Slavic tribes as a single people. Tribes of Ancient Rus': description of peoples, historical facts, Slavic culture

If you looked at my previous studies on the toponymy of the Urals and Russia from the point of view of the Udmurt language (which, however, is very similar to the Komi-Permyak, a little with the Komi language), then you can definitely say:
1) the language has retained clear word formation due to autochthonous development and the small influence of other languages ​​due to wars and forced assimilation. The Komi-Udmurt tribes were not prone to conquest, or rather, only that part of the tribes that remained in their original habitat, since, as is known, due to the great migration of peoples from the territories of China and Mongolia, many peoples had to leave the Ural-Caspian steppes . The ancestors of the current Komi-Udmurts simply went into the forests, swamps and continued to live in a kind of isolated, and therefore language-preserving, state.

2) Language carries the basics ancient language the Aryans who settled throughout the continent, and many words, as well as the toponymy of Eurasia, can be very easily identified and their meaning determined based on the Udmurt language.

3) 5-6 thousand years ago and in subsequent eras (there were several Great Migrations), the tribes of cattle breeders and fire worshipers living in the steppe regions south and west of the Urals either experienced an explosion in numbers, or one of the next invasions of the nomads of Mongolia and China (more likely the latter!), and were forced to leave their original habitats.

The ancient name of the tribes of Celts and Gauls with t.zr. udm.language can be defined as “kelyt” - red-haired, galyany - grin, bare teeth. Therefore, the Gauls are wolves? That is, the totem of the Gauls was the wolf. Perhaps, since the Saxon tribes still have a wolf, a predator by nature, on their coats of arms.

However, in the Udmurt language, a wolf is “kion”, where “ki” are hands, and “he” is probably paws (pawn - in English). The emblem of the Hungarians was definitely a wolf, but what about the Gauls?

You can also see my thoughts on the topic of “red-haired people” and all ars in general - in the topics “Red-haired Celts...” and “Children of the Sun”.

Saki - Skoloty - Scythians - later names of pastoral tribes. Sak - in Udmic language. attentive, sensitive, vigilant. Skolity - from "rocks" - cow, from ("and) - there, place - people are cattle breeders. Scythians - this word remained in the English language scyth - scythe.

The Irish call themselves Cymraeq - ky - awn, core, mer - people, egit - young - from a certain people only one young core was left for long journey to new lands.
Britons - can also be derived from "byryytyny" - choose, sort.

The Anglo-Saxon invasion is secondary in the British Isles. Before this, these tribes lived in the area of ​​​​present-day Germany.
Sons of the Saks (sax-sons) - suggests that the Saxon tribes also chose young people for resettlement. The old and infirm remained in the steppes, climbed into forests and mountains!??

Angles or An-gauls - these seem to be a little different from those Gauls (en -un -no), not wolves. or angle - they wore something angular (as you know, the Sakas had iron helmets on their heads).

Massagetae - the name of the ancient tribes that roamed the Ural-Caspian steppe can be defined almost exactly: masia - what, so - these, they, gete - talk (what do they say?) - and this is the funniest translation of the name of the tribe (see below) .

Tribes whose names are closer to modern times:
va(ya)tka - Vyatichi (part of the tribe) - from vatyna - hide,
kalyk—people;
merya - from mer - people;
muroma - hole, depression;
meshchera - from mech - steep (probably in the mountains), decisive -
were assimilated by the Slavic-speaking population who came from the steppes of the Black Sea region and the territory of Western Europe, incorporating a large share of Finno-Ugric borrowings into the language. However, at the same time, the part that did not assimilate also included neologisms of Slavic languages ​​in their speech.

Separating these paired borrowings is a lot of work.

It is obvious that shu-mers - from shu - light, or shud - happiness, mer (ya) - people - bright, happy people. It is possible that the Merya are precisely those same Sumerians who “lost their happiness” and discarded “shu” - light when moving to the north. Or maybe these are Mari tribes, it would probably be worth drawing linguistic parallels between these two languages.

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The tribe Moskal - mo"ch - strength (or mo"s, cf. Russian - power), kal - strength - that is, the strength of forces (in Southern Urals there is Mount Moskal) left a mark on history in the slightly disparaging name of the Russians in others Slavic languages(Ukrainian, Polish, Belarusian), probably because at some point there were a lot of people from a different language group (Vyatichi). Without knowing the true meaning, you can make a mistake. We can say that the second name, vatniki, remaining in the Ukrainian language, is not from the word “vata” and the clothes worn in winter time, and just from the Udmurt name of the tribe - Vyatichi. (let me remind you that “vatyny” means hide, hide). The name of the capital of Rus' - Moscow - retained a trace of the name of the tribe - Moskal - Mosk(al)-va - the place (va - part, branch of the tribe), where part of the former large community lived. The sacred name of Moscow is the place where the “power of forces” is located. This is confirmed by the history of this city. Although, if you look at the map, it is quite far from the mouths of the rivers that gave rise to many other capitals of the world. (See the topic "Zyuratkul and the Burning Bush").

I read an article about representatives of the Dyakonovskaya (Andronovo) culture, who are now even impossible to restore, since they burned their bodies at the stake. It directly states that they came to the place of another (Fatyanovo?) culture, and, obviously, forced them to leave in a slightly warlike manner (and these were most likely the ancestors of the Lithuanians). But then they lived quietly in this place for almost a thousand years, until guests showed up from Kyiv. Two hundred years before the arrival of the southern Slavs, the Finno-Ugrians changed their language and joined the community of the Drevlyans and Krivichi, like the Vyatichi.
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Among the Krivichi, the second tribe that became the ancestor of the Russian people, and who most likely were at first close to the Balto-Lithuanians, but maybe also to the Estonians (who are a Finno-Ugric people), however, modern Belarusians, most likely they are the Krivichi, there was a very interesting snake cult. They kept monitor lizards at home and fed them milk.

If you look at a geographical map, you can clearly see that raising large numbers of livestock is very convenient in the Mongolian steppes, the steppes adjacent to the Caspian Sea, and in Altai.
The potential of these steppes was fully exploited by ancient pastoralists. And from here many peoples went on conquests when, for example, dry years arose. It is hardly possible to feed a mass of livestock on dry grass. And, naturally, it’s worth going somewhere to the flooded meadows further north, where settled peoples lived. Livestock could also be fed with grain. Hence the desire to take tribute from settled peoples, most likely in grain. Possessing great mobility, nomadic peoples quickly assimilated the newcomers, or changed their language during the next invasion from the Mongolian steppes. This is where the paths of many barbarians began who destroyed the Roman Empire.

An ancient memory - energy connections - still draws former nomads who settled in the west. Perhaps that’s why completely incomprehensible things happened to T.Z. a sane person wars and movements of people such as the Crusades, the conquest of America, the invasion of Napoleon, the first and second world wars.

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Astrological retreat:

Astrologically, the movement of people to a new place of residence is associated with Jupiter - the planet of expansion, increasing space. He is associated with his house of possession - the 9th (Sagittarius sign) and the 12th (Pisces sign).

The USA - has a large share of the ancient roots of nomads (sons of the Sakas - sax-sons), if they promote constant movement as the basis of life (in the natal chart of the USA - the sun is in conjunction with Jupiter, although in Cancer - the main movements still occur in his own home).
But the ancient basis of the people remaining on the present-day territory of steppes and forests (former Sakas and other tribes) are not nomads at all, but sedentary people.
Hence, it is very difficult to apply the psychology of nomads to sedentary peoples; it is very difficult to apply the principles formed in a certain state of the West (including the wild West) to sedentary states that have not rushed to other lands and places for generations.

And to say that you need to change your place of work at least once every five years, as happens in the USA - for the sedentary population of old Europe and Russia and other similarly established countries - is simply stupid. Nonsense.
In order to achieve any progress in life, sedentary peoples successfully use the energy of insight, that is, the use of the energy flows of the Earth itself through their roots, like plants. That’s why the strange country “e-go” (in Chinese - the country of surprises - Russia) arose literally out of nothing.
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The Bashkir tribes are the most ancient of the representatives of the Turkic-speaking population of the steppes of the Urals and the Caspian region. Are they not the descendants of the first invasion of the Mongol nomads, who drove the Aryans from their homes? Although the steppes are large, they did not get along well together.

Since toponymy in the territory of the Urals largely has a Finno-Ugric basis, and an even larger percentage of the population of modern Bashkiria does not have a Mongolian genetic component, we can again assume that the original Aryan population changed their language to the Turkic language.

The most interesting thing is that the Bashkirs themselves do not know, but only guess, from what word the name of the tribe came.

It's surprising that Udm.language. retained the original basis of the names, which indicates the possible assimilation of the alien tribes - the Finno-Ugric tribes, most likely due to the nomadic way of life, from which the Finno-Ugric tribes gradually moved away.
The name of the Massaget tribes (see above from the Udmic language - What do they say?), mentioned in the recorded chronicles, is well known now. But, judging by the quite sound
Translation, we can say that the word "Massagetae" was originally simply the name of an alien tribe among the tribes that lived in the steppes before him.

The Massagetae (and maybe the Saki, it is very difficult to judge this from the tablets that have not yet been deciphered - perhaps this is the ancestor of the English language??? Komi??? Udmurt???) according to descriptions they were distinguished by wedge-shaped caps on their heads, as well as by the custom of changing shape skull onto a wedge-shaped (egg-shaped) by wrapping the skull.

Bashkort (original name of the Bashkirs) - easily translated from the Udmic language.
Bash - wedge, bushing; ko:rt - iron (There is an opinion that this is an Iranian word. Having searched in the dictionary, fortunately, now there are all sorts of dictionaries on the Internet, I did not find any correspondence kort - compare, dirk - dagger, or ko:rt with other languages ​​except the closest Mari and Komi language, which speaks of its local origin. And this name of iron - see the topics "Iron", "Iron and Metals" - carries a sign of origin in the form of a ring, a ball, in Genesis).
Since the tribe distinguished itself with such hats, the subsequent. the meaning of the word "bash" - head, is simply connected with this particular feature of the newcomer Turks.
With the word bash in Udmic language. a few derivative words remain: bashly - explanatory (where ly - bone, cf. lyd - number, count - bones were originally counted, which speaks of the pastoral nature of the Udmurt tribe => and it is also interesting that arlyd - counting years - old man left in English. as auld= modern. spelling old).
Bashlyk - from lyktyna, what comes to mind is a hood;
Bashlany - to begin, from doe - desire (cf. English long);
Shoe - from the wedge-shaped top to the leg (makes - thigh, thigh - most likely, originally a shoe - something like large and long boots);
Tower - also connected with a wedge, nya - possibly from nya-kyrtyny - to bend, nyalmytyny - to become sloping. Nya (in Russian) is clearly an angle (angle - angle in English - and immediately the question: did the Angles really once wear something angular? Or are they still not Gauls - un-galls?)

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The name of the people “Tatars” also has an unclear etymology from the viewpoint. current knowledge about the arrival of the Turks from Mongolia.
However, “ar” already speaks of the local Ural-Caspian region. Ar is in Udm. “year” or “year, age” (cf. English year) or a person going through life as if in one year. The word "gozh" according to UDM. - the outlined circle, the line, also resembles “year”. It is possible that this word is Russian. is related to the solar circle and, if we recall the expression: “in the first circle,” then, obviously, there are both the second and third circles of life. The annual revolution of the sun is implied in the word “year-year”.
So, based on the meaning of the words “ar” is a person-year-circle-sun. What is "tat"?

Udm.language gives this: “tattoo” - amicably, peacefully, in agreement. The Tatars are a friendly circle of people, peaceful in their essence. And, if you look at the history of the people, then its name is entirely justified. Even having a foreign religion for the founding fathers of Orthodoxy, they managed to preserve their original beliefs (and most likely even more ancient than modern Islam). Trace the etymology of Tatar words from t.zr. the common kinship of former nomadic peoples would be interesting. It’s interesting that I recently read an article about the genotypic characteristics of the Chechen people and... they are close to the Udmurt people. Chuvash and Russian genotypes, with mountain Chechens being closer. Ancient migrations were reflected in descendants.
It is also interesting that the genotype of the Tatars contains genes similar to the genes of people of the Middle East and Dravidians ( South India), which indicates the past mixing of nomads with the population of the places where they were before.
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Armenians, Khaz-Ars, Ar-Abs, Ma-Aris, Suv-Ars, Mad-Ars, Tat-Ars and simply Udmurts-Vyatichi-Ars - all have AR in their composition - i.e. the year, or the solar circle, or the life of a person is the basis of the name.

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Just recently I found another analogy and an interesting relationship between three languages, Mari, Udmurt and Russian.
How were they able to unite?
Just one word - artel.
I reached it through the website of the etymology of words from the point of view of the Tatar language. Obviously, the analogies that the Turkic language has (I’ll find it later, I’ve already forgotten, like....) do not at all coincide with the concept of an artel, a group of people who have gathered to produce certain things together.

And... look at the Udmurt-Russian dictionary. Art or ard - side, neighbor's side (English word - bastard - bast-yny - take, ard - from the side). This word also correlates with the word ort - soul in Udmurt, or org - to organize, or horde - organized community. What is ale? This is the community, the people. Everything becomes clear - art-fir - people, a community gathered on one side or the other, a region, a place to conduct some kind of activity. Obviously, in this case there is a correlation with the Kal - people, since the energy of the embodiment of Ka (kol - ball, circle) meets with the people, the El community - it turns out Ka-El or the later Kal - the people incarnate. It's so simple.

Why the Mari language? Yes, because the Republic of Mari El is called that way - the Mari people. El - community, people.

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Interestingly, ar- or ary in the Tatar language means “red” color. It is obvious that in this case the Turkic language simply fixed the external side, as if a distinctive feature of the Ars-Aryans. And this can be said about many words in the Tatar language; you just need to take a Tatar-Russian dictionary. The etymology of many words in Russian and other languages ​​cannot be determined based on the Turkic languages, although they are still interested in this, since the Turks at one time managed to form their own government structure(there is an undoubted influence of centralization on people's historical views - see post " driving forces history"), but they are, although ancient, still an alien population (unless, of course, they simply changed their language under the influence external force) on the territory of the Caspian steppes. At the same time, one can note numerous borrowings from the Finno-Ugric languages ​​in the Tatar or Bashkir languages ​​themselves, which is natural, since many centuries have passed, multinational connections have left their mark on the languages.

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It is obvious that today's Scots have some words in their language that have analogies in the Russian language, for example, the name scots itself - obviously these are the words cattle, cattle breeders, then, oich is night, claideach is a treasure sword. This is just what I noticed right away. But another name for the Scots is Gaels or Gaels. And what could this mean? Everything is very simple from the point of view of the same Udmurt language. Ga is a modified “z:a” or “dza” or “tsa” (see posts on the topic “Etymology of the word Volga from the perspective of the Udmic language,” “Sun, Tsar, Rus'”) - that is, fire , fever Well, el - el is a community, a people. Translation: hot, bright, shining people. And the second name Albion - from the word alba - white - this confirms the “bright” essence of Scotland. However, in the Udmurt language there is also such a description of the word Alba - al - scarlet, pink, and Ba is the energy of Being (see posts on the topics Ka and Ba). Fire of Being. Which is quite consistent with the passionate red-haired essence of Scotland, which has preserved many ancient beliefs through the centuries. And she even retained her ancestral tribal relations. Fire carries the Scots up the ladder of human ascent, one example of the Beatles and JK Rowling says a lot.

It can also be noted that the “redhead index”, i.e. Availability large quantity red-haired people are as pronounced in Scotland as in Udmurtia and the Komi Republic.
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As I wrote earlier, az - in the Udmurt language and not only in it, but, for example, in the language of the ancient Alans, and the current Ossetians, means - in front, forward. Or a front view, or a full face, or a facade, or face in English, which means face, facial image.

It is interesting that the root of compulsion to act for a person and not only for him - “kaz” - in the Russian language is connected with the same root -az-. For example, the word “kaz-thread”, “u(by)-kaz-yat”. In the Udmurt language, “kaz” turns into “kos”: kosyn - to indicate, the same thing in English - force is force (here there is an explicit for - for, as (c) person). The names of many peoples have this root: kaz-ahi, slightly modified - khaz-ar, ab-khaz... We can say that these are people, nations - forward-looking and a little subservient to some kind of coercion, most likely for God, Kazakhs - Tengri, Khazars - ..., Abkhazians -...

And the very name of the Russian word eye - could not do without gol-ova (oval) and az - in front.
By the way, the Ab-Khaz are also associated with the connection between heaven and earth (see posts on the topic of Ka Energy), since Ab is a connection, a ray of energy, and the words: the shrine of Mecca - Ka-Ab-Ba shows this (Ka-Kol- Kal - ball of energy of manifestation, Ab - gravitational connection, ray, Ba - energy of Being); Lake Ba-i-Ka-l and others...
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The name of the Mordvinian people, who have rather distant dialects from each other - Erzya and Moksha, is very interesting. Well, firstly, the name itself is Mord-va, it is obvious that ma is “earth”, ord is order, the organization of chaos into the form of earthly existence through outside influences “urd” or “ard” (let me remind you that the English. the word "bast-ard" from bastyna - i.e. to take, ard is a side, edge is a child taken, conceived from the side), va is a "branch" of the people born on earth, as well as the former people of Moscow ... or mos-cal-va.

It is interesting that “erzya” is most likely an arrangement, a modification of “ar-dza” into the Mordovian language, i.e. “man of crumbling light, people of light” in Udmurt, the city of Ar-za-mas is still a well-known toponym (see the topic “People of Light”, “Arzamas and 36”).

But moksha is a directly sacred name, remaining in Indian mythology as a synonym for Nirvana - departure from the circle of incarnations, the wheel of Samsara. And these are the people of Nirvana, the people who have reached the peak of their energy capabilities to escape the circle of generation on earth. Many toponyms on the territory of Mordovia confirm this and they largely repeat the names of the gods and goddesses of Egyptian mythology, which speaks of ancient connections and the transfer of knowledge over a vast territory. It’s just that the Egyptians, due to historical peculiarities, managed to preserve the original names of the gods, even if they were alien.

In the Udmurt language, moko is a bear, a scarecrow, a monster; Shay is a shadow, or a cemetery...

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Estonians - "Eston" in Udmurt means "stove", a source of fire. Let's compare the English word - stove.
Surprisingly, Estonians are the most distinguished high index white-haired people in their mass are true Aryans (see the history of the Second World War!) - as well as the Udmurts - the highest index of red hair (see the post "Celts are red...") Could this circumstance be some kind of artificial selection in ancient tribes, like “will we keep only the white ones or only the red ones, because we worship fire”? Why was this selection preserved only among the Finno-Ugric peoples? However, the Rus were also noted for their blond hair, and their name from Udmurt is quite logical - dz-yus - white swans... (see posts "Geese-Swans", "Children of the Sun").

So, if the Udmurts worshiped fire as an element, then the Estonians worshiped fire that warmed their homes, driven into the stove. And they, most likely, were one of the first settled tribes in Europe. There are too many words in the Udmurt language that cause a correlation with the nomadic way of life, including the clothing of the Udmurts. In M. Semenova's book "Wolfhound" - the sacredness of the place of the stove is mentioned; it was built closer to the north side, as if protecting the home from the cold northern winds.

In the word "Eston" you can also find another decoding by studying the Udmurt dictionary, since each syllable of the Udmurt language has its own meaning.

So, es is a modified “az” - see above.
Tone is “you”, that is, an object that is outside the zone of “I”, outside the zone of personality.
Let's connect - you and me.
The fire of the original personality manifests itself outwardly. In the objects of the surrounding reality.
Again we see the sacredness of the name of the tribe, the original sign that probably still defines the deep essence of the people... And, naturally, such a name could not be adopted just like that, without the influence of people of light - the wise and wisest of antiquity.
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The Ars, the people who entered the annual circle of the sun, also include the Magyars and Hungarians.

Mad is a word, speech, song; ar - person. People are storytellers, people are songwriters. From the Udmurt language. But what are Hungarians?

Very close in English. hungry to Hungarians - hungry??? (Just now I noticed that Uralskyny in the Udmurt language also means starving. Why would Ural Mountains, where, as we know, the ancient tribes of Hungarians and Ars roamed are capable of leading people to hunger?? Funny!). In the Udmurt language there is an incomplete correspondence - kongro - hook, kongyrtyny - cling and from Greek in geometry - congruent, i.e. mutually suitable, interlocking parts, images, etc. (There are studies of the Udmurt and Greek languages, at least five hundred words there are identical! Perhaps it is worth delving into Greek mythology, it is obvious that the most detailed classification of the forces of Nature in Greek mythology did not arise out of nowhere.) In English. hook - a hook, a little further.

So, my hypothesis is that Hungarians are people with hooks. And according to legend, there were ten tribes. People who cling to their surroundings with all their might and know how to adapt to it.

However, you can also divide it into hung-hang-ar. It can be assumed that these are none other than the Angles, only in a later modification, since they moved to Europe later. In Udmurt - an-ges - chin, where an is the palate, ges is a comparative suffix, i.e. below. We look - below the sky, sons of heaven. And, perhaps, the same as in English, where angle is an angle, the angle of reflection, or caps in the form of cones.

From the Turkish name of the Hungarians - onogur, one can assume that this is uno - many, many in Udmurt, gur is again a melody, a chant.

Complete coincidence of two names - mad-ar and uno-gur - people with songs, songs... The heart is light from a cheerful song...
(Guess the first time who Indian gurus are???)

Most likely, this is the case. And it’s not for nothing that the Verger song is still so different from others and recognizable in Europe.

And there is another tribe that is now in China - the Uyghurs. Uy - evening in Udmurt, gur - song, speech. Evening song - beautiful! Are there any peoples with a daytime song???

But why is there some discrepancy between Hungaria and Hungary? But there is a correspondence - the Hungarians and the supreme Kazakh, Bashkir deity Tengri.

Maybe Tengri is the patron of sound, song???

The word gur has several more meanings in the Udmurt language. One of them is the stove. Again - fire, limited by a wall, like the Estonians. From gur in the Udmurt language comes the name gurt - house, (t - this is tyn - fence, wall).

So, let's see what happens? Gur is a song, a tune, a stove, a fire pit. And even by analogy - people in whom the fire of life lives.

Obviously, the song in this case is not simple, but clearly a prayer to the place where a person is born and lives. And a guru in India is also a person who prays with the help of a tune, a song. The main action in the Muslim religion is also the singing of the holy book of the Koran by specially appointed people - muezzins (mu is not the mooing of cows, although it reminds us that mu or ma is the land, the homeland; well, dza is, as already mentioned, a crumbling light, dispersing light, tsa-qi energy).

There are several surviving clan names of the Hungarian nomadic people.
Transparent from the point of view of the Udmurt language are - ono-gur (uno - many, gur - songs, stoves, fireplaces). Kutur-gur from ko:tyr - circle, gur - songs in a circle, stoves in a circle, round dance => possible location of the dwellings of nomadic tribes in the parking lot - a yurt with a stove inside. Or ko:tyr is a territory within sight, possession, i.e. country, compare country in English.

Sara-gur?? Ooty-gur???
A barn is a temporary building; ducklings are preservation, upbringing.

We can conclude: most likely these are not exactly the names of clans or clans, but simply a division of a certain tribe, and a nomadic tribe, according to labor: some protect, others educate, others sing songs and pray, and then unite together, for example, for the winter time.

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In fact, the Hungarians had other names for clans (in Udmurtia they are called Vorshud - see the topic “Vorshud - steal a piece of happiness”). They were called - nyek, madieri, kurt-gyarmat, taryan, enyo, ker or kari, kesi or Kasi. The headquarters itself in the Wild Field (guess where? Well, of course, today's Ukraine, which is still shaking!) was called Etelkez; the country itself in today's Hungarian is Urság or Ország.

From these names we can roughly determine: ker is the core (cf. French couer - heart), keremet - the spirit of ancestors; kurt is ko:rt - iron; kesi - possibly from kesyny - to tear, kos-kaz - this is from order (see kaz-akhi, ab-khazy). In general, quite militant names.

Etelköz - approximately: these: z - dexterous, resourceful, quick; el - people, people; kozmany - to bless, i.e. clever and resourceful and blessed people. You can't praise yourself...

In general, there are names that clearly carry a connection between two languages, and a timeless one, and, therefore, these were the names that were adopted at certain gatherings with the participation of priests, and therefore did not change over time. But there are names of tribes and clans that have an implicit meaning and therefore most likely were later and have a touch of influence from other languages ​​on Hungarian.
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If you look at my topic “The ball is just the beginning...”, you will immediately determine why the Bal-Karians are also people of the world, like, for example, the Ga-el - the Scots. Ba is being, ba-l - through a ray, through people, a ball of manifestation (cf. English ball), balli - in Udmic language. it's "shining". Kar is a nest, a settlement.
Balkar - light, a ball of light that helped build the city, the settlement "kar".

Balga, one of the names of the Kazakh clans, Vorshuds, is a scattering light, since “ga” is a modified “dza” (see the topic “Etymology of the word Volga from the Udmic language.”)
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About the Udmurts themselves, see the topic " Strange name ud-murt."
Briefly: ud or uk is the preposition “without”, mort or murt is “ma, mu - earth”, ort is ord-a, organization, the same as in the word ko:rt - “iron” " in Udmurt (see also about flame, fire, "o:r-er" - below). A people of immortals, without the earthly organization of atoms, which causes the transition, Mort - death.... An amazing name for a people, don’t you think???
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The chronicles mention various tribes that previously, before the arrival of the Turkic tribes, roamed the territory of the Ural-Caspian region. Venedo-Alans are one of them. The Veneds are one of the Slavic tribes (how Slavic?), the Alans are Ossetians who have now settled in the North Caucasus.

The biggest question is why, given its large number (the territory of distribution of the Ar tribes made up a vast part of Eurasia - Northeast China, Afghanistan, India, the Caucasus), did this group of tribes still leave ancient Turan? And now the historical description of this territory for some reason completely denies the previous millennia of development of the peoples of this area? Barbarians are what remains in the historical chronicles of Western empires. But is “var-var” really a bad thing?

Var - this is service, a service person, a slave - in Udmurt. "Yag" - forest, forest. “Var - yag” (there should be a postposition here: “yn” - from where? from the forest) - i.e. Varangian - a forest man, and also in the service. Is it worth looking for certain Ruriks from the north, if everything is right here, in the forests of the Russian Plain? Let me also remind you of other words with the root “yag” in Russian: yag-oda - wild berry, Baba Yaga (yagyn - from the forest) - forest woman, snag - bark (log) - yaga (yagyn - from the forest) - log from the forest, etc.

What strikes me most in my search for the etymology of Russian words is the complete denial of the etymology of Russian words from the Permian languages. Wherever they look, almost in the Indian language, Persian, Greek, Turkic. There are, of course, historical reasons for this, since the proclamation of the empire by Peter the Great, and before him the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible, and before him the implantation of Christianity, and before him the invasion of Turkic tribes, etc. - completely erased the “local” view of the history of the tribes that made up the vast majority of people in the conquered territories. At the same time, written sources were lost (burned). So we have to invent new story in beautiful words (see historical research by A. Fomenko).

Many dialect words of the Russian language do not correspond to Western ones, southern languages, or with Turkic borrowings. But they correlate very well with the Permian languages. Here is the answer. Genetics also confirms the fact of the presence among the Russian people of the original autochthonous population of the Russian Plain, which by no means had a language Slavic groups s, and the tribes that formed the current basis of the Russian people spoke the languages ​​of the Perm group.

The presence of a historical taboo - fear that what if everyone starts speaking a “non-Russian” language again? - obviously. And in this regard, it is also obvious that the not entirely voluntary Slavicization of the autochthonous peoples of the places where Russia is now located, otherwise this taboo would not exist. Dictionaries of the languages ​​of the Perm group were published in the 70s of the last century; Simply by opening a dictionary, you can find many, many words that are in the Russian language, but not in other Slavic languages. For example, the word "ball"; “sharyny” means to appear in Udmurt, sha is a shadow, this is light... And other similar examples (see the topic “Celts are red-haired...”), but do we really see them in etymological dictionaries? No.

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Quote from Wikipedia:

A yurt is a portable frame dwelling with a felt covering among Turkic and Mongolian nomads.

Etymology of the name
The most general meaning of the common Turkic word “jurt” is “people”, as well as pasture, ancestral land. In Kyrgyz and Kazakh languages the word “Ata-Zhurt” means “Fatherland”, a synonym for the word “Motherland”, literally: “Father’s house”. In modern Mongolian, the word yurt (ger) is synonymous with “house”. In the Tuvan language, yurt is pronounced “o:g”, which when added “-bo:(e)le” will form the word “family”.

Wikipedia
The yurt is an invention of either the Turks, or the Mongols, or the Huns, made in the very area from which all these wild inhabitants came, before becoming Siberian, Central Asian, European, etc. - somewhere in region of Inner Mongolia or slightly to the west.
So, what is a yurt? The word “yurt” (yurt, jurt, jurd) is of Turkic origin. The Mongols (as well as the Buryats, who are also almost Mongols) call a yurt a ger. Among the Turks, the word “yurt” originally meant a certain territory, possession, but gradually this name moved to the dwelling itself. Namely (in the most general case) - a dwelling based on a cylindrical wicker frame, covered with something to protect from rain, wind and cold, with a rounded or conical top. A round hole is usually left at the very top for smoke to escape.
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Question: Why is there a yurt here? And the name of the tribe?

If you noticed in the Mongolian language, as well as in the Permian languages, then here too you can notice - gur - but in the Mongolian language it is not a stove, but a community, a people. The stove there has a completely different name. From this we can draw an interesting conclusion that the “Gur” tribes are not Mongolian, and migrated during the great migration of peoples not only to the west, but also to the east, which is confirmed by archaeological research.
Is there any relationship between fire and dwelling, herd or yurt?
There is an obvious analogy to the flame of fire in different languages. In Russian it can be found in the word “koster” (see below). In English - fire, in Udmurt - To:ro - elder (plus here the fire is also twisted into a vortex - toroid); then organize in Udmurt loses r - Ogazeyans, hence - og (fire), hence God - Ba-og (Ba - being, compare - Ba-Ba), and even from here the word - Od-in, the god of Finnish mythology. There is light and flame everywhere.

That is: yur-ta is a place where a flame burns, a fire.
Fenced - with a fence, countryside, as in a "gurt" - a house with fire. What is the difference between “gurt” and “yurt”? Because Ga-ur-tyn is more durable, possibly stone, more wooden. Hence the city. And also “City” in Udmurt - kar - nest, or from “karyn” - to do.

It is also obvious here that t-yur-k(al) are the people of “kal”, who have a fire “yur” or “ur”, fenced within the boundaries of a portable dwelling; the same and t-ur-k(al)-men-s - transparent with t.zr is added here. English men - people (cf. Ar-myan-e). These are the ancient connections of former nomadic peoples, manifested in language.

Next, I looked at materials on the topic - the etymology of the word Kostroma. It is obvious that this name contains - Ma or Mu - earth, earthly, material - as in the word "Kama"; “Kostany” in Udmurt means “to fall”, hence “dead wood”, for a fire - kostra; for what: for fire - ir-o: r-yor-yur-ur - this is similar to the English language. fire - "flame", which is present in the word - ort- Mort (ma-ort) - dead - court (Ka-ort - iron - see above bash-court) and even the word Or-da and even the word yur-ta - a place where a flame burns, and a gur - a stove, and a city where there are many rivers, etc. Those. Kostroma - Persephone - is collected from dead wood to be burned at the stake and buried by Ma.
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Bonfire in Udmurt - z:o:r (dzo:r). Lake Zyuratkul carries within itself a fire - a flame - a bonfire. This is probably why they found the moose geoglyph there (see topics about Zyuratkul).

One more assumption can be made about "gur".
It is possible that gur is a combination of the words “gu” - a pit in which a fire was made; ur is a modification of “yur”, i.e. flame, heat of fire. Therefore, there is a difference between a gurt - a permanent house in Udmurt - and a yurt - a portable dwelling.
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The "Hur" tribes also include the American tribe of Indians - the Hurons. And they also “dance” from the stove.

I once read a book that mentioned some phrases in the Comanche language - and noted that the words were very close to the English language. But “com” in this case is the same as com in Russian (and in Udmurt), that is, a cluster of particles in the form of an irregular ball (not an ideal cluster, but effective!) and the words - command, commander (command , commander) - come from him. Those. "Comanche" comes from the word "com" - a heap.

The closeness of Indian languages ​​to Altai languages ​​has been proven. But for some reason Permian, the oldest Aryan languages, remain aloof from research, although they contain the answer to many of the names of ancient tribes (see above).

And here you can also speculate on the topic of Altai tribes, for example, the Shors.
Exploring the astrological types of countries (see Separation: horoscopes of England and Scotland, Sunset Zone), I discovered an undoubted correspondence of astrological events in the territory of Eurasia to the countries of the world and the zodiac chart.

The most interesting thing is that somewhere there must be the middle of the continent (geographical? the center of mass of the Eurasian continent?), where everything seems to be “zero”. And this is Altai.
It is Altai that is considered Shambhala... (See the topic "From side to side...")

So, about the middle... I suddenly found out after watching a film on the theme of megaliths in Mountain Shoria, wonderful, by the way. I haven’t been there myself, but I lived nearby for almost three years in Novokuznetsk and visited those places a couple of times.
What can be noted? The Shors people previously had a different, Ugric language (Uyghur? Hungarian?), although they later changed it to Turkic, close to Kyrgyz. But even now they separate themselves from the rest of the Kyrgyz.

If you look at the topology of the Sayan Mountains, it is surprising that here you can also note some names that are completely translatable from the Udmurt language. For example, Tashtagol - tash - this is “dense”, ta - this, gol - round, like “gols”. Mount Sulemkhai - sulem - heart, high, most likely “kal”, which is observed in the Urals, what we get is Strength Hearts, a very beautiful and meaningful name.

So “shor”, that’s what the people call themselves, in Udmurt it’s “middle”, there are also “shorkizhi” - Kizhiyans - to charm, to cast a spell in Udmurt (see Kizhi Island, famous for its wooden architecture), the people are also charmed, and also the name “tor” also appears - this is “elder”, and also the name of the totem is crane, and this is also close to tor - “turi” in Udmurt.
It can also be noted that “shori” is “half” in Udmurt. Either the middle or half.

Most likely - Mountain Shoria is a middle country!!! Just like the Qin Empire, Xing, China (however, China clearly does not have a center of mass or a geographical center, and the astrology of events confirms this).
It’s not for nothing that everyone believes that somewhere in the Altai, and this is next to the Sayan Mountains, there is the country of Shambhala (Shambhalskys - “throw away” in Udmurt, something not of this world), and everyone stomps their feet to the famous Belukha Mountain, where something , they say, there really is...

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Types of light energy

There is a definition of light: o:r (as in the Udmurt word to:ro - elder) or er (as in the Russian word - bonfire, let me remind you that “Costa” in Udmurt is “dead wood”, that is, branches, firewood) . How can you identify this light? Like the light of lightning of several thousand volts coming from above (top?? top? It’s surprising that the English name coincides in spelling with the god Thor according to the Scandinavian version, it is possible that this is simply a transfer of written signs and runic letters into English in a slightly different pronunciation " top", which can be judged by the English word circle - a circle, which in its original meaning should be read "kirkl", but not sekl, see the topic "Celts are red, analogies...") down (bottom, bottom? ?). Thor - god of thunder and lightning Scandinavian mythology. The Torah is a learned book considered sacred by Jews.
But for some reason there is no such god left in the Udmurt language. The Udmurts exalted the sky (In), but not the god of fire and lightning.

There is also a definition of light, seemingly different from the previous one, but not entirely: legal. As in the word "zyur" - fire. Let us remember the transitional pronunciation from “o” to “yu”: zo:r - thunderstorm - in Udmurt. The transitional pronunciation of a syllable in the Udmurt language from o (е) to у (у) indicates that initially there was not a strong difference between these two types of light. That is, this light initially came from the force of a thunderstorm-lightning. Top to bottom (top - bottom)?

But in various names of tribes, for example, t-yur-ki, in the name of the dwelling of nomads - yur-ty, as well as in the name of the cardinal direction in Russian - south (from the word yugyt - light), it is clear that there is a difference "yo" from "yu".

My guess: ё - from top to bottom, yu - and the force is less, and the fire is associated with the surface, including the horizon line. And therefore yur-ta is a place where a fenced fire burns. And south is the light that is visible from the horizon (yugyt - light). However, then it is not clear why only one name remains in the Russian language - bonfire. Is it really only out of great reverence for Perun the Thunderer?

And there is also y-ar - or z:ar (dzar) or heat (burning) For more details, see the topic “Etymology of the word Volga from the perspective of the Udmurt language.”

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I looked at the names of some clans in present-day Syria, including the name of the clan where the current President of Syria, Bashar al-Assad, comes from. This clan is called Kalbiya. Almost transparent from viewpoint. Udmurt language: Kal is a people (see above), Biya is perhaps something related to Genesis. The people who will always be (see the topic about the horoscope of Syria)

And the most interesting thing is that when I was reading about all sorts of historical events in Syria, I came across one well-known name of the people living in Russia - Mari. So it is quite possible that the Mari language or Arabic touching somewhere. I myself, after listening to native speakers, did not understand anything.

It can be assumed, however, that the difference in the languages ​​of the meadow and mountain Mari did not occur by chance, but as a result of an unknown number of years spent by part of the people in the deserts of present-day Syria, and returned back together with the Volga Bulgars, the current Tatars to the former ancient homeland. Multiple borrowings from Bulgarian into the Mari language are therefore quite logical, since this was a joint resettlement. Most likely, the language of the mountain Mari is closer to the ancient basis than that of the meadow Mari. Plus, of course, the influence of the Semitic languages ​​of the Arabian Peninsula should also be felt.

Syria is one of the centers of the Arab Caliphate. Let's look - ar-aby - people-arey (see above), with the connective "ab" (see the topics "Energy of Ba and Ka..."), as well as in the name of the temple Ka-Ab-Ba, which carries a semantic load connections between the energy Ka (col - rotation - ball) and Ba (Being).

The same goes for Mari: Ma-Ar-i - where Ma is earth.

It can also be assumed that the Mari carry genes related to representatives of the Arabian Peninsula, i.e. Arabs and Jews share a common genotype with them.

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I was engaged in vorshuds, this is the same as clans in Scotland, only in Udmurtia, or teips in Chechnya, etc.
A lot of interesting things just from the name itself - vorshud.
Thief - from the word "vorans" - i.e. "to steal" - close value and even a word that is similar in pronunciation, which speaks of ancient connections between the Udmurt and Russian languages ​​(see the topic “Some analogies of the Udmurt and Russian languages” and the topic “Vorshud - steal a piece of happiness in Udmurt language.”)

As a result of reasoning and quotes from the Internet, it turned out that a “thief” is not exactly the kind of thief who should be sent to places not so distant.

And vor is a word that has no analogies in other Slavic languages, nevertheless, the Udmurt language gives the closest analogy from the word “vorans” - “to steal”; Hungarian and Uyghur words - op.
And the meaning of the word: va-or is a creature, a person who takes part of the va (twig) of fire (or) from the great fire of Thor, T-or is fire from above, millions of volts in one lightning. It seems that the god Thor did not give up the fire so easily, so he had to resort to all sorts of tricks so that Thor would not find out right away...

But the most interesting thing is that both the energy Vore and the energy Tor have a twisting moment, since - gate - twisting is similar to the word torus-oid, as if coming from Greek language, torsion fields were also drawn right there, etc.

So the word Vor-shud itself also means the presence of torsional energy, gravitational energy, which then needs to be carefully worked with in order to get something...

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Va is still a kind of art, the work of T-va-or-enia.

From a certain whole “O” - the original plus the fire “Ra” (za-zha-za-ga - let me remind you that this is scattering light) - you need to create something. And so the person begins to Ta-va-or-it. And we get the goods. The product is from the same group, as you can see. And who gets it?

Var-var or var-yag (let me remind you that this is “a service man from the forest” in Udmurt). Var - service. Var-it - create something from something. Var-ra-va is a man twice skilled in service and creation, the Creator. But you always have to somehow isolate a part, a twig, from the whole.

Va-yat-el (as well as ball) - this word also has no analogues in Slavic languages. And this is natural, since the word is not Slavic.
It turns out that the contact of the languages ​​of the Permian and Slavic groups took place not just for one year or even one century, but for many, many centuries, even if it is now difficult to establish the original basis of the word.

What I like most is that the word “Var-Var” in this case turns out to be not exactly what the ancient Roman authors had in mind, just as the word “Varangian” does not have direct Finnish roots at all. And it quite accurately reflects the original meaning. "Va" - creation, the process of changing matter with the help of the force of "vi" - life. "Ar" is the annual circle, the zodiac circle, the circle of life of a human being. Wa-ar - twice. This is not “va-or”, the one who, by the power of some art, tries to split off part of the heavenly fire, the twigs (“va”) of the eternal tree of life, but “va-ar” is akin to “va-yatel”, which creates its life in the earthly circle ( va - to create, to detach a part from the whole, “yat” in Udmurt is “alien, unfamiliar”, any material creation will be alien in relation to the creator, “na yat” - that is, “cool” to create!) The double circle of “barbarians” "perhaps due to the overlap of the earthly and heavenly...(???) About the "Varangian" - this is simple, because "yag" is a "forest, forest", and Baba Yaga, and kor-yaga, and ford -yaga - everyone exists in the forest...

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I decided to look at the etymology of the word “crisis”, and for some reason it came to my mind to look at the name of the people “Kyrgyz”.

There are, as it were, two pronunciations - kir-giz and kyr-gyz.

Are there any differences between them?

Quote from the internet:

Kirghiz is a Turkic name. people. From Turkic kyr;yz, chagat. kir;iz “Kyrgyz”, alt., tel. kуr;уs (Radlov 2, 751 et seq.). From Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkic, Azerbaijani, Crimean-Tat. kуr “desert, field” (Radlov 2, 733 et seq.) and gizm;k “to roam.” This is where the Turkic-Bulgarian ;;;;;; (Menander Prot., Fragm. 20; Müller, FHG. 4, 228b); see Marquart, Streifz. 354; UJb. 9, 89; Mladenov, Gesch. bulg. Spr. 17.
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From the Udmurt language it is clear:
Kyr - steppe, and freedom, freedom, and wild.

Takyr - i.e. the place where dirt is found in its purest form, from here.

Kyr - close to omyr - air, dive - nose. And it all comes down to yr - or air in English, that is, air. In this case - ka - force (or count - circle, ball), yr - air. Hence the freedom and wildness.

What is giz?
Also transparent with t.zr. Udmurt language: gyzy - slow, quiet, and affectionate

That is, a Kyrgyz is a person who loves freedom, the steppes, a nomad, and is not in a hurry, loves to take care of himself and his herd

I read that among the southern (mountain) Kyrgyz, about 20% have Finno-Ugric genes. Therefore, the analogy that “emerges” from the Udmurt language is not surprising.

About Kyr-Gyz - see in the topic "Some names of ancient tribes from the so-called Udm language."

The second name, Kyrgyz, it seems to me, is more consistent with the tradition of bringing fire, light into the name of the tribe (see Balkars, Rus, Turks).

Kir - from kirdana - to fall, to fall, kirgan - to fall, to fall. That is - kir - is associated with the process of descent down.

What is “giz” - from “gizya” - particle, fragment, spark. That's where it is - light and fire.

Thus, it can be assumed that the Kyrgyz are a shooting star, a spark that fell on the Earth. How beautiful!

People who fell into generation from the fire and light of the universe.

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What's better? Kyrgyz is a nomadic person with a philosophical attitude to life and is in no hurry. Kirghiz is a spark that fell [from the sky], a star.

I think all names are good. That's why both stayed. Ancient people were poets, and therefore the names of different tribes reflected and reflect their dreams and their lives.

By the way, there is an interesting analogy with the Russian word “kiryat” - kir - to fall, fall out, “yat” - alien, unfamiliar - that is, literally “to fall into sediment.” Many slang words in Russian are simply rearranged Finno-Ugric expressions. Why? Probably because these tribes at one point found themselves in the reality of being rejected when the union of Slavic tribes emerged.

The word "cross" in the Udmurt language was also transformed into "kiros". It seems close, but...

Cyrus - fall into generation. Where - from God, here God - osto, compare “hosanna”, “overshadow”, etc. words.

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By the way, the name of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, originally from modern Turkestan in the territory of modern Turkey, Khan Osman, is associated with “OS”.

Os is the name of God. Man is a person. Divine man (cf. God).
The name is also connected with "os" Egyptian god Osiris. God accepted the cross as a symbol of new birth at his departure. The Christian religion largely comes from this cult. So, it is not clear what comes first, “kir-os” or “cross”...

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Just like the Giza plateau, i.e. "spark, a fragment of the sky" on which the pyramids of Egypt are located.

Gizy is also gu - pit, or go - path, izy - from the word "iz" - stone.

That is, the peace of the Guises - from the stone, from eternal sleep.

From Dahl's explanatory dictionary:

GIZY m. pl. thief. lower abusive nickname for courtyard people; slave, lakala, stinker, boor

Thus, there were “wild, steppe” Gizas. And there were those who fell into slavery.
Here is another lost tribe in history.

What could the Gizas do?
Most likely, they built all sorts of necropolises, mausoleums, dolmens, etc. structures. That is why the name of the plateau, where there was a large necropolis of Egypt, remained after the name of the tribe. It came from the steppes of Eurasia along with the flow of Hyksos and other tribes during the Great Migration.

In Russia, perhaps, there is also a mention of sedentary ghiz, who were able to build somewhere on the outskirts.

A very interesting conclusion about present-day Kyrgyzstan in connection with the past activities of the Ghiz. It simply must be dotted with necropolises. However, the habitat of the former tribe may be in a completely different place in the Caspian region.

But, most likely, the Giza, as a tribe, moved to the territory of what is now France. The Guise dynasty is widely known in French history. Guise - giz - the word retains - gu - pit, and from - stone in Udmurt.

It is obvious that between the Kyrgyz, Coptic and Lorraine dialects French- there will be some connections. Although they seem to be languages ​​of different groups. By the way, doesn’t it remind you of a Coptic digger? Just like Ptah - a bird and many other gods who most likely were not born in Egypt. But they remained there in recorded form for future generations of historians.

There are also several villages with "giz" - in the Caucasus. Moreover, Irgiz is an “asterisk”, sort of like it comes from Turkish.

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Some digression: the word stone - from is also associated with the well-known diagnosis of “split” personality, incorrect assessment of reality - sh(a)-iz-ophrenia. "Shai" - shadow or light, "iz" - stone or fallen asleep. A soul turned into stone, asleep, and therefore unable to correctly assess reality.

A little on "ir" (see the topic "Vorshud - steal a piece of happiness in Udmic language.")
Obviously, “ir” is an accumulation, or the construction of a form. “Ka-ir” speaks about this, i.e. kol-ir - formation of a body in the form of a ball (see topics about the energies of Ba, Ka). Or take the word “fat” (zhi is the energy of light, or qi, as in Chinese), where this accumulation is clearly visible (in English gear). Life, life...

Vyatichi- a union of East Slavic tribes who lived in the second half of the first millennium AD. e. in the upper and middle reaches of the Oka. The name Vyatichi presumably comes from the name of the ancestor of the tribe, Vyatko. However, some associate the origin of this name with the morpheme “ven” and the Veneds (or Venets/Vents) (the name “Vyatichi” was pronounced “Ventici”).

In the middle of the 10th century, he annexed the lands of the Vyatichi to Kievan Rus, but until the end of the 11th century, these tribes retained a certain political independence; campaigns against the Vyatichi princes of this time are mentioned.
Since the 12th century, the territory of the Vyatichi became part of the Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal and Ryazan principalities. Until the end of the 13th century, the Vyatichi preserved many pagan rituals and traditions, in particular, they cremated the dead, erecting small mounds over the burial site. After Christianity took root among the Vyatichi, the ritual of cremation gradually fell out of use.

The Vyatichi retained their tribal name longer than other Slavs. They lived without princes, the social structure was characterized by self-government and democracy. The last time the Vyatichi were mentioned in the chronicle under such a tribal name was in 1197.

Buzhans (Volynians)- a tribe of Eastern Slavs who lived in the basin of the upper reaches of the Western Bug (from which they got their name); Since the end of the 11th century, the Buzhans have been called Volynians (from the area of ​​Volyn).

Volynians- an East Slavic tribe or tribal union, mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years and in the Bavarian chronicles. According to the latter, the Volynians owned seventy fortresses at the end of the 10th century. Some historians believe that the Volynians and Buzhans are descendants of the Dulebs. Their main cities were Volyn and Vladimir-Volynsky. Archaeological research indicates that the Volynians developed agriculture and numerous crafts, including forging, casting and pottery.
In 981, the Volynians were subjugated by the Kyiv prince Vladimir I and became part of Kievan Rus. Later, the Galician-Volyn principality was formed on the territory of the Volynians.

Drevlyans- one of the tribes of Russian Slavs, lived in Pripyat, Goryn, Sluch and Teterev. The name Drevlyans, according to the chronicler's explanation, was given to them because they lived in forests. From archaeological excavations in the country of the Drevlyans, we can conclude that they had a well-known culture. A well-established burial ritual indicates the existence of certain religious ideas about the afterlife: the absence of weapons in the graves indicates the peaceful nature of the tribe; finds of sickles, shards and vessels, iron products, remains of fabrics and leather indicate the existence of arable farming, pottery, blacksmithing, weaving and tanning among the Drevlyans; many bones of domestic animals and spurs indicate cattle and horse breeding; many items made of silver, bronze, glass and carnelian, of foreign origin, indicate the existence of trade, and the absence of coins gives reason to conclude that trade was barter. The political center of the Drevlyans in the era of their independence was the city of Iskorosten; in later times this center apparently moved to the city of Vruchiy (Ovruch)

Dregovichi- an East Slavic tribal union that lived between Pripyat and the Western Dvina. Most likely, the name comes from the Old Russian word dregva or dryagva, which means “swamp”. Under the name of the Druguvites (Greek δρονγονβίται), the Dregovichi were already known to Constantine the Porphyrogenitus as a tribe subordinate to Rus'. Being aloof from the “Road from the Varangians to the Greeks,” the Dregovichi did not play a prominent role in the history of Ancient Rus'. The chronicle only mentions that the Dregovichi once had their own reign. The capital of the principality was the city of Turov. The subordination of the Dregovichi to the Kyiv princes probably occurred very early. The Principality of Turov was subsequently formed on the territory of the Dregovichi, and the northwestern lands became part of the Principality of Polotsk.

Duleby (not duleby) - a union of East Slavic tribes on the territory of Western Volyn in the 6th - early 10th centuries. In the 7th century they were subjected to an Avar invasion (obry). In 907 they took part in Oleg’s campaign against Constantinople. They split into tribes of Volynians and Buzhanians and in the middle of the 10th century they finally lost their independence, becoming part of Kievan Rus.

Krivichi- a large East Slavic tribe (tribal association), which in the 6th-10th centuries occupied the upper reaches of the Volga, Dnieper and Western Dvina, the southern part of the Lake Peipsi basin and part of the Neman basin. Sometimes the Ilmen Slavs are also considered to be Krivichi. The Krivichi were probably the first Slavic tribe to move from the Carpathian region to the northeast. Limited in their expansion to the northwest and west, where they met stable Lithuanian and Finnish tribes, the Krivichi spread to the northeast, assimilating with the Finns who lived there. Settled on the great waterway from Scandinavia to Byzantium (the route from the Varangians to the Greeks), the Krivichi took part in trade with Greece; Konstantin Porphyrogenitus says that the Krivichi make boats on which the Rus go to Constantinople. They took part in Oleg and Igor’s campaigns against the Greeks as a tribe subordinate to the Kyiv prince; Oleg's agreement mentions their city of Polotsk. Already in the era of the formation of the Russian state, the Krivichi had political centers: Izborsk, Polotsk and Smolensk.

It is believed that the last tribal prince of the Krivichs, Rogvolod, together with his sons, was killed in 980 by the Novgorod prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. In the Ipatiev list, the Krivichi were mentioned for the last time in 1128, and the Polotsk princes were called Krivichi in 1140 and 1162. After this, the Krivichi were no longer mentioned in East Slavic chronicles. However, the tribal name Krivichi was used for quite a long time in foreign sources(until the end of the 17th century). The word krievs entered the Latvian language to designate Russians in general, and the word Krievija to designate Russia.

The southwestern, Polotsk branch of the Krivichi is also called Polotsk. Together with the Dregovichi, Radimichi and some Baltic tribes, this branch of the Krivichi formed the basis of the Belarusian ethnic group.
The northeastern branch of the Krivichi, settled mainly in the territory of modern Tver, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, was in close contact with the Finno-Ugric tribes.
The border between the settlement territory of the Krivichi and the Novgorod Slovenes is determined archaeologically by the types of burials: long mounds among the Krivichi and hills among the Slovenes.

Polotsk residents- an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina in today's Belarus in the 9th century. Polotsk residents are mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, which explains their name as living near the Polota River, one of the tributaries of the Western Dvina. In addition, the chronicle claims that the Krivichi were descendants of the Polotsk people. The lands of Polotsk extended from the Svisloch along the Berezina to the lands of the Dregovichi. The Polotsk people were one of the tribes from which the Principality of Polotsk was later formed. They are one of the founders of the modern Belarusian people.

Glade (poly)- the name of a Slavic tribe, during the era of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs, who settled along the middle reaches of the Dnieper, on its right bank. Judging by the chronicles and the latest archaeological research, the territory of the land of glades in front of Christian era limited by the flow of the Dnieper, Ros and Irpen; in the northeast it was adjacent to the village land, in the west - to the southern settlements of the Dregovichi, in the southwest - to the Tivertsy, in the south - to the streets. Calling the Slavs who settled here the Polans, the chronicler adds: “Sedyahu lay in the field.” The Polyans differed sharply from the neighboring Slavic tribes both in moral properties and in the forms of social life: “The Polyanas, because of their customs, their father is quiet and meek, and is ashamed towards his daughters-in-law and towards his sisters and towards his mothers…. I have marriage customs."

History finds the glades at a rather late stage political development: the social system is composed of two elements - communal and princely-squad, and the first is strongly suppressed by the latter. With the usual and most ancient occupations of the Slavs - hunting, fishing and beekeeping - cattle breeding, agriculture, "timbering" and trade were more common among the Polyans than other Slavs. The latter was quite extensive not only with its Slavic neighbors, but also with foreigners in the West and East: from the coin hoards it is clear that trade with the East began in the 8th century, but ceased during the strife of the appanage princes.
At first, around the middle of the 8th century, the glades who paid tribute to the Khazars, thanks to their cultural and economic superiority, soon moved from a defensive position in relation to their neighbors to an offensive one; By the end of the 9th century, the Drevlyans, Dregovichs, northerners and others were already subject to the glades. Christianity was established among them earlier than others. The center of the Polyanskaya (“Polish”) land was Kyiv; her others settlements- Vyshgorod, Belgorod on the Irpen River (now the village of Belogorodka), Zvenigorod, Trepol (now the village of Tripolye), Vasilyev (now Vasilkov) and others.

The land of the glades with the city of Kiev became the center of the Rurikovich possessions from 882. The last time the name of the glades was mentioned in the chronicle was in 944, on the occasion of Igor’s campaign against the Greeks, and was replaced, probably already at the end of the 10th century, by the name Rus (Ros) and Kiyane. The chronicler also calls Polyana the Slavic tribe on the Vistula, mentioned for the last time in the Ipatiev Chronicle in 1208.

Radimichi- the name of the population that was part of the union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the interfluve of the upper reaches of the Dnieper and Desna. Around 885, the Radimichi became part of the Old Russian state, and in the 12th century they mastered most of the Chernigov and southern part of the Smolensk lands. The name comes from the name of the ancestor of the tribe, Radim.

Northerners (more correctly - north)- a tribe or tribal union of Eastern Slavs who inhabited the territories east of the middle reaches of the Dnieper, along the Desna and Seimi Sula rivers.

The origin of the name of the north is not completely clear. Most authors associate it with the name of the Savir tribe, which was part of the Hunnic association. According to another version, the name goes back to an obsolete ancient Slavic word meaning “relative”. The explanation from the Slavic siver, north, despite the similarity of sound, is considered extremely controversial, since the north has never been the most northern of the Slavic tribes.

Slovenes (Ilmen Slavs)- an East Slavic tribe that lived in the second half of the first millennium in the basin of Lake Ilmen and the upper reaches of the Mologa and made up the bulk of the population of the Novgorod land.

Tivertsy- an East Slavic tribe that lived between the Dniester and Danube near the Black Sea coast. They were first mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years along with other East Slavic tribes of the 9th century. The main occupation of the Tiverts was agriculture. The Tiverts took part in the campaigns of Oleg against Constantinople in 907 and Igor in 944. In the middle of the 10th century, the lands of the Tiverts became part of Kievan Rus. The descendants of the Tiverts became part of the Ukrainian people, and their western part underwent Romanization.

Ulichi- an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Southern Bug and the Black Sea coast during the 8th-10th centuries. The capital of the streets was the city of Peresechen. In the first half of the 10th century, the Ulichi fought for independence from Kievan Rus, but were nevertheless forced to recognize its supremacy and become part of it. Later, the Ulichi and neighboring Tivertsy were pushed north by the arriving Pecheneg nomads, where they merged with the Volynians. The last mention of the streets dates back to the chronicle of the 970s.

Croats- an East Slavic tribe that lived in the vicinity of the city of Przemysl on the San River. They called themselves White Croats, in contrast to the tribe of the same name who lived in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is derived from the ancient Iranian word “shepherd, guardian of livestock,” which may indicate its main occupation - cattle breeding.

Bodrichi (obodrit, rarogi)-Polabian Slavs (lower Elbe) in the 8th-12th centuries. - union of Vagrs, Polabs, Glinyaks, Smolyans. Rarog (from the Danes Rerik) is the main city of the Bodrichis. Mecklenburg State in East Germany.
According to one version, Rurik is a Slav from the Bodrichi tribe, the grandson of Gostomysl, the son of his daughter Umila and the Bodrichi prince Godoslav (Godlav).

Vistula- a West Slavic tribe that lived at least since the 7th century in Lesser Poland. In the 9th century, the Vistula people formed a tribal state with centers in Krakow, Sandomierz and Stradow. At the end of the century they were conquered by the king of Great Moravia Svyatopolk I and were forced to accept baptism. In the 10th century, the lands of the Vistula were conquered by the Polans and included in Poland.

Zličane (Czech: Zličane, Polish: Zliczanie)- one of the ancient Czech tribes. It inhabited the territory adjacent to the modern city of Kourzhim (Czech Republic). It served as the center of the formation of the Zlican Principality, which covered the beginning of the 10th century. Eastern and Southern Bohemia and the region of the Duleb tribe. The main city of the principality was Libice. The Libice princes Slavniki competed with Prague in the struggle for the unification of the Czech Republic. In 995, Zlicany was subordinated to the Přemyslids.

Lusatians, Lusatian Serbs, Sorbs (German: Sorben), Vends- the indigenous Slavic population living in the territory of Lower and Upper Lusatia - regions that are part of modern Germany. The first settlements of Lusatian Serbs in these places were recorded in the 6th century AD. e. The Lusatian language is divided into Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian. The Brockhaus and Euphron Dictionary gives the definition: “Sorbs are the name of the Vends and the Polabian Slavs in general.” Slavic people inhabiting a number of regions in Germany, in the federal states of Brandenburg and Saxony. The Lusatian Serbs are one of four officially recognized national minorities in Germany (along with the Gypsies, Frisians and Danes). It is believed that about 60 thousand German citizens now have Serbian roots, of which 20,000 live in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg) and 40 thousand in Upper Lusatia (Saxony).

Lyutici (Viltsy, Velety)- a union of West Slavic tribes that lived in the early Middle Ages in the territory of what is now eastern Germany. The center of the Lutich union was the “Radogost” sanctuary, in which the god Svarozhich was revered. All decisions were made at a large tribal meeting, and there was no central authority.
The Lutici led the Slavic uprising of 983 against German colonization of the lands east of the Elbe, as a result of which colonization was suspended for almost two hundred years. Even before this, they were ardent opponents of the German king Otto I. It is known about his heir, Henry II, that he did not try to enslave them, but rather lured them with money and gifts to his side in the fight against Boleslaw the Brave Poland.

Military and political successes strengthened the Lutichi's commitment to paganism and pagan customs, which also applied to the related Bodrichi. However, in the 1050s. An internecine war broke out among the Lyutichs and changed their position. The union quickly lost power and influence, and after the central sanctuary was destroyed by the Saxon Duke Lothair in 1125, the union finally disintegrated. Over the next decades, the Saxon dukes gradually expanded their possessions to the east and conquered the lands of the Luticians.

Pomeranians, Pomeranians- West Slavic tribes who lived from the 6th century in the lower reaches of the Odryna coast Baltic Sea. It remains unclear whether there was a residual Germanic population before their arrival, which they assimilated. In 900, the border of the Pomeranian area ran along the Odra in the west, the Vistula in the east and Notec in the south. They gave the name to the historical area of ​​Pomerania. In the 10th century, the Polish prince Mieszko I included the Pomeranian lands into the Polish state. In the 11th century, the Pomeranians rebelled and regained independence from Poland. During this period, their territory expanded west from the Odra into the lands of the Lutich. On the initiative of Prince Wartislaw I, the Pomeranians adopted Christianity.

From the 1180s German influence began to increase and German settlers began to arrive on the Pomeranian lands. Due to the devastating wars with the Danes, the Pomeranian feudal lords welcomed the settlement of the devastated lands by the Germans. Over time, the process of Germanization of the Pomeranian population began. The remnant of the ancient Pomeranians who escaped assimilation today are the Kashubians, numbering 300 thousand people.

So far this short list only includesofficially recognized tribes.

Vyatichi- a union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the second half of the first millennium AD. e. in the upper and middle reaches of the Oka. The name Vyatichi presumably comes from the name of the ancestor of the tribe, Vyatko. However, some associate the origin of this name with the morpheme “ven” and the Veneds (or Venets/Vents) (the name “Vyatichi” was pronounced “Ventici”).
In the middle of the 10th century, Svyatoslav annexed the lands of the Vyatichi to Kievan Rus, but until the end of the 11th century these tribes retained a certain political independence; campaigns against the Vyatichi princes of this time are mentioned. Since the 12th century, the territory of the Vyatichi became part of the Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal and Ryazan principalities. Until the end of the 13th century, the Vyatichi preserved many pagan rituals and traditions, in particular, they cremated the dead, erecting small mounds over the burial site. After Christianity took root among the Vyatichi, the ritual of cremation gradually fell out of use.
The Vyatichi retained their tribal name longer than other Slavs. They lived without princes, the social structure was characterized by self-government and democracy. The last time the Vyatichi were mentioned in the chronicle under such a tribal name was in 1197.

Buzhans(Volynians) - a tribe of Eastern Slavs who lived in the basin of the upper reaches of the Western Bug (from which they got their name); Since the end of the 11th century, the Buzhans have been called Volynians (from the area of ​​Volyn).

Volynians- an East Slavic tribe or tribal union, mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years and in the Bavarian chronicles. According to the latter, the Volynians owned seventy fortresses at the end of the 10th century. Some historians believe that the Volynians and Buzhans are descendants of the Dulebs. Their main cities were Volyn and Vladimir-Volynsky. Archaeological research indicates that the Volynians developed agriculture and numerous crafts, including forging, casting and pottery.
In 981, the Volynians were subjugated by the Kyiv prince Vladimir I and became part of Kievan Rus. Later, the Galician-Volyn principality was formed on the territory of the Volynians.

Drevlyans- one of the tribes of Russian Slavs, lived in Pripyat, Goryn, Sluch and Teterev.
The name Drevlyans, according to the chronicler's explanation, was given to them because they lived in forests. Describing the morals of the Drevlyans, the chronicler exposes them, in contrast to their fellow tribesmen - the Polans, as an extremely rude people (“they live bestially, kill each other, eat everything is unclean, and they have never had a marriage, but they snatch a maiden from the water”).
Neither archaeological excavations nor the data contained in the chronicle itself confirm such a characterization. From archaeological excavations in the country of the Drevlyans, we can conclude that they had a well-known culture. A well-established burial ritual indicates the existence of certain religious ideas about the afterlife: the absence of weapons in the graves indicates the peaceful nature of the tribe; finds of sickles, shards and vessels, iron products, remains of fabrics and leather indicate the existence of arable farming, pottery, blacksmithing, weaving and tanning among the Drevlyans; many bones of domestic animals and spurs indicate cattle and horse breeding; many items made of silver, bronze, glass and carnelian, of foreign origin, indicate the existence of trade, and the absence of coins gives reason to conclude that trade was barter.
The political center of the Drevlyans in the era of their independence was the city of Iskorosten; in later times this center apparently moved to the city of Vruchiy (Ovruch)

Dregovichi- an East Slavic tribal union that lived between Pripyat and the Western Dvina.
Most likely the name comes from the Old Russian word dregva or dryagva, which means “swamp”.
Under the name of the Druguvites (Greek δρονγονβίται), the Dregovichi were already known to Constantine the Porphyrogenitus as a tribe subordinate to Rus'. Being aloof from the “Road from the Varangians to the Greeks,” the Dregovichi did not play a prominent role in the history of Ancient Rus'. The chronicle only mentions that the Dregovichi once had their own reign. The capital of the principality was the city of Turov. The subordination of the Dregovichi to the Kyiv princes probably occurred very early. The Principality of Turov was subsequently formed on the territory of the Dregovichi, and the northwestern lands became part of the Principality of Polotsk.

Duleby(not Duleby) - a union of East Slavic tribes on the territory of Western Volyn in the 6th - early 10th centuries. In the 7th century they were subjected to an Avar invasion (obry). In 907 they took part in Oleg’s campaign against Constantinople. They split into tribes of Volynians and Buzhanians and in the middle of the 10th century they finally lost their independence, becoming part of Kievan Rus.

Krivichi- a large East Slavic tribe (tribal association), which in the 6th-10th centuries occupied the upper reaches of the Volga, Dnieper and Western Dvina, the southern part of the Lake Peipsi basin and part of the Neman basin. Sometimes the Ilmen Slavs are also considered to be Krivichi.
The Krivichi were probably the first Slavic tribe to move from the Carpathian region to the northeast. Limited in their expansion to the northwest and west, where they met stable Lithuanian and Finnish tribes, the Krivichi spread to the northeast, assimilating with the Finns who lived there.
Having settled on the great waterway from Scandinavia to Byzantium (the route from the Varangians to the Greeks), the Krivichi took part in trade with Greece; Konstantin Porphyrogenitus says that the Krivichi make boats on which the Rus go to Constantinople. They took part in Oleg and Igor’s campaigns against the Greeks as a tribe subordinate to the Kyiv prince; Oleg's agreement mentions their city of Polotsk.
Already in the era of the formation of the Russian state, the Krivichi had political centers: Izborsk, Polotsk and Smolensk.
It is believed that the last tribal prince of the Krivichs, Rogvolod, together with his sons, was killed in 980 by the Novgorod prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. In the Ipatiev list, the Krivichi were mentioned for the last time in 1128, and the Polotsk princes were called Krivichi in 1140 and 1162. After this, the Krivichi were no longer mentioned in East Slavic chronicles. However, the tribal name Krivichi was used in foreign sources for quite a long time (until the end of the 17th century). The word krievs entered the Latvian language to designate Russians in general, and the word Krievija to designate Russia.
The southwestern, Polotsk branch of the Krivichi is also called Polotsk. Together with the Dregovichi, Radimichi and some Baltic tribes, this branch of the Krivichi formed the basis of the Belarusian ethnic group.
The northeastern branch of the Krivichi, settled mainly in the territory of modern Tver, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, was in close contact with the Finno-Ugric tribes.
The border between the settlement territory of the Krivichi and the Novgorod Slovenes is determined archaeologically by the types of burials: long mounds among the Krivichi and hills among the Slovenes.

Polotsk residents- an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina in today's Belarus in the 9th century.
Polotsk residents are mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, which explains their name as living near the Polota River, one of the tributaries of the Western Dvina. In addition, the chronicle claims that the Krivichi were descendants of the Polotsk people. The lands of the Polotsk people extended from Svisloch along the Berezina to the lands of the Dregovichi. The Polotsk people were one of the tribes from which the Principality of Polotsk was later formed. They are one of the founders of the modern Belarusian people.

Glade(poly) is the name of a Slavic tribe that, during the era of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs, settled along the middle reaches of the Dnieper, on its right bank.
Judging by the chronicles and the latest archaeological research, the territory of the land of the glades before the Christian era was limited by the flow of the Dnieper, Ros and Irpen; in the northeast it was adjacent to the village land, in the west - to the southern settlements of the Dregovichi, in the southwest - to the Tivertsy, in the south - to the streets.
Calling the Slavs who settled here the Polans, the chronicler adds: “Sedyahu lay in the field.” The Polyans differed sharply from the neighboring Slavic tribes both in their moral qualities and in the forms of social life: “The Polyanas, for their father’s customs, are quiet and meek, and are ashamed of their daughters-in-law and their sisters and their mothers…. I have marriage customs."
History finds the Polans already at a rather late stage of political development: the social system is composed of two elements - communal and princely-retinue, and the first is greatly suppressed by the latter. With the usual and most ancient occupations of the Slavs - hunting, fishing and beekeeping - cattle breeding, farming, "timbering" and trade were more common among the Polyans than among other Slavs. The latter was quite extensive not only with its Slavic neighbors, but also with foreigners in the West and East: from the coin hoards it is clear that trade with the East began in the 8th century, but ceased during the strife of the appanage princes.
At first, around the middle of the 8th century, the glades, who paid tribute to the Khazars due to cultural and economic superiority, soon moved from a defensive position in relation to their neighbors to an offensive one; By the end of the 9th century, the Drevlyans, Dregovichs, northerners and others were already subject to the glades. Christianity was established among them earlier than others. The center of the Polyanskaya (“Polish”) land was Kyiv; its other settlements are Vyshgorod, Belgorod on the Irpen River (now the village of Belogorodka), Zvenigorod, Trepol (now the village of Tripolye), Vasilyev (now Vasilkov) and others.
The land of Polyan with the city of Kiev became the center of the Rurikovich possessions in 882. The last time the name of Polyan was mentioned in the chronicle was in 944, on the occasion of Igor’s campaign against the Greeks, and was replaced, probably already at the end of the 10th century, by the name Rus (Ros) and Kiyane. The chronicler also calls the Slavic tribe on the Vistula, mentioned for the last time in the Ipatiev Chronicle in 1208, Polyana.

Radimichi- the name of the population that was part of the union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the interfluve of the upper reaches of the Dnieper and Desna.
Around 885 the Radimichi became part of the Old Russian state, and in the 12th century they mastered most of the Chernigov and southern part of the Smolensk lands. The name comes from the name of the ancestor of the tribe, Radim.

Northerners(more correctly - North) - a tribe or tribal union of Eastern Slavs who inhabited the territories east of the middle reaches of the Dnieper, along the Desna, Seim and Sula rivers.
The origin of the name of the north is not completely clear. Most authors associate it with the name of the Savir tribe, which was part of the Hunnic association. According to another version, the name goes back to an obsolete ancient Slavic word meaning “relative”. The explanation from the Slavic siver, north, despite the similarity of sound, is considered extremely controversial, since the north has never been the most northern of the Slavic tribes.

Slovenia(Ilmen Slavs) - an East Slavic tribe that lived in the second half of the first millennium in the basin of Lake Ilmen and the upper reaches of the Mologa and made up the bulk of the population of the Novgorod land.

Tivertsy- an East Slavic tribe that lived between the Dniester and Danube near the Black Sea coast. They were first mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years along with other East Slavic tribes of the 9th century. The main occupation of the Tiverts was agriculture. The Tiverts took part in the campaigns of Oleg against Constantinople in 907 and Igor in 944. In the middle of the 10th century, the lands of the Tiverts became part of Kievan Rus.
The descendants of the Tiverts became part of the Ukrainian people, and their western part underwent Romanization.

Ulichi- an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Southern Bug and the Black Sea coast during the 8th-10th centuries.
The capital of the streets was the city of Peresechen. In the first half of the 10th century, the Ulichi fought for independence from Kievan Rus, but were nevertheless forced to recognize its supremacy and become part of it. Later, the Ulichi and neighboring Tivertsy were pushed north by the arriving Pecheneg nomads, where they merged with the Volynians. The last mention of the streets dates back to the chronicle of the 970s.

Croats- an East Slavic tribe that lived in the vicinity of the city of Przemysl on the San River. They called themselves White Croats, in contrast to the tribe of the same name who lived in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is derived from the ancient Iranian word “shepherd, guardian of livestock,” which may indicate its main occupation - cattle breeding.

Bodrichi(Obodrity, Rarogi) - Polabian Slavs (lower Elbe) in the 8th-12th centuries. - union of Vagrs, Polabs, Glinyaks, Smolyans. Rarog (from the Danes Rerik) is the main city of the Bodrichis. Mecklenburg State in East Germany.
According to one version, Rurik is a Slav from the Bodrichi tribe, the grandson of Gostomysl, the son of his daughter Umila and the Bodrichi prince Godoslav (Godlav).

Vistula- a West Slavic tribe that lived at least since the 7th century in Lesser Poland. In the 9th century, the Vistula people formed a tribal state with centers in Krakow, Sandomierz and Stradow. At the end of the century they were conquered by the king of Great Moravia Svyatopolk I and were forced to accept baptism. In the 10th century, the lands of the Vistula were conquered by the Polans and included in Poland.

Zlićane(Czech Zličane, Polish Zliczanie) - one of the ancient Bohemian tribes. Inhabited the territory adjacent to the modern city of Kourzhim (Czech Republic). It served as the center of formation of the Zlichansky principality, which covered at the beginning of the 10th century. Eastern and Southern Bohemia and the region of the Duleb tribe. The main city of the principality was Libice. The Libice princes Slavniki competed with Prague in the struggle for the unification of the Czech Republic. In 995, Zlicany was subordinated to the Přemyslids.

Lusatians, Lusatian Serbs, Sorbs (German: Sorben), Vends - the indigenous Slavic population living in the territory of Lower and Upper Lusatia - regions that are part of modern Germany. The first settlements of Lusatian Serbs in these places were recorded in the 6th century AD. e.
The Lusatian language is divided into Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian.
The Brockhaus and Euphron Dictionary gives the definition: “Sorbs are the name of the Wends and the Polabian Slavs in general.” Slavic people inhabiting a number of regions in Germany, in the federal states of Brandenburg and Saxony.
The Lusatian Serbs are one of Germany's four officially recognized national minorities (along with the Gypsies, Frisians and Danes). It is believed that about 60 thousand German citizens now have Serbian roots, of which 20,000 live in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg) and 40 thousand in Upper Lusatia (Saxony).

Lyutici(Wilts, Velets) - a union of West Slavic tribes that lived in the early Middle Ages in the territory of what is now eastern Germany. The center of the Lutich union was the “Radogost” sanctuary, in which the god Svarozhich was revered. All decisions were made at a large tribal meeting, and there was no central authority.
The Lutici led the Slavic uprising of 983 against German colonization of the lands east of the Elbe, as a result of which colonization was suspended for almost two hundred years. Even before this, they were ardent opponents of the German king Otto I. It is known about his heir, Henry II, that he did not try to enslave them, but rather lured them with money and gifts to his side in the fight against Boleslaw the Brave Poland.
Military and political successes strengthened the Lutichi's commitment to paganism and pagan customs, which also applied to the related Bodrichi. However, in the 1050s, an internecine war broke out among the Lutichs and changed their position. The union quickly lost power and influence, and after the central sanctuary was destroyed by the Saxon Duke Lothair in 1125, the union finally disintegrated. Over the next decades, the Saxon dukes gradually expanded their possessions to the east and conquered the lands of the Luticians.

Pomeranians, Pomeranians are West Slavic tribes who lived from the 6th century in the lower reaches of the Odra on the Baltic Sea coast. It remains unclear whether there was a residual Germanic population before their arrival, which they assimilated. In 900, the border of the Pomeranian range ran along the Odra in the west, the Vistula in the east and Notech in the south. They gave the name to the historical area of ​​Pomerania.
In the 10th century, the Polish prince Mieszko I included the Pomeranian lands into the Polish state. In the 11th century, the Pomeranians rebelled and regained independence from Poland. During this period, their territory expanded west from the Odra into the lands of the Lutich. On the initiative of Prince Wartislaw I, the Pomeranians adopted Christianity.
From the 1180s, German influence began to increase and German settlers began to arrive on the Pomeranian lands. Due to the devastating wars with the Danes, the Pomeranian feudal lords welcomed the settlement of the devastated lands by the Germans. Over time, the process of Germanization of the Pomeranian population began. The remnant of the ancient Pomeranians who escaped assimilation today are the Kashubians, numbering 300 thousand people.

Ruyan(rans) - a West Slavic tribe that inhabited the island of Rügen.
In the 6th century, the Slavs settled the lands of what is now eastern Germany, including Rügen. The Ruyan tribe was ruled by princes who lived in fortresses. The religious center of Ruyan was the sanctuary of Yaromar, in which the god Svyatovit was revered.
The main occupation of the Ruyans was cattle breeding, farming and fishing. There is information according to which the Ruyans had extensive trade ties with Scandinavia and the Baltic states.
The Ruyans lost their independence in 1168 when they were conquered by the Danes, who converted them to Christianity. The Rujan king Jaromir became a vassal of the Danish king, and the island became part of the bishopric of Roskilde. Later, the Germans came to the island, in which the Ruyans disappeared. In 1325, the last Ruyan prince, Wislav, died.

Ukrany- a West Slavic tribe that settled in the 6th century in the east of the modern German federal state of Brandenburg. The lands that once belonged to the Ukrainians are today called Uckermark.

Smolyan(Bulgarian Smolyani) - a medieval South Slavic tribe that settled in the 7th century in the Rhodope Mountains and the valley of the Mesta River. In 837 the tribe rebelled against Byzantine supremacy, concluding an alliance with the Bulgar Khan Presian. Later, the Smolensk people became one of the constituent parts of the Bulgarian people. The city of Smolyan in southern Bulgaria is named after this tribe.

Strumyane- a South Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands along the Struma River in the Middle Ages.

Timochany- a medieval Slavic tribe that lived in the territory of modern eastern Serbia, west of the Timok River, as well as in the regions of Banat and Sirmia. The Timochans joined the first Bulgarian kingdom after the Bulgarian Khan Krum reconquered their lands from the Avar Khaganate in 805. In 818, during the reign of Omurtag (814-836), they rebelled along with other border tribes because they refused to accept a reform that limited their local self management. In search of an ally, they turned to the Holy Roman Emperor, Louis I the Pious. In 824-826 Omurtag tried to resolve the conflict diplomatically, but his letters to Louis remained unanswered. After this, he decided to suppress the uprising by force and sent soldiers along the Drava River to the lands of the Timochans, who again returned them to Bulgarian rule.
Timochans dissolved into the Serbian and Bulgarian peoples in the late Middle Ages.

For this interesting material We are grateful to Sayu "Rusich":

http://slavyan.ucoz.ru/index/0-46

If we move along the East European Plain from north to south, then we see successively 15 East Slavic tribes will appear:

1. Ilmen Slovenes, the center of which was Novgorod the Great, which stood on the banks of the Volkhov River, flowing out of Lake Ilmen and on whose lands there were many other cities, which is why the Scandinavians neighboring them called the possessions of the Slovenes “gardarika,” that is, “land of cities.”

These were: Ladoga and Beloozero, Staraya Russa and Pskov. The Ilmen Slovenes got their name from the name of Lake Ilmen, located in their possession and also called the Slovenian Sea. For residents remote from the real seas, the lake, 45 versts long and about 35 wide, seemed huge, which is why it had its second name - the sea.

2. Krivichi, living in the area between the Dnieper, Volga and Western Dvina, around Smolensk and Izborsk, Yaroslavl and Rostov the Great, Suzdal and Murom.

Their name came from the name of the founder of the tribe, Prince Krivoy, who apparently received the nickname Krivoy from a natural defect. Subsequently, a Krivichi was popularly known as a person who is insincere, deceitful, capable of deceiving his soul, from whom you will not expect the truth, but will be faced with deceit. (Moscow subsequently arose on the lands of the Krivichi, but you will read about this further.)

3. Polotsk residents settled on the Poloti River, at its confluence with the Western Dvina. At the confluence of these two rivers stood the main city of the tribe - Polotsk, or Polotsk, whose name is also derived from the hydronym: “river along the border with the Latvian tribes” - Latami, Leti.

To the south and southeast of Polotsk lived the Dregovichi, Radimichi, Vyatichi and Northerners.

4. Dregovichi lived on the banks of the Accept River, receiving their name from the words “dregva” and “dryagovina,” meaning “swamp.” The cities of Turov and Pinsk were located here.

5. Radimichi, those who lived between the Dnieper and Sozh rivers were called by the name of their first prince Radim, or Radimir.

6. Vyatichi were the easternmost ancient Russian tribe, receiving their name, like the Radimichi, from the name of their ancestor - Prince Vyatko, which was an abbreviated name Vyacheslav. Old Ryazan was located in the land of the Vyatichi.

7. Northerners occupied the river Desna, Seim and Suda and in ancient times were the northernmost East Slavic tribe. When the Slavs settled as far as Novgorod the Great and Beloozero, they retained their former name, although its original meaning was lost. In their lands there were cities: Novgorod Seversky, Listven and Chernigov.

8. Glades, inhabiting the lands around Kyiv, Vyshgorod, Rodnya, Pereyaslavl, were called so from the word “field”. Cultivation of fields became their main occupation, which led to the development of agriculture, cattle breeding and animal husbandry. The Polyans went down in history as a tribe, more than others, that contributed to the development of ancient Russian statehood.

The neighbors of the glades in the south were the Rus, Tivertsy and Ulichi, in the north - the Drevlyans and in the west - the Croats, Volynians and Buzhans.

9. Rus'- the name of one, far from the largest East Slavic tribe, which, because of its name, became the most famous in the history of mankind and in historical science, because in the disputes over its origin, scientists and publicists broke many copies and spilled rivers of ink. Many outstanding scientists - lexicographers, etymologists and historians - derive this name from the name of the Normans, Rus, almost universally accepted in the 9th-10th centuries. The Normans, known to the Eastern Slavs as the Varangians, conquered Kyiv and the surrounding lands around 882. During their conquests, which took place over 300 years - from the 8th to the 11th centuries - and covered all of Europe - from England to Sicily and from Lisbon to Kyiv - they sometimes left their name behind the conquered lands. For example, the territory conquered by the Normans in the north of the Frankish kingdom was called Normandy.

Opponents of this point of view believe that the name of the tribe came from the hydronym - the Ros River, from where the whole country later became known as Russia. And in the 11th-12th centuries, Russia began to be called the lands of Rus', glades, northerners and Radimichi, some territories inhabited by the streets and Vyatichi. Supporters of this point of view view Rus' no longer as a tribal or ethnic union, but as a political state entity.

10. Tivertsy occupied spaces along the banks of the Dniester, from its middle reaches to the mouth of the Danube and the shores of the Black Sea. The most likely origin seems to be their names from the Tivre River, as the ancient Greeks called the Dniester. Their center was the city of Cherven on the western bank of the Dniester. The Tivertsy bordered on the nomadic tribes of the Pechenegs and Cumans and, under their attacks, retreated to the north, mingling with the Croats and Volynians.

11. Ulichi were the southern neighbors of the Tiverts, occupying lands in the Lower Dnieper region, on the banks of the Bug and the Black Sea coast. Their main city was Peresechen. Together with the Tiverts, they retreated to the north, where they mixed with the Croats and Volynians.

12. Drevlyans lived along the rivers Teterev, Uzh, Uborot and Sviga, in Polesie and on the right bank of the Dnieper. Their main city was Iskorosten on the Uzh River, and in addition, there were other cities - Ovruch, Gorodsk, and several others, the names of which we do not know, but traces of them remained in the form of settlements. The Drevlyans were the most hostile East Slavic tribe towards the Polans and their allies, who formed the ancient Russian state centered in Kyiv. They were determined enemies of the first Kyiv princes, they even killed one of them - Igor Svyatoslavovich, for which the prince of the Drevlyans Mal, in turn, was killed by Igor's widow, Princess Olga.

The Drevlyans lived in dense forests, getting its name from the word “tree” - tree.

13. Croats, who lived around the city of Przemysl on the river. San, called themselves White Croats, in contrast to the tribe of the same name who lived in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is derived from the ancient Iranian word “shepherd, guardian of livestock,” which may indicate its main occupation - cattle breeding.

14. Volynians were a tribal association formed on the territory where the Duleb tribe previously lived. Volynians settled on both banks of the Western Bug and in the upper reaches of Pripyat. Their main city was Cherven, and after Volyn was conquered by the Kyiv princes, a new city was erected on the Luga River in 988 - Vladimir-Volynsky, which gave the name to the Vladimir-Volynsky principality that formed around it.

15. Into a tribal association that arose in the habitat Dulebov, In addition to the Volynians, they also included Buzhans, who were located on the banks of the Southern Bug. There is an opinion that Volynians and Buzhanians were one tribe, and their independent names arose only as a result of different habitats. According to written foreign sources, the Buzhans occupied 230 “cities” - most likely, these were fortified settlements, and the Volynians - 70. Be that as it may, these figures indicate that Volyn and the Bug region were populated quite densely.

The same applies to the lands and peoples bordering the Eastern Slavs, this picture looked like this: Finno-Ugric tribes lived in the north: Cheremis, Chud Zavolochskaya, Ves, Korela, Chud; in the north-west lived the Balto-Slavic tribes: Kors, Zemigola, Zhmud, Yatvingians and Prussians; in the west - Poles and Hungarians; in the southwest - Volokhs (ancestors of Romanians and Moldovans); in the east - the Burtases, the related Mordovians and the Volga-Kama Bulgarians. Beyond these lands lay “terra incognita” - an unknown land, which the Eastern Slavs learned about only after their knowledge of the world greatly expanded with the advent of a new religion in Rus' - Christianity, and at the same time writing, which was the third sign of civilization .

Ancient historians were sure that on the territory of Ancient Rus' they lived warlike tribes and “people with dog heads.” Much time has passed since then, but many mysteries of the Slavic tribes have not yet been solved.

Northerners living in the south

At the beginning of the 8th century, the tribe of northerners inhabited the banks of the Desna, Seim and Seversky Donets, founded Chernigov, Putivl, Novgorod-Seversky and Kursk.
The name of the tribe, according to Lev Gumilev, is due to the fact that it assimilated the nomadic Savir tribe, which in ancient times lived in Western Siberia. It is with the Savirs that the origin of the name “Siberia” is associated.

Archaeologist Valentin Sedov believed that the Savirs were a Scythian-Sarmatian tribe, and the place names of the northerners were of Iranian origin. Thus, the name of the Seym (Seven) river comes from the Iranian śyama or even from the ancient Indian syāma, which means “dark river”.

According to the third hypothesis, the northerners (severs) were immigrants from the southern or western lands. On the right bank of the Danube lived a tribe with that name. It could easily have been “moved” by the invading Bulgars.

The northerners were representatives of the Mediterranean type of people. They were distinguished by a narrow face, an elongated skull, and were thin-boned and nosed.
They brought bread and furs to Byzantium, and back - gold, silver, and luxury goods. They traded with the Bulgarians and Arabs.
The northerners paid tribute to the Khazars, and then entered into an alliance of tribes united by the Novgorod prince Oleg the Prophet. In 907 they took part in the campaign against Constantinople. In the 9th century, the Chernigov and Pereyaslav principalities appeared on their lands.

Vyatichi and Radimichi - relatives or different tribes?

The lands of the Vyatichi were located on the territory of the Moscow, Kaluga, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tula, Voronezh and Lipetsk regions.
Outwardly, the Vyatichi resembled northerners, but they were not so big-nosed, but they had a high bridge of the nose and Brown hair. The Tale of Bygone Years states that the name of the tribe came from the name of the ancestor Vyatko (Vyacheslav), who came “from the Poles.”

Other scientists associate the name with the Indo-European root “ven-t” (wet), or with the Proto-Slavic “vęt” (large) and place the name of the tribe on a par with the Wends and Vandals.

The Vyatichi were skilled warriors, hunters, and collected wild honey, mushrooms and berries. Cattle breeding and shifting agriculture were widespread. They were not part of Ancient Rus' and more than once fought with the Novgorod and Kyiv princes.
According to legend, Vyatko's brother Radim became the founder of the Radimichi, who settled between the Dnieper and Desna in the Gomel and Mogilev regions of Belarus and founded Krichev, Gomel, Rogachev and Chechersk.
The Radimichi also rebelled against the princes, but after the battle on Peshchan they submitted. Chronicles mention them for the last time in 1169.

Are Krivichi Croats or Poles?

The passage of the Krivichi, who from the 6th century lived in the upper reaches of the Western Dvina, Volga and Dnieper and became the founders of Smolensk, Polotsk and Izborsk, is not known for certain. The name of the tribe came from the ancestor Kriv. The Krivichi differed from other tribes in their tall stature. They had a nose with a pronounced hump and a clearly defined chin.

Anthropologists classify the Krivichi people as the Valdai type of people. According to one version, the Krivichi are migrated tribes of white Croats and Serbs, according to another, they are immigrants from the north of Poland.

The Krivichi worked closely with the Varangians and built ships on which they sailed to Constantinople.
The Krivichi became part of Ancient Rus' in the 9th century. The last prince of the Krivichi, Rogvolod, was killed with his sons in 980. The principalities of Smolensk and Polotsk appeared on their lands.

Slovenian Vandals

The Slovenes (Itelmen Slovenes) were the northernmost tribe. They lived on the shores of Lake Ilmen and on the Mologa River. Origin unknown. According to legends, their ancestors were Sloven and Rus, who founded the cities of Slovensk (Veliky Novgorod) and Staraya Russa before our era.

From Sloven, power passed to Prince Vandal (known in Europe as the Ostrogothic leader Vandalar), who had three sons: Izbor, Vladimir and Stolposvyat, and four brothers: Rudotok, Volkhov, Volkhovets and Bastarn. The wife of Prince Vandal Advinda was from the Varangians.

Slovenes continually fought with the Varangians and their neighbors.

It is known that the ruling dynasty descended from the son of Vandal Vladimir. The Slavs were engaged in agriculture, expanded their possessions, influenced other tribes, and traded with the Arabs, Prussia, Gotland and Sweden.
It was here that Rurik began to reign. After the emergence of Novgorod, the Slovenes began to be called Novgorodians and founded the Novgorod Land.

Russians. A people without territory

Look at the map of the settlement of the Slavs. Each tribe has its own lands. There are no Russians there. Although it was the Russians who gave the name to Rus'. There are three theories of the origin of the Russians.
The first theory considers the Rus to be Varangians and is based on the “Tale of Bygone Years” (written from 1110 to 1118), it says: “They drove the Varangians overseas, and did not give them tribute, and began to control themselves, and there was no truth among them , and generation after generation arose, and they had strife, and began to fight with each other. And they said to themselves: “Let’s look for a prince who would rule over us and judge us by right.” And they went overseas to the Varangians, to Rus'. Those Varangians were called Rus, just as others are called Swedes, and some Normans and Angles, and still others Gotlanders, so are these.”

The second says that the Rus are a separate tribe that came to Eastern Europe earlier or later than the Slavs.

The third theory says that the Rus are the highest caste of the East Slavic tribe of the Polyans, or the tribe itself that lived on the Dnieper and Ros. “The glades are now called Rus'” - it was written in the “Laurentian” Chronicle, which followed the “Tale of Bygone Years” and was written in 1377. Here the word “Rus” was used as a toponym and the name Rusa was also used as a name separate tribe: “Rus, Chud and Slovene,” - this is how the chronicler listed the peoples who inhabited the country.
Despite research by geneticists, controversy surrounding the Rus continues. According to the Norwegian researcher Thor Heyerdahl, the Varangians themselves are descendants of the Slavs.