What and how is paper made from? Own business: production of notebooks. Technology and equipment for the production of school notebooks How notebooks are made in a factory

Olga Treshcheiko
Summary of educational activities for familiarization with the outside world “What is paper made of” ( preparatory group)

Abstract of GCD

Cognitive development getting to know the outside world

Preparatory group.

Subject: "From what do they make paper» .

Prepared:

teacher

Treshcheiko O. S.

Target: Enrich and clarify children’s knowledge about paper.

Tasks:

Educational: introduce and expand children's understanding of paper, its different types, properties and qualities.

Developmental: develop investigative actions and the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Educational: cultivate interest in knowledge of the surrounding world, curiosity, careful attitude to nature.

Activating the dictionary children: waste paper, cellulose, papyrus, birch bark parchment, starch, mixer.

Material: laptop, ready presentation about production paper.

experimental part: old newspapers, starch, PVA glue, warm water, mixer.

Progress of the lesson:

Educator: Guys, in my box there is an answer to a riddle that I will tell you now.

I'm white as snow

I'm friends with a pencil

Where he passes - he puts a note (Paper)

That's right guys, this is paper get the paper show the children. Let's go to the table and see what lies there?

Educator: look carefully and tell me if everything is the paper is the same? How did you determine? (touch, stroke).

Educator: Yes, paper It can be smooth and rough, thick, thin, soft and not so soft. Who can name the species? paper? (color, landscape, cardboard, napkins, velvet, etc.) Do you know where it came from? paper?

Let's sit on the chairs and watch the presentation "When and how did it appear paper?» Conversation after viewing the presentation

Educator: Guys, do you remember in which country it was invented? paper?

Educator: Chinese did it is made from soaked plant fibers. It turned out that paper can be made from wood, rags and even... from the old one paper– waste paper is old unnecessary books and notebooks, toy packaging. It turns out that paper can be used twice!

Educator: And now physical education minute:

One - get up, pull yourself up,

Two - bend over, straighten up,

Three - three claps of your hands,

Three nods of the head.

Four - arms wider,

Five - wave your arms,

Six - sit on the chair again.

Educator: And now I suggest you play a little D/n "What happens from paper» .

Children take out objects from the box (notebook, album, book, toilet paper, cardboard box, banknote, candy wrapper, envelope) naming from what is the item made of?(notebook made of paper)

Guys, we learned the production process paper, realized that it is very big amount we use paper in life what without paper very difficult for a person. And in order not to needlessly cut down trees in the forest, we need to be more careful about paper. It is more economical to use it in our everyday life: do not throw away the books and magazines you have read, but ask your parents to take them to the recycling bin, where paper will get a second life.

Educator: And now you and I will try it ourselves make paper. Let's take old newspapers and shred them into small pieces, then fold the pieces paper in a cup, then add a spoonful of PVA glue and starch, and finally pour in the mixture warm water. Next, grind the resulting mixture using a mixer and place "future paper» onto the mold and let dry! The paper is ready! (The paper takes a day to dry)

The final part.

Educator: Guys, today you learned a lot about paper and its production. You also learned that paper can be used several times.

And what proverbs and sayings about paper you know?

Children: Paper will endure anything.

Paper is patient: does not blush from shame.

The paper endures, the pen writes.

Paper and brush are hard like mountains and rivers.

Not on paper says, but it is shown by deeds.

Fire in you can't wrap the paper.

I am sure that you will now take good care of paper. The more economically we use paper, the more spruce and birch trees will remain in the forest.

Educator: how can we save trees?

Children's answers: do not spoil the sheets just like that, do not paint or tear books.

Publications on the topic:

Summary of educational activities for familiarization with the outside world “New Year’s holiday” (preparatory group) " New Year's celebration" Goal: To form children's ideas about the New Year celebration. Objectives: - To expand children's ideas about the celebration.

Summary of educational activities for familiarization with the outside world (senior group) “How forest animals prepare for winter” Communicative activity Natural environment Topic: "How forest animals preparing for winter." Integration of OO: "Cognitive development", "Speech.

“Small birds, nests.” Summary of educational activities for familiarization with the outside world (second junior group) Summary of educational activities for familiarization with the outside world “Birds - small, nests” Prepared by: Lyudmila Gennadievna Makarevich, teacher.

Summary of educational activities for familiarization with the environment on the topic “Introduction to the profession of fashion designer” (preparatory group) Objectives: Educational:.

Summary of educational activities on familiarization with the surrounding world “The most precious thing on earth is water” (middle group)“The most precious thing on earth is water” /Middle group/ Goal: To cultivate love for native land. Clarify your understanding of the purpose of water in life.

Summary of a lesson on familiarization with the outside world on the topic “My Family” middle group teacher Igosheva Irina Fedorovna.

But how does a huge tree turn into a beautiful notebook, book or stack of white sheets? Let's figure this out together.

How paper is made

Paper is produced in paper mills. Logs are brought from the forest to the factory. The most commonly used are pine, spruce, birch, as well as eucalyptus, poplar, and chestnut.

On a special platform, the bark is stripped from the logs and crushed into chips. The fragments are then transported on a conveyor belt to a pulp mill, where they are boiled in a special solution. The result is cellulose, the main raw material for paper production.

Interesting! One tree produces 2857 notebooks of 12 pages. It takes 60 years to grow a mature tree. That is why it is important to use textbooks and notebooks carefully, because all of these are cut down trees.

The most economical way to obtain wood pulp is mechanical. The wood processing plant grinds the timber into crumbs and mixes it with water. This is how low-quality paper is made - for example, for newspapers.

But for the production of high-quality paper - for magazines, books and brochures - they use chemical method. Using sieves, the fragments are sorted by size. Then the crushed wood with the addition of acid is boiled in special machines.

The cellulose then passes through filters and is washed to remove impurities. At this stage, waste paper can be added to the raw material, but it must first be cleared of ink.

The next step is adding adhesives and resins. The first ones repel moisture, the second ones prevent the spreading of ink, which is often water-based. It is thanks to these processes that what is written in your notebook does not smudge and is easy to read. Printing paper does not require such sizing, because printing inks are not water-based.

But that's not all. Then pigments and dyes are added to the paper raw material. For example, White color paper is obtained by adding kaolin.

After this, the paper pulp enters the paper machine onto a conveyor belt. Here, using tiny porous holes and pressing with various rollers, moisture is removed from the paper and a continuous roll of tape is formed.

At the “wet pressing” stage, the paper is finally dried, dehydrated and compacted. The result is a smooth white tape wound onto a huge roll. The paper is ready! Can be sent to book factories. There, the paper web is cut to create books and notebooks.

You can learn all the intricacies of paper production from the video.

How are books made?

So, after the author writes the text and the editor of the publishing house approves it, the proofreading process. The work is checked for errors. Ideally, the proofreading team reads the text several times. After this, illustrations are selected for the book.

Then it begins layout. Using a special computer program, the layout designer selects the book format, margin size, types and sizes of fonts, and determines the location of illustrations and text.

The next stage is called color separation. Did you know that to print a fashion magazine cover you only need four colors: blue, pink, yellow and black? Therefore, now the designer must divide all illustrations into four components.

The most important stage is book printing. Using rollers on a printing machine, the paint is rolled out to a thin layer and fed to printed form, which rotates and places an image on a continuous roll of paper.

Interesting! Printing house workers can print several thousand sheets in one shift.

It is difficult to imagine any book without a cover. Therefore, the next stage is creating a “face” future book. If the cover is ready, it is placed on the book block and trimmed. If a hard cover is being made, the book is trimmed before the cover is glued on.

That's all - the book is ready to delight the eyes of admiring buyers, all that remains is to pack it. You can see with your own eyes how books are made in the next video.

What were books and paper made of in ancient times?

Once upon a time there were no books in the form in which you see them on store windows or in libraries today. And all because people did not know how to make them. Instead of paper, humanity used cave walls, stones, dishes, tree bark…

Years passed and people came up with the idea of ​​making records on wet clay. However, such books were too heavy, inconvenient and short-lived.

After some time, the heavy clay cloth was replaced calf or goat books skins are light and practical. Since the first such book was created in the ancient city of Pergamum, the “paper” made from animal skin was called parchment.

However, such material was too expensive, because to create one book, it was necessary to slaughter many calves. So people kept looking for cheaper and easier ways to create books. And they succeeded.

Along the rivers of Africa there grows a tall marsh plant - papyrus. People did not immediately realize its amazing properties. At first, the plant was used in the construction of houses. But one day a man was repairing his house. I cut the stem, took out the fibrous center and put it in the sun. Imagine the man’s surprise when he noticed that the fibers had turned into dry narrow ribbons. And when he saw that papyrus also absorbs paint well, he realized: you can write on papyrus! This is how books made from papyrus appeared.

But who and when invented paper as we see it now? Researchers assure: the palm belongs to the Chinese. They came up with the idea of ​​producing paper from young bamboo shoots.

Interesting! ...And before that time, the Chinese wrote on silk or bamboo tablets. The Chinese jealously guarded the mystery of silk production. However, silk was very expensive, which means-inaccessible to the majority of the population, and bamboo- too heavy. Only 30 hieroglyphs were placed on one board. Information has been preserved: in order to transport some works, the Chinese needed a whole cart.

Chinese chronicles report that invented paper in 105 AD. e. Tsai Lun.

“Everyone highly appreciates the work of Tsai Lung: he invented paper, and his glory lives on to this day...”- says the chronicle.

The 4th century was a turning point in the history of paper making. After the technology of its production was improved, paper replaced bamboo planks forever. New experiments have proven that paper can be produced from cheap plant materials: tree bark, reed, bamboo. The Chinese were especially happy about the latter: bamboo is a dime a dozen in their country.

No matter how hard the Chinese tried to keep the secret of paper production, they failed. In 751, during the fight against the Arabs, several Chinese craftsmen were captured. From them Arabs They learned the secret of creating a mysterious product and for five centuries they profitably sold it to Europe.

Oddly enough, but Europeans were the last of the civilized peoples to learn how to make paper - somewhere in the 11th-12th centuries. The Spaniards were the first to borrow paper production technology, then the Italians, Germans, English... It is interesting that for a long time paper was made not only from soaked tree fibers, but also from rags and other rags.

The first industrial paper production machine was invented in France in 1798.

On the territoryand Ukrainian lands Paper production began in the 13th century in Galich. However, documented information about Ukrainian paper “factories” has been preserved since the 16th century. Researchers of the history of the Ukrainian paper industry have found materials about 200 “factories” that operated on the territory of Ukraine from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, which indicates the high cultural level of the then population.

Radomysl Castle in Radomysl, ZhitomirShchyna is the first paper mill in Central Ukraine, built in 1612.

Now paper surrounds us everywhere, conquering more and more new areas of application every year. That is why it is so important to remember that it is made from trees - forest resources, which are catastrophically decreasing every year on the planet.

Treat books with care, use paper sparingly, recycle waste paper, plant trees - the least that everyone can do to preserve forests. And one inventive boy to save forest plantations, even refused to write an essay. =)

The answer to the question of how paper is made today lies in technology. But it’s worth looking into history. The prototype of the material is ancient Egyptian papyrus - a plant from which writing material was made. The soaked core was joined by laying layers perpendicular to each other. After being kept under pressure, the sheets were dried in the sun, cut and polished. The finished flexible scrolls were durable - some have survived into the 21st century.

The production of paper from materials familiar to us has been put into production in China. From the 2nd century AD e. The technology for processing the bast of mulberry trees gradually began to spread throughout the world. First it moved from China to the Arab East, and then to Europe.

The first paper factories appeared in Europe in the 13th century. Since the 17th century, Russian industrialists began producing paper materials.

Some sheets of parchment are well preserved

Types of paper

To understand how paper is made, you must first determine its type, because the composition of the raw material can be different.

There are the following types of material:

1. Offset. Widely used in printing - for printing books and mass printed products. The paper is resistant to moisture, which is important since humidifiers are used in offset printing.
2. Packaging. Durable, impervious to moisture. There are no increased requirements for color and smoothness.
3. Newspaper. Used for printing on high-speed equipment. Its feature is increased paint absorption.
4. Coated. Differences from other types - whiteness, smoothness. High-quality illustrated publications are printed from it.
5. Cellulose. Consists of pure cellulose plus 1-3% additives. Used for printing banknotes and securities.

Designer paper for gift wrapping

What is paper made from?

The raw materials are plant substances with long fibers. Mixing with water, they form a pliable, homogeneous semi-finished product. It is made from:

• wood - the mass is called cellulose;
• annual plants: material of increased whiteness is made from hemp or rice mass, strong and dense material is made from straw and reed;
• secondary raw materials - waste paper, rags;
• raw materials for paper production special purpose- wool, asbestos and other fibers.

The main material in the paper industry is wood. Entire trunks are supplied to mills. There they remove the bark and cut them. Next, the raw materials are ground into flour - to fiber fibrils.

In this form, the wood is supplied for grinding into flour.

For paper production they use:

• pine, cedar - soft woods are suitable for the manufacture of packaging materials;
• maple, oak - base from hard rocks smooth, but less durable;
• Canadian spruce - a durable but elastic material is made from it;
• chestnut, birch and so on.

By mixing oak and pine raw materials, book paper is obtained. It is durable, elastic. To improve product quality wood material sorted, filtered, treated with chemical compounds.

Production stages

The technology consists of the following stages:

• mass processing - grinding, dyeing, mixing plant and chemical components;
• diluting the mass with water, cleaning, pressing and drying;
• calendering;
• cutting, sorting and packaging.

The paper making process begins with grinding raw materials in continuously operating machines. Factories use rolls, conical and disk mills, and refiners.

The resulting flour is cleaned, a binder and filler are added:

• paraffin emulsions;
• alumina, kaolin;
• urea-, melamine-formaldehyde resin;
• rosin and animal glues;
• talc, starch, etc.

The liquid composition is poured onto the flat mesh of the paper machine. After compaction and molding, the solid web is coated with adhesive pigments (this is how coated paper is made) or other compounds.

The next stage is drying at elevated temperature using grinding cylinders. The fibers harden to form a paper web. After dehydration, it goes into calenders. These are massive cylinders, united in 5-8 pieces. Passing between them, the paper becomes smooth, leveled, and compacted.

This is how paper dries

The finished tape is wound onto a reel - a rotating cylinder with a pressure roller. He collects the canvas into a roll. Paper production technology also involves post-processing - glossing, dyeing, cutting.

Cardboard is produced using the same principle - a material with a density of 250 g/m². Book covers, folders, packaging and other similar products are made from it.

Packing and cutting

The method of cutting paper rolls differs depending on the plans for its use. The rolls are cut in a slitter and then wound into several rolls of smaller volume and diameter. Then they are divided into ready-made sheets for the printing shop - for example, by laser (the edges are neat, there is no carbon deposits on them).

Finished paper rolls

The last stage of paper production is packaging. Its most common types:

• packaging in packs of 250-1,000 sheets, wrapped in kraft paper or other dense and waterproof material;
• palletizing - transferring sheets onto flat rectangular stands with recesses for gripping and fastening;
• mixed method - first the sheets are collected in bundles and then placed on pallets;
• “roll” packaging (rolls up to 10-15 kg) - suitable for technical, large-format packaging paper (can be carried manually, without ramps and special equipment).

Paper Quality Criteria

1. Strength - resistance to tearing and compression during high-speed printing must be high.
2. Density - thin sheets are used for intaglio printing, thick sheets are used for packaging (range - from 60 to 300 g/m²);
3. Smoothness - the higher it is, the better the image details are reproduced, the tighter the contact of the sheets with the printing forms;
4. Whiteness - the indicator falls in the range of 60-98%;
5. Opacity - the less the sheet is translucent, the less will be the degree of development of the image with reverse side(for regular office paper - from 89%);
6. Porosity - paint adheres better to porous material, but the prints lose their saturation.
7. Abrasion resistance - if it is low, the viscous printing inks will "pluck" fibers from the sheets and this will contaminate the parts of the printing equipment.
8. Absorbency - the higher it is, the faster the paint will adhere to the surface of the sheet.
9. Availability of sizing - with it upper layer will be durable, resistant to moisture and glue.

Watch an interesting report from a paper production plant:

Results

• The first writing materials from plant materials appeared in Ancient Egypt and China.
• Today paper different types made from wood, annual plants, and recycled materials.
• The paper industry uses cellulose from coniferous species, oak, birch, chestnut.
• Paper production technology involves grinding, pulp preparation, pressing, drying, calendering, and winding into rolls. Post-production steps are cutting and packaging.
• The quality of a material is determined by its density, opacity, smoothness and other parameters.

Paper has become so firmly established in our lives that when using it, we do not think about its origin and production. Although every person knows what paper is made from. But the process of turning a tree into thin white leaves is not known to many. So how is paper made?
Paper production is carried out by the paper and pulp industry. The most common is its production from wood. Wood pulp is produced from forest trees. In order to understand how they do it, let’s take a virtual tour of the factory.
Raw materials arrive there in unprocessed form. Here the bark is stripped from the tree and then crushed into chips using special machines. Next there are some papers. The simplest mechanical one. With this method, crushed wood chips are mixed with water and further processed. The end result is not very good paper. High Quality, which is used to produce newspapers. In order to obtain raw materials of good, high quality, a chemical production method is used. With this method, chips are selected by size and boiled. This process occurs using acid in machines specially designed for this purpose. After cooking, the resulting mass is washed and foreign substances are removed. The resulting raw materials are subjected to further processing to produce a specific
In order to obtain it, glue is added to the raw material. This gives it a water-repellent effect. Resins added during the production process prevent the ink from bleeding and make the writing easy to read. Paper intended for printing does not require such additives because the inks used for it are not water-based.
To make paper white and opaque, the raw materials are colored with special dyes and pigments. After all operations have been completed, the process of producing raw materials begins. The machines move the resulting slurry from one shaft to another, on which a mesh is stretched. In this case, a paper sheet is formed. The water that was in the raw material gradually flows out through the holes in the mesh. The fibers intertwine and form rolls. Next, the canvas undergoes a series of operations, which results in the paper that we are used to having in our everyday life. The rollers through which the raw canvas passes are pressed, dried and polished. After this, it is further pressed and dried. The output is paper rolls, which are used for their intended purpose. They are cut or sent in rolls for further use. In the process of making paper, many special machines are used. All labor is mechanized. But, nevertheless, it is very valuable material. Therefore, knowing what and how paper is made from, you begin to treat it more carefully. After all, 17 trees are needed to produce 1 ton of paper.

Previously, a massive collection of waste paper was organized in the country. After cleaning from ink, it is added to paper raw materials during the production process. Paper is a necessary attribute modern life. It’s even hard to imagine that its first inventors were the Chinese. For a long time they did not reveal the secret of how paper was made.
Paper is used in various areas our life. Napkins, notebooks, books, toys, wallpaper, and money are made from it. It is perhaps impossible to list the entire list of where paper is used. In some cases, it is simply irreplaceable and is the only suitable materials. New ones reveal everything more possibilities for its application.

The Chinese made it from soaked plant fibers. Paper came to Europe between 1000 and 1100 years. It turned out that it can be made from wood, rags and even... from old paper - waste paper. It turned out that the paper could be used twice!

How is paper made these days?

Paper is produced in paper mills.

The main raw material for paper production is wood pulp. Cellulose is obtained from forest species: mainly from spruce, pine and birch, but eucalyptus, poplar, chestnut and other trees are also used.

At the factory, machines strip the bark from them and crush them into chips.

The most economical way to obtain wood pulp is mechanical: at a wood processing plant, timber is crushed into crumbs, which are mixed with water. Paper made from such cellulose is fragile and is most often used in the production of, for example, newspapers.

Higher quality paper is made from cellulose obtained from chemically. This wood pulp is used to make paper for books, brochures and fashion magazines, as well as durable wrapping materials.

In this case, the chips are sorted by size on special sieves and sent for cooking. The wood is boiled in special machines to which acid is added.

Cleaned and boiled wood is filtered and washed to remove impurities.

Waste paper can be added to the processed paper pulp, but only after the ink has been removed. At this stage of production, the processed pulp, consisting of wood fibers and water, is called raw paper.

Then, a special processing machine changes the shape and structure of the paper fibers. To do this, additional substances are added to the paper raw material. For example, adhesives - their presence in writing paper repels moisture. Or resins - thanks to them, what is written on paper with water-based ink does not spread and is easily recognized by the human eye. Paper used for printing does not require the same sizing as writing paper, because printing inks are not water-based and do not bleed.

After this, the paper is dyed in a mixer, where dyes or pigments are added, for example, finely ground coating substances. Thus, kaolin additives make paper white and opaque.

The paper pulp, turned into pulp, enters the paper making machine.

First, the slurry is poured onto the mesh of the paper machine. This mesh is stretched over two shafts and rotates all the time, carrying the paper pulp forward. At the mesh section, the formation of the paper web, called sheet forming, begins. This occurs by removing water from the fibrous material. As the paper pulp moves through belt conveyor Some of the water contained in it flows out through the mesh holes, and the paper fibers begin to intertwine with each other, forming the so-called roll tape.

The raw paper strip passes through a series of rollers. Some rollers squeeze out the water, others, heated from the inside by steam, dry it, and others polish it.

At the end of the wire section, the still wet paper web is moved to a pressing section, which is also called “wet pressing”. There, the paper web is mechanically dehydrated and further compacted.

Finally, the smooth white tape comes out of the machine and is wound into a huge roll.

Then these rolls are sent to printing houses or cut into sheets.

So, moving from machine to machine, the wood turns into white and clean paper.

Did you know...

To make 1 ton of paper you need 5.6 m 3 of wood. If we consider that the average volume of one log (tree) is 0.33 m 3, then 17 trees are required to produce 1 ton of paper.

And from 1 ton of paper you can make about 30 thousand ordinary student notebooks.