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Description of formal business style of speech. What is this - formal business style of speech: examples of texts

The Russian language allows you to express your thoughts in five different languages, each of which is characterized by something special and is used in a specific field of activity. In administrative and public - a formal business style of speech is used, which is used both in written and oral form.

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Peculiarities

This style has pronounced characteristic features , which are clearly visible in the morphology and syntax of the texts. The style features are as follows:

Concerning lexical features, then there are only three of them:

A certain set of lexical phrases and the use of official words: I prescribe, authorize, notify, plaintiff, law, etc.
Dry vocabulary, full of purely clerical expressions: there is a place to be, etc.
Use of stable phrases: based on, taking into account, etc.

Important! Despite the necessary impersonality, these texts allow the use of first-person verbs and pronouns.

Syntactic constructions- these are the signs that easily allow the reader to determine the type of presentation. This type of text has several characteristic syntactic features:

The presence of small structures - simple sentences, the absence of homogeneous sentence parts or introductory words.
High structural standardization – each type of document has its own structural features. Thus, all statements begin with a stamp at the top of the sheet, and all protocols are characterized by signatures at the end of the document.

This form of presentation of thoughts is quite actively used in different areas life activity. Everyone should be able to use it, since any relationship with organizations occur in business language.

Usage

The scope of application is extremely narrow, and at the same time quite broad. Examples of text of this nature are often found in government organizations and are divided into:

Legislative level – legislative documents, official papers, charters, rules.
Everyday business level - official correspondence, private office work.

Both types are used in different fields:

jurisprudence;
economics;
politics;
business;
international relations;
marketing.

An example of official business style documents is official and official papers, starting with explanatory notes and ending with the Constitution.

Cliche

As in any other, in an official business text There are some clichés. Usually, the use of such stamps is considered unacceptable and negative.

Cliches are words that are overused and have an uncertain meaning (defined, therefore, to some), deforming the meaning, or losing it in the abundance of unnecessary phrases altogether.

Despite negative meaning cliches, they can and should be used in business conversations and papers. It was stated above that business speech uses standards as the main means of language. The presence of a certain standard or stamp at times simplifies creation and filling all questionnaires, forms and other documents.

Important! It is unacceptable to freely express your thoughts in such forms: the secretary cannot answer in business correspondence “We are waiting for an answer, like the nightingale of summer” - this is unacceptable.

Official speech, standard situations - all this determines the nature and purpose of such documents, as well as their clear structure and arrangement of all elements of the sentence. The following are not allowed:

conversational elements;
poeticisms;
archaisms;
emotional words and colors;
artistic elements: hyperbole, metaphors, etc.;

Any text in this category that is correctly constructed in terms of grammar and vocabulary is correct and fully complies with the requirements of an official business style of speech. And if it contains the above elements, even with the correct structure, it is perceived as incorrect. Standardity in this type of speech is a lexical feature and has its own markers, for example:

to fine;
declare gratitude;
call to account;
make an argument;
be responsible;
notification of delivery.

Thus, cliches in general are a negative phenomenon, but their use in this category acceptable and even encouraged.

However, there is another side to the excessive use of bureaucratic language - texts must convey information, despite the use of many clichés.

Therefore, you should carefully proofread all papers to ensure that the recipient and reader get the necessary information load from them.

Style text analysis

Any text is subject to analysis to determine the style to which it belongs and other features. Examples of text can be found in legislation, legal notices and other official documents. To determine the style, you need analyze the text:

Identify style features:

accurate presentation of information and detailed;
rigor of composition;
lack of expression and emotion.

Lexical features:

use of special terminology;
abundance of bureaucracy (taking into account, they have the right);
words of necessity and obligation.

Morphological features:

use of verbs in the present tense;
frequent use of verbal nouns;
naming people based on action.

Syntactic:

high frequency of homogeneous members;
presence of complicated sentences;
frequent use of the genitive;
use of passives and impersonal constructions;
the presence of simple unemotional sentences;
direct word order.

If all these features are found in the text, then it belongs to the official business style. Examples of texts of this kind are found in educational literature, stationery and personal documents. For example, an autobiography is often written in similar language, and when writing it you should adhere to certain rules:

Text structure: each important date begins with a paragraph and is followed by a new paragraph; the date is always indicated at the end of the document.
Strict adherence to chronological sequence, starting with birth and ending last year Before the document is written, illogical transitions are not allowed.
Conciseness: the autobiography should not be written on more than 2-3 pages.
A statement of accurate, reliable facts that can always be confirmed with evidentiary papers.

When writing a biography It is allowed to use words from other styles, but the presence of clichés is welcome. You can often find autobiographies in full artistic style, but such a document is more like an autobiographical story than a dry statement of facts.

Dialogue

Oral speech can also be staged in a business style. Compliance with the clichés of the official style is also encouraged in dialogues, despite the fact that the usual arrangement of information on papers differs from oral speech.

She is usually full of emotion and quite asymmetrical. If oral speech emphatically logical, the communication environment is clearly official.

Main characteristics oral business communication- this is the flow of a conversation in a positive manner in the key of sympathy, respect or goodwill. Oral speech differs depending on the types of style:

clerical and business - oral speech is filled with clericalism and clichés, but also allows the use of ordinary, non-business words;
public administration - the use of phraseological units, anarchisms, slang expressions and other words not related to business style is unacceptable.

TO main features oral official speech includes:

brevity;
accuracy;
influence;
corresponding words;
correctly composed structures;
correct syntax;
standardization of mentally prepared speech.

Oral business speech cannot be emotionally charged. A good example The following business dialogue can serve:

- Hello!

- Hello. How can I help you?

— I would like to submit my resume to your company.

- You have higher education?

— Yes, I graduated from the university with a course in Management.

— Are you familiar with our terms and conditions?

- Yes, in full.

- Fine. Then take your resume and other documents and come to the main office tomorrow at 9.00 for an interview. All the best!

- Thank you. Goodbye.

Formal business style in Russian, examples where it is used

We study speech styles in Russian - official business style

Conclusion

Business speech may seem boring and dry at first glance, but when mastering it, it becomes clear that it is as rich as artistic speech, it’s just that the scope of its application requires certain conditions and rules, to which it corresponds. Formal business style is feature of the state and business sphere , and sooner or later you will have to learn to master it in order to become a full-fledged member of society.

Characteristic for legal, administrative and social activities. For such a phenomenon as the culture of speech, the official business style is very important, because with its help documents and business papers relating to government tasks, court cases and diplomatic communication are drawn up. It is characterized by isolation, stability of many speech patterns, specific vocabulary and special syntactic patterns. Documents written in a formal business manner are compact and filled with cliches and linguistic cliches. This international treaties, government decrees and acts, legal laws and court decisions, various charters and official correspondence, as well as other types of business papers that differ in the accuracy of presentation and language standard.

This is a special culture of speech. The official business style, in addition to cliches and language clichés, includes an abundance of professional terminology and archaisms. Ambiguous words when using this style they are not used at all. Documents also avoid synonyms, and if they are used, their style is also strictly adhered to and the vocabulary is, as it were, shackled within a framework, beyond which it is prohibited.

But the official business style uses nouns in abundance, naming people based on their activities; positions are always called in the masculine gender. Words with a particle are often used not as antonyms for the same words when they are used without a negative particle. Popular in business documents and complexes and infinitives in denoting actions performed or performed. Quite a large place in this style of speech is given to complex words.

Formal business style gives preference to homogeneous members. Passive constructions are also often used, that is, impersonal sentences without indicating the person performing the action. The genitive case of nouns forms a chain of syntactic constructions; sentences are often very common and burdened with a subordinate clause.

The official business style has two varieties: official-documentary and everyday business. The first group is the language of such legislative acts as the Constitution Russian Federation and its subjects, charters and programs of parties, as well as diplomatic documents international importance, such as communiqué, memorandum, convention, etc. The second group includes the language used in the process of conducting official correspondence and drawing up private business papers. These include various certificates, business letters, powers of attorney, advertisements, statements, receipts, autobiographies, etc. It is known how standardized the listed papers are, which greatly facilitates their preparation. The information they contain is brief and used in minimal quantities.

It is known that English is a means international communication. Therefore, formal business style in English used in diplomatic settings when business papers need to be translated. Varieties business speech in this case, they are determined by the scope of use. Trade agreements and contracts are conducted in the style of commercial correspondence. In the legal field, the language of codes, statutes, state and parliamentary decisions is used. The language of militarized business papers stands out separately.

Thus, the official business style of the English language is intended to serve as a tool with the help of which the parties understand the essence of the matter, which leads to the signing of various agreements.

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………….3

General characteristics of official business style…………………………..4

Dynamics of the norm official business speech…………………………………..6

Varieties of official business style……………………………………7

Summary……………………………………………………………………………………….9

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………….11

LITERATURE………………………………………………………………………………..12

APPENDIX……………………………………………………………….13

Communication is heterogeneous; it is divided into many spheres, many areas.

A speech by a lawyer in court, a report in a scientific circle, a poem, an open letter, etc. - all speech genres perform different content and stylistic tasks, therefore their language and speech form are different.

But there are tasks (functions) that unite groups of speech genres that are characteristic of the entire language. It is known that the language existed at first only in oral form. At this stage, it was characterized by a single function - the function of communication. Then, in response to the demands of society, social practice becomes necessary to regulate life within the state and enter into agreements with neighbors. As a result, the official business function of the language develops and business speech is formed. Other functions also appear - scientific and informative, formative scientific style, aesthetic, language-forming fiction. Each function requires special qualities from the language, for example, accuracy, objectivity, imagery, etc. And the language develops the corresponding qualities over time. This is how the development, differentiation of language and the formation of functional styles occur.

“The clerical language,” wrote G.O. Vinokur, “is man’s first attempt to master the element of language, to subjugate all these unruly particles, conjunctions, pronouns that do not fit into a harmonious, smooth period.”

The origin of Russian official business speech begins in the 10th century, from the era Kievan Rus, and is associated with the execution of treaties between Kievan Rus and Byzantium. The language of contracts and other documents was precisely the language from which the literary language was later developed.

Modern official business style is one of the book styles and operates in the form writing- speeches at ceremonial meetings, receptions, reports of state and public figures etc.

The official business style serves purely official and extremely important areas of human relationships: relations between government and the population, between countries, between enterprises, organizations, institutions, between individuals and society.

It is clear that, on the one hand, the content expressed in the official business style, given its enormous importance, must exclude any ambiguity, any discrepancies. On the other hand, the official business style is characterized by a certain, more or less limited range of topics.

The correlation (official business situation - the corresponding genre of the document) means that the content of the document covers a variety of real business circumstances, corresponding not to a single circumstance, but to their entire type-situation. As a result, the form and language of documents in an official business style appear to be standardized (corresponding to a single model), and the very requirement of standardization permeates the entire sphere of business speech.

In the field of business speech, we deal with a document, i.e. with a business paper that has legal force, and this fact itself determines the written nature of the implementation of linguistic means in an official business style.

In linguistics, it is customary to contrast two types of texts: informative (scientific, business) and expressive (journalistic, artistic). The fact that business speech belongs to the first type explains some of its features, and above all, its stylistic nature. The ultimate informative purpose of a business text is reflected in the writer’s desire for the most strict and restrained nature of the presentation, and thereby in the desire to use stylistically neutral and/or bookish elements.

The above also determines the requirement of unambiguity, characteristic of business speech. This requirement predetermines the use of terms or close to unambiguous terms in business speech. special means language, for example, decree, resolution - in clerical format, plaintiff, defendant - in legal format.

The requirement for logical and well-reasoned presentation in the field of syntax of business speech explains the abundance of complex constructions. This refers to the greater frequency of complex sentences with conjunctions conveying logical relations ( subordinate reasons, consequences, conditions), the productivity of all kinds of clarifications in the text (participial, adverbial phrases), differentiation of semantic relations with the help of complex conjunctions (due to the fact that) and prepositions (on the subject of what).

The listed distinctive linguistic features of business style (stylistic, lexical, morphological, syntactic) organically fit into the written sphere of use of this style, into its characteristic genres of documentation. But this is not the only feature of the norms of the official business substyle.

Business speech is a set of standards of written speech necessary in official business relations. These standards include both forms of documentation (set, sequence and arrangement of details) and corresponding methods of speech presentation. The thesis about the high regulation of official business speech is confirmed not only in the mandatory requirements for the construction and preparation of documents, but also in the possibility of normalization - making changes to the rules for the construction and preparation of documents in the process of their unification. This applies to both sides of the document - its form and its language.

Currently text and language norms business speech is under pressure from the increasingly developing method of compiling, storing and transmitting documents using electronic computing technology.

The official business style is divided into 2 varieties, 2 substyles - official-documentary and everyday business. In the first, one can distinguish the language of diplomacy (diplomatic acts) and the language of laws, and in the second, official correspondence and business papers. (Annex 1)

THE LANGUAGE OF DIPLOMACY is very peculiar. It has its own system of terms, which has much in common with other terminologies, but also has a feature - saturation in international terms. In the Middle Ages Western Europe the common diplomatic language was Latin, then French (XVIII– early XIX). Therefore, in the language of diplomacy there are many terms of French origin: attaché - a position or rank of a diplomatic worker; muniqué is an official government statement on foreign policy issues.

There are also Russian terms - Russian diplomacy has a long history: ambassador, embassy, observer.

Only in diplomacy are etiquette words used. These are addresses to the chairmen of other states, designations of titles: king, His Highness.

The syntax of the language of diplomacy is characterized by long sentences, extended periods with branched conjunctions, with participial and participial phrases, infinitive constructions, introductory and isolated expressions. Often a sentence consists of segments, each of which expresses a complete thought, arranged in the form of paragraphs, but not separated from the others by a dot, but is formally included in the structure of one sentence. For example, the preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has such a syntactic structure.

THE LANGUAGE OF LAWS is official language, language state power, in which she speaks to the population.

The language of laws requires, above all, accuracy. Another important feature of the language of laws is the generality of expression. The legislator strives for the greatest generalization, avoiding particulars and details.

The language of laws is also characterized by a complete lack of individualization of speech and standard presentation.

The law does not apply to an individual, specific person, but to all people or groups of people.

OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE. Its example can be considered the telegraphic style, characterized by extreme rationality in the construction of syntactic structures. Stringing of cases, which is considered a serious stylistic flaw in other styles, is also not prohibited here. Here it also contributes to saving language resources and compactness of speech.

The main feature of the language of official correspondence is its high standardization. The content of business letters is very often repeated, since many production situations are the same. Therefore, it is natural to have the same linguistic design of certain content aspects business letter. For each such aspect, there is a certain syntactic model of the sentence, which, depending on the semantic and stylistic characteristics, has a number of specific speech options.

MOSCOW HUMANITIES AND ECONOMICS INSTITUTE

Kirov branch

ABSTRACT

CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFICIAL BUSINESS SPEECH STYLE

Performed:

Gradoboeva O.V.

Faculty of Economics and Management

Extramural

4th year group ES

Checked:

INTRODUCTION 5

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE 6

Dynamics of the norm of official business speech 8

VARIETIES OF OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE 9

CONCLUSION 13

REFERENCES 14

APPENDIX 1 15

APPENDIX 2 16

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………….3

General characteristics of official business style…………………………..4

Dynamics of the norm of official business speech…………………………………..6

Varieties of official business style……………………………………7

Summary……………………………………………………………………………………….9

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………….11

LITERATURE………………………………………………………………………………..12

APPENDIX……………………………………………………………….13

INTRODUCTION

Communication is heterogeneous; it is divided into many spheres, many areas.

But there are tasks (functions) that unite groups of speech genres that are characteristic of the entire language. It is known that the language existed at first only in oral form. At this stage, it was characterized by a single function - the function of communication. Then, in response to the demands of society, social practice becomes necessary to regulate life within the state and enter into agreements with neighbors. As a result, the official business function of the language develops and business speech is formed. Other functions also appear - scientific and informative, forming the scientific style, aesthetic, forming the language of fiction. Each function requires special qualities from the language, for example, accuracy, objectivity, imagery, etc. And the language develops the corresponding qualities over time. This is how the development, differentiation of language and the formation of functional styles occur.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE

The origin of Russian official business speech begins in the 10th century, from the era of Kievan Rus, and is associated with the formalization of treaties between Kievan Rus and Byzantium. The language of contracts and other documents was precisely the language from which the literary language was later developed.

Modern official business style is one of the book styles and functions in the form of written speech - speeches at ceremonial meetings, receptions, reports of government and public figures, etc.

The above also determines the requirement of unambiguity, characteristic of business speech. This requirement predetermines the use of terms or close to unambiguous special language means in business speech, for example, decree, resolution - in clerical language, plaintiff, defendant - in legal language.

The requirement for logical and well-reasoned presentation in the field of syntax of business speech explains the abundance of complex constructions. This refers to the greater use of complex sentences with conjunctions conveying logical relations (subordinate clauses of causes, consequences, conditions), the productivity of all kinds of clarifications in the text (participial, adverbial phrases), differentiation of semantic relations with the help of complex conjunctions (due to the fact that) and prepositions ( for what).

Dynamics of the norm of official business speech

Currently, textual and linguistic norms of business speech are under pressure from the increasingly developing method of compiling, storing and transmitting documents using electronic computing technology.

VARIETIES OF OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE

THE LANGUAGE OF DIPLOMACY is very peculiar. It has its own system of terms, which has much in common with other terminologies, but also has a peculiarity - it is rich in international terms. In the Middle Ages in Western Europe, the common diplomatic language was Latin, then French (XVIII - early XIX). Therefore, in the language of diplomacy there are many terms of French origin: attaché - a position or rank of a diplomatic worker; muniqué is an official government statement on foreign policy issues.

There are also Russian terms - Russian diplomacy has a long history: ambassador, embassy, observer.

Only in diplomacy are etiquette words used. These are addresses to the chairmen of other states, designations of titles: king, His Highness.

THE LANGUAGE OF LAWS is the official language, the language of government, in which it speaks to the population.

The language of laws is also characterized by a complete lack of individualization of speech and standard presentation.

The law does not apply to an individual, specific person, but to all people or groups of people.

The main feature of the language of official correspondence is its high standardization. The content of business letters is very often repeated, since many production situations are the same. Therefore, it is natural to have the same linguistic design of certain substantive aspects of a business letter. For each such aspect, there is a certain syntactic model of the sentence, which, depending on the semantic and stylistic characteristics, has a number of specific speech options.

BUSINESS PAPERS (application, autobiography, receipt, power of attorney, certificate, etc.) should be written briefly and clearly (Appendix 2)

Business papers are drawn up in a certain form. The style usually excludes complex designs. Each new thought should begin with a paragraph. All words are written in full, with the exception of generally accepted abbreviations.

SUMMARY

The official business style is one of the functional styles of the modern Russian literary language: a set of linguistic means, the purpose of which is to serve the sphere of official business relations (business relations between organizations, within them, between legal entities and individuals). Business speech is implemented in the form of written documents, constructed according to rules that are uniform for each of their genre varieties. Types of documents differ in the specifics of their content (which official business situations are reflected in them), and, accordingly, in their form (the set and arrangement of details - the content elements of the text of the document); They are united by a set of language tools traditionally used to convey business information.

Signs of business documentation:

1. The specificity of the culture of official business speech is that it includes mastery of two norms of different nature:

1) textual, regulating the patterns of document construction, the patterns of development of its content scheme, and

2) linguistic, regulating the patterns of selection of linguistic material to fill the content scheme of the document.

Distinguishing between these two types of norms of business speech helps to understand the direction and stages of mental work on the text of a document: understanding the official business situation → selecting a document genre that corresponds to it → understanding the norms of text construction that correspond to the genre of the document → choosing linguistic means that correspond to the genre and form of the document.

2. The document form (a diagram reflecting the semantic-information structure of the text) provides its compiler with a certain set of details and their certain composition (the sequence and order of their placement in the text of the document). The most common (common to a number of documents) details are: (1) the addressee of the document; (2) the addressee of the document; (3) title of the document; (4) title to the content of the text of the document; (5) a list of appendices to the document; (6) signature; (7) date. The obligatory/optional nature of using certain details determines the rigidity/freedom of constructing the form of the document. The above allows us to characterize the “writer” as the compiler of the text of the document (according to its known samples): this applies both to the level of textual norms and to the level of linguistic norms.

CONCLUSION

In this work, a general description of the official business style of speech was given, as well as varieties and two substyles of the official business style. In terms of the scale of its distribution and penetration into the speech practice of any activity, official business speech most affects the mass of speakers.

Business style is a set of linguistic means, the function of which is to serve the sphere of official business relations, i.e. relations that arise between state bodies, between or within organizations, between organizations and individuals in the process of their production, economic, and legal activities. Thus, the scope of business speech can, in principle, be represented as a wide network of current official business situations and as a set of corresponding genres of documents.

Official business speech is one of the most important styles of Russian literary language playing a big role in the life of society. He makes his own special contribution to the treasury of the Russian literary language.

LITERATURE

Soglanik G.Ya. Text style: Tutorial. – M.: Flinta, Nauka, 1997.-256 p.

Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for universities / edited by Graudina L.K. and prof. Shiryaeva E.N. - M.: Publishing house NORMA, 2000, 560 p.

Schwarzkopf B.S. Culture of Russian speech and effectiveness of communication, 1996, section. 3, chapter 9

Golovach A.S. Paperwork, 2003

ANNEX 1

Formal business style division diagram

Formal business style

Official documentary

Everyday business

Language of diplomacy

Official correspondence

Language of laws

Business papers

APPENDIX 2

Example of writing a power of attorney

POWER OF ATTORNEY

I, Kulikova Anna Vasilievna, living at the address: st. Chernyshevsky, house 3, apartment 12, I trust Alexandra Ivanovna Shashkova, who lives at the address: st. Chernyshevsky, building 3, apartment 19, passport series 2345, number 123456789, issued... to receive the pension due to me for November 2007.

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE STYLES

Knowledge functional styles language and the ability to use them is one of the indicators of speech culture.

Functional style- this is the use of literary language in a certain sphere of human activity.

Each functional style selects and organizes linguistic means (words, morphological forms, syntactic constructions) depending on the conditions and tasks of communication.

It is very important to know and subtly feel the specific characteristics of each functional style, skillfully use linguistic means depending on the purpose and place verbal communication, master speech genres of both oral and written speech of various functional styles.

There are conversational and book styles. Book styles include scientific, journalistic, official business and fiction style.

Each style of literary language has its own lexical, morphological, and syntactic features.

OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE: STYLE AND GENRE FEATURES

Scope of operation– administrative and legal.

The leading function is informative(prescriptive, stating). Basic form of implementation – written.

Specific style features:

1) accuracy of presentation, not allowing the possibility of other interpretations; detail of presentation;

2) the obligatory prescriptive nature of the presentation;

3) objectivity;

4) logic;

5) stereotyping, standardization of presentation;

The main feature of an official document is its standard form: all statements, powers of attorney, certificates and other business papers are written the same way. Since a significant part of the text of such papers is repeated in all documents of this type, for many of them there are simply forms on which the repeated text is already printed. To obtain required document, you just need to fill out the form.

6) A document in an official business style is distinguished by its lack of emotional overtones and dryness.

7) Narration is not used.

Special style features include the following::

Lexical features

use of professional (for example, diplomatic, legal, accounting, etc.) terminology ( protocol, contract, sanction and so on.);

clericalism ( undersigned, above, record);

stamps ( during the reporting period).

Emotionally charged and colloquial vocabulary is not used.

Morphological features

widespread use of verbal nouns ( adoption, examination and etc.); nouns denoting professions, positions, titles ( accountant, postman, major and etc.); names of people based on some action or attitude ( employer, witness, customer and etc). ( Note: to avoid inaccuracies, the noun is not replaced by a pronoun and is repeated even in adjacent sentences);

·3rd person pronouns (2nd and 1st person are not used);

·active use of infinitives;

· short adjectives with the meaning of must ( must, obliged, accountable, necessary);

·nominal prepositions ( in order, in the course of, in order to avoid, along the line, on the subject and etc.);

Syntactic features

· use of infinitive and impersonal constructions with the meaning of obligation ( Resolutions adopted by the general meeting must be implemented by the end of the second quarter);

passive structures ( Payment is guaranteed; Request received);

·complication simple sentences numerous isolated revolutions, homogeneous members, often arranged in long chain points, which entails an increase in sentence size to several hundred word usages (up to 2000 words or more);

· the predominance of union ties over non-union ones;

·predominant use indirect speech

Table

Language features formal business style

Language means	Examples
Language level: vocabulary
Stationery (that is, words that are not used outside business style).	Proper, above, undersigned, named.
compound words, graphic abbreviations with strictly established rules for their reduction.	Technical supervision, Ministry of Energy, region.(region), head(manager), Corresponding member(corresponding member), etc.(and so on), cm.(Look).
Standard forms of document presentation (stamps).	Pay attention to; for security purposes; during the reporting period; The following shortcomings are noted; in a spirit of mutual understanding; contracting parties; listening and discussing; bring to justice; Based on the foregoing.
Language level: morphology
Predominance of nouns (especially those formed from verbs)	Execution, decision, instruction, acceptance, delivery;
Almost complete absence of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons and corresponding forms of the verb (the exception is statements, powers of attorney and other special documents, as well as orders where the form is used - I order).	I, Petrova Nina Vasilievna, I trust Petrova Anna Ivanovna... receive my scholarship...; I beg free me from classes...
The use of verbs in the indefinite form, as well as the predominance of present tense forms with the meaning of obligation and prescription.	Enroll, dismiss, appoint, approve initiative, recommended to be retained, should be considered.
Using Forms male when naming women by profession.	Teacher T. P. Petrova, boss plot of I.G. Khokhlova.

Language means	Examples
Replacing simple prepositions (due to, by etc.) nominal.	In view of lack of food, due with the start of the heating season, according to order.
Mandatory use of capital letters in personal and possessive pronouns.	I beg Your his agreement, I appeal to To you with the request.
A large number of participial and participial phrases.	Rights, transmitted government; taking into account.
Language level: syntax
Using complex syntactic structures with a large number isolated and clarifying phrases, homogeneous members, introductory and plug-in constructions.	I, Svetlana Pavlovna Ivanova, 1st year student of the Faculty of Philology of Saratov state university, I trust Anna Ivanovna Petrova, living at the address: Saratov, st. Khmelnitskogo, 3, apt. 5; passport: series 1-BI, No. 354974, issued by the Oktyabrsky Department of Internal Affairs of Saratov on May 3, 1985, receive my scholarship in the amount of 220 (two hundred twenty) rubles.
Use impersonal offers with the meaning of prescription, order, necessity.	It is necessary to improve, entrust it to the headman, submit a certificate, consider it necessary, strengthen control.

PERSONAL DOCUMENTATION

1. Type of document

Characteristic– a document that contains a review, conclusion of a team or manager about someone’s work, educational and social activities; socially significant qualities.

Student characteristics:

1) assessment of educational activities,

2) assessment scientific activity,

3) assessment public life,

4) assessment of character traits (principled, conflict-free, punctual).

Employee characteristics:

1) assessment professional activity,

2) assessment inventive activity,

3) assessment of public life,

4) assessment of character traits - (organizational abilities).

Clichéd designs

1. Name of the document

There are 2 standards: literary norm– R.p. without preposition (characteristic of whom?);

Clerical norm - due to the tradition of R.p. with a preposition (characteristic of whom?)

2. Indication of the full name of the person being characterized, his position and place of work (study)

3. The actual text of the characteristics. At the end of the characteristic there must be an indication for what purpose the characteristic is given (Prov. Characteristics issued for submission to the district military registration and enlistment office).

4. Signature of the head of the organization.

5. At the bottom of the document on the left is the name of the manager’s position, and on the right, after his handwritten signature, the surname and initials of the signatory are indicated in brackets.

Sample

To the certification commission of the Institute

professional accountants

CHARACTERISTIC

on Nikonova A.A.

Alla Anatolyevna Nikonova has been working at Denta CJSC since March 12, 2000 as chief accountant. In a circle job responsibilities Nikonova A.A. includes:

· organization accounting at the enterprise;

· preparation of annual and quarterly accounting and statistical reporting;

· organizing the work of the enterprise cash register and monitoring compliance with financial discipline;

· formation of complete and reliable information about economic processes and financial results of the enterprise.

Disciplined, constantly improves her professional level. In 2003, she completed advanced training courses at the State Financial Academy. Actively transfers his knowledge to subordinate employees, being an experienced mentor.

In communication she is polite, tactful, and enjoys the well-deserved respect of her employees.

CEO JSC "Denta" V.I. Razin

2. Type of document

Statement– a document containing a request from a person addressed to an organization or an official of an institution.

Location and semantic content of parts

Location of application parts:

1) the name is written at the top, indented a third of the line;

2) last name, first name and patronymic of the applicant - under the addressee, with the pretext from or without it; a preposition is required if there are two names next to each other (to the school director Stepanova M.A.. from Nadezhdina M.K..)

3) after the word statement a period is put if there is no excuse from;

4) the text of the application is written on the red line;

5) the date is placed on the left; signature is on the right.

2. Registration of the addressee's name:

if it represents the name of an organization, it is placed in the accusative case; if this is the name of an official - in the dative case.

The following questions are often asked.

Is the word "statement" capitalized or lowercase?

Is there a period after the word “statement”?

Which is correct: Ivanov’s statement or Ivanov’s statement?

1. The word “statement” is the title of the document. By general rules:

the entire title can be written in capital letters(usually, if the text of the application is typed on a computer or written on a prepared form: ORDER; STATEMENT) - in this case there is no period after the title.

2. Only the first letter of the title is capitalized (usually in handwritten statements: Order; Statement) - a period is also not needed in this case.

Clichéd designs

1) the request is expressed:

Please + infinitive (allow, allow etc.) I ask for your permission (consent) + for what? (for enrollment, for departure and so on.)

2) constructions for entering argumentation: due to the fact that...; due to the fact that...; based on the fact that; because...; because...; considering(What?)...

Sample

Director of Plus LLC I.I. Ivanov

engineer Petrov P.P.

STATEMENT

I ask you to send me to St. Petersburg for a period of 10 days for an internship.

Date Signature

3. Type of document

Power of attorney - a document by which one person grants another person the authority to take some action for him (most often, to receive something).

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