This “masculinity” and “femininity” or biological sex given to each person is subject to sociological research and analysis. Curran shows differences in clothing as the first example of gender differences. A woman wearing a dress is seen as more emotional, warm and caring, while a woman wearing pants is seen as someone who knows what she wants. A man wearing a skirt is still considered an unacceptable sight in society, while wearing men's trousers is considered a "real man". Cultural gender is socially constructed attitudes and behaviors, organized dichotomously as masculine and feminine, and recognizable because they arise in early period socialization, when grandparents of parents and kindergarten teachers impose behavioral data, the necessary gender characteristics of the child.

Gender culture and the body in a sociological perspective

One of the most illustrative examples are the colors already assigned to the girl and boy colors. It is noteworthy that my grandmother remembers the times when pink color was attributed to boys, and blue girls to the color of Marian. Boys buy cars, dolls of little girls, imposing on them their future roles, they say that boys don't cry, and all women are gentle and gentle, love small animals and children. Cultural gender, although the same as biological sex, means something else, it is a set of social roles and gender stereotypes associated with women and men by society and culture.

After the birth of a child, gender is noted, when a boy is born he is described with adjectives describing strength and size, while a girl describes her fragility and smallness. Babies, physically and mentally, do not show sexual differences; parents, by clothing, choosing accessories and the structure of the world, show society the gender of their child. Dressing plays a significant role in sexualization, reveals sex, also shows what a boy can afford, and what is reduced, or rather, does not fall on a girl.

Girls in costumes warn crazy and funny girls, but boys are rarely moved. It's hard to wear suits. Boys are expected to be more active than girls, and the clothing styles designed for them reflect an underlying gender stereotype.

There are three theories about how children learn cultural gender. The first is a psychoanalytic theory, according to which children go through several stages of personality development. After 4 years, they model their behavior in the same way as the behavior of a parent of the same sex. During the first two stages of psychoanalytic development, called Oral and Anal by Freud, children of both sexes are very similar because at this stage the mother is their caregiver and the source of their needs. After the age of 4, the third phallic phase begins, in which children model their behavior in the manner of their homosexual parent, and are also aware of their own genitals, as well as the difference between a boy and a girl.

Another theory is a theory social learning, she identifies two forms of learning, reinforcement, that is, rewarding gender-conforming behavior and imitation of models. This theory is a little simpler because it is based on observed facts. This is primarily behaviorism and its element, the aforementioned concept of reinforcement. The behavior that will be rewarded is repeated frequently and there will be no penalty for it.

Therefore, if a child of a certain gender behaves as he should according to his parents and social guidelines, his or her gender will be rewarded, and when behavior follows the line, it will be punished in some way. The second form of teaching gender identity is to imitate people who are authorities, such as parents, older siblings, early years teachers, and television idols. Children will imitate nice, well-mannered and competent people, as well as those who are similar to them.

Third and final - theory cognitive development children studying cultural gender and stereotypes associated with mental processes, sex is the first recognizable element. At this point, the concept of patriarchy needs to be explained, which is a sexual system based on the dominant role of men, emphasized and expressed in the fact that the characteristics of men are more valued than women. If, nevertheless, in every family socialization took place in the spirit of patriarchy, men are still convinced that they must be strength, vitality, intelligence, resourcefulness and aggressiveness, while women are inferior, helpless, aware of their dependence on men.

Because in a male-dominated society, women's role is to live within the schema of purely biological experience, and men recognize the right to satisfy their own ambitions and desires. IN christian church There is still a patriarchal approach to the institution of marriage, the family even expresses in prayers the words that a man should take care of material things, and a woman should warm the house. There are many cultural gender stereotypes, these are “man-man” and “woman-woman”, they often say “he is not a man”, i.e. he was touched by the situation, has a thin voice or likes to cook, the same with women, when a woman he doesn’t like skirts, he doesn’t wear pins, only sneakers don’t expose his chest, not feminine.

There are a lot of studies devoted to social psychology and personality psychology, concern the question of the existence of differences between personal characteristics women and men. Over the centuries, the division of the world into two separate ones, male and female, has been noted; they are intertwined and complement each other. There would be no men as the opposite sex if there were no women and vice versa. A particular sex is not only an anatomical property, but “anatomy is destiny”, which Freud tried to convince.

For this reason, they feel inferior, “incomplete”, they will experience disappointment in this regard, which compensate for the adoption of a male way of being. Adler also noted that women in many cultures have a lower rank than men, but do not see the phenomenon of this phenomenon in their bodies, but rather in the possibilities of fulfillment. "He pointed to the orientation human life to achieve the goal - the desire for power,” i.e. the need for power, self-actualization and social emergence, so it is a need for all people.

Nevertheless traditional society provides much more possibilities for its implementation by men, while the role of women until recently was limited to marriage and motherhood. Similar remarks have been made by Karen Horney, while literature has been described as Queen Bee Syndrome. At the same time, Horney defended women by introducing the concept of “womb envy as the inability to fulfill the desire to give birth to life, to give birth and to feed.” This must be the reason for their desire to constantly test and prove their masculinity.

From the above discussion of the psychoanalyst, it is clear that the male and female world is in constant competition, a debate about what one of the sexes has and what he can, and who is what is predestined. The sex distribution process is a consequence of the noisy and unusually complex behavior of boys aimed at establishing a hierarchy of dominance.

Sexual stereotypes are a set of patriarchal prejudices that undermine the value of women as full human beings and are the result of the myth that gender differences are “natural.” Structuralist analysis of performers' gender is a physical difference between men and women. They place particular emphasis on the fact that men are generally larger and stronger than women, and women give birth and take care of them. According to functionalists, these biological differences determine differences in gender roles.

The social role, like the theater role, includes a set of behavioral requirements expected of performers. The concept of gender roles refers to the behaviors that members of a society appear to engage in based on whether they are women or men.

Functionalists argue that most historical eras Women's reproductive role gave her the social role of being at home. When you consider the fact that women give birth and care for their offspring, it is important to assume that staying indoors makes the most sense in their home. As a consequence, if women are still at home because of children, they can also take on other household responsibilities. In turn, the role of men is to provide the means to live and protect the family.

Associated with these gender positions are myths “about the naturalness of gender differences.” People attribute attributes associated with their “natural” warrior and hunter: activity, dominance, strength, rationality. On the other hand, women have characteristics associated with motherhood and care; passivity, submission, emotionality, sympathy, kindness; myth about women's natural tendency to work with family, homework, raising children, and the myth about men's propensity to perform social functions in the sense that “the meaning of a woman’s life is the good of the family” and “the meaning of the life of a person working for society”; the myth that women do not want or need the same rights as men; The myth of the inherent masochism of devotion and sacrifice in women: it is argued that it is natural for a woman to suffer, that a woman is created to be a mother, to offer herself and to endure suffering, closely related to her family mission. A myth with typically male and female character traits. . IN public life stereotypes of masculinity and femininity exist on two different levels: open and hidden.

The first of these levels of openness occurs when an individual's gender becomes the basis for assumptions and discrimination. It's much easier to understand environment and a person who has been stereotyped. On the other side, hidden level is largely invisible to the person who is viewed in a stereotypical manner. Moreover, the person who uses stereotypes is often not fully aware of this fact. This function is most often found in situations where the basis of perception and evaluation, as well as acceptance of the individual, becomes exclusively and exclusively in areas that are considered "typical" for a given gender.