What does the perfect form of a verb mean? Perfective verbs: concept, formation, aspect pairs

37. Types of verb. Modern theory of species meaning. The mechanism of speciation in RY. Species chains. Formation of correlative species pairs. Two-type verbs.

The category of species, which replaced the rich system of Russian times, was not clearly distinguished from the category of time in the works of a number of scientists (N.I. Grech, A.Kh. Vostokov, etc.). OH. Vostokov in “Russian Grammar” identified three types: incomplete (imperfect), perfect and multiple. In addition to three types, he identified eight forms of time. He failed to distinguish between the categories of type and time.

G. Pavsky in “Philological Observations” puts forward a theory of three degrees of duration, which was later supported by K.S. Aksakov and N.P. Nekrasov. “In verbs, degrees indicate the measure of duration and scope of action,” wrote G. Pavsky. What was valuable in this theory was the interpretation of the category of type as a category expressing a qualitative difference in the nature of the action.

A.A. Potebnya, having adopted the theory of degrees of duration (he distinguishes four degrees of duration), goes further than his predecessors. Potebnya connects the degrees of duration with the perfection and imperfection of an action, but does not identify them.

In the works of G.K. Ulyanova, F.F. Fortunatova, A.A. Shakhmatova, A.M. Peshkovsky, V.V. Vinogradov and other scientists supported the theory of two types - perfect and imperfect. Much attention was paid to the study of the species formation system and the determination of the grammatical and semantic side of the species category. The category of type began to be understood as a category that expresses not a quantitative, but a qualitative characteristic of an action. However, there is still no consensus on the issue of defining the category of species and the difference between perfect and imperfect species.

Some scientists considered the type as a category that denotes the distribution of action in time (A.Kh. Vostokov, F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Potebnya, A.M. Peshkovsky), others emphasized in the definition of the type the way the action occurs (A. Boldyrev, A. .A. Shakhmatov, V.A. Bogoroditsky), others considered the view as a category expressing an action in relation to its limit, result (V.V. Vinogradov and many modern researchers).

The concept of a species. Type is a civil code indicating limited/unlimited action. The limit is the point after which the action does not develop (Maslov, Vinogradov). The category of aspect is inherent in all forms of the verb. Verbs decided And decided denote the same action, but differ grammatically. Verb decided perfect form, it denotes an action that has completed the achievement of a result and is complete. This verb grammatically expresses an indication of the limit, the boundary of the action, therefore the action decided is conceived as limited in its course. Verb decided imperfect form, it does not contain an indication of the internal limit, the boundary of action, or its completeness. Consequently, the category of aspect expresses the relation of the action denoted by the verb to the internal limit of the action. Imperfect species denotes an action in its course, without indicating the limit, boundary of action ( moaned, grew old and so on.). Perfect view denotes an action limited by a limit at any moment of its implementation: made some noise(started making noise) made some noise(made noise for a while); made noise(completeness of action).

Among imperfective and perfective verbs, verbs are widely represented as their subtypes multiple(imperfect form) and one-time(perfect form). Multiple verbs denote duration, repetition or repetition of an action: to shake, to shake and so on.; one-time - one-time and instantaneous action: jump off, splash out and so on.

In the group of imperfective verbs, there are verbs that denote movement, movement in space and have two forms: a) non-multiple verbs that denote a single movement occurring in one specific direction: run, wander, lead, carry, drive, go, go, roll, climb, fly, carry, swim, crawl, drag; b) multiple verbs denoting movement, either continuous, but multidirectional, or unidirectional, but intermittent: run, wander, drive, carry, drive, ride, walk, roll, climb, fly, carry, swim.

The main grammatical differences between the types concern the meanings and forms of tense:

1) imperfective verbs have forms of present, past and future tense; perfective verbs do not have present tense forms;

2) for imperfective verbs, the future tense is complex ( I will do), and for perfective verbs - simple ( I'll do it);

3) imperfective verbs form active and passive present participles; perfective verbs do not have these participles;

4) the imperfective participle most often denotes an action simultaneous with the action of the predicate verb, and the perfect participle denotes a preceding action.

Speciation. When forming verb types, the initial form, with few exceptions, is the verb with the meaning of the imperfect form. Speciation of verbs is carried out according to strict laws.

The process of forming the verb SV from the verb NV is perfectification. On the contrary – imperfectification. In the process of speciation of verbs, aspectual chains are formed (the sum of successive binary oppositions of the verbs NV and SV, formed from one original verb). The classic complete CC consists of 4 links: NV - SV - NV - SV.

1st link – the initial form is the unprefixed verb NV, if there is one in the language. Most prefixless verbs are NV (exceptions: give, child, lie down, sit down, stand up, buy).

2nd link - verb SV, formed from the 1st link in one of the ways (prefixal - paint - paint; suffixal - push - push; by changing the suffix a to and - decide - decide; prefix-suffixal or prefix-postfixal - drink - get drunk; some are formed suppletive - to speak - to say). Also, all SV verbs with a non-derivative base (buy, lie down, sit down, give) belong to the 2nd link.

3rd link - verbs of secondary NV, formed from verbs SV (by adding the suffixes ыва/Ива - rewrite - rewrite (except ыва with the meaning of secondary NV there is a homonym with the meaning of a long-past multiple action - sat - sat - no speciation); by adding the suffix a/ya - to captivate - to captivate; by transferring the stress - to sleep - to sleep; with the help of the suffix Eva - to extend - to extend; in different ways from non-prefixes - to sit down - to sit down).

4th link – from prefixed verbs NV of the 3rd link using a secondary prefix. Usually prefixes are used - completeness, excessiveness of action; by – coverage of many objects. The formation of a species pair between the 3rd and 4th links is impossible, because the prefix always introduces a derivational meaning (pull out - pull out).

A complete species chain consists of 4 links: paint - paint - paint - paint. However, all levels of this system in the Russian language are not always filled; they remain unfilled for various reasons, the main one being lack of demand by speakers. Verbs of the 4th link overly specify the action, therefore they are more often used in colloquial, dialect speech and vernacular speech. Sometimes the CC starts from the 2nd link, because The first one fell out (to oblige - to oblige). If in the first and second links the prefix has only a specific meaning, then the 3rd link is not formed. In the CC, speciation is intertwined with word formation (shout – shout – scream – the CC is interrupted – pure word formation). Most of the correlative relations between pairs of the 2nd and 3rd units - suffixes are most grammaticalized, but there are cases when the LL is complicated (wave - wave). The category of aspect is distinguished by the almost complete absence of purely grammatical means.

Aspect pairs of verbs. When forming verbs of one type from another using prefixes, two results are possible: a) attaching a prefix to an imperfective verb introduces the meaning inherent in the prefix into the meaning of the verb, as a result of which the lexical meaning of the original verb changes and the formed perfective verb does not correspond in meaning to the non-prefixed verb (cf. : fly - fly over, take off and so on.); b) the addition of a prefix, creating a perfective meaning for the original verb, does not change the lexical meaning of the verb, as a result of which the unprefixed (original) and prefixed (derived) verbs differ only in appearance and form correlative aspectual pairs (cf.: go blind - go blind, dine - dine and so on.). In the latter case, the prefix loses its lexical meaning and turns into a grammatical means of forming the form. This phenomenon is observed especially often in relation to consoles: o- (about-, about-), according to; s- (co-): to blind, to please, to anger, to build, to do; less often - for; y; on the; vz-: strangle, drown, sharpen, sweat; and very rarely - from; at; You; times-: scare, prepare, grow, stir up.

Most verbs in the Russian language form correlative pairs of imperfect and perfect forms. The most productive type of such formation is a specific pair of perfective prefixed verbs and corresponding imperfective prefixed verbs with a suffix -yva- (-iva-)(cf.: cut out - cut out). When forming correlative species pairs of this type, it is possible (as an additional indicator of the species) to alternate root vowels o//a, if the perfective verb is not stressed on the root vowel (cf.: build - build up, accumulate - accumulate). Alternation o//a is not stable if the perfective verb has stress on the root sound [o], formations with [a] are possible in the literary language ( double, arrange, master, challenge, cajole, touch, honor etc.) and formations with [o] ( disturb, condition, preoccupy, disgrace, vulgarize, summarize, enchant, scatter, wrinkle, legitimize, empower, strengthen, accelerate). Such parallel forms are characteristic of different styles of literary language.

An equally productive type of aspectual pairs of verbs is the ratio of unprefixed imperfective verbs and unprefixed perfective verbs with a suffix -well(cf.: push - push) and the ratio of prefixless and prefixed verbs with prefixes of grammatical meaning (cf. praise - praise, do - do, timid - timid and so on.).

In the circle of unproductive formation of species pairs, the following groups are distinguished: 1) decide - decide, decorate - decorate and so on.; 2) bake - bake, get off - get off and so on.; 3) avoid - avoid, get used to - get used to and so on.; 4) fill - fill, wash away - wash away, survey - survey and so on.; 5) paired verbs that differ only in the place of stress (cf.: cut - cut) and 6) paired verbs expressed by words with different stems (subpletive forms): talk - say(others see above).

Verbs that do not have other pairs. Unpaired imperfective verbs include: a) unprefixed verbs with a suffix -yva- (-iva-) with the meaning of multiplicity. In modern literary language, such verbs are used exclusively in the form of the past tense with the meaning of how long ago the action was: used to say, sat, saw, etc.; b) prefixed verbs (bookish) with suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -a, -e, -i ingratiate, regret By- and suffix -yva-(-iva-) cough, glance and etc.; with attachments under-, under- and suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -va- and etc.; with attachment re- and affix -xia and etc.

By- think about it, hold back behind- And By- re-, from-, to- -Well- to gush, burst -and-: need, find.

Unpaired imperfective verbs include: a) unprefixed verbs with a suffix -yva- (-iva-) with the meaning of multiplicity. In modern literary language, such verbs are used exclusively in the form of the past tense with the meaning of how long ago the action was: used to say, sat, saw, etc.; b) prefixed verbs (bookish) with suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -a, -e, -i with the meaning of a process not limited to achieving a result: ingratiate, regret and etc.; c) verbs with a prefix By- and suffix -yva-(-iva-) with the meaning of multiple, intermittent action: cough, glance and etc.; with attachments under-, under- and suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -va- with the meaning of the accompanying action: whistle, sow, condemn and etc.; with attachment re- and affix -xia with the meaning of duration and reciprocity of action: shout to one another, exchange fire and etc.

Unpaired verbs of the perfect form include: a) verbs with the prefix By-, indicating a time limitation: lie down, sit, dream etc., as well as with several prefixes think about it, hold back and others belonging to the conversational style; b) verbs with prefixes behind- And By- with the action start value: walk, thunder, run, pour and etc.; c) verbs with prefixes re-, from-, to- with the meaning of completion, effectiveness of action: make noise, interrogate, spoil and etc.; d) verbs with suffix -Well- with the value of intensive onset of action: to gush, burst etc. and e) some verbs with a suffix -and-: need, find.

Two-type verbs. Verbs that combine the meanings of the perfective and imperfective forms are bi-specific, but under the conditions of the context they can have a meaning characteristic of one type. These are verbs with suffixes -ova(t), -irova(t): organize, telephone and so on.; some verbs with suffixes -a(t), -i(t), -e(t): promise, crown, marry, execute, say, wound, command.

In some verbs, the difference in aspectual meaning is associated with a specific lexical meaning; compare: Crowd of peopleranbehind us(P.) (imperfect form) - Somebodyranfrom Moscow, and orders are given to detain everyone(P.) (perfect form), and sometimes is expressed only in separate forms (cf.: gave birthA - perfect look and genusAnd la- imperfect species).

A verb is a part of speech that occurs to us almost more often than all others. It has a number of constant and changing characteristics, which include species. Each of us encountered this category back in our school days. She often puzzled and raised questions.

This article will help you remember what it is and learn how to identify it. Examples of tasks you will encounter will help you practice your acquired knowledge.

The view is one of permanent signs belonging to the verb. It reflects how the speaker sees the flow of action in time: ended, ongoing, repeating, one-time.

A species can be regarded both as a category that modifies words and as one that classifies them. In modern Russian, this group includes only two options.

Let’s answer the question: “What types of verbs are there?” The answer of modern linguists to this question consists of two positions: perfect and imperfect.

Imperfect species

We found the answer to the question: “What is the aspect of a verb?” Now let's move on to getting to know each of them.

Imperfect verbs convey the meaning of an action without indicating its completion. There are three types of words that fall under this category:

1. Denoting long action. For example: “He looked into her eyes for a long time,” “She walked down the street for an endlessly long time.”
2. Conveying the meaning of a repeating action. Example: “She gets on the bus every morning,” “He goes to school every day.”
3. Characterizing constant action. Consider an example: “The city is located on a hill.”

Imperfective verbs in many cases are accompanied by the adverbs “long”, “often”, “usually”, conveying the frequency with which the action is performed.

Words of this type can be expressed in three tenses: present, past, future.

Now you know what it is. The next paragraph will talk about words belonging to the second type.

Perfect view

Verbs related to the perfect form convey the meaning of completeness of an action. Limit it to a time frame. Words of this type can express:

1. An action that ends in achieving some result. For example: “Marina painted a beautiful picture,” “Dad hammered a nail into the wall.”
2. An action whose boundary is determined by its beginning. For example: “Wonderful music began to play in the hall,” “The girl sang a beautiful romance.”
3. A one-time action, provided that the word is formed using the suffix “well”: “He accidentally pushed me in the corridor,” “Out of anger, he kicked the briefcase.”

Perfective words appear only in the past and future simple forms. We remembered what a perfective verb is. Let's move on to more complex material.

Species pairs

Verbs of both types sometimes form aspectual pairs. This category includes homonymous words that have the same meaning, but with different connotations. Let's look at examples:

1. Justify and justify. In the first case we see a completed action, in the second - a long-term one.
2. Double and double. The first word conveys the meaning of the action that ended when the result was achieved. The second shows the duration.

Most often, such verbs are formed from the same stem. But there are exceptions, such as “take and take” or “catch and catch.”

What other types of verbs are there?

In modern Russian there are one-type and two-type verbs. The first type includes words that have the form of only one of the types. Imperfect verbs fall into this category according to the following criteria:

1. Action does not strive to achieve any result. Most often it expresses emotions. For example: hate, regret, expect.
2. The verb expresses the human state: cry, dream, remain silent, chat.
3. The word means movement. Examples: run, jump, dance.
4. The verb conveys an action with the meaning “slightly”: shout, keep up.
5. A word has the meaning of an action accompanying another, as in the case of “smacking” or “dancing.”
6. The verb has a meaning associated with professional activity. For example: carpentry, teaching.
7. The action is reciprocal. Example: whispering, exchanging glances.

Perfective verbs also belong to this type:

1. Containing several prefixes: forget, dial.
2. Denoting an action that happened instantly. For example: gushed, blazed.
3. Which show that the action has reached its logical conclusion. For example: call back, make noise.
4. Indicating the beginning of the process: jump, cry.
5. Expressing redundant meaning. Example: watch enough, spoil yourself.

Bi-aspect verbs

Verbs come in a form that lacks formal expression. Depending on the context, they can be classified as perfect or imperfect.

Such words can be divided into three groups:

1. Words with a long history. Some of them: promise, wound, marry, execute.
2. Some verbs ending in "ova". For example, let's take: promote, investigate, investigate.
3. Verbs, mostly of foreign origin, containing the suffixes “ova”, “irova”. Examples: store, codify, telegraph.

Exercises

To determine what types of verbs are found in tasks, you need to follow the following algorithm:

1. See if the word fits the criteria for a one- or two-aspect verb.
2. If there is a prefix, in most cases it will be a perfect look.
3. In order to accurately determine what type of verb it is, you need to ask a question about it. "What to do?" - imperfect species. "What to do?" - perfect view.

Let's move on to a little training. Determine what type the words belong to:

• to say (two-species verb);
• cook;
• begin (non-sov. view);
• consider (non-sov. view);
• find (owl.species);
• walk (single-type verb of non-type);
• to command (one-type verb of non-type);
• writes (non-sov. view).

Indicate what kind of verb appears in the sentence:

1. He deeply regretted what happened (one-aspect imperfective verb).
2. I got used to sleeping until lunch (the first is a perfective verb, the second is a single-type imperfective verb).
3. He asked me tricky question(perfect view).
4. Every day he looks out the window waiting for something (imperfect view).
5. He loved to teach in company (single-aspect imperfective verbs).
6. The first died down spring thunderstorm(one-aspect perfective verb).
7. He got a job as a salesman in a clothing store to earn a little extra money (the first verb is perfective, the second is of the same type, but at the same time it is of the same type).

From this article you learned what the aspect of a verb is. We got acquainted with words of one-type and two-type. We looked at examples of exercises with explanations. And we received recommendations that will help you easily determine the type of verb.

When you come across a task related to identifying a type, you can easily indicate what type the word belongs to, even if the words initially seem difficult.

One of the Russian languages ​​is the Verb. A verb denotes an action, a state of an object. His main questions are: what to do? what to do? This part of speech has many factors that determine its place in speech and syntactic role in a sentence. The topic of this article is “Perfective Verbs,” therefore, before talking about them, you need to know the meaning of their category: aspect. The category of aspect is grammatical; it is inherent in all its forms and shows action in time. The verb "decided" and "decided" are similar in meaning, but grammatically different. Decided - verb committed. type, it indicates a completed action, that it is completed and limited. Decided - imperfect verb. type and does not contain limits or completeness of action. There are two types of verbs in Russian: perfect and imperfect.

Just by the name alone - a perfective verb - one can understand that we're talking about about an action that has begun, has been completed, there is a limit, a boundary, a result of the action. Therefore, the questions for the perfect form of the verb are: what to do? what did you do? what did you do? what will you do?

So, for example: in the past tense

“I read the book” means: I read it all to the end;

“I wrote a letter” means: the letter is ready;

“I have learned the language” means: I know the language;

“We sang the song” means: to the end.

Whereas the sentences: “I wrote a letter”, “I read a book”, “I sang a song”, “I studied a language” mean that the action took place, but whether it was completed is unknown.

Verb types differ mainly in meaning and tense forms. Perfective verbs have past and future simple tenses: versil (vert), wrote (will write), played (play), read (read), studied (study). The endings in the future simple are the same as in the present tense for imperfect verbs. view: I read, play.

Verbs imperfect types have forms present, past. and future difficult time. The sentences “We will build”, “We will study” only say that actions will be performed, but not whether they will be completed. Whereas the sentences “We will build”, “We will study” say that something will be built to the end, will be studied and we will know. This one with a different education temporary forms leads to errors in using the present tense instead of the future, the future instead of the present.

So, instead of the correct formation of the future tense: I will say, I will go, I will take, I will start, people who have poor command of the language mistakenly say: I will say, I will go, I will start.

Formation and species pairings

The initial form of the formation of perfective verbs is mainly imperfect verbs. type with the addition of prefixes, suffixes, contrasting suffixes, alternation in the root, moving stress, expressing types with different roots, words. Species pairs are formed.

1. Perfective verbs are formed by adding the suffix -well- to imperfective verbs: jump-jump, swing-swing. These verbs convey the meaning of brevity and immediateness.

Some verbs with the suffix -nu- drop out the last consonants before the suffix: throw-throw, drown-drown, whisper-whisper. The suffix -well- in perfective verbs indicates the result, limit, completeness of the action (disappear, achieve), the one-time action (push, shout, wave), the intense beginning of the action (gush, burst out)

2. Prefixes give the verb the meaning of completeness without changing the basic lexical meaning of the word: write-write, write off; to go blind; to go blind; turn grey; build-build; do-do; get stronger - get stronger.

But often prefixes give a new lexical meaning to the verb committed. type: read - reread, read, finish reading

Prefixes, along with the meaning of completeness, can introduce other shades into verbs and indicate the relationship of action to time. Thus, the prefix on some verbs brings the meaning of limited action in time, for example: today I read, worked, walked (I read for a while and stopped, worked for a while and stopped working, walked for a short time.)

The prefixes for-, po-, when combined with some verbs, introduce into the word the meaning of the beginning of an action: sing-sing (started to sing); make noise - make noise (started to make noise); fly-fly (started to fly)

For example:

The forest rang, groaned, crackled, the Hare listened and ran out. ( N. Nekrasov)

The eaglets whistled and squealed even more pitifully. Then the eagle suddenly screamed loudly, spread its wings and flew heavily to the sea... ( L. Tolstoy)

3. Sometimes aspectual pairs of verbs are formed from different roots, words: put-put. Remember the words and combinations with which perfective verbs are used: suddenly, unexpectedly, unexpectedly, somehow, like, immediately, suddenly, once.

Practice!

Here is an illustrated text. Find perfective verbs in the text. Explain the difference in the meaning of the verbs perfect. and imperfect kind.

Hunting

A handsome eagle slowly makes a circle over the sea. His flight is so calm and graceful. Here he stopped for a moment in the air, as if someone was holding him by a thread. Something happened. The predator saw this in clear water prey. Suddenly and quickly the eagle began to fall down like a stone.

And already at the very water, in flight, he grabbed his prey with his beak and rose sharply upward. The fish shakes its tail, tries to free itself from its beak, but the eagle holds its prey in a death grip, without interrupting its flight.

All verbs are divided into two categories: perfective and imperfective verbs. Perfective verbs denote those actions that already have or will have a result in the future. Such verbs answer the question: what to do?

Perfect verbs include the following actions:

Actions that ended with a certain result: draw, learn;

Actions that will begin in the future and will have a result: to sing, to play;

An action that happened once: jump, stomp.

Verbs that denote actions that do not have temporal and spatial boundaries, and also do not provide results, are called imperfect verbs. Imperfect verbs answer the question: what to do? For example: scream, draw, teach, sing, dance.

Aspect pairs of verbs

Perfective and imperfective verbs often form aspectual pairs. Aspect pairs are verbs different types, which have the same lexical meaning. For example: cross out (perfective) – cross out (imperfect); reach (perfective) – reach (imperfect); double (perfective) – double (imperfect).

Most verbs that form pairs have the same root. Exceptions are such species pairs as: take (perfective) – take (imperfect); find (perfective) – seek (imperfect); catch (perfective) – catch (imperfect).

Bi-aspect verbs

Verbs that combine features of both the perfective and imperfective forms are called bi-aspect verbs. The type of such verbs can be established using semantic analysis of the sentence.

Formation of verb types

Imperfective verbs are formed using suffixes on the basis of perfective verbs. For example:

Suffixes - willow, - willow: question - question, consider - consider, sign, sign;

Suffix - va: give - give, open - open, put on shoes;

Suffixes - a, -ya: grow up - grow up, save - save.

With the help of the suffix - and the prefixes s-, na -, po-, pro-, which are added before imperfective verbs, perfective verbs are formed. For example:

Suffix - well: nod - nod, get used to - get used to, jump - jump;

You should know that if a perfective verb, formed with the help of a prefix from a perfective verb, does not have a meaning identical to the source, then such verbs cannot form an aspectual pair. For example: read ( imperfect verb) – reread, read out, subtract, report.

Verbs imperfect form indicate long-term or repeated actions, without indicating their completion. They answer the question in a vague manner what to do?. For example: think, read, speak, write, paint, improve. These verbs have it all three forms of time: past, present and future are complex. Verbs perfect form point to completeness of action, its result, the end of an action or its beginning. They answer the question in a vague manner what to do?. For example: conceive, read, talk, write, paint, improve. These verbs only have two forms of time: past and future simple.

Aspect is a constant grammatical feature of a verb. Verbs are of two types, depending on how the action specified by the verb occurs in time. To establish the type of a verb, it is often enough to ask a question to the infinitive: what to do? - imperfect species, what to do? - perfect.

Imperfect verbs

They denote an action that is incomplete, long-term, regular or repeated over time, that is, an action in progress, for example, speaking, thinking, dreaming, transferring, re-reading. To check, you can use adverbs that will make it easier to determine the type of verb (what do they do? when? how often?): every morning (day or evening), rarely, sometimes, usually, often, regularly. Imperfective verbs have three tense forms:

1. the present - speaks, dreams, endures;
2. the future is complex - will speak, will dream, will endure;
3. past - spoke, dreamed, endured.

Perfect Verbs

They denote a completed, limited or one-time action; they indicate the result, end or beginning of an action, therefore they cannot be used with verbs continue, begin and the like. For example, send, jump, knock, run, catch, sing, speak. With the help of some adverbs, you can verify the correct definition of the type of verb (what did they do? when?): yesterday, today, in the morning, once, already, not yet, three days ago. Due to their meaning, these verbs form only two tense forms:

1. the future is simple - he will send, jump, sing;
2. past - sent, jumped, sang.

If a verb of one type corresponds to a verb of another type with the same lexical meaning, aspectual pairs are obtained: write out (sov.) – write out (nonsov.); offend (sov.) – offend (nesov.); triple (sov.) – triple (nesov.). Most of these verbs have the same root, but there are exceptions: take (sov.) - take (nesov.); find (sov.) – search (nesov.); put (sov.) – put (nesov.). In addition, there are two-type verbs that combine the characteristics of two types at the same time; their type can only be established in context: execute, wound, marry, order promise, organize, examine, arrest, attack,use, automate, influence. There are single-aspect verbs that do not have an aspect pair: what to do? hit, find yourself; what to do? want, possess, fly.