older brothers Levi already worked in New York, traded in manufactory. Levy also began to study trade, in 1848 he left for Kentucky, where he began working as a traveling salesman, selling tools and haberdashery. A year later, a gold deposit was discovered on the coast of California, thousands of people

Biography of Michael Milken

Date of birth: July 4, 1946 Place of birth: Encino, California, USA Michael Robert Milken is an American tycoon and financier. Michael Robert Milken was born in July 1946 in California to a Jewish family. He graduated from Birmingham High School, in 1968 he graduated from the University of California, Berkeley. Then he studied at the Wharton School in Pennsylvania, received an MBA degree. Even while studying at the university, he began to earn money in an investment bank, and after graduating from the MBA school, he became the director of the low-yield bonds research department of the same bank. He was also entrusted with managing part of the capital in order to trade on the stock exchange. By the mid-1980s, the network of junk bond customers had grown enormously. Since 1979, they began to monitor him, because they suspected violations of rules and regulations.

Biography of Lillian Bettencourt

Date of birth: October 21, 1922 Date of death: September 21, 2017 Place of birth: Paris, France Liliane Bettencourt is a French business woman. Liliane Bettencourt was born in October 1922 in Paris. Her father Eugene already had an existing cosmetics business at the time of his daughter's birth, which was gradually expanding. At the age of five, Lillian lost her mother, her father did not marry again, he raised his daughter on his own. At the age of 15, she entered the family business, starting from the bottom. In wartime, the company collaborated with the Nazis, because it ended up in the zone of occupation - there was no choice. But after the war, punishment was avoided. At this time, Lillian meets her future husband, a member of the group and a law student. In 1950, they legalized their relationship, by which time Andre had already become a member of the cabinet.

Biography of Pavel Durov

Date of birth: October 10, 1984 Place of birth: Leningrad, Russia Pavel V. Durov is a Russian businessman, founder of the Vkontakte social network. Pavel Durov was born on October 10, 1984 in St. Petersburg. His father is a doctor of philological sciences, his grandfather was a military man, and his brother Nikolai is a candidate of sciences in physics and mathematics. I went to school in Turin, where my father was at that time, upon returning to Russia he entered a regular school, plus he additionally studied a foreign language in depth. At the age of 11, he became interested in programming and began to misbehave on computers at school - he changed screensavers, cracked passwords. In 2001 he graduated from the Academic Gymnasium with honors, and in 2002 he entered the Faculty of Philology of St. Petersburg State University

Biography of Nikolai Putilov

Date of birth: 1820 Place of birth: Novgorod province, Russia Date of death: April 18, 1880 Place of death: St. Petersburg, Russia Putilov Nikolai Ivanovich - businessman, inventor, mathematician. Nikolai Putilov was born in 1820 in the village of Eryukhino, Novgorod province. The family was not rich, but noble. Since Nikolai was the eldest son, he was ordered to become a military man. In 1830, he entered the naval company of the Alexander Cadet Corps, and after 2 years he was transferred to the Marine Corps, from which he graduated as a midshipman. Then he continues to study at the Naval Cadet Corps and becomes a lieutenant. After that, Putilov was appointed teacher of such sciences as astronomy, navigation, and mathematics. In 1840, his first paper on mathematics was published, which

Biography of Mary Kay

Date of birth: May 12, 1918 Place of birth: Texas, USA Date of death: November 22, 2001 Place of death: Texas USA Mary Kay Ash is an American businesswoman and founder of MaryKay Cosmetics. Mary Kay was born on May 12, 1918 in the small town of Hot Wells, Texas. In 1939, she became a spokesperson for a household products company, and to increase sales, she came up with the idea of ​​making presentations. The success was overwhelming, and in 1952 she was invited to another similar company, where she worked for the next 10 years and left because of the inequality of women. In 1963, she plans to build her own business. With just $5,000 and a skin lotion recipe, she opens a store in Dallas. The first store team consisted of 9 people and Mary with

Biography of Conrad Hilton

Date of birth: December 25, 1887 Place of birth: New Mexico, USA Date of death: January 3, 1979 Place of death: Santa Monica. USA Conrad Nicholson Hilton is an entrepreneur and founder of a hotel chain. Conrad Hilton was born December 25, 1887 in the USA. He had seven older sisters and his father ran a grocery store. Hilton graduated from the Mining Institute as an engineer. In 1917 he volunteered for the army. Participated in military campaigns in Europe, was a second lieutenant. After returning from the war and finding that his father had died, he moved to Texas. He always dreamed of becoming a bank manager and even created a small bank in 1919, but went bankrupt. There was enough money to buy a hotel, which he began to develop, this fascinated him. The introduction of such trifles as an increase in sleeping places and

Biography of Veronica Orchid

Date of birth: September 15, 1990 Place of birth: Moscow, Russia Veronika Mironova (pseudonym Orchidea) is a well-known blogger, businesswoman, owner of a network of salons in Moscow. Veronica Orchid was born on September 15, 1990 in Moscow in a family of intellectuals. All her childhood she was surrounded by interesting and creative people. She was fond of art, music and painting. At school she studied dancing, music and vocals. As a child, she was calm and diligent, studied the world around her and watched him. She has a free and purposeful character, she does not like to sit idly by, but constantly moves forward and develops. Graduated from the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation and Moscow State University. Has 2 higher educations. Even as a student, she created her own business projects, which still exist,

Biography of Grigory Shelikhov

Date of birth: December 31, 1747 Place of birth: Rylsk, Russia Date of death: July 31, 1795 Place of death: Irkutsk, Russia Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov is a Russian researcher and entrepreneur. Grigory Shelikhov was born on December 31, 1747 in the city of Rylsk, Kursk province. His family was an old merchant and rich. Grigory received a first-class education at home and began working as a clerk in his native city. According to contemporaries, he especially succeeded in commerce. In 1770, his mother and brother died of the plague, and he moved to Kursk, and in 1773 to Irkutsk. In Irkutsk, he buys furs, grows rich and organizes companies. In 1775, he doubled his fortune by marrying a noble girl. In 1776-1783, he was already the owner of 10 enterprises, and in 1781, after visiting

Biography of Vladimir Gusinsky

Date of birth: October 6, 1952 Place of birth: Moscow, Russia Vladimir Aleksandrovich Gusinsky is a media tycoon and businessman. Vladimir Gusinsky was born on October 6, 1952 in Moscow. In 1969, he entered the Gubkin Institute of Petrochemical and Gas Industry, but did not have time to finish, as he was expelled. In 1973-1975, he was called up by the army, and he served in Ukraine in the chemical intelligence troops. In 1975 he entered the Lunacharsky Institute of Theater Arts and in 1981 graduated from the directing department. After graduation, he works in Tula as a director, but returns to Moscow again and takes part in the International Festival of Youth and Students and the Moscow Goodwill Games. Both times - as a director and production designer. Also

Biography of Iskander Makhmudov

Date of birth: December 5, 1963 Place of birth: Bukhara, Uzbekistan Makhmudov Iskander Kakhramonovich is an entrepreneur. Iskander Mahmudov was born on December 5, 1963 in Bukhara in a family of teachers from Tashkent universities. In childhood and early youth he lived in Tashkent. At the insistence of his parents, he entered Tashkent University to study oriental studies. It was prestigious to study oriental studies, since such faculties were invariably associated with the military and trained employees in the countries of the East. After graduating from the institute, Mahmudov worked first in Libya in the Main Engineering Directorate, then in Iraq in the construction department. After that, he is invited to the state organization Uzbekintorg, which is engaged in the purchase of goods for the whole republic. Having worked in this company, Iskander gained a wealth of experience

Biography of Donald Trump

Date of birth: June 14, 1946 Place of birth: New York, USA Donald John Trump is an American entrepreneur. Donald Trump was born on June 14, 1946 in the USA. He studied at a comprehensive school, but at the age of 13 his parents sent him to study at the New York Military Academy, as he was too energetic and self-confident. During his time at the academy, Trump played football and baseball. In 1965, he incited a group of cadets to march along Fifth Avenue, after which he became known in all the newspapers the next day. In 1968 he graduated from the academy and became a bachelor of economic sciences, having returned to his native city, he worked in his father's company. His first jobs were rental houses for the middle class, but Donald did not want to stop there. He modernized the apartment complex

Biography of Oleg Deripaska

Date of birth: January 2, 1968 Place of birth: Dzerzhinsk, Russia Oleg Vladimirovich Deripaska - entrepreneur, Deripaska O.V. - billionaire Oleg Deripaska was born on January 2, 1968 in Dzerzhinsk, Gorky region. From 7 to 11 years old, he lived with his grandmother on a small farm in the Krasnodar Territory, and then moved there altogether. As a child, he passionately loved to read, and his relatives taught him strict discipline and not be afraid of hard work. He served in the army from 1986-1988 in the Transbaikalia in the missile forces. Deripaska graduated from Moscow State University and Plekhanov's Russian Academy of Economics. He studied physics, but after the collapse of the USSR, it was no longer financed. Deripaska had to rely only on himself - in 1990, he and his classmates formed the "Military Investment and Trading Company", which traded

Biography of Andre Citroen

Date of birth: February 5, 1878 Place of birth: Paris, France Date of death: July 3, 1935 Place of death: Paris, France Andre Gustave Citroen - entrepreneur, Andre Citroen - founder of the automobile concern. André Citroen was born on February 5, 1878 in Paris into a family of diamond dealers. At the age of 5, his father committed suicide. Andre had four brothers and sisters, he first studied at home, then at a religious school, and then at the Polytechnic School at the Faculty of Law. Deciding not to continue the family business, Citroen and friends organized a company for the production of spare parts for steam locomotives, which turned out to be profitable - in a year they received so much that they were able to buy a factory. Having converted it to the production of gears, after 1.5 years, entrepreneurs become

Biography of Elena Baturina

Date of birth: March 8, 1963 Place of birth: Moscow, Russia Elena Nikolaevna Baturina is an entrepreneur, wife of Yuri Luzhkov. Elena Baturina was born on March 8, 1963 in Moscow. She graduated from the Ordzhonikidze Moscow Institute of Management. After graduating in 1982-1989, she worked as a researcher at the Institute of Economic Problems in Moscow, as well as the chief specialist of the Moscow City Executive Committee Commission on Cooperatives. In 1991, together with her brother Viktor, she organized the Inteko cooperative, which is engaged in the production of polymer products. In the same year, she marries Yuri Luzhkov, who a year later becomes the mayor of Moscow. In the early 1990s, the cooperative received municipal orders, and after some time, a raw material

Biography of Peter Smirnov

Date of birth: January 9, 1831 Place of birth: Yaroslavl province, Russia Date of death: November 29, 1898 Place of death: Moscow, Russia Smirnov Petr Arsenievich - businessman, Smirnov P.A. - founder of the Smirnoff brand. Pyotr Smirnov was born on January 9, 1831 in the village of Kayurovo, Yaroslavl province, into a family of serfs. Peter's older brothers were engaged in the manufacture of wines and, with the proceeds from their sale, they managed to buy the family free and get the name Smirnovs. This was in 1857. Peter continued the family business - he served with his uncle, helped him with household chores, and after his death continued his business in the production of wines and vodka, as well as in their sale. Marrying the daughter of a merchant helped him develop the business. In 1860, Peter became a merchant and acquired his own factory. Factory first

Biography of Sergei Tarut

Date of birth: July 23, 1955 Place of birth: Vinogradnoe village, Ukraine Sergey Alekseevich Taruta - Ukrainian businessman, Taruta S.A. - Deputy Sergei Taruta was born on July 23, 1955 in Ukraine. In 1979 he graduated from the Zhdanov Metallurgical Institute with a degree in mechanical engineering. In 1999, he graduated from the Donetsk State Academy of Management with a diploma of a foreign economic activity manager. In 1979, he worked at the Azovstal plant as the head of the foreign economic relations department. Since 1995, he has become a co-founder of the Azovintex company, which is engaged in foreign trade. Already in December 1995, Taruta was appointed executive director of the ISD corporation (Industrial Union of Donbass) founded by him. Until now, he holds the post of chairman of the board of the ISD and president

Biography of Jack Welch

Date of birth: November 19, 1935 Place of birth: Salem, USA Jack Welch is an American entrepreneur and business coach. Jack Welch was born on November 19, 1935 in Salem. He graduated from the University of Massachusetts with a bachelor's degree and then received a master's degree in chemistry from the University of Illinois. A little later he became a doctor of sciences. In 1960, he began working as an engineer at General Electric, he did not really like working there, and a year later he even wanted to quit, but management dissuaded him. In 1969, he already headed the plastics department, and after another 2 years, the chemical and metallurgical department. In 1973 he became head of the company's strategy department, and in late 1977 head of the consumer goods sector. In the 1980s, the company's business was completely revised, was

Biography of Amancio Ortega

Date of birth: March 28, 1936 Place of birth: Leon, Spain Amancio Ortega Gaona – Entrepreneur Amancio Ortega was born on March 28, 1936 in Spain in a simple family of a railway worker and a servant. The family did not have money for his education, so he had to work as a messenger in a shirt shop. In 1950, he works in a haberdashery shop, where he meets his future wife. At the age of 14, the family leaves for Galicia, as the father is being transferred there for work. Ortega becomes an apprentice to an Italian fashion designer, shirring and draping fabrics. In the 60s, Amancio worked as a store manager, and in 1972 he opened his first knitwear factory. The first items produced by the factory were lingerie and nightgowns. They sew them together with their wife in

Biography of Heinrich Schliemann

Date of birth: January 6, 1822 Place of birth: Schwerin, Germany Date of death: December 26, 1890 Place of death: Naples, Italy Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann - German businessman, Heinrich Schliemann - archaeologist Neubuk in the territory of modern Germany in the family of a pastor. At the age of 14, he became an apprentice in a trading company and, inspired, wanted to develop his own business. He traded in America, but the business turned out to be unsuccessful, and he had to return to Germany and start trading with Russia. Schliemann had an extraordinary passion for languages ​​- they came easily to him, in just a few months he learned Russian and left for St. Petersburg, where he began working in a representative office of a Dutch company. A year later he managed to open his own business and began

Biography of Igor Ashmanov

Date of birth: January 9, 1962 Place of birth: Moscow, Russia Igor Stanislavovich Ashmanov - entrepreneur, Ashmanov I.S. - programmer and writer. Igor Ashmanov was born on January 9, 1962 in Moscow in a student family. His father studied at Moscow State University, and then became a professor and wrote programming textbooks, and his mother and grandmother also graduated from Moscow State University and its Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics. Igor also attended a mathematical circle at Moscow State University and studied at an art school. The choice of higher education was predetermined - the same Moscow State University and Mekhmat. From 1978 to 1983 he studied at the Department of Higher Algebra, and after graduation he worked at the Computer Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences and was engaged in the development of special systems and economic calculations. A little later, thanks to his developments of the spelling system

Biography of Tim Cook

Date of birth: November 1, 1960 Place of birth: Robertsdale, USA Tim Cook is the CEO of Apple. Tim Cook was born on November 1, 1960 in Alabama to a working-class family and a housewife. His real name is Timothy Donald Cook and he has two brothers. In 1978 he graduated from high school and entered the university. In 1982 he graduated from the university as a bachelor of industrial production organization. In 1988, he graduated from the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University and received a master's degree in business management. After graduation, he went to work in his specialty and worked at IBM, where he moved up the career ladder to the director of regional implementation. His job was to manufacture and supply goods to North and Latin America. In 1994 after 12 years of experience

Biography of Larry Ellison

Date of birth: August 17, 1944 Place of birth: New York, USA Larry Ellison is an American entrepreneur. Lawrence Joseph Ellison was born August 17, 1944 in New York. He was the illegitimate son of a pilot and a Jewish woman. At 9 months old, his mother gave him to be raised by his uncle and aunt, who later adopted him. He saw his mother only after 48 years. Ellison grew up in Chicago, went to school there and after graduation he studied at the University of Illinois. Then he entered the University of Chicago and began to study computer science. In 1964, after the death of his mother, he moved to Northern California. In the 1970s, he worked for software companies. Subsequently, he creates the Oracle DBMS, the second software in the United States after Microsoft. Created a company in 1977

Biography of Nikolai Tsvetkov

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Date of birth: April 5, 1956 Place of birth: Kyiv, USSR Fedun Leonid Arnoldovich is one of the prominent representatives of the galaxy of modern rich people. Leonid Fedun is also known as a shareholder of Spartak. Leonid was born in Kyiv, in the family of a military doctor. However, he spent all his childhood at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, where his father was sent. Deciding to continue his career as a military man, he became a cadet at the military command school in Rostov. After graduation, he decided to enter the postgraduate course, after which he himself began to teach at the military academy. After working for about eight years, he decided to go into business and organized his own company, calling it Oil Consultant. This happened after a business trip to Siberia, where during one of his speeches he was noticed by V. Alekperov. After receiving

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Date of birth: May 26, 1963 Place of birth: village of Tarson, Georgian SSR Galchev Filaret Ilyich is one of the richest entrepreneurs in modern Russia. Filaret Galchev is also known as a shareholder of Eurocement Group. The future entrepreneur was born in one of the regions of Georgia, in a small village near Tsalka. After moving to Russia, the young man graduated from high school and entered the Mining Institute, located in Moscow. Upon graduation, he became an employee of the trading house of the mining industry. It was at this time that hard times began in the coal industry, when the mines, and, accordingly, the miners did not receive funding. Filaret, as the manager of the organization of the coal market, had to work in this direction as well. The labors were not in vain, since soon the beginner

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Date of birth: June 3, 1963 Place of birth: Staraya Russa, USSR Novinsky Vadim Vladislavovich is one of the representatives of a galaxy of modern entrepreneurs and public figures. Vadim Novinsky is also known as a philanthropist. Vadim was born in the Novgorod region in the USSR. After school, he decided to become an aviator and entered the Academy of Civil Aviation, which is located in Leningrad. After receiving a diploma in the specialty "Operation of Air Transport", he became an employee of the air squadron in Petrozavodsk. There for eleven years he was an employee of the Department of Civil Aviation. Then, having resigned, he began his activity in the more promising ANO "Center for Advanced Studies". Soon, together with partners, he stood at the origins of the creation of a company whose main goal was to supply

Biography of Bidzin Ivanishvili

Date of birth: February 18, 1956 Place of birth: s. Chorvila, Georgian SSR Ivanishvili Bidzina Grigoryevich is a modern Georgian businessman who created his fortune in the Russian Federation. Bidzina Ivanishvili is also known as the founder of the Georgian Dream party. Bidzina was born in a small village near Chiatura, where his father worked as a miner extracting manganese. The boy went to a regular school, and received his higher education at the Georgian State University, becoming a certified economist. After receiving the diploma, he became an employee of the Research Institute of Labor. After working as a research assistant for a while, the young specialist decided to organize his own enterprise and became the organizer of a cooperative that produced hoses. With the advent of the digital age

Biography of Peter Aven

Date of birth: March 16, 1955 Place of birth: Moscow, USSR Pyotr Olegovich Aven is one of the constellation of entrepreneurs in modern Russia. Pyotr Aven is also known as a collector of art objects. Peter was born in Moscow, in a professorial family. His father, Oleg Ivanovich, was a prominent specialist in computer technology. Peter's parents have Russian, Latvian and Jewish roots. From childhood, the boy began to prepare for an outstanding career - first he went to a specialized physics and mathematics school in Moscow, then continued his education at Moscow State University at the Faculty of Economics. Three years after receiving his diploma, he defended his dissertation and became a candidate of science in economics. He began his career as a junior researcher at the Institute for System Research.

Biography of John Rockefeller

Date of birth: July 8, 1839 Date of death: May 23, 1937 Place of birth: New York, USA Rockefeller John Davison is the first person in the world to earn a billion dollars. Also Rockefeller D.D. known as a philanthropist who founded several universities. John was born in the ISA in a large Protestant family. The mother was primarily responsible for the upbringing of the children. She was religious, perhaps also because money was sorely lacking and she had to save. John's father first worked in forestry and then decided to become a traveling salesman. It was he who taught the boy the first lessons in the field of sales and formed a worldview. From the age of seven, John began to earn his own money - he helped neighbors, was engaged in poultry farming. From a very young age, he was in charge of accounting. AT

Biography of Steve Jobs

Date of Birth: February 24, 1955 Date of Death: October 5, 2011 Place of Birth: USA Jobs Steven Paul is an entrepreneur who redefined what today's communications should be. Also, the name of Steve Jobs is associated with the creation of the well-known Apple company. Founded the Pixar studio. Stephen was born to an unmarried couple and was an unwanted child. His own father had Syrian roots, and his mother - German. Soon the boy was adopted by the Jobs family. Adoptive parents served as officials and lived practically in Silicon Valley itself. Probably, the fact that from childhood the boy grew up in an environment of engineers, inventors associated with various technologies played a role. Almost all of the men in this environment were involved in engineering in one way or another, and Steve often saw sheds filled with various types of

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Date of birth: April 21, 1964 Place of birth: Lvov, USSR Fridman Mikhail Maratovich is one of the most famous entrepreneurs in modern Russia. Also Fridman M.M. known as one of the most influential people in Russia. Mikhail was born in April 1964 in an intelligent family of engineers. The child was late and desired, so he was spoiled and loved very much. Mikhail's father was a laureate of the State Prize for one of the military developments. Parents maintained a close relationship with the Jewish community. As an adult, Michael himself began to support the Jewish community. Mikhail went to school, played the piano and even organized a youth music group. True, he chose a technical profession for himself and even tried to enter the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, but failed at

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Date of birth: April 14, 1957 Place of birth: Lviv region, Ukrainian SSR Vekselberg Viktor Feliksovich is one of the richest entrepreneurs in Russia. Vekselberg V.F. is also known. as a philanthropist and president of two large structures - Skolkovo and Renova. Victor was born in April 1957 in a small town in the Lviv region of the USSR. Like all Soviet children, he went to a regular high school. Then he decided to get a higher education in Moscow, where he received it at the Faculty of Computer Science and Automation of MIIT. After receiving the diploma, he decided to study further and became a graduate student at the Academy of Sciences. Further, already in the position of a researcher, and then the head of the laboratory, he worked in one of the narrow technical specialties. His area of ​​​​responsibility was rodless

Biography of Vladimir Lisin

Date of birth: May 7, 1956 Place of birth: Ivanovo, USSR Lisin Vladimir Sergeevich is one of the richest businessmen in modern Russia. Also Lisin V.S. known as the chairman of the board of directors of the Iron and Steel Works in one of the districts of Lipetsk. Vladimir was born in Ivanovo. Nothing foreshadowed that the boy would become the largest entrepreneur. Vladimir was a member of the Komsomol, then received his higher education in Novokuznetsk. In 1978 he became a certified metallurgical engineer. The first line in the work book appeared in 1965, there was a record that Vladimir became an electrician at Yuzhkuzbassugol. Vladimir started working with metals later, at Tulachermet. There he started as an assistant steelworker, continued as a shift supervisor, and subsequently rose to deputy.

Biography of Viktor Baturin

Date of birth: October 2, 1956 Place of birth: Moscow Viktor Nikolaevich Baturin is an entrepreneur in modern Russia. Also Baturin V.N. known as the brother of the former wife of the mayor of the capital - Elena Baturina. Victor was born in the capital of the USSR in October 1956. Victor received his higher education at the Moscow Institute of Management. The future entrepreneur studied management and organization of production there. This knowledge was useful to Victor when he became a project manager in the aerospace industry. Viktor was also in charge of some units of the Sukhoi aircraft plant. Since 1989, Victor decided to move away from the civil service and develop his own business. The construction area was chosen for the business. The entrepreneur became the director of the notorious company Inteko. Soon

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Date of birth: May 14, 1984 Place of birth: USA Mark Elliot Zuckerbreg is a world famous young billionaire. Also, Mark Zuckerberg created the Facebook social network and manages it. Mark was born in May 1984 on the outskirts of New York in a large family. Father, Edward, worked as a dentist. Mother, Karen, practiced in the field of psychiatry. Computers have been of interest to Mark since his childhood. The boy took up programming while still at school, when he figured out how to play one of the popular games online. He also came up with a program that took into account the musical preferences of the listeners. The young talent was noticed by such corporation-employer as Microsoft. To everyone's surprise, the teenager turned down the job and continued his studies at Harvard. Of course, and attended classes there

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Date of birth: August 12, 1930 Place of birth: Budapest, Hungary George Soros is a world famous financier. Soros is also known as a major philanthropist. George Soros was born under the name Schwartz in August 1930 in the family of a lawyer. Just at this time, the persecution of residents who had Jewish roots began. For security reasons, the family changed their surname to a sonorous Hungarian - Shorosh. This probably helped George to stay alive and move to England. George graduated from the School of Economics there. Then he began to apply theoretical knowledge in practice. At first it was a job at a haberdashery factory. She was replaced by the job of a traveling salesman. Of course, this was not a dream job and George continued to look for work in the banking sector. In the post-war period, it was not easy

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Date of birth: April 5, 1962 Place of birth: Kalmykia, USSR Ilyumzhinov Kirsan Nikolaevich is a politician. Kirsan Ilyumzhinov is also known as the President of Kalmykia. He is the President of the Chess Federation. Kirsan was born in the capital of Kalmykia - Elista. Like many Soviet children, he went to school, but from an early age he showed success in chess. So, as a fifteen-year-old teenager, he led the chess team of the Kalmyk ASSR. Of course, the gifted teenager graduated from high school with a medal for academic excellence. After that he worked at a factory and served in the army. In the army, he did not give up chess. Maybe this is what helped the young man to enter MGIMO. True, Kirsan did not study there for long - he was expelled for violating discipline. Kirsan decided

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Every time a global crisis occurs, it hits the main areas of human life. As a rule, companies collapse with a crash, production facilities are closed with a bang. But in the general chaos there are entrepreneurs who not only do not pay attention to such shocks, but also benefit from them. And for some, such conditions become prerequisites for the development of their own multi-million dollar business.

Of course, if we talk about successful people from other countries, especially distant ones, the example looks uninspiring. After all, these great and successful people developed in conditions different from ours. Therefore, we will not shake the air in vain, but we will talk about several entrepreneurs in Russia who today have millions of dollars of capital.

Domestic entrepreneurs

The most famous example throughout the country is the Russian young entrepreneurs who created the social network VKontakte. Almost all the founders and ideologists today have sold their shares in the business. The reason for this, as one of the main founders Pavel Durov admitted, is the impossible conditions within Russia for the development of honest private business. He complained that the service is constantly trying to seize, divide, change, and then sell. After all, he has a huge impact on the public. But Durov did not fight the pressure, but simply emigrated abroad and travels around the world, not staying anywhere for a long time. And gradually develops a new project with his team.

But we are more interested in the very fact that, despite the difficult economic period, it was possible to create such a powerful commercial project. For example, one of Durov's partners, Vyacheslav Mirilashvili, invested $30,000 in his business at the start of his business, and six years later became Russia's dollar billionaire, and the youngest at that.

But these are not the only well-known domestic entrepreneurs today who have reached amazing heights in business in difficult economic times. Let's talk about a few more below.

Maxim Nogotkov

Even during the crisis period, Nogotkov stated that the Russian market is favorable for the development of his business: there are many unfilled niches and a low level of competition. He did not throw words into the wind, and four years after such a statement, he was included in the rating of the 200 richest entrepreneurs in Russia thanks to the creation and management of the Svyaznoy group of companies.

Ilya Shershnev

Not all well-known businessmen in Russia started their business in their student years, but Ilya is one of those. As a student, he worked for the real estate company Penny Lane Realty. Having gained the necessary experience there, he founded his own Swiss Realty Group. By the beginning of the crisis, the company's annual turnover was $ 10 billion. But Shershnev had no experience in keeping his offspring afloat in difficult conditions, so it had to be closed. But the entrepreneur did not retire, remaining to work in this area as an expert, evaluating and managing the real estate of three shareholders.

Dmitry Salikhov

Before starting his business, Dmitry changed three different jobs. With the latter, he was fired due to a reduction in staff in connection with the impending crisis. But this did not disappoint him. Like many other entrepreneurs, he used this opportunity to start his own business.

It consisted in the provision of transfer transportation. He began with cooperation with several drivers in their cars, who, by agreement, met passengers at airports and delivered them to the specified addresses. When enough funds were raised to open his own office, Salikhov began to cooperate with the best taxi services. This gave I'way the status of an organization and brought in corporate clients. Now the company had two offices - one in each of the capitals of Russia.

But Dmitry did not stop there. Today, the services of his company can be used in 65 countries in 200 cities. At the same time, Salikov himself admits that he did not expect such a scale of business. His only desire was to occupy a free niche.

Andrey Guzairov

Before becoming an entrepreneur, Andrei worked in the West, where he spied on the idea for his own business in Russia. After accumulating suitable start-up capital in three years, he opened CreditCardsOnline. The purpose of the project was to form a database of offers from all Russian banks to open credit cards. Today, 25% of the company's shares belong to the Finam Global fund, and the entrepreneur himself has a couple more Internet projects related to finance.

Andrey Romanenko

Before implementing a successful idea, Andrey sold computer games, then made polyethylene
packages, and the start-up capital was earned on the production of plastic cards. It was quite a profitable business, but Romanenko felt that something more universal could be created. Thinking about options, he came up with the idea of ​​​​creating Qiwi payment terminals. Initially, he did not make big bets on the project, but it turned out to be surprisingly successful. Already in 2013, it had more than 65 million users every month and a billion dollars of capitalization.

Vsevolod Starkh

Perhaps we lied, saying that Shershnev is one of the few who started a business while studying at a university. Vsevolod Fear surpassed him by starting an entrepreneurial activity, being a student of the graduating class of the school. Even then, he was acutely aware of the need to earn his money, and the Internet provided the best opportunities for this. He started simply: he created his own website, bought a thousand USB cables in bulk and resold them online through his resource. When the enterprise began to develop successfully, he named the Sotmarket online store and began selling various accessories for mobile phones. Having accumulated enough funds, he further expanded his assortment with telephones themselves, then with small inexpensive equipment.

In 2012, he sold a controlling stake to the IQ One Holdings fund, and the online store grew in value to $ 100 million. The ideologue and founder himself continues to independently monitor the comments that customers leave on the resource. And there are up to 5 thousand buyers per day.

Dmitry Kibkalo

The formation of this entrepreneur is a confluence of various successful accidents. Although there is a whole category of people who believe that there are no accidents. And in a way they are right. And the case began with the fact that an employee of the production center Dmitry Kibkalo decided to give his father a board game "Jackal" for his birthday. The difficulty was that this pirated game was invented back in the 70s, and today it was not on sale.

Then Dmitry recreated it and turned to the manufacturers for a seal. It is strange why he did not turn to the popular online printing centers, where they make such things from one copy and more. In any case, this complexity played an important role in Dmitry's further solvency. He found a company that agreed to print the minimum batch of such a game - 100 copies. He gave one to his father, as planned. The remaining 99 were gradually sold out via the Internet, literally returning the invested money in just a month. Dmitry liked it and he created the Mosigra company, which began selling board games, but already in an offline format. Today, the chain of stores unites 17 own points of sale and 71 franchising projects. And they work not only in Russia. In total, Dmitry receives about 450 million rubles from the project.

Gevorg Sargsyan

It is difficult to describe Sargsyan's success. He did a fairly simple thing - he removed the adaptation of foreign games to Russian realities from the status of "pirated" products. True, such a step only looks simple from the outside. Before him was the need to sign a contract with foreign game manufacturers. To achieve this, I had to include all available communication skills and embellish my abilities and achievements a little. However, the contracts were received, the Innova company was created, and today a successful business brings Gevork one and a half billion rubles. The company is engaged in game projects in the amount of more than ten pieces, the most famous of which are Planet Side II, Lineage II, Aion and others. (11 votes, average: 3 out of 5)

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