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Direct and reverse order of words in a sentence. Order of words in a sentence

In most sentences of the Russian language there is a usual, straight word order. At in direct order the words given, known, theme precede the new, unknown, rheme. Direct word order (also called objective) is accepted in most stylistically neutral statements, where an extremely accurate, exhaustively objective statement of facts is necessary, for example, in scientific texts and official business documents.

When solving special semantic and stylistic problems in expressive and emotionally charged statements, it is used reverse (subjective) word order in which the rheme precedes the topic. For subjective word order, it is necessary to change the place of phrasal stress, which falls on the beginning or middle of the sentence: Gloomy and gloomy Sergey Timofeevich. And how could he be different? Joyless were the last years of his life before meeting Turkina(I SK.). In this sentence, using subjective word order ( inversions) the judicial speaker manages to create psychological characteristics client.

The actual division of any sentence is determined by its formal structure, lexical content and semantic organization. For each type of sentence, there is a neutral word order, which involves placing phrasal stress at the end of the sentence and expresses the semantic division of the sentence into topic and rheme. With a neutral word order, the grammatical, semantic and actual divisions usually coincide. Inversion(change in neutral word order) is usually a means of actual division, in which phrasal stress, falling at the end of the sentence, highlights semantically important syntagms or syntagma; in this case, the grammatical division of the sentence does not coincide with its semantic and communicative organization. Cases of shifting the place of phrasal stress serve as a stylistic device that distinguishes a given sentence or statement in the general context as a whole.

Norms formal business style, which includes legal texts, require direct word order in a sentence. It obeys some general rules.

The subject of a sentence usually precedes the predicate, for example: The prosecutor opened a criminal case against Sidorin under Article 113 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; Semenyuk committed theft of materials in the amount of 2 thousand rubles. If there are adverbial words at the beginning of a sentence, the subject is usually placed after the predicate: On January 11, 2000, a fire occurred at the Rospromtorg warehouse; A criminal case was opened into the theft.

The agreed definition usually always appears before the word being defined: mild punishment, grievous bodily harm, dangerous injury. Separate definitions come after the words being defined, for example persons under the influence of alcohol; a quarrel that arose while drinking alcohol; crime qualified under Art. 107 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; transaction made under duress.

The word order in constructions with multiple definitions depends on the morphological nature of these definitions. Definitions expressed by pronouns precede the word being defined and all definitions expressed by other parts of speech: these extreme measures, his careless handling of fire, their unspecified alibi, her outstanding criminal record and etc.

If with one defined word there are two definitions, expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives, then the qualitative adjective is used first, then the relative, because a relative adjective is more closely related to the word it defines: serious bodily injury, dangerous knife wound, severe traumatic brain injury, new criminal case.

Heterogeneous definitions expressed by relative adjectives are arranged depending on the logical gradation of concepts assigned to these words: definitions expressing narrower concepts precede definitions denoting broad concepts: Bryansk Regional Court, Moscow City Bar Association, Sovetsky District Council of People's Deputies.

Uncoordinated definitions are found in the position after the word being defined: expert opinion, commission for minors, board for civil cases, investigator for particularly important cases.

The complement usually follows the control word: count on justice, resignation letter, bring charges, file a lawsuit. If a sentence has several complements with one control word, then the direct complement, i.e. an object expressed by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition precedes all other objects: write a letter of resignation, make a statement about what happened. If the sentence has an indirect object with the meaning of a person, which is expressed by a noun in the dative case, then it is placed before the direct object, denoting the object to which the action is directed: report to management about the events, inform the police about the impending terrorist attack.

In a sentence, the direct object can have the same form as the subject. The means of distinguishing the members of a sentence in this case is the word order: the subject comes first, the direct object comes last, for example: The court applies the law. However, in some cases, ambiguity and ambiguity arise in such constructions. In a sentence Motorcycle hit bicycle subject motorbike, expressed by the nominative case of a noun, formally coincides with the direct object bike, expressed as a noun in the accusative case without a preposition, resulting in semantic ambiguity. To avoid such ambiguity arising from formal coincidence grammatical forms, it is necessary to change the grammatical structure. In this sentence it would be appropriate to use the passive phrase: Bicycle hit by motorcyclist.

The circumstances of the manner of action, measure and degree, purpose, place and time usually come before the predicate. The circumstances of place, time and purpose are usually determinants, i.e. free distributors of the entire sentence, therefore they most often occupy preposition (stand at the beginning of the sentence), and if there is a time circumstance in the sentence, then it usually precedes all the others: November 2, 2002 near the store on the street. Uritsky, theft of alcoholic beverages in the amount of 5,037 rubles was committed; On March 30, 1999, defendant Gulyaev died suddenly.

Let us emphasize once again that the rules of word order in a sentence must be strictly observed in book speech, especially in official business texts, since violations of direct word order contradict the basic requirements for such texts - strict objectivity, accuracy and clarity of content.

IN colloquial speech, journalistic and artistic texts can use reverse (subjective) word order, in which the rheme precedes the topic. Changing the usual, direct order of words in a sentence to create expressively meaningful contexts is called inversion. Inversion is an important rhetorical device, a means of expressive syntax used in fiction(prose and poetry) and journalism.

As a means of speech expressiveness, inversion is also used in judicial oratory. The brilliant Russian lawyer F.N. Plevako skillfully used the technique of inversion in his speeches: “ Russia had to endure many troubles, many trials during its more than thousand-year existence... Russia endured everything, overcame everything”; “The last day has come. She was preparing for something terrible.”. The preposition of the object in these sentences contributes to the accentuation of part of the utterance.

The most common case of inversion is the postposition of an agreed definition. Most often, the agreed definition is placed after the word being defined in colloquial speech; The tendency towards colloquialism explains many cases of inversion in judicial oratory, for example She saved this money from her work for years. Or: Kitelev / in a drunken stupor / started a fight(see: Ivakina N.N.S. 237).

A means of strongly semantically emphasizing a circumstance is to place it at the beginning of a sentence: She was worried like a mental patient; Working in the laundry, he asks every minute if Lukerya has come, if she has seen the drowned woman. Almost unconsciously, under the heavy weight of a pressing thought, she betrays herself(A.F. Koni).

So the inversion ( reverse order words) has rich stylistic possibilities, is effective means verbal expressiveness of the statement.

Word order in a simple sentence. Direct and reverse word order

In most sentences of the Russian language there is a usual, straight word order. In direct word order, the given, known, theme precedes the new, unknown, rheme. Direct word order (also called objective) is accepted in most stylistically neutral statements, where an extremely accurate, exhaustively objective statement of facts is necessary, for example in scientific texts and official business documents.

When solving special semantic and stylistic problems in expressive and emotionally charged statements, it is used reverse (subjective) word order in which the rheme precedes the topic. It is important to note that for subjective word order it is necessary to change the place of phrasal stress, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ falling at the beginning or middle of the sentence: Gloomy and gloomy Sergey Timofeevich. And how could he be different? Joyless were the last years of his life before meeting Turkina(I SK.). In this sentence, using subjective word order ( inversions) the judicial speaker manages to create a psychological characteristic of the defendant.

The actual division of any sentence is determined by its formal structure, lexical content and semantic organization. For each type of sentence, there is a neutral word order, which involves placing phrasal stress at the end of the sentence and expresses the semantic division of the sentence into topic and rheme. With a neutral word order, the grammatical, semantic and actual divisions usually coincide. Inversion(change in neutral word order) is usually a means of actual division, in which phrasal stress, falling at the end of the sentence, highlights semantically important syntagms or syntagma; V in this case the grammatical division of a sentence does not coincide with its semantic and communicative organization. Cases of shifting the place of phrasal stress serve as a stylistic device that distinguishes a given sentence or statement in the general context as a whole.

The norms of official business style, which includes legal texts, require direct word order in a sentence. It obeys some general rules.

The subject of a sentence usually precedes the predicate, for example: The prosecutor opened a criminal case against Sidorin under Article 113 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; Semenyuk committed theft of materials in the amount of 2 thousand rubles. If there are adverbial words at the beginning of a sentence, the subject is usually placed after the predicate: January 11, 2000 ᴦ. there was a fire at the Rospromtorg warehouse; A criminal case was opened into the theft.

The agreed definition usually always comes before the word being defined: mild punishment, grievous bodily harm, dangerous injury. Isolated definitions appear after the words they define, for example persons under the influence of alcohol; a quarrel that arose while drinking alcohol; crime qualified under Art. 107 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; transaction made under duress.

The order of words in constructions with several definitions depends on the morphological nature of these definitions. Definitions expressed by pronouns precede the word being defined and all definitions expressed by other parts of speech: these extreme measures, his careless handling of fire, their unspecified alibi, her outstanding criminal record and etc.

If with one defined word there are two definitions, expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives, then the qualitative adjective is used first, then the relative, because a relative adjective is more closely related to the word it defines: grievous bodily harm, dangerous knife wound, severe traumatic brain injury, new criminal case.

Heterogeneous definitions expressed by relative adjectives are arranged based on the logical gradation of concepts assigned to these words: definitions expressing narrower concepts precede definitions denoting broad concepts: Bryansk Regional Court, Moscow City Bar Association, Sovetsky District Council of People's Deputies.

Uncoordinated definitions are found in the position after the word being defined: expert opinion, commission on juvenile affairs, board for civil cases, investigator for particularly important cases.

The complement usually follows the control word: count on justice, resignation letter, bring charges, file a lawsuit. If a sentence has several objects with one control word, then the direct object is ᴛ.ᴇ. an addition expressed by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition precedes all other additions: write a letter of resignation, make a statement about what happened. If the sentence has an indirect object with the meaning of a person, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ is expressed by a noun in the dative case, then it is placed before the direct object, denoting the object to which the action is directed: report to management about the events, inform the police about the impending terrorist attack.

In a sentence, the direct object can have the same form as the subject. The means of distinguishing the members of a sentence in this case is the word order: the subject comes first, the direct object comes last, for example: The court applies the law. Moreover, in some cases, ambiguity and ambiguity arise in such constructions. In a sentence Motorcycle hit bicycle subject motorbike, expressed by the nominative case of a noun, formally coincides with the direct object bike, expressed as a noun in the accusative case without a preposition, thereby creating semantic ambiguity. To avoid such ambiguity arising from formal overlap of grammatical forms, it is essential to change the grammatical construction. In this sentence it would be appropriate to use the passive phrase: Bicycle hit by motorcyclist.

The circumstances of the manner of action, measure and degree, purpose, place and time usually come before the predicate. Circumstances of place, time and purpose are usually the determinants, ᴛ.ᴇ. free distributors of the entire sentence, in connection with this they most often occupy preposition (stand at the beginning of the sentence), and if there is an adverb of time in the sentence, then it usually precedes all the others: November 2, 2002 ᴦ. near the store on the street. Uritsky, theft of alcoholic beverages in the amount of 5,037 rubles was committed; On March 30, 1999, defendant Gulyaev died suddenly.

Let us emphasize once again that it is extremely important to strictly observe the rules of word order in a sentence in book speech, especially in official business texts, since violations of the direct word order contradict the basic requirements for such texts - strict objectivity, accuracy and clarity of content.

In colloquial speech, journalistic and literary texts, reverse (subjective) word order can be used, in which the rheme precedes the topic. Changing the usual, direct order of words in a sentence in order to create expressively significant contexts is usually called inversion. Inversion is an important rhetorical device, a means of expressive syntax used in fiction (prose and poetry) and journalism.

The most common case of inversion is the postposition of an agreed definition. Most often, an agreed definition is placed after the word being defined in colloquial speech; The tendency towards colloquialism explains many cases of inversion in judicial oratory, for example She saved this money from her work for years. Or: Kitelev / in a drunken stupor / started a fight(see: Ivakina N.N.S. 237).

Moreover, inversion (reverse word order) has rich stylistic possibilities and is an effective means of verbal expressiveness of a statement.

Word order in a simple sentence. Direct and reverse word order - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Word order in a simple sentence. Direct and reverse word order" 2017, 2018.

In Russian, the order of words (more precisely, members of a sentence) is considered free. That is, in the sentence there is no strictly assigned place for one or another member of the sentence. For example, a sentence: The editor carefully read the manuscript yesterday– allows 120 construction options.
They are distinguished depending on the type, structure of the sentence, ways of expressing its members, style and context of speech forward and reverse word order . The reverse order most often serves to specially highlight certain words by rearranging them, which is inversion, a special artistic device. Direct order is characteristic, first of all, of scientific and business speech, the reverse - for journalistic and artistic speech, in colloquial speech the sentence is constructed according to special laws.

Place of the main members, subject and predicate

In narrative In sentences, the subject usually precedes the predicate: Some left the village to earn money.
The reverse order of the main members of a sentence (first the predicate, then the subject) is common in the following cases:
1) in the author’s words that break direct speech or come after it, for example: “I’m not strange,” the boy answered sadly;
2) in sentences in which the subject denotes a period of time or a natural phenomenon, and the predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of becoming, being, the course of an action, etc., for example: A hundred years have passed; Spring came; It was a moonlit night;
3) in descriptions, in stories: The sea sings, the city hums, the sun sparkles brightly;
4) as an inversion: Bear hunting is dangerous, a wounded animal is scary;
5) often when placing adverbial words at the beginning of a sentence: There was noise coming from the street.
In interrogative In sentences, the predicate often precedes the subject, for example: Will bookmakers deceive me?
In incentives In sentences, subject pronouns often precede the predicate, which enhances the categorical nature of the order and advice. And when they follow the predicate, they soften the tone. Compare: You finish this work today. - Finish this work today.
Compound predicate. In colloquial speech the connective nominal predicate often comes first: I was young, hot, sincere. Placing the nominal part of the predicate in front of the subject and the nominal part serves the purpose of inversion: The dark thickets of forests and the depths of the seas are mysterious and therefore beautiful, the cry of a bird and the crack of a tree bud bursting from the warmth are mysterious (Paustovsky); Both remained hungry.

Place of definition in a sentence

1. Agreed Definition usually placed before the noun being defined, for example: interesting story; verified quotes; our publishing house.
Setting an agreed definition after the word being defined serves the purpose of inversion: The mountains are inaccessible on all sides (Lermontov).
Postpositive definitions referring to a noun repeated in a given sentence are common: This idea of inflation is, of course, quite naive; Such plans, bold and original plans, could only arise in our conditions.
The means of semantic definition are:
- its isolation: The people, amazed, stopped.
- separating it from the defined noun: Rare stars shone in the ashen sky.
A detached definition (that is, separated by commas) is usually postpositive: publication of letters received at the company’s office; exhibition of paintings nominated for the prize.

2. If there are several agreed upon definitions, their order depends on their morphological arrangement.
- Definitions expressed by pronouns are placed ahead of definitions expressed by other parts of speech: on this solemn day, our future plans.
- Determinative pronouns precede other pronouns: all these amendments, every comment you make. But the pronoun MOST is placed after the demonstrative: these same opportunities, the same case.
- Definitions expressed qualitative adjectives, are placed in front of definitions expressed as relative: new historical novel; light leather binding; late autumn time.
- If heterogeneous definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives, then the one that denotes a more stable attribute is placed closer to the word being defined: huge black eyes; interesting new story.
- If heterogeneous definitions are expressed by relative adjectives, then they are usually arranged in order of ascending semantic gradation: daily stock reports, specialized haberdashery store.

3. Inconsistent definition is placed after the word being defined: expert opinion; leather bound book; novel with sequel. BUT definitions expressed by personal pronouns as possessives come before the word being defined: his objections, their statements.
Consensus definitions usually precede discordant ones: high mahogany bed. BUT inconsistent definitions, expressed by personal pronouns with a possessive meaning, usually precede the agreed one: his last performance, their increased demands.

Place of an object in a sentence

The complement usually follows the control word (the word it depends on): read the manuscript, sign the contract, ready for the meeting.
Often the object expressed by a pronoun may precede the control word: I liked the work; This sight amazed him; The mother noticed something in her daughter's expression.
It is common to place an addition before the control word with the meaning of person in impersonal sentences: He needs to talk to you; My sister is not feeling well.
If there are several additions related to one control word, different word orders are possible:
1) usually a direct object precedes others: Take the documents from the secretary; Discuss the issue with your employees;
2) the indirect object of the person in the dative case usually precedes the direct object of the subject: Tell us your legal address; This woman saved Bekoev’s life. Similarly, the genitive case with the meaning actor(inconsistent definition) precedes another case (as a complement): The director's visit to his subordinates.
The direct object, which matches the form of the subject, is usually placed after the predicate: Mother loves daughter; Laziness breeds carelessness. When the subject and object are rearranged, the meaning of the sentence changes or ambiguity arises: The daughter loves the mother; Laws are protected by the courts.

Place of circumstance in a sentence

1. Circumstances of the course of action, expressed by adverbs ending in –о, -е, are usually placed in front of the predicate: The translation accurately reflects the content of the original; The pavement glistened smoothly.
Some adverbs that combine with a few verbs are placed after them: walk, lie prone, walk barefoot, walk.
The location of the circumstance of the course of action may depend on the presence of other minor members offers: The climbers walked slowly. – The climbers walked slowly along a steep path.
A means of semantically highlighting circumstances is their placement at the beginning of a sentence or separation from the words to which they are adjacent: In vain he tried to make out people on the horizon; We were very friendly.
2. Circumstances of measure and degree stand before the word on which they depend: The director is very busy; I won't repeat it twice.
3. Circumstances of the time usually precede the predicate verb: There was little conversation at dinner; In a month we plan to achieve success.
4. Circumstances of the place usually precede the predicate, and often appear at the beginning of a sentence: The factory was restless; A cloud was coming from the west.
If the adverbial adverbial place is at the beginning of a sentence, it is often followed by the predicate, and then the subject: To the right rose the white hospital building.
If a sentence contains adverbials of both place and time, then they are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence, with the adverbial adverbial of time placed in the first place, and the adverbial adverbial of place in the second place: Tomorrow in Moscow it is expected warm weather. Another order is possible - a circumstance of time, subject, predicate, and finally, a circumstance of place: Yesterday I met a friend of mine on the street.
5. Circumstances of reason and purpose often come before the predicate: Two girls were crying in fear; Some delegation deliberately entered the square.

Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions

1. Not being members of a sentence, introductory words are freely located in it if they relate to the sentence as a whole: Unfortunately, he fell ill. - Unfortunately, he fell ill. - Unfortunately, he got sick.
If the introductory word is connected in meaning to one member of the sentence, then it is placed next to it: Our dilapidated boat sank, fortunately, in a shallow place.
2. The appeal is also freely placed in the sentence, but most often it is placed at the beginning, which is logically emphasized. Compare: Doctor, tell me what’s wrong with my child. - Tell me, doctor, what’s wrong with my child. – Tell me what’s wrong with my child, doctor.
Moreover, in calls, slogans, orders, oratory speeches, official and personal letters the appeal is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
3. Particles stand in front of the word they refer to. Compare: This book is difficult even for him. - This book even difficult for him. - Even this book is difficult for him.
4. Separating the preposition from the controlled noun is undesirable: I'll come with a few more comrades.(I will come with a few more comrades). You should also not put two prepositions in a row: Pay attention to outstanding work in all respects(Note the work, which is outstanding in all respects).

In Russian, word order (more precisely, the order of sentence members) is considered free. This means that in the sentence there is no strictly assigned place for one or another of its members. For example, a sentence consisting of five significant words: The editor carefully read the manuscript yesterday– allows 120 options depending on the rearrangement of sentence members.

There is a difference in the direct order of words, determined by the type and structure of the sentence, the method of syntactic expression of a given member of the sentence, its place among other words that are directly related to it, as well as the style of speech and context, and brother
order, which is a deviation from the usual order and most often performs the function
and n e r s i i , i.e., a stylistic device for highlighting individual members of a sentence by rearranging them. The direct order is typical for scientific and business speech, the reverse is widely used in journalistic and literary works; special role the reverse order plays in colloquial speech, which has its own types of sentence construction.

The determining factor in the arrangement of words in a sentence is the purposefulness of the utterance, its communicative task. Associated with it is the so-called actual division of a statement, which involves the movement of thought from the known, familiar to the unknown, new: the first (the basis of the statement) is usually contained in the initial part of the sentence, the second (the core of the statement) is in its final part. Wed:

1) On April 12, 1961, the Yu flight took place. A. Gagarin into space, the first in human history(the starting point, the basis of the statement is an indication of the date, i.e. the combination April 12, 1961, and the core of the statement is the rest of the sentence, which is logically emphasized);

2) Flight Yu. A. Gagarin into space, the first in the history of mankind, took place on April 12, 1961(the basis of the statement is a message about the historical flight of Yu. A. Gagarin, and the core of the statement is an indication of the date, which is logically emphasized).

§ 178. Place of subject and predicate

In declarative sentences, the subject usually precedes the predicate, for example: Wires stretched from tree to tree...(Azhaev); Some people left the village to earn money...(Gladkov); The earth revolves around the sun.
The relative position of the subject and predicate may depend on whether the subject denotes a definite, known object or, conversely, an indefinite, unknown object. Wed: The train has arrived(definite). – The train has arrived(undefined, some).

The reverse order of the main members of a sentence (first the predicate, then the subject) is common in the following cases:

Placing the subject ahead of the predicate in such cases was found in old texts, for example: – Tell me, gossip, what is your passion for stealing chickens? - the peasant said to the fox when he met her(Krylov); – Do you know grandpa, mom? - the son says to the mother(Nekrasov); the rhythm of the verse is also taken into account;

3) in sentences in which the subject denotes a period of time or a natural phenomenon, and the predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, becoming, the course of an action, etc., for example: A hundred years have passed...(Pushkin); Spring came(L. Tolstoy); It was a moonlit night(Chekhov);

4) in descriptions, in a story, for example: The sea sings, the city hums, the sun sparkles brightly, creating fairy tales(Bitter);

5) as a stylistically specified device and inversion, with the aim of logically highlighting one of the main members of the sentence, for example: Bear hunting is dangerous, a wounded animal is terrible, but the soul of a hunter, accustomed to dangers since childhood, is brave.(A. Koptyaeva).

When placing adverbial words at the beginning of a sentence, the subject often comes after the predicate, for example: There was noise coming from the street...(Chekhov). However, in these conditions there is also a direct order of the main members of the sentence, for example: Uvarov and Anna arrived at the base at the hottest time of the day(A. Koptyaeva).
In interrogative sentences, the predicate often precedes the subject, for example: Won't my grandfather or aunt stand up for me?(Pushkin); So will I give you this short, dear little wish?(A. N. Ostrovsky).
In imperative sentences, subject pronouns preceding the predicate verb strengthen the categorical nature of the order, advice, motivation, and following the predicate, they soften the tone of the order. Wed: Just give me a peep(A. N. Ostrovsky). – Don't crush me, old woman(Turgenev).
In colloquial speech, the copula is often placed first, for example: I was young, ardent, sincere, intelligent...(Chekhov).
Placing the nominal part of the predicate in front of the subject serves the purpose of inversion, for example: The dark thickets of forests and the depths of the seas are mysterious and therefore beautiful; the mysterious cry of a bird and the crack of a tree bud bursting from the warmth(Paustovsky).
A means of highlighting the predicate is also the placement of the nominal part before the copula, for example: ...Both remained hungry(L. Tolstoy); Bor became deaf and gloomy(Seifullina). The same in a compound verbal predicate when placing an infinitive before an auxiliary verb, for example: So, why didn’t you even think about sowing?(Sholokhov).

§ 179. Place of definition in a sentence

The concordant definition is usually placed in front of the noun being defined, for example: interesting plot, proofreading, verified quotations, third edition, our publishing house.
Placing an agreed definition after the qualified noun serves the purpose of inversion, for example: The mountains are inaccessible on all sides(Lermontov).

Postpositive definition (i.e., a definition that comes after the word being defined) was often found in the works of writers and poets of the 19th century, for example: She had a strong influence on me(Turgenev); Participation and unfeigned love were visible on Anna’s face(L. Tolstoy); A lonely sail whitens in the blue sea fog(Lermontov); There is a short but wonderful time in the original autumn...(Tyutchev).

Postpositive definitions are common, referring to the noun repeated in a given sentence, for example: This idea of a reflex is, of course, an old idea...(Academician I.P. Pavlov); Voropaev remembered his first meeting with Goreva - a meeting amazing and rare in its unique front-line beauty(Pavlenko). Wed. in journalistic and business speech: Such plans, bold and original plans, could arise only in our conditions; This decision is certainly a wrong decision and must be reversed.

In stylized speech, postpositive definitions give the story the character of a folk narrative; Wed from Neverov: The moon came out on a dark night, looking lonely from a black cloud at the deserted fields, at distant villages, at nearby villages.

Definitions expressed possessive pronouns, being in the position after the defined noun, can give the statement an expressive coloring, for example: I remember your hands from the moment I began to recognize myself in the world.

In neutral styles, postpositive definitions expressed by demonstrative pronouns are not uncommon, for example: This stop... was surrounded by a double rampart made of thick pine logs(Kazakevich).

The means of semantically highlighting the definition are:

a) its isolation, for example: People, amazed, became like stones(Bitter);

b) separation of the definition from the defined noun, for example: Rare stars swayed in the ashen dawn sky(Sholokhov).

A detached definition is usually postpositive, for example: publication of letters received by the editor; exhibition of paintings nominated for the prize. Placing such common definitions (without separating them) in front of the word being defined is perceived as a kind of inversion; compare: publication of letters received by the editor; exhibition of paintings nominated for the prize.
If there are several agreed upon definitions, the order of their arrangement depends on their morphological expression:
1) definitions expressed by pronouns are placed ahead of definitions expressed by other parts of speech, for example: on this solemn day, our future plans, all typos noted, every fourth Tuesday. Placing pronoun-qualifiers after adjective-qualifiers is an inversion, for example: At this silver-opal hour in the morning the whole house slept(Fedin); The tankman struggled with his slow and long pain(L. Sobolev);

2) attributive pronouns precede other pronouns, for example: all these amendments, every comment you make. But the pronoun most comes after demonstrative pronoun, For example: the same possibilities, the same case;

3) definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives are placed ahead of definitions expressed by relative adjectives, for example: new historical novel, warm woolen linen, light leather binding, late autumn;

4) if heterogeneous definitions are expressed by qualitative adjectives alone, then the one that denotes a more stable attribute is placed closer to the defined noun, for example: huge black eyes, a pleasant light breeze, an interesting new story;

5) if heterogeneous definitions are expressed by relative adjectives alone, then, as a rule, they are arranged in order of ascending semantic gradation (from a narrower concept to a broader one), for example: daily weather reports, antique bronzes, specialty bookstore.
An inconsistent definition is placed after the noun being defined, for example: expert's conclusion, leather-bound book, novel with a sequel. But definitions expressed by personal pronouns as possessives come before the word being defined, for example: his objections, their statements.
Statement of an inconsistent definition, expressed by a noun, ahead of the word being defined is the inversion, for example: average size bear(Gogol); General Zhukov's yard(Chekhov).

Prepositive inconsistent definitions, i.e. those standing in front of the word being defined, have become entrenched in some stable expressions, for example: watchmaker, guard senior lieutenant, kindest soul Human.

Consistent definitions usually precede inconsistent ones, for example: high mahogany bed(L. Tolstoy); old tobacco-colored eyes(Sergeev-Tsensky). But an inconsistent definition, expressed by a personal pronoun with a possessive meaning, usually precedes an agreed definition, for example: his last performance, their increased demands.

§ 180. Place of addition in a sentence

The complement usually follows the control word, for example: proofread manuscript, correct typos, ready to type.
An object (most often direct) expressed by a pronoun (personal, indefinite) can precede the control word without creating an inversion, for example: I liked the book; This sight amazed him; The mother noticed something in her daughter's expression; I'm glad to see you.

Placing an object in front of a control word usually has the character of inversion, for example: Maybe we'll see the pharmacist(Chekhov); The soul reaches for something high(V. Panova). Wed. in lively conversational speech: Someone is asking you; They forgot all their friends; Can you fix the TV?

Preposition of an object with the meaning of person is common in impersonal sentences, for example: He needs to talk to you; My sister is not feeling well; Everyone wanted to relax.
If there are several additions related to one control word, different word orders are possible:
1) usually a direct object precedes other objects, for example: Take the manuscript from the proofreader; Discuss the issue with your employees; The newcomer extended his hand to everyone present.;

2) the indirect complement of the person, standing in the dative case, usually precedes the direct complement of the subject, for example: Tell us your address; The mother gave the child a beautiful toy; This woman saved Bekishev’s life...(V. Panova).

Similarly, the genitive case with the meaning of the agent (inconsistent definition) precedes the other case (as a complement), for example: son’s arrival to his parents, author’s memo to the editor.
The direct object, which matches the form of the subject, is usually placed after the predicate, for example: Mother loves daughter; The oar touched the dress; Laziness breeds carelessness; Courts protect laws. When the subject and object are rearranged, the meaning of the sentence changes ( The daughter loves the mother; The dress hit the paddle) or ambiguity arises ( Carelessness breeds laziness; Laws are protected by the courts). Sometimes in such cases of inversion the necessary meaning resulting from lexical meaning named members of the sentence ( The bicycle crashed into the tram; The sun was covered by a cloud), but the correct understanding of such sentences is somewhat difficult, therefore it is recommended either to maintain the direct word order, or to replace the actual phrase with the passive ( The bicycle is broken by a tram; The sun is covered by a cloud).

§ 181. Place of circumstances in a sentence

Circumstances about the activity, expressed by adverbs in -o, -e , are usually placed before the predicate verb, for example: The translation accurately reflects the content of the original; The boy looked at us defiantly; Gavryushka blushed deeply and protested violently...(Gladkov); The station was moving faster and faster...(G. Nikolaeva); The pavement was smoothly white(Antonov).
Some adverbs that combine with few verbs are placed after them, for example: walk, lie prone, walk barefoot, fall backward, walk.

Usually postpositive are the circumstances of the manner of action expressed by a noun in an adverbial meaning, for example: scatter in waves, disperse in circles.

The place of the circumstance of the course of action may depend on the presence or absence of other minor members in the sentence; compare: The climbers walked slowly. – Climbers walked slowly along a steep path.

A means of semantically highlighting the circumstances of the manner of action or measure and degree is to place them at the beginning of a sentence or to separate them from the words to which they are adjacent, for example: In vain Gregory tried to see Cossack lava on the horizon.(Sholokhov); Nikita experienced this feeling twice(Fedin); Yes, we were very friendly(L. Tolstoy).
Circumstances of measure and degree are prepositive, for example: The announcer repeated the numbers given in the text twice; The director is very busy; The manuscript is fully prepared for typesetting.
The adverbial circumstance usually precedes the predicate verb, for example: There was little conversation at dinner(Turgenev); A month later, Belikov died(Chekhov); In the evenings the doctor was alone(V. Panova).
Often, however, the adverb of time is postpositive, which contributes to its semantic emphasis, for example: My sister got up early; I arrived before dawn.
The adverbial adverbial of place is usually prepositive, and often appears at the beginning of a sentence, for example: It was restless at the factory...(Bitter); A cloud was coming from the west(Sholokhov).
If the adverbial adverbial place is at the beginning of a sentence, then it is often immediately followed by the predicate, and then the subject, for example: To the right rose the white hospital building...(Garshin); Unfamiliar smells of herbs and flowers were coming from everywhere...(Serafimovich). However, under these conditions, a direct order of the main members of the sentence is also possible, for example: Over the gray plain of the sea the wind gathers clouds(Bitter).

Setting the adverbial place after the predicate is the norm in those combinations in which the presence of the adverbial is necessary for the completeness of the statement, for example: The house is located on the outskirts of the city; His parents live permanently in the south.

If a sentence contains an adverb of time and an adverbial place, then they are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence, with the adverbial of time in the first place and the adverbial of place in the second, for example: Tomorrow in our city the weather is expected to be warm and without precipitation; By evening everything calmed down in the house. Placing two circumstances side by side emphasizes their semantic role in the sentence. Their other placement is also possible: the adverbial of time is placed first, then the subject, followed by the predicate and, finally, the adverbial of place and other members of the sentence, for example: At the beginning of April, the river opened up along its entire length; Yesterday I met my old friend on the street.
Circumstances are cause and purpose and often come before the predicate, for example: Due to rough seas the ship arrived late(Chekhov); Two girls cried out of fear(V. Panova); A man with a bag on his back... pushed another with his shoulder for a laugh(Malyshkin).
Placing these circumstances after the predicate verb usually leads to their semantic isolation, for example: She woke up in fear; He does not go to work, allegedly due to illness; The train was sent to the depot for annual repairs..

§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions

Not being members of a sentence, introductory words are freely located in it if they relate to the sentence as a whole; compare: He seemed to have fallen asleep. – He seemed to have fallen asleep. – He seemed to have fallen asleep.
At the same time, it should be noted that the semantic load of the introductory word in the given options is not the same: to a greater extent it is noted in the first of them, where at the beginning of the sentence the word it seemed the value is close to simple sentence as part of the non-union complex sentence; the last two options are equivalent.

If the introductory word is connected in meaning to a separate member of the sentence, then it is placed next to it, for example: began to appear real bird, game, as hunters say(Aksakov); Our dilapidated boat bent over, scooped up and solemnly sank to the bottom, fortunately, in a shallow place(Turgenev).

You should not put an introductory word between the preposition and the word that the preposition controls, for example: “The matter was in seemingly right hands” (instead of: The matter seemed to be in the right hands).
Addresses are also freely located in a sentence, however, for their semantic and intonation highlighting, the place they occupy in the sentence is not indifferent: the address at the beginning or end of the sentence is logically emphasized. Wed: Doctor, tell me what's wrong with my child. – Tell me, doctor, what's wrong with my child?. – Tell me what's wrong with my child, doctor.
In appeals, slogans, appeals, orders, oratory, official and personal letters, the appeal is usually placed at the beginning of the sentence.

Same in poetic speech, and the appeal is often separated into an independent sentence, for example: A pale young man with a burning gaze! Now I give you three covenants(Bryusov); My dear mother earth, my forest side, a land suffering in captivity! I will come - I just don’t know the day, but I will come, I will bring you back(Tvardovsky). Wed. broken treatment with the main part at the end of the sentence: For blood and tears, thirsty for retribution, we see you, forty-one(Shchipachev).
Particles, as a rule, appear before the word to which they refer in meaning. Wed:
A) This book is difficult even for him (we're talking about about difficulties for a qualified person);

b) This book even difficult for him(the unexpectedness of the difficulty is emphasized);

V) Even this book is difficult for him(we are talking about an unprepared reader).

Particle -yes postpositive ( quite, insisted), but to emphasize the meaning, sometimes in colloquial speech it is placed before the verb, for example: Although the State Councilor disappeared himself, he still killed his comrade(Gogol); Elena remained silent, and I finally locked her this time too.(Dostoevsky).
The separation of the preposition from the controlled noun is unsuccessful in constructions like: “I will come with a few more comrades” (instead of: I'll come with a few more friends); “The volume of exports has decreased from approximately...; increased to approximately..." (instead of: ...decreased by approximately...; increased to approximately...).
You should not put two prepositions in a row, for example: “In one of the letters I received from you...” (instead of: In one of the letters received from you...); “Pay attention to work that is outstanding in all respects” (instead of: Pay attention to work that is outstanding in all respects).

In combinations of a noun with a numeral, denoting an approximate quantity, a preposition is placed between the named parts of speech ( in ten minutes, twenty paces), and not before the whole combination (“in ten minutes”, “in twenty steps”).

The main means of forming a sentence are word order, actual division of the sentence, intonation and logical stress.

For the correct construction of a sentence, it is essential word order, sequence in the arrangement of sentence members. In Russian, word order is free. This means that there is no strictly assigned place for one or another member of the sentence. However, arbitrary arrangement of words in a sentence can lead to disruption of logical connections between words and subsequently to a change in the semantic content of the entire statement.

For example: At the meeting of representatives of the two states, the undertaken obligations were successfully fulfilled.(Meaning this proposal can be understood to mean that the obligations were fulfilled at the meeting itself. To eliminate the inaccuracy, you need to correct the sentence as follows: The commitments made at the meeting of representatives of the two states were successfully fulfilled.) The exact word order is especially important for writing, in which the semantic content of the statement cannot be clarified using logical stress, non-verbal means communication (gestures, facial expressions) and the situation itself.

The syntactic function is expressed in the fact that there are cases when, depending on its position in the sentence, a word can be a specific member of the sentence.

Compare: Mother(subject) loves daughter(addition). - Daughter(subject) loves mother(addition); A sick person arrived(definition) Human. - The man arrived sick(nominal part of a compound nominal predicate), My mom(subject) - our teacher(predicate). - Our teacher(subject) - My mum(predicate), etc.

Word order in Russian is important when expressing thoughts, as it performs three main functions.

1. The order of words serves to fully convey the meaning of the message. .

For example, in sentences: The machine beat Kasparov And Kasparov was beaten by a machine, which differ not lexically, but only in word order, contain two messages with different meanings: in the first case, it is about a car (the topic of the message), and in the second, about Kasparov, that is, he is the topic of the statement, although in both cases the car is the subject, and Kasparov is the object. A different word order leads to a different actual division of the sentence.

2. A special word order can give an emotional overtone to a sentence. , while performing a stylistic function: Red Square is dozing. Quiet step of a passerby.

3. Word order can differentiate sentence members , and then it executes syntactic function: A truck overtook a car.

Even though the word order in Russian is sufficiently free, stand out straight And reverse word order.

At direct word order The members of a sentence are usually arranged like this:

In declarative sentences, the subject is followed by a predicate: .
- the verb complement follows the word being defined: The teacher checked our tests.
- the agreed definition is placed before the word being defined: The teacher checked our tests.
- an inconsistent definition comes after the word being defined: She bought a polka dot dress.
- circumstances can occupy different positions in a sentence: Yesterday he came home late. We will go to the village tomorrow.

Reverse word order it can be any, it is used to highlight the necessary words, thereby achieving expressiveness of speech. The reverse word order is also called inversion (Latin “inversio” - rearrangement).

Inversion allows:

1) highlight the most important in meaning members of the proposal ;
2) express a question And enhance emotional coloring speeches;
3) link parts of text .

Yes, in a sentence The forest drops its crimson headdress(A. Pushkin.) inversion allows you to strengthen the meaning of the main members of the sentence and the definition of crimson (compare: direct order: The forest drops its crimson robe).

In a text, word order is also one of the means of connecting its parts: Love is stronger than death and fear of death. Only by her, only by love does life hold and move.(I. Turgenev.) Inversion of an addition not only enhances its semantic meaning, but also connects sentences in the text.

Inversion is found especially often in poetic speech, where it not only performs the above functions, but can also serve as a means of creating melodiousness and melody:

Above the great, golden-domed Moscow,
Above the Kremlin wall, white stone
Because of the distant forests, because of the blue mountains,
Playfully on the plank roofs,
The gray clouds are accelerating,
The scarlet dawn is rising.

(M. Lermontov.)

Intonation includes melody, rhythm, intensity, tempo, timbre of speech, logical stress. It is used to express various grammatical categories or to express the speaker's feelings.

There are various types of intonation: interrogative, exclamatory, enumerative, emphasizing, explanatory, etc.

Intonation- a complex phenomenon. It consists of several components.

1. Each phrase has a logical emphasis, it falls on the word that is the most important in meaning.
2. Intonation consists of raising and lowering the voice - this is the melody of speech.
3. Speech proceeds quickly or slowly - this determines its tempo.
4. Intonation is also characterized by its timbre, which depends on the target setting and can be gloomy, cheerful, frightened, etc.
5. Pauses are also part of intonation. It is very important to do them in the right place, since the meaning of the statement depends on it:

How surprised he was/by his brother’s words!
How surprised his / brother’s words were!

Intonation interrogative sentences consists of raising the tone on the word on which the logical stress falls: Have you written poetry? Have you written poetry? Have you written poetry? Depending on the place of logical stress, intonation can be ascending, descending or ascending-descending:

Features of intonation exclamation sentences consist in the fact that the highest rise in tone and sound strength fall on the word emphasized.

Logical stress- this stress is semantic; it can fall on any word in a sentence, depending on the desires and goals of the speaker. It highlights the most important thing in a sentence.

Read the following sentences aloud, highlighting the marked words with intonation:

1) Ripened in our garden grape ;
2) In our garden ripe grape;
3) IN our The grapes are ripe in the garden.

The first sentence says that the grapes are ripe, and not anything else; in the second, that the grapes are ripe, already ready; in the third, that the grapes are ripe in our country, and not in our neighbors or somewhere else, etc. The most important thing in a message is usually new, which is given against the background of something known to the interlocutors.

Let's take, for example, the sentence Brother goes to school.

If you select more strong accent first word, we emphasize that it is the brother who studies at school (and not the sister or anyone else). If we highlight the second word, we emphasize what exactly the brother does. Highlighting with logical emphasis the last word, let us emphasize that my brother is studying at school (and not at a technical school, university, etc.).

Depending on the logical stress, the meaning of the sentence changes.

When the place of logical stress changes, the intonation also changes: if the logical stress falls on the last word, then the intonation of the entire sentence is usually calm and the logical stress itself is weak. In other cases, the intonation is tense, and the logical stress itself is strong.

An example of how important it is to correctly place logical emphasis is an excerpt from V. Lakshin’s article about A. P. Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard.”

“The capacity of Chekhov’s phrase is amazing. Petya Trofimov says in the play: “All of Russia is our garden.” Actors on different stages in our country and around the world pronounce these four words differently.
To emphasize the word “garden” is to respond to Chekhov’s dream about the future of the homeland.

On the word “our” - emphasize the feeling of selfless ownership, involvement in what your generation has been given to accomplish.

Using the word “Russia” means responding to one’s belonging to everything Russian, a land not chosen, but given from birth.

But it would be most accurate, perhaps, to put the emphasis on the word “all”: “All of Russia is our garden.” For there is no corner in it to whose care and needs we have the right to remain deaf, which we would not want to see in the blossoming of “eternal spring.”

A the surest way to this, according to Chekhov, to begin with, commit at least one unconditionally disinterested good deed. Write at least one inspirational, honest page. Plant at least one tree."

Thus, the most important thing in a message can be highlighted both by word order and logical stress.

Word order - a means of oral and written speech, and logical stress - only oral speech .

Logical stress is required if the word order does not highlight the most important thing in the message.

The ability to highlight the most significant in a sentence is a necessary condition for expressive oral speech.

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