Is there a short form for qualitative adjectives? Forms of adjectives

The category of completeness/brevity is implemented only in the category qualitative adjectives and is formed by contrasting two forms - full and short - of the same adjective: white - white; old - old

The short form is formed by adding positive degree endings to the stem: Ø for male, -and I for women, - o/e for average, - s/s for plural ( deep-Ø , deep-a, deep-o, deep-i).

If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with<н>or<к>, then when forming the m.r. a “fluent” vowel appears ( thin - thin, full - full). For adjectives with stems ending in -enn (such as painful, artificial, frivolous, numerous) in the form m.r. truncation occurs -n (painful (cf. painful), artificial).

A short form is not formed from qualitative adjectives, which

1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;

2) indicate the colors of animals: brown, black;

3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.

From adjective small the short form is formed by truncation of the stem suffix – yenk - (small – small, few, small), and from the adjective big– suppletive (big - great, great, great, great).

Short form only have adjectives much, should, glad, necessary, too big, too small etc.

The short and full forms of the adjective differ in morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The short form does not change by case; in a sentence it appears primarily as a nominal part of the predicate (cases like beautiful girl, white flammable stone are phraseologically archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:

1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt – short skirt;

2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full form – permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.

The short form always names the main feature of the subject. The full form can denote both an additional attribute of an object (The cheerful girl was beautiful) and the main attribute of the same object (The cheerful girl was beautiful).

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by an inflectional category of degrees of comparison formed by the forms positive, comparative and superlative degrees (comparative called comparative, and excellent - superlative).

Positive degree comparison is the original form of the adjective, when compared with which the grammatical meaning of the comparative and superlative degrees is realized.

comparative an adjective indicates that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of a given object to a greater extent than of another ( Peterhigher Vasya; This riverdeeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).

Superlative shows that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this object to the highest degree compared to all compared objects ( beautiful from gifts, most high house in the city).

The forms of comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be synthetic And analytical.

1. Synthetic(simple) form of comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows: positive degree stem + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (faster, higher, earlier, deeper).

If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element To / OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.

Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad is worse, good is better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be added By- (newer). Simple comparative degree with prefix By– is used if the adjective takes the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what this feature is being compared with. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix By- adds a conversational tone ( These boots are newer than those).

The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use primarily as a predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with an attachment By– in position after a noun ( Buy me some fresh newspapers).

Analytical The (compound) form of the comparative degree is formed using auxiliary words more/less + positive degree ( more/less high).

The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;

2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also stand in short form (more beautiful);

3) the compound comparative degree can be either predicate or non-separate and separate definition (A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)

2. The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple and compound.

Synthetic The (simple) superlative form of comparison of an adjective is formed as follows: base positive degree + formative suffixes -eysh– / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good, Supreme

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.

Morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives: variability by gender, number, case, use in syntactic function definitions and predicates. The simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.

Analytical The (compound) superlative form of adjectives is formed in three ways:

1) element the most + positive degree ( the cleverest);

2) element most/least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);

3) simple comparative degree + element total/everyone (He was smarter than everyone).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of the positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, number and cases, and can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

3. Derivational “degrees of quality” do not indicate the actual intensity of the attribute, but its subjective assessment by the speaker: forest green . Formed:

1) adding the prefixes arch-, ultra-, super-, time-, pre-, all- (arch-modern, ultra-right, super-powerful, etc.);

2) by adding the suffixes –ovat-/-evat-, -onk-/-enk-, -okhonk-/-eshenk-, -ush-/-yush-, -enn- (plump, bluish, long, hefty, etc.) d.);

3) repetition of the basics, often with prefixation in the second part (darling-cute, cheerful-cheerful).

Question 13. Adverb. Classification of adverbs by meaning. State category words, their meaning, morphological features and syntactic function. Distinguishing homonymous forms of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category.

Adverb - This is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, another sign, state, or rarely an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in - O / -e) and are syntactically adjacent to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words naming the states of living beings and environment (run fast, very fast, very fast).

In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.

The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature. However qualitative adverbs on - O / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.

Due to its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjacency. In a sentence it is usually an adverbial adverbial clause.

Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences ( The sea is quiet), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences ( The conversation will be frank. She is married).

§1. general characteristics adjective

An adjective is an independent significant part speech.

1. Grammatical meaning - “sign of an object.”
Adjectives include words that answer the questions: which?, whose?

2. Morphological characteristics:

• constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full/short form and degree of comparison,
• changeable - case, number, singular - gender.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of qualitative adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of qualitative adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.

§2. Morphological features of adjectives

An adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a qualitative adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different kinds. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to changeable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, is considered by linguists to be permanent characteristics. Different constant signs are expressed differently. For example:

sweeter - comparative degree of adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has the ending -й.

Inconstant features: case, number, gender (singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.

§3. Classes of adjectives by meaning

Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:

• qualitative: big, small, good, bad, cheerful, sad,
• relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
• possessive: fox, wolf, father's, mother's, fathers.

Qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote characteristics that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:

• full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
• degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.

Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of qualitative adjectives are producing stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meanings of qualitative adjectives are such that most of them enter into a relationship

• synonyms: large, large, huge, huge
• antonymies: big - small.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives are related in meaning to the words from which they are derived. That is why they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden←gold, tomorrow←tomorrow, forest←forest, spring←spring. Features expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?

Possessive adjectives

These adjectives express the idea of ​​belonging. Unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, they answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: lisiy - -ii- [ii’], mamin - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples it is clear that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings - -y, -y, -oh.

Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives and plural, like nouns, and the rest - like adjectives:

Singular

Name w.r. - a: mother’s, fox, m.r. - : , mother’s, fox, m.r. - oh, e: mom’s, fox.

Rod.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - wow, his: mom’s, fox’s.

Daten.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, him: mother’s, fox’s.

Vin.p. w.r. - u, yu: mother’s, fox, m.r. and Wed R. - as im.p. or r.p.

Tv.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.

P.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, I eat: my mother’s, fox’s.

Plural

Name - s, and: mother’s, foxes.

Rod.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Daten.p. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Vin.p. - as im.p. or v.p.

Tv.p. - s, them: mother’s, fox’s.

P.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are determined by the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:

• fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning is relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
• bitter medicine is a qualitative adjective, and bitter truth is relative (correlates with bitterness)
• light bag is a qualitative adjective, and light life - relative (correlates with ease)

§4. Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have both forms: full and short.
IN full forms e they are inclined, i.e. vary by number, by gender (in singular) and by case. Full adjectives in a sentence can be a modifier or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Late at night they left the house.

Late - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular parts, zh.r., tv.p.

In short form, adjectives are not inflected. They do not change by case. Short adjectives vary by number and gender (in units). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.

The girl is sick.

Sick - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, short form, units, w.r. IN modern language in the role of definitions, short adjectives come in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful maiden, in broad daylight.

Do not be surprised:

Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.

Relative and possessive adjectives have only full form. Please note: possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. the form of v.p. coinciding with it. ending - as in short forms.

§5. Degrees of comparison

Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how language expresses the fact that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And language conveys this content.
Degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of ​​comparison. They do this systematically. There are three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.

• Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: tall, cheerful, warm.
• The comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, taller, more cheerful, warmer, less tall, less cheerful, less warm.
• The superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.

From the examples it is clear that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In the comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is conveyed either using suffixes: higher, more cheerful, highest, most cheerful, or using words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative comparisons can be expressed:

• simple forms: higher, highest,
• compound forms: taller, less tall, highest.

Among simple shapes in the Russian language, as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from another stem.

• good, bad - positive degree
• better, worse - comparative degree
• best, worst - superlative

Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change differently:

• Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
• Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
• Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - changes according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
• Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.

Adjectives in simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:

Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.

Other forms of comparison can be used both as a definition and as a predicate:

I approached the older guys.
The guys were more mature than I thought.
I turned to the oldest guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who study in the circle.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is an adjective an independent part of speech?

2. What adjectives can express characteristics that are expressed to a greater or lesser extent?

   • Quality
   • Relative
   • Possessives

3. Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?

   • For quality
   • For relative
   • For possessives

4. Are relative adjectives derivatives?

5. Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?

   • In quality
   • In relative
   • In possessive

6. Do adjectives change by case in their full form?

7. What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of definition?

   • For full
   • For short

8. Do all adjectives change by case?

   • Not all

9. Do all adjectives change according to gender?

   • Not all

10. Do superlative adjectives change according to case?

11. Can comparatives or superlatives be expressed in one word?

12. Can adjectives change from one category of meaning to another?

Right answers:

1. Quality
2. For quality
3. In possessive
4. For full
5. Not all
6. Not all

In contact with

Only qualitative adjectives have a short form. Short adjectives differ from full adjectives in certain morphological features (they do not change by case, they only have gender and number forms) and syntactic role (they are predicates in a sentence). For example: Molchalin was so stupid before! (Gr.). Short adjectives act as definitions only in certain phraseological turns(throughout the world; on bare feet; in broad daylight, etc.) or in works of oral folk art (good fellow, beautiful maiden).

Short adjectives, having lost the ability to change by case and, as a rule, acting as a predicate, sometimes acquire a new lexical meaning that differs from the meanings of full adjectives.

The adjectives prominent and visible, right and right, capable and able, etc. can have different meanings. Moreover, such adjectives as much, nadoben, glad and some others are used only in a short form: Hello, Balda little man, what kind of rent do you need? (P.), Is handsome Lel good at singing? (A. Ostr.).

The adjective must is used in certain phraseological units in its full form: in due measure, properly, etc., but has a different meaning.

In modern Russian, short adjectives are formed from full ones. Singular generic endings are: for the masculine gender - zero ending (strong - strong, new - new, skinny - skinny, etc.); For female ending -a (strong, new, skinny); for the neuter gender - the ending -o, -e (strong, new, thinner). In plural there are no gender differences: all short adjectives end in -ы, -и (strong, new, skinny).

If the base of a full adjective has two consonant sounds at the end, then when forming short masculine adjectives, a fluent vowel sound o or e sometimes appears between them (sharp - sharp, eternal - eternal, etc.). Short forms are also formed from full adjectives in -н and -ні (-ні, -ніні). In the masculine gender they end in -en or -nen (red - red, honest - honest, muddy - muddy, hungry - hungry and modern - modern, fragrant - fragrant).

If the short form of adjectives is formed from passive participles on -nny, then it ends in -en (-an, -yan) (sure - sure, used - used).

There are fluctuations in the use of these forms. For example, along with the form in -en, forms in -enen are also used (natural and natural, related and related). Forms in -en are more productive for the modern Russian language.

In modern Russian there are no short forms:

• 1. Qualitative adjectives, which are relative in origin, as evidenced by their word-formation connections with nouns: fraternal, tragic, comradely, enemy, friendly, blood, whole, efficient, slanderous, free, fighting, draft, advanced, etc.
• 2. Adjectives that are part of terminological names of a qualitative nature: deep rear, fast train, urgent mail, etc.
• 3. Some polysemous adjectives in their individual meanings. For example: glorious in the meaning of “pleasant, good”: Nice song, matchmaker! (G.); round in the meaning “full”: The prince’s second misfortune was his round loneliness (Ch.); bitter in the meaning of “unhappy”: Nothing, Polya, you’re laughing at your happiness, bitter widow (Trenev); poor in the meaning of “unfortunate”: Ah, poor Snow Maiden, savage, come to me, I will take care of you (A. Ostr.) and some others. These same adjectives, which have a different meaning, can also have a short form. For example, glorious in the meaning of “famous, worthy of glory”: Kochubey is rich and famous... (P.); round in the meaning of “having the shape of a ball”: She [Olga] is round, red-faced... (P.); bitter in the sense of “sharply unpleasant to taste”: Without me, chaos begins in the house: this is not so; the other is not for you; Either the coffee is bitter, or lunch is late... (A. Ost.); poor in the sense of “having a lack of something”: Low voice her [Gorchakova] was dull and poor in shades (Shol.); poor in the meaning of “inexpensive, wretched”: The candle sadly and somehow blindly illuminates the room. Its furnishings are poor and bare... (S.-Shch.).
• 4. Adjectives with the suffix -l-, formed from verbs and retaining a connection with them: experienced, emaciated, backward, skillful, etc. The short forms of such adjectives would coincide with the past tense forms of the verb: experienced, emaciated, behind, able. When they lose connection with verbs, adjectives gain the opportunity to form short forms: flabby - flabby, dull - dull, etc.
• 5. Individual adjectives that receive the meaning of an enhanced degree of quality (without changing the main lexical meaning), with the prefixes pre- and raz- and with the suffixes -ush-, -yusch-, -enn-: pre-kind, pre-smart, cheerful, thin, healthy and other.

Short forms of qualitative adjectives differ from truncated adjectives, i.e. those that are formed by cutting off the final vowel of the full form. Wed, for example: The fields were covered with a gloomy night (Lom.). - My soul is gloomy (L.). The first adjective is truncated, the stress in it falls on the base, in a sentence it performs the function of a determiner (like all truncated adjectives in general). The second adjective is short, the emphasis in it falls on the ending, and it acts as a predicate. Truncated forms were widely used in poetic language XVIII-XIX centuries

Qualitative adjectives
Only qualitative adjectives have a full and short form: good - excellent, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, sweet - sweet.

The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expressiveness in artistic speech.

Let's give an example: These are the same strings. They look like copper and like cast iron.
Only full forms are used in the definition function. However, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used as a predicate: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.

Change by case retain only some adjectives in folklore expressions.

Let's give an example: on bare feet.

In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Let's give an example: He is smart; He is stately; He's cheerful.

Relative adjectives have only full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes "in"/"yn", "ov"/"ev", "iy" - in the singular form of the nominative case they usually have only a short form.
For example: Dad, daddy, daddy, daddy; wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.

In indirect cases such adjectives have:
or a short form: father's, wolf's;
or the full form: father's, wolf's.

The endings of short forms coincide with the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring - daddy's; spring - daddy's.

Qualitative adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Let's give an example: Cheerful - cheerful, handsome - handsome.

Full adjectives change by gender, singular, number and case.
Short qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what? what? what are they? and change by gender, singular and numbers.
Here's an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.

Declension of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative singular case, adjectives have a gender difference: the case endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender are different. In the plural, adjectives have no gender differences, and the case endings for all three genders are the same.

In modern Russian there are three types of declension of adjectives:
1. Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives such as red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declension of possessive adjectives such as bratnin, aunt, fathers, friends.
3. Declension of adjectives starting with “ii” such as wolf, bear.

The most productive is the first type of declension, which, according to the nature of the last consonant of the stem, has three varieties: a hard version of the declension (rich, stone), a soft version of the declension (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a base on sibilant, b) with a base on d , k, x and v) with a base on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).

For adjectives with a stem on a hard consonant, the stress during declension is either only on the stem (kind, red), or only on the ending (sick, dumb).

For adjectives with a stem on a soft consonant and adjectives with a stem on c, when inflected, the stress always falls only on the stem (short, autumn, blue).

Adjectives based on a hard consonant instrumental case The feminine singular has a double ending: “oh” (“ey”) and “oyu” (“her”). Their use depends on the style of speech: in poetic language the ending -oy ("ee") is more common, which is due to the laws of poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: I pass through a field along a narrow boundary, overgrown with porridge and tenacious quinoa.

Possessive adjectives ending in "in", "ov" ("ev") have mixed type declinations: part of the case endings of these adjectives coincides with the endings of the hard declension version of qualitative-relative adjectives; in separate cases, the endings of nouns are used (in the nominative and accusative cases of all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases of the masculine and neuter gender singular).

Possessive adjectives with the suffix “in” in modern Russian are increasingly declined like full adjectives with a base on a hard consonant (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).

Possessive adjectives ending in “rank” (bratnin, muzhnin) are inflected in the same way as adjectives ending in “in”.

Possessive adjectives in -niy (filial, filial) are declined like full qualitative-relative adjectives of the soft variant of declension (for example, neighbor).

Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolf, wolf, etc., wolf, wolf, etc.

Adjectives that are used as nouns are declined according to general rules Declensions of adjectives.

Spelling case forms of adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to the endings of the question word what: with an excellent (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag, and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants the vowels s, o, u are written, and after soft consonants the vowels are written - i, e, yu.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; in a black bag - in a yellow bag.
2. Spelling o and e after sibilants and c at the end of adjectives always depends on stress: under stress - o, without stress - e, big garden - handsome boy.
3. In the nominative case of the singular masculine gender, full adjectives in the stressed position have the ending -ой, in the unstressed case - “й”, “и”.
nightmare– blue ocean, early admission.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix “ii”, except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, it is written soft sign.
Wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
5. In short adjectives, a soft sign is not written after hissing ones.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.

Every schoolchild knows about this. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules for this part of speech, as well as into what groups it is divided, etc.

general information

It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old chair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( Hard childhood). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mom's bag, fox hole).

Main types

Depending on how the adjective is designated and what attribute it has, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part speech is divided into the following groups:

• relative;
• quality;
• possessive.

Relative adjectives

Such a group describes the properties of any attribute, action or object through its relationship to another attribute, action or object.

Here are some examples: bookcase, children's play, destructive force, Brazil nut, double blow, religious views, etc.

Qualitative adjectives

This group has its own characteristics, namely:

• Indicates the characteristics of objects: age (old), size (sick), speed (fast), color (blue), human properties (angry), assessment (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
• Forms such excellent ( strongest, subtlest, most important, most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
• They have short forms (for example, fast, thick, powerful etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives cannot be formed from all qualitative ones.

Possessive adjectives

Adjectives of this group answer the question “whose?”, and also indicate that something belongs to an animal ( hare's hole, cow's milk) or person ( daddy's wallet, petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -iy, -ev, -ov.

Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather's; father - fathers, etc.

Short name adjective

In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in the Russian language there are:

• brief;
• full adjectives.

Moreover, the former are formed by a kind of reduction of the latter. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing text or in oral conversation.

Endings

Adjectives in the short singular form have the following gender endings:

• Feminine - ending -A. Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, skinny, etc.
• Masculine gender - zero ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, lean, new, handsome, etc.
• Neuter - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, thin, skinny, etc.).

In the plural, there are no gender differences for this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -And or -s (strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).

Features of the short form

As you can see, this part of speech can be declined according to gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.

Let's give an example: She's very smart. IN in this case the word “smart” is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.

It should also be noted that some types of a given part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective if it means "miserable, miserable." In addition, some adjectives also cannot have their full form. These words include must, glad, loving and much.

What is the difference from full ones?

They only have a short form. Their difference from the full form lies in the definition of morphological characteristics. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change by case, but is declined only by number and gender. Besides, short names adjectives differ from full adjectives in their syntactic role. Thus, in a sentence they do not act as a definition, but in or as a component of it. Although in some cases they are still designated as a definition. Most often, this phenomenon is observed in phraseological units or in works of folk art (for example, and barefoot, in broad daylight, a beautiful maiden, a good fellow, etc..).

Spelling short adjectives

To correctly use short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules of their spelling.

Formation of short adjectives

Short forms from long forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:

• zero or male;
• middle (-e or -o);
• female (-I or -a).

In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these shapes formed? These rules are very simple:

The relationship between the full and short forms of adjectives

From the point of view of lexical meanings, there are 3 types of relationships between the short and full forms of adjectives:

1. Matching lexical meaning(For example, good day and good day, beautiful baby and beautiful baby).

2. They coincide only in certain values:

• “False” meaning “fake.” In this case there is no short form.
• “False” meaning “insincere.” In this case, the short form will be "fake".
• “Poor” means “unhappy.” In this case there is no short form.
• “Poor” means “poor.” In this case, the short form will be "poor".

3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full form in its meaning:

• the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the full form denotes a permanent one (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick);
• the short form indicates excessive manifestation of the trait (for example, grandma is old or grandma is old);
• the long form indicates an unrelated attribute, and the short form indicates something in relation to something (for example, the dress is tight and the dress is tight).
• in some cases the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words(For example, the purpose of the trip was quite clear and the weather was clear).