Who and when invented the samovar. Who and when invented such a thing as a samovar? On postage stamps

Now we put the kettle on the gas stove or, if it’s electric, we just turn it on. And before in Rus' there was nothing like this. Water was poured into a teapot, glass or cup exclusively from a samovar. And they sometimes spent several hours drinking tea. Drinking 5-6 cups of this aromatic drink, eating it with sweets, painted gingerbread cookies and bagels, was in the order of things. In this story I will tell you what the history of the samovar was.

The whole country drank tea from the samovar. But most of all it was used in merchant families.

Actually, they just say “cups,” but in fact, basically, according to Russian tradition, they drank tea from saucers. It was not customary to add sugar to tea. They were usually used as a bite. When someone finished drinking tea, they turned the saucer or cup upside down and put the remaining sugar on top.

Pot-bellied samovars were also used in homes ordinary people, and in the royal palace.

This device was very convenient. Firstly, the water in the samovar boiled very quickly and cooled slowly. Secondly, at the top of the device there was a special place for the teapot, which also thanks to this did not cool down for a long time. And thirdly, samovar as if he attracted everyone to the common table; it was very comfortable to have leisurely, intimate conversations next to him.

Samovar has been a symbol of the Russian feast for so long that many consider this invention to be Russian. In fact, devices vaguely reminiscent of a samovar were used by the ancient Romans. But most of all, a modern samovar is similar to an ancient one Chinese device, having both a pipe and a blower.

Peter the Great, who traveled a lot around the world, often brought something new to Russia, previously unknown in our country. It was under him that the Russian people learned, for example, about the existence of potatoes and sunflowers. Thanks to him, a samovar, delivered from Holland, appeared, which was called a “tea machine” in Europe.

And the very first Russian samovar was made of copper in 1739 in the Urals. But very few of them were produced there. The first workshop in the country, which was engaged only in the manufacture of samovars, was organized in the city of Tula in 1778 by the mechanic Lisitsyn.

Soon the need for “tea machines” reached such proportions that similar production facilities opened in many Russian cities.

It was only later that a single definition of “samovar” appeared, but at first it was called differently: in Kursk it was “samokipets”, in Yaroslavl - “samogar”, in Vyatka - “samogrey”.

It is interesting that for some time in Russia the so-called samovars-kitchens. Inside they were divided into three parts by partitions. In two of them food was cooked, and in the third there was boiling water for tea.

At that time you could buy a samovar designed for one glass of tea, or you could buy one that could hold 50 liters of water.

Copper ones were replaced over time by samovars made of an alloy of zinc and copper. You could also buy silver or nickel plated ones, but they were much more expensive.

The world's largest samovar made in Ukraine. Its height is almost 2 meters, it weighs 205 kg, and holds 360 liters of water.

The smallest samovar on our planet was made in Moscow. Its height is less than four millimeters. And you can boil only one drop of water in it.

There are not so many “tea machine” lovers left now. And they, in general, prefer not to bother with kindling, but to purchase electric samovars.

They are also sold out as souvenirs, reminiscent of an ancient Russian ritual - leisurely tea drinking with pies and jam.

Comments (6)

A very good and most importantly useful site “our filipok” I really liked the “history of the samovar”, although I’m only 10 years old, but I sing folk songs and I would like to add a little about Russian traditions to your site. Many thanks to its creator for this wonderful site .

I really liked your site, especially about the pioneer heroes of the Second World War. We wish success to the site creator.

Useful article
Useful, informative article. Thank you. I read aloud about samovars with my son, he is 4 now. He knows what it is, since they recently bought a samovar for his grandmother as a gift and it now stands in her kitchen. More precisely, they didn’t buy it, but ordered it on the website samovars.ru. It is 4 liters, painted “Gzhel”, electric. We don’t have a dacha, so we chose this one. Gatherings in the kitchen, drinking tea and pies with the older generation, I think, are so important for our children and valuable for parents.

I recommend
I am the mother of a preschooler and your site is a godsend for us! We are preparing for school, and we read/analyze all the articles together. We found an article about a samovar. The son, in principle, knows what it is, because his grandmother has it. But it stands idle, more for beauty. It’s kind of strange, but we’ve never brewed it, maybe it’s just not working properly. Igoresh was interested in the article and now he still wants to see how to brew tea in a samovar. I’ll have to order it on the website samovars.ru (also by the way, I read your comment) and show it. I think my mother...no, I’m even sure that our grandmother will also be pleased with this purchase.

A samovar is a device for boiling water. It can rightfully be considered a truly Russian invention. The place of this valuable item in Russian culture is equal to matryoshka dolls and balalaikas.

The device of samovars

All samovars are built according to the same principle, despite their diversity. Each samovar has a wall. This is the basis of the device. Water is poured here to be boiled. On top of the wall there is a fused ring - a circle.

A plate called a burdock is attached to the wall of the device. The faucet starts with it. The handle of the faucet is called a branch. This is one of the decorations of the samovar, since the branch is made in unusual shapes.

Inside the samovar there is a tube called a jug. Fuel is stored in it. The jug has a cap with which it is closed. The lower part of the device is called the neck. The base is a pallet. You will also see handles on each samovar.

The choke (a small hole in the lid) releases steam during boiling. There is also a burner on top. It is needed to install the teapot. Air flows through the closed burner.

Kinds

By the shape of the samovar you can determine the “life” of the product. The embossed and faceted shape speaks of a durable, strong frame. Such a samovar will last ten years and will delight you with its unchanged appearance for a long time.

Smooth and round devices cannot boast of longevity. Such samovars are subject to mechanical damage: dents and scratches. Therefore, spherical devices are not very popular. Few such specimens have survived to this day.

There are three types of samovars:

1. The fire samovar is a classic Russian device. To heat water, fuel of wood origin is used: charcoal, dry wood chips, cones. A fire samovar must have a tube inside. The volume and shape of such devices vary.
2. The electric samovar is the most convenient to use today. It runs on mains power. The shapes of these devices are also different. Maximum volume reaches 45 liters.
3. The combined samovar is the golden mean. The device combines electric and flame (charcoal) samovars.

Etymology

Historians still argue about the origin of the word "samovar". This device was called differently in Rus': in Kursk it was called “samokipets”, in Yaroslavl - “smogar”, in “samogare”. However, the idea is the same - “it cooks itself”.

Some researchers believe that the word is borrowed from Tatar. In this language, "teapot" sounds like "snabar". However, the first version still has many more supporters.

The first samovars

The history of the samovar is almost unknown. The invention of this device was attributed to the ancient Romans, Russia, and even China. In China there actually is a similar device called “Ho-Go”. It is made of metal or porcelain. In China, hot pot is served with soups.

Legend has it that the samovar was brought to Russia by Peter the Great. And he bought this outlandish device in Holland. According to another version, the samovar was created by the blacksmith Demidov. He himself was there, but he made the apparatus while he was in the Urals.

The following is known from documents: in the city of Tula in 1778, the first production of devices for boiling water began. The producers were the Lisitsyn brothers. Thereby historical fact Tula is considered the birthplace of samovars. However, back in 1740, a samovar was found at Demidov’s place! It turns out that the devices were first used in the Urals, then in Tula, Moscow and St. Petersburg.

In the middle of the 19th century, 30 samovar factories opened in Russia. 100 thousand devices of different sizes, shapes and colors were produced in Russia per year. Over time, they changed, but did not go out of fashion. Even today, people continue to buy these devices. And not only electric, but also conventional Tula fire samovars.

Traditional samovar: structure and operation

The wood-burning samovar is considered a classic. It is also called fire. Tea from such a device acquires a smoky aroma. It is for this property that he is valued. How does a fire samovar work? Smoldering charcoal or firewood is placed in the chimney. Due to the flow of air, the coal flares up. When heated, the air rises and heats the water in the wall.

As soon as the water begins to boil, they put it on top. As a result, the air draft decreases and the boiling of the water slows down. The kettle gradually boils and the tea is brewed.

Pros and cons of a flame samovar

Pros of the classic model:

• A tribute to tradition. The fire samovar is a symbol of Russia. This is the option that our ancestors used.
• High thermal insulation. The water in a coal samovar stays hot longer.
• The taste of tea. The drink acquires the taste and aroma of smoke.

• Price. A coal device costs more than an electric one. Although if you adore antiques, then the price will not be a hindrance.
• Limitation of places of use. Such a device can only be ignited outdoors or indoors with a hood.
• Difficulties in the process. If the device goes out, light it again - headache. You will have to pour out the water, remove the coals, add water again and only then start heating again.

If you decide to buy a wood-burning samovar, then you need to remember the following recommendations:

• Check all components of the product, especially the pipe.
• Choose a product with a thick iron jug. Unsuitable metal will not withstand long-term exposure high temperatures. This will cause the device to quickly deteriorate and you will have to repair it.
• Give preference to relief shapes of the product. Ball-shaped structures are easy to damage. They won't last long.

The price of a product depends on three indicators: material, shape and volume. When choosing a wood-fired samovar, you must remember that they are cheaper than devices of the same shape, but made from other materials. Nickel plated ones are more expensive, as they are easy to care for and use. Constructions made from tombac (double brass) cost even more.

You will have to pay more for antique items up to 3 liters than for items between 3 and 8 liters. This is because the production of small samovars was smaller than the production of their bulky counterparts. Now you know everything about samovars and how they differ. Follow the recommendations and you can't go wrong.

Among water heating devices special place occupied by a samovar - a Russian tea machine, as it was called in Western Europe. The word "samovar" has passed from us to almost all languages ​​of the world. The origin of this word is now not clear to everyone, since the combination “cooks it himself” in conjunction with the word “water” seems incorrect. But just a hundred years ago the word “cook” was used not only in relation to food (cook soup, fish), but also in relation to water, along with the word “boil”. Moreover, in samovars they not only boiled water, but also cooked food and whippings.

The first mention of samovar production and samovars dates back to 1745. Established in Russian life to mid-18th century centuries, the custom of drinking tea and coffee contributed to its wider distribution, along with traditional Russian dishes (brotins, valleys, ladles), new dishes and water heating devices - teapots, coffee pots and samovars.

Like most other inventions, the samovar had its predecessors. First of all, these are Chinese hot pots, which, like samovars, have a pipe and a blower.

But, unlike the samovar, from ancient times broths and soups were served (rather than boiled) in hot pots, and therefore they did not have taps. To this day, the Chinese brew tea in cups or teapots with a wire rack.

IN Ancient Rome They used two types of vessels to heat water and cook food. The first type is autepsa. It was made in the form of a quadrangular platform surrounded by a double wall. Water was poured between the walls, and a fire was lit on the platform in the middle. This is how water was heated to be added to wine. A tripod was placed above the platform for heating or cooking food. The second type is vessels in the form of a vase with a tap, but without a pipe or blower.

The first samovars, both in appearance and in their design, were similar to the English so-called “tea urns” or “tea vessels”, which were used for boiling water and were used in England in the 1740-1770s. TO end of the XVIII centuries, the samovar already had all the distinctive design and functional features necessary for heating water, which are familiar now. This allows us to consider the samovar a purely national Russian product.

Throughout the history of the development of the samovar, it appearance and decoration changed in accordance with fluctuations of taste. At first they bore the imprint of the Rococo style, then they gravitated towards the Empire style, and at the end of their existence they did not escape the influence of Art Nouveau. But " internal content"remained traditional. True, at the end of the 19th century a kerosene samovar appeared, and the factory of the Chernikov brothers launched the production of samovars with a side pipe, which increased air movement and accelerated the boiling process.

Samovars entered every home and became a characteristic feature of Russian life. The poet Boris Sadovskoy in the preface to the collection “Samovar” wrote: “The samovar in our lives, unconsciously for ourselves, occupies a huge place. As a purely Russian phenomenon, it is beyond the understanding of foreigners. Russian people in the hum and whisper of the samovar have heard familiar voices since childhood: sighs spring wind, mother's dear songs, the cheerful inviting whistle of a village blizzard. These voices are not heard in a city European cafe."
The day before Patriotic War 1812 most large enterprise The plant of Peter Silin, located in the Moscow province, produced samovars. He produced about 3,000 of them per year, but by the 1820s, Tula, which was called the samovar capital, began to play an increasingly important role in samovar production.
The design of the samovar is quite complex:

Inside there is a brazier in the form of a pipe - a “jug”. A blower is made below the “jug” to enhance traction. The tank of the samovar-vase is equipped with a rim at the top, on which the lid rests with a ring. Two “bumps” are made on the lid - grips and steamers - these are small rotary lids on the holes for steam to escape.

The body of the vase rests on a tray or legs. The “jug” (broiler) is closed with a cap on top and is equipped with a burner for installing a teapot. A faucet with a wrench is used to drain the water. Pinwheels are made in various shapes, some of them are very intricate and difficult to make.

The profiles of shaped holes (pistons) on blowers and burners are very diverse. The most important decorative elements of the entire composition were the burrs, arms and legs. The legs were made spherical, in the form of lion paws, bird legs, etc.

The great advantage of the samovar was that the fire tube in it was placed inside the tank and surrounded on all sides by water. Therefore, heat loss is small, and the coefficient useful action very high.

Samovar makers came up with an attached pipe that can be placed on the top of the firebox. First, teapots appeared that retained the shape of a spherical, squat tableware and kitchenware, then they were equipped with a blower and a combustion pipe without changing their previous shape.

Thanks to its shape, which enhances resonance, the samovar has the ability to emit sounds that accurately convey the state of boiling water: at the first stage the samovar “sings”, at the second it “makes noise”, at the third it “seethes”. Since the samovar heats up slowly, it is very convenient to detect the fleeting second stage of boiling by the sound.

Moreover, a samovar is not just a boiler. It is also a chemical reactor - a hard water softener, which is very important, since tea brewed in hard water is tasteless. When boiling, the hardness decreases, since the resulting insoluble carbonates (scale) are deposited on the walls of the pipe and body (body), and the main part of them settles to the bottom. However, over time, the efficiency of the reaction decreases because of this, so the scale must be removed.

It is noteworthy that samovar masters never make the tap at the very bottom, but always slightly higher, so that the settled scale does not fall into the drink being prepared.

The 19th century is the “golden age” of samovar making in Russia. Each factory tried to come up with its own samovar, unlike the others. Hence such a variety of samovar shapes: conical, smooth, faceted, spherical, in the “neo-Greek” style, which reproduced the ancient forms of amphorae. The sizes and capacities of samovars were extremely varied: from a glass to twenty liters. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, samovars had a variety of everyday names, indicating the shape of the product: “jar”, ​​“glass”, “vase”, “acorn”, “dula”, “turnip”, “ Easter Egg", "flame", etc.

At the same time, there was a search for universal use of samovars: coffee pot samovars, kitchen samovars, home samovars, travel samovars, etc. were created.

However, most of them did not become widespread, and in the 20th century they began to use only samovars for boiling water and serving it to the tea table. Three typical shapes of samovars turned out to be viable: cylindrical, conical (like a vase) and spherical flattened (like a turnip). At the same time, the designs of taps, handles, legs, and burners became varied.

At this time, a bouillette (from the French bonillir - to boil) - a small vessel on a stand with an alcohol lamp - became a frequent companion of the samovar. The bouillotte was usually placed on the table, filled hot water. Using a spirit lamp, the water was maintained at a boil until the newly poured water boiled. cold water samovar.

How to make a fire samovar and what to heat it with? The best fuel for it is charcoal, dry logs and wood chips, and pine cones. It should be remembered, however, that in dry pine cones a lot of resin that can get into the water. Under no circumstances should kerosene be used as fuel.

With low fuel consumption, the water in the samovar boils quickly; in addition, the samovar retains heat for a long time and does not require complex maintenance. The capacity of modern flame samovars ranges from 4.5 to 7 liters. The boiling time of water does not exceed 30 minutes. You can light the fuel in a samovar only by first filling the tank with water.

Samovar production in Russia reached its greatest development in 1912-1913, when 660 thousand samovars were produced annually in Tula alone. First World War suspended the production of samovars, which resumed only after the end civil war.

During Soviet times, both fire and electric samovars began to be manufactured. They are still produced today. Electric samovars are false samovars. They have nothing in common with a real Russian fire samovar. An electric samovar is essentially the same electric kettle, having the shape of a traditional flame samovar. It is a metal case, the inside of which serves as a water reservoir. Inside the tank there is a metal tube with a heating element.

Tea drinking at the samovar - distinguishing feature Russian traditional life. The samovar was not just a household item, it symbolized well-being, family comfort and prosperity. It was passed down by inheritance and was included in the girl's dowry. It was displayed in the most prominent place in the house, taking pride of place on the table.

When did the first samovar appear?

The history of the Russian samovar goes back to the distant past. According to legend, the samovar was brought to Russia from Holland by Peter the Great. But according to documentary evidence, it appeared half a century after his death. We owe the origin of the samovar to tea, which appeared in Russia at the end of the 16th century. Its popularity grew rapidly; by the 19th century, tea was considered the most popular drink in Rus'.

Already in the 18th century, kitchen samovars and sbitenniki appeared in Tula and the Urals, in which sbiten was cooked from honey, herbs, water and spices. The first mention of a samovar is found in the inventory of the property of the Onega Monastery, dated 1746. Tula is called the birthplace of the samovar, but some historians do not rule out that the first samovars began to be made at one of the Ural factories: Irginsky, Troitsky or Suksunsky. Historical documents kept in the State Archives describe a factory-made tinned copper samovar weighing 16 pounds. According to research, it has been proven that it was made by Irginsky craftsmen in 1738-1740.

In the 19th century, a kerosene samovar was produced; at the factory of the Chernikov brothers they began to produce samovars with a side pipe; this improvement accelerated the boiling process and increased air movement. By 1812, Peter Silin’s plant in the Moscow region was considered the largest enterprise for the production of samovars. 3000 pieces were produced annually. But by 1820, Tula began to lead in samovar production. Over the course of thirty years, 28 factories opened there, producing 120,000 samovars annually.

The emergence of samovars gave rise to models different forms. Egg-shaped samovars with loop-shaped handles were popular; some models resembled an ancient Greek vessel, vases with legs in the shape of lion paws, which looked very solemn. They also made travel models with removable legs. They were rectangular, multifaceted, cubic in shape. You could take them with you on a picnic, on a hike, or on a trip.

The 19th century saw the heyday of samovar making in Russia. Each factory tried to create its own samovar, unlike the others. Ball-shaped, smooth, conical, faceted samovars appeared. The volume was also different, reaching up to 20 liters. People called samovars by their shape: flame, turnip, vase, muzzle, acorn, Easter egg.

In the 20th century, the samovar was assigned only one role - boiling water and serving it to the tea table. Three shapes stood out: conical, cylindrical, spherical flattened. The designs of handles, taps, burners, and legs have become more diverse. In 1912, the number of samovars produced in Tula reached 660 thousand units per year. The history of samovars during the Civil War was interrupted, since the production of samovars was temporarily suspended. Later it resumed. Years later, already in Soviet times, electric samovars began to be produced.

Production of the first samovars

The process of making samovars was very complex, it consisted of 12 stages. The whole process was divided into specific operations, each master doing his own job. Seven specialists participated in the production:

• Pointer. He bent and soldered a copper sheet and made it into the appropriate shape. In a week he could make 6-8 blanks.
• Tinker. His job included tinning the inside of the samovar with tin. He could make 60-100 pieces a day.
• Turner. He sharpened and polished the samovar using a special machine, which was turned by a worker (turner). It was possible to make up to 12 pieces a day.
• Locksmith. Manufactured components (faucets, handles, legs).
• Collector. He assembled a samovar from separate parts, soldered legs and taps. In a week he assembled up to 24 samovars.
• Cleaner. This worker could clean up to 10 samovars per day.
• Wood turner. He was engaged in the manufacture of wooden cones for lids.

Parts were made at home, only assembly and finishing took place in factories. Sometimes a whole village would make one part for a samovar; once a week the parts would be collected and taken on horseback to the factory for delivery.

Samovars were sold at fairs. Special samovar rows were organized at the famous fairs: Nizhny Novgorod and Makaryevskaya. At the beginning of June, Tula residents sent samovars to Nizhny Novgorod. The goods traveled on horseback to Aleksin, then along the Oka waterway lay up Nizhny Novgorod. This delivery was the most profitable. Samovars were sold by weight; those made of red copper were more expensive than models made of brass. To ask for a higher price, traders resorted to tricks: they poured lead into the samovar and inserted a cast-iron grate.

Why is tea from a samovar so delicious?

Anyone who has tasted tea from a real Russian samovar at least once is convinced that tea from a samovar is much tastier. Why? The answer turns out to be simple. In an electric kettle, water boils too quickly, destroying the structure of the water, becoming useless, and if boiled repeatedly, harmful. By turning the kettle over, harmful substances enter the tea and collect at the bottom. The spout of the samovar is located above the level of accumulation of heavy water, so you can get healthy water, soft and tasty. On top of the samovar there is a burner on which a teapot is placed. It does not boil, but is kept warm while infusing.

The most unusual samovars in history

Now samovars of that time can only be seen in museums. There were samovars made of copper, steel, brass, cupronickel, and less often of silver. An exquisite samovar was made for Emperor Alexander the First, which is now kept in the Moscow Kremlin Museum. It was decorated with overlays in the form of lion heads, the cap was in the form of an angel figurine, and the tap had the head of a bird of prey.

For the children of Emperor Nicholas II in 1909, five small samovars with a volume of one glass were made in Tula. Each had its own shape: in the shape of a vase, in the shape of a glass, in the form of an antique vessel, in the shape of a ball, a Greek amphora. All of them are preserved in the museum and are in working condition. In the Armory Chamber you can admire a samovar made of transparent quartz.

In 1922, the largest samovar was made at one of the factories in Tula. It held 250 liters of water and weighed 100 kg. It was presented to the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Kalinin. The hot water remained in it for two days, although it took about 40 minutes to heat up. It is worth noting the smallest samovar in history. Its size is 1 mm, it consists of 12 parts, made of gold.

Today, the most expensive samovars are considered to be samovars from Faberge workshops. Silver and gold were used for their production. Unique minting and casting techniques were used.

Who and when invented such a thing as a samovar?

Samovar is a Russian folk device for boiling water and making tea. Initially, the water was heated by an internal firebox, which was a tall tube filled with charcoal. Later, other types of samovars appeared - kerosene, electric, etc.

The samovar is the same symbol of Russia as the balalaika and matryoshka.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/СамовР...

[edit] History of the samovar
The following is known about the appearance of the first documented samovars in Tula. In 1778, on Shtykova Street, in Zarechye, brothers Ivan and Nazar Lisitsyn made a samovar in a small, initially, first samovar establishment in the city. The founder of this establishment was their father, gunsmith Fedor Lisitsyn, who, in his free time from working at the arms factory, built his own workshop and practiced all kinds of copper work in it.

Already in 1803, four Tula tradesmen, seven gunsmiths, two coachmen, and 13 peasants were working for them. There are 26 people in total. This is already a factory, and its capital is 3,000 rubles, its income is up to 1,500 rubles. A lot of money. The factory passed to Nazar's son Nikita Lisitsyn in 1823.

The Lisitsyn samovars were famous for their variety of shapes and finishes: barrels, vases with chasing and engraving, egg-shaped samovars, with dolphin-shaped taps, and loop-shaped handles. How much joy they brought to people! But a century has passed - and the graves of the manufacturers are overgrown with grass, the names of their apprentices are forgotten. The first samovars that glorified Tula have become noisy and no longer sing their evening songs. They are quietly sad far from their homeland, in the museums of Bukhara, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kaluga. However, the Tula Samovar Museum can boast of the oldest Lisitsyn samovar.

Meanwhile, samovar production turned out to be very profitable. Handicraftsmen quickly turned into manufacturers, workshops into factories.

In 1785, the samovar establishment of A. M. Morozov was opened, in 1787 - of F. M. Popov, in 1796 - of Mikhail Medvedev.

In 1808, eight samovar factories operated in Tula. In 1812, the factory of Vasily Lomov opened, in 1813 - Andrei Kurashev, in 1815 - Egor Chernikov, in 1820 - Stepan Kiselev.

Vasily Lomov, together with his brother Ivan, produced samovars High Quality, 1000 - 1200 pieces per year, and gained high popularity. Samovars were then sold by weight and cost: brass - 64 rubles per pound, red copper - 90 rubles per pound.

In 1826, the factory of merchants Lomovs produced 2372 samovars per year, Nikita Lisitsyn - 320 pieces, Chernikov brothers - 600 pieces, Kurashev - 200 pieces, tradesman Malikov - 105 pieces, gunsmiths Minaev - 128 pieces and Chiginsky - 318 pieces.

In 1850, in Tula alone there were 28 samovar factories, which produced about 120 thousand samovars per year and many other copper products. Thus, the factory of Ya. V. Lyalin produced more than 10 thousand samovars per year, the factories of I. V. Lomov, Rudakov, and the Batashev brothers - seven thousand pieces each.

At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, new types of samovars appeared - the kerosene samovar, the Parichko samovar and copper samovars from the Chernikov factory with a pipe on the side. In the latter, such a device increased air movement and contributed to the rapid boiling of water.

Kerosene samovars with a fuel tank were produced (along with flame ones) by the factory of the Prussian citizen Reinhold Theile, founded in 1870, and they were made only in Tula. This samovar found great demand where kerosene was cheap, especially in the Caucasus. Kerosene samovars were also sold abroad.

In 1908, the steam factory of the Shakhdat and Co. brothers produced a samovar with a removable jug - the Parichko samovar. It was invented by engineer A. Yu. Parichko, who sold his patent to Shakhdat and Co. These samovars were fire-safe; they could not break down or deteriorate, like ordinary samovars, if there was no water in them during the fire. Thanks to the upper blower device and the possibility of