Editing - what is it? Moscow State University of Printing Artistic and technical editing.

Technical editing terms

1. INTRODUCTION. BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMS

Basic concepts and terms of technical editing, such as publication, publisher, publishing house, publishing organization, publishing products, manufacturer of publishing products, etc.

Publication - a work (document) that has undergone editorial and publishing processing, produced by printing, embossing or other methods, contains information intended for distribution, and meets the requirements of state standards and other regulations regarding publishing design, printing and technical performance.

Publisher - physical or entity, which prepares and publishes the publication.

A publishing house is a specialized enterprise whose main activity is the preparation and production of publishing products.

Publishing organization is an enterprise, institution or organization whose charter, along with other types of activities, provides for the preparation and release of publishing products.

Publishing products are a set of publications prepared for release or released by the publisher (publishers).

Manufacturer of publishing products - an individual or legal entity that produces the ordered edition of a publication.

The publication can be divided into types according to the following criteria:

Special purpose;

Material construction;

Sign nature of information;

Composition of the main text;

Periodicity;

Structure;

The degree of analytical-synthetic transformation of information.

There are different types of publications. For example, reference publications are divided into dictionaries, reference books, and encyclopedias; educational publications - for textbooks, teaching aids, problem books, etc..

Publishing is aimed at:

Satisfying the needs of an individual, society, state in publishing products and making a profit from this type of activity;

Creating opportunities for citizens to self-identify as authors, regardless of race, skin color, political, religious and other beliefs, gender, ethnic and social origin, property status, place of residence, linguistic or other characteristics;

Ensuring the right to freedom of thought and speech, to freely express one’s views and beliefs;

Promoting the national and cultural development of the Ukrainian people by increasing the total number of circulations, volumes and expanding the thematic areas of Ukrainian book publishing;

Ensuring access of Ukrainian society to universal human values ​​through translation state language the best achievements of world literature, science, etc., establishing cooperation with foreign publishing houses, the Ukrainian diaspora, concluding relevant international agreements;

Increasing the number of publications by foreign languages, which would spread knowledge about Ukraine throughout the world;

Strengthening the material and technical base of the publishing and printing complex and the distribution network of publishing products.

When studying the topic, you should also define such concepts as book publication, book, brochure, text publication, text, publication format, its architectonics, etc.

A book edition is a publication in the form of a block of sheets of printed material of a certain format bound at the spine in a cover or frame.

Book - book edition of over 48 pages.

Brochure is a book publication ranging from 4 to 48 pages.

A text publication is a publication in which most of the volume is occupied by verbal, digital, in the form of hieroglyphs, formulas (chemical or mathematical) or mixed text.

Text is a part of a publication that contains information depicted using a specific set of characters.

Publication format - the dimensions of the finished publication, which are determined by the width and length of the publication page in millimeters or the width and length of a sheet of paper in centimeters, indicating the share that the publication page occupies on it.

The architectonics of a publication is the art of its construction, the harmonious and thoughtful arrangement of all elements of the publication: text, illustrations, decorations, etc., a component of its artistic design. It expresses the structure, the architectonics of the work(s) placed in it and the entire publication.

Printing products are extremely necessary in our lives, including science, culture, education, medicine and other areas. It is used for personal, public and industrial needs.

A significant range of products is due to the variety of their circulation, formats, purposes, and designs.

All printing products can be divided into five main types:

publishing products that are produced by publishing houses or organizations that sell (distribute) them. The main purpose of this product is an informative function;

label and packaging products, on which competitiveness and purchasing power in market conditions largely depend;

business printed products that perform organizational functions, which are also called display and form products (reports, forms, etc.);

special products of ministries and departments ( securities, stamps, forms of strict reporting documents);

products and semi-finished products for other industries (wallpaper, texture materials, decalcomania).

The main one here is considered to be publishing products, which are one of the means (along with such as television, radio, and the Internet) of disseminating information, scientific knowledge, political social thought, and preserving the spiritual values ​​of generations and peoples.

There are a number of requirements for publishing products, the main ones being maximum information content and a relatively low cost so that it can be purchased, as well as updating and a significant shelf life.

Publishing houses and printing enterprises must cooperate closely, since their joint and efficient work depend on both the quality of the products produced and the creation of printed products that meet the highest aesthetic and artistic requirements. This also applies to the literary, scientific, information levels of materials that are published on the pages of publications, the form of their presentation, technical and artistic design. Publishing houses provide the preparation, editing and design of publications, and printing enterprises must properly ensure the technical and aesthetic execution of the publication in a certain circulation within the established time frame.

The artistic and technical design of a publication is the first stage in the creation of publishing products; the next stage is its printing, which ultimately determines the face of the publication. The quality of the printing design of a publication is determined by a number of factors: the quality of the artist’s execution of the original design, the correct choice of printing equipment and technology, and the quality of printing work.

The beauty of the publication lies not only in its illustrative nature. Using only printing means of design (fonts, ornaments, type of paper), you can design the publication well. The category of the future reader should also be taken into account. Important influence The choice of printing method affects the quality of the publication's printing.

The purpose of issuing both printed and electronic publications is to meet the needs for printed products as a means of information. The design of a modern publication has a purposeful nature, which is manifested in finding the best option sending a text message to the reader. In the practice of publishing publications, publishing houses strive to disclose artistic image publication and its architectonics (construction), ensuring the ease of reading the text, using the publication, the appropriateness of the choice of materials, technological processes. We should not forget an important principle - the cost-effectiveness of the publication, which is ensured the right choice fonts, publication format, as well as compliance with technical conditions for the production of printed forms.

Editorial and technical preparation of information and development of a printing project for the publication are carried out in the publishing house in accordance with industry and state standards. In case of deviations from the norms of these design standards, the publication must be agreed upon with the printing company that will issue it.

Probably not in any of the areas social activities so many different specialists from different spheres of production and service provision do not collaborate simultaneously, as in the publishing and printing business. A printed publication is prepared for release by the author of the work, a literary or scientific editor, a graphic designer, a technical editor, printing technologists, and scientists who are working on the development of new technologies and materials. The perfect content and high quality of publication depend on the level of their qualifications, as well as cooperation. Each of the above-mentioned specialists must have both comprehensive training in general educational and applied disciplines in their specialty, and certain knowledge about the specifics of the work of other specialists involved in the birth printed edition. Among the above-mentioned specialists, a significant role in the creation of printed materials is played by a technical editor, who designs the image of the future publication and translates it into the system symbols, layouts that are understandable to the printing house workers who implement this project. He monitors the printing process of the publication at every stage technological process, he must not only correctly assess the quality of the work, but clearly and competently express his comments and give instructions regarding the correction of identified errors.

2.1 Originals for printed publications

The original for printing publications is text or graphic material, which has undergone editorial and publishing processing and which is the basis for creating a printed publication by means of printing: recreation by typesetting, reproduction by photochemical or electronic means, replication on a printing press and transformation after brochure-palette and finishing processes into a circulation of the finished publication.

The basic requirements for copyright text and visual originals that are transferred by the author (team of authors) to the publishing house (publishing organization) for publication in accordance with the concluded agreement, as well as for publishing text originals that are transferred by publishing houses (publishing organizations) to the printing enterprise are regulated state standard.

The above standard does not apply to text originals for some types of publications that require special ways production of printed forms: unique, facsimile, experimental, music (without text), cartographic. The standard also does not apply to originals for the production of printed products (labels, stickers, white goods, etc.), microcopies, photocopies.

There are three main types of originals: author's, publishing and original layout (reproduced original layout).

The author's original is the original prepared by the author (team of authors) of the work, which includes all the necessary components (main, additional and auxiliary texts, original illustrations, captions, etc.) for transmission to the publishing house with subsequent publishing and editorial processing and release.

Publishing original is the author's original after its editorial and publishing processing, supplemented by originals external design and marked for printing; it has a publishing specification, which indicates the technical and technological parameters of the future publication. To summarize, we can say: the publishing original is a complete draft of the publication, which serves as a guide for printing execution.

The original layout is a publishing original, each page of which coincides with the page of the future publication. The original layout can be typewritten (printed on a regular printing press) or compiled on a computer information system; it is signed for printing and sent to the printing house for layout and printing.

A reproduced original layout is an original prepared for the production of a photographic form or printed form photomechanically or by scanning as an image. Now, due to the spread of computer typesetting and computer information systems, this type of original is widely used for printing operational one-color publications with a small circulation (abstracts, conference materials, postcards, etc.). When classifying originals, four main criteria are used:

The halftone or line original determines the nature of the signal that creates the binary image. (All text originals belong to linework);

An opaque or transparent original determines the principles of signal formation and transmission when the image is perceived in reflected or transmitted light;

The black and white or color original determines the characteristics of the spectrum of the signal that creates the image;

A pictorial or textual original defines an image or logical (textual) information.

Originals also differ in the method of their production: drawings, paintings, photographs, reflections.

Electronic images as originals for printing. IN Lately Bitmap originals are widely used, both single and multi-color on prints, prints or on copying machine copies. With the introduction of CIS into printing, electronic images created in computer systems ( computer graphics), digital cameras recorded on CD-ROM, as well as images received via the Internet.

Images on CD-ROM. The development of digital technology has made it possible for companies that offer image archives to produce their own electronic catalogs. The idea of ​​a one-time high-quality scan with the next sale in digital form for a relatively low price it turned out to be successful. A CD-ROM with digitized images appeared.

Digital photography. Period from 1991 to 1994 became a turning point. Printers and publishers have stopped shying away from desktop publishing systems (DTP). DTP technologies created new way preparing the original for publication.

In 1997 -1999 The world of photography experienced a similar transformation. After a quick conversion digital cameras The traditional role of the photographer has changed from an expensive toy to a professional tool. He no longer has to wait for pictures from the darkroom. The photographer and the customer can see the picture on the monitor almost immediately after shooting.

Digital photography gives the photographer the opportunity to experiment. Previously, his work was completed when he saw that the pictures were clear, with good composition and correctly conveyed the color. Now the photographer is responsible not only for the quality of the image, but also for the suitability of the electronic file for further use. Not only photographers are getting used to this, but also art editors, who change the usual criteria for evaluating a photographer’s work. And although other specialists are still involved in color separation, photographers are still forced to familiarize themselves with the features of conversion in the RGB and CMYK color models.

The author's textual original is the text part of the work. prepared by the author (team of authors) for transmission to the publishing house with subsequent publishing and editorial processing and release.

A publishing text original is the text part of a work that has undergone editorial and publishing processing, signed for typesetting or printing by the responsible persons of the publishing house (publishing organization) and prepared for transfer to a printing company.

Typewritten;

Printouts prepared at personal computers;

Handwritten.

Publishing text originals, depending on the nature of their processing in the publishing house, are divided into:

Typewritten;

Printed for reprinting without changes (repeated);

Printed for reprint with changes;

Editing text (editing) is the process of making corrections, additions to the text, and changing its structure. The purpose of editing is to prepare the manuscript in content and form for publication.

Professional text editing in a publishing house involves working together with the author over the content, literary processing, text editing and technical editing.

Is it possible to do without professional editing of the text of the publication? Theoretically, the author has the right to publish any work, the content of which does not contradict the law. In practice, publishing houses in Moscow or another city rarely publish a book without editing - reputation is expensive.

The task of the team of editors is to change the text during the work so (if editing is unavoidable) that the author’s idea and style of presentation are not affected.

Stages and types of text editing

IBA Publishing House provides manuscript editing services works of art, scientific works, periodicals of information style, technical publications.

Editing a dissertation is different from preparing a collection of poems or an advertising brochure for publication. Depending on the source material, the editing procedure is built.

Text editing consists of three stages: initial proofreading, editing by a layout editor before subscription to the press, and final review in the printing house before production.

There are three types of editing:

• literary;
• scientific;
• technical

Every text needs literary editing: a congratulatory address to the head of the company, a brochure about the enterprise, a multi-volume encyclopedia. Not because the author himself is not able to create the correct, easy readable work, but because it is difficult to discern errors in one’s own creation. In editing, this feature of perception is called “blurred vision.” Therefore, journalistic texts need editing no less than those written by people without special education.

Literary editing begins with familiarization with the material, determining whether the content matches the title of the book. The first reading reveals logical errors in the composition, deviations from the style of the work.

The editor finds typical lexical errors in document texts. For example, in a legal collection there are colloquial expressions, in a literary text - non-literary forms, incorrectly constructed sentences, in a children's book - terms that will be incomprehensible to a child due to his age.

After agreeing on the literary correction with the author, the proofreader continues working on the manuscript.

Scientific editor checks the accuracy of the facts of the presented material, reads drawings, formulas, documents, compares quotations with primary sources. Editing of scientific text is entrusted to specialized specialists.

The translation text is proofread from the original to assess the correctness of the meaning, then it is checked for compliance with the rules of the Russian language, stylistics, vocabulary, and punctuation.

Task technical editing— at the stage of creating a layout and layout, check how a computer sketch is transferred to print, the correct arrangement of pages, chapters, headings, illustrations.

Cost of text editing

In the arsenal of literary, scientific, technical editors various operations editing. Whether or not to use written text editing, editing-contraction, editing-reworking, literary finishing is decided during the work process. Therefore, prices can be adjusted; the table shows basic prices.

Types of jobs

Price in rub. with VAT 18%

Literary edition

I. General provisions

1. The technical editor belongs to the category of specialists.

2. A person with a higher education degree is appointed to the position of technical editor professional education without presenting requirements for work experience or secondary vocational education and work experience in the specialty of at least 3 years.

3. Appointment to the position of technical editor and dismissal from it are made by order of the director of the enterprise upon the recommendation of the head of the editorial and publishing department.

4. The technical editor must know:

4.1. Methods of technical editing of scientific and methodological literature, information and regulatory materials.

4.2. Technical rules for the preparation and layout of text originals for book and magazine publications, preparation and design of original illustrations.

4.3. The procedure for drawing up technical publishing specifications, projects for artistic and technical design of publications.

4.4. Rules for preparing drawings for production and proofs for printing.

4.5. Standards and technical specifications for artistic and technical design of publications.

4.6. Planned accounting units of measurement for publishing and printing products.

4.7. Standard proofreading marks and notations.

4.8. Current standards for technical editing.

4.9. Printing production technology.

4.10. Economics and organization of printing production.

4.11. Fundamentals of labor organization and labor legislation.

4.12. Labor protection rules and regulations.

6. During the absence of the technical editor (vacation, illness, etc.), his duties are performed by a person appointed in the prescribed manner. This person acquires the corresponding rights and is responsible for the high-quality and timely performance of the duties assigned to him.

II. Job responsibilities

Technical editor:

1. Carries out technical editing of publications in order to ensure their high-quality printing.

2. Participates in the development of projects for the artistic and technical design of publications.

3. In accordance with the nature of the publications, clarifies the structure of the manuscript, checks the correctness of its structure (breakdown into sections, parts, chapters, etc.) and the subordination of headings in the table of contents.

4. Determines the technical suitability of the original for typesetting.

5. Makes markings of the original publication, indicates the typesetting technique, the order of arrangement of illustrations and design elements of the publications.

6. Prepares layouts of artistic and technical design of complex publications, complex pages (tables, drawings, ornaments).

7. Checks the author’s original illustrations in order to determine the possibility of their use to create originals suitable for printing reproduction, and determines technological features their manufacture.

8. Draws up technical publishing specifications and monitors the implementation of instructions for the printing execution of the printed publication.

9. Checks and processes proof prints, evaluates the quality of the set, the composition of each page and spread.

10. Monitors compliance by printing enterprises with the requirements established by the specifications, gives appropriate instructions for correcting errors made during typing and technical design deficiencies.

11. Processes proofs of proofs of illustrations, pastes them in numbering order.

12. Eliminates violations caused by text changes by the editor, checks the table of contents with the text, checks the correct construction of headings and their font design, and marks inserts.

13. Together with the art editor, prepares the cover (binding) for printing.

14. Checks and fills in the output data of the publication.

15. Reviews signal copies, checks the quality of printing, bookbinding and finishing work.

16. Takes measures to improve the printing performance of publications when producing circulation.

III. Rights

The technical editor has the right:

1. Get acquainted with the draft decisions of the management of the editorial and publishing department concerning its activities.

2. Make proposals for improving work related to the responsibilities provided for in these instructions.

3. Within the limits of your competence, inform your immediate supervisor about all shortcomings identified in the process of fulfilling your duties job responsibilities, and make proposals to eliminate them.

4. Involve all (individual) specialists of the editorial and publishing department in solving the tasks assigned to it.

5. Demand that the management of the editorial and publishing department provide assistance in the performance of their official duties and rights.

IV. Responsibility

The technical editor is responsible for:

1. For improper performance or failure to fulfill one’s official duties provided for by this job description- within the limits determined by the current labor legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. For offenses committed in the course of carrying out their activities - within the limits determined by the current administrative, criminal and civil legislation of the Russian Federation.

3. For causing material damage - within the limits determined by the current labor and civil legislation of the Russian Federation.

Job responsibilities. Carries out technical editing of publications in order to ensure their high-quality printing. Participates in the development of artistic and technical design projects for publications. In accordance with the nature of the publications, he clarifies the structure of the manuscript, checks the correctness of its structure (breakdown into sections, parts, chapters, etc.) and the subordination of headings in the table of contents. Determines the technical suitability of the original for typesetting. Makes markings of the original publication, indicates the typesetting technique, the order of arrangement of illustrations and design elements of publications. Prepares layouts of artistic and technical design of complex publications, complex in the construction of pages (tables, drawings, ornaments). Checks the author's original illustrations in order to establish the possibility of their use to create originals suitable for printing reproduction, and determines the technological features of their production. Draws up technical publishing specifications and monitors the implementation of instructions for the printing execution of the printed publication. Checks and processes proof prints, evaluates the quality of the typesetting, the composition of each page and spread. Monitors compliance by printing enterprises with the requirements established by specifications, gives appropriate instructions for correcting typing errors and technical design deficiencies. Processes proofs of proofs of illustrations, pastes them in numbering order. Eliminates violations caused by text changes by the editor, checks the table of contents with the text, checks the correct construction of headings and their font design, and marks inserts. Together with the art editor, prepares the cover (binding) for printing. Checks and fills in the output of the publication. Reviews signal copies, checks the quality of printing, bookbinding and finishing work. Takes measures to improve the printing performance of publications in the production of circulation.

Must know: methods of technical editing of scientific and methodological literature, information and regulatory materials; technical rules preparation and marking of text originals for book and magazine publications, preparation and design of original illustrations; the procedure for drawing up technical publishing specifications, projects for artistic and technical design of publications; rules for preparing a manuscript for production, proofreading for printing; standards and technical conditions for artistic and technical design of publications; typographic fonts and rules for their use; procedure for calculating the volume of publications; planning accounting units of measurement of publishing and printing products; standard proofreading marks and notations; current standards for technical editing; printing production technology; economics and organization of printing production; basics of labor organization and labor legislation; rules and regulations of labor protection.

Qualification requirements. Higher professional education without requirements for work experience or secondary vocational education and work experience in the specialty of at least 3 years.

Every day we read various texts - articles in newspapers and magazines, small notes, textbooks, manuals, books, documents. All this, after being written, is not immediately published or goes into print. Creation, editing - the stages of the appearance of the finished text. What is meant by the last term? What types of editing exist and what is their essence?

Editing concept

"Editing" came from Latin language. There is such a word in it as redactus. Its meaning is “put in order.” In Russian, “editing” refers to multidimensional concepts. It has several meanings:

1. Editing primarily refers to the correction of written text, the elimination of spelling, punctuation, and stylistic errors. This word also means changing the design of a document (changing the font, indents and other technical parameters of the text, dividing it into columns).
2. There is another definition. Editing is a kind professional activity. In means mass media There are editors who are engaged in preparing printed publications for publication.

Types of editing and their definitions

Editing can be divided into 2 types. These are general, also called universal, and special. The first type of editing means complete system editor's work on the text. During the correction, the written word is improved, spelling errors and repetitions of words are eliminated.

Special editing is work on a text from some special aspect, for the assessment and analysis of which there is not enough general knowledge. This work can be performed by editors who are deep specialists in a certain field of knowledge to which the text or document being corrected relates. Special editing has a classification. It is divided into:

• literary;
• scientific;
• artistic and technical.

Literary editing

Literary editing is a process in which the literary form of the text or work being reviewed is analyzed, evaluated, and improved. The editor carries out the following work:

• corrects lexical errors;
• brings the text style to perfection;
• eliminates logical errors, improves the form of the text (breaks it into paragraphs, chapters or combines fragments);
• shortens the text while maintaining the semantic content;
• checks factual material (dates, names, quotations, statistical values).

Scientific editing

A huge number of books and articles have been written on certain scientific topics(for example, for medical purposes). Often the authors are not specialists. Reputable publishing houses use the services of scientific editors. These people check the text scientifically, eliminate any inaccuracies, and remove irrelevant and false information.

It is worth noting that the names of scientific editors in books and journals are indicated on title page in accordance with the requirements of publishing standards. A note indicating that a scientific editor was involved in the project serves as a guarantee High Quality text, the veracity of the information presented.

Artistic and technical editing

Artistic editing in reputable publishing houses is carried out art editors. They design the cover and the entire magazine, newspaper or book, selecting images and color schemes. Thus, artistic editing is a process in which the design of a publication is developed, sketches, layouts, and illustrations are created, analyzed and evaluated from artistic and printing points of view.

There is also such a thing as technical editing. During it, adjustments are made technical specifications typing of text and its layout, fonts, their sizes, indents, line spacing are changed if necessary, numbered ones are added for ease of perception of information.

Modern editing capabilities

Almost everything modern people They can no longer imagine their life without computers. This technique is available both in housing and educational institutions, and in various organizations, companies. With the help of computers, a variety of texts are created: articles, abstracts, dissertations and documents. A huge number of programs have been developed that have opened up wide possibilities for editing.

One of the famous computer programs- This Microsoft Word. Using it, you can not only type text, but also edit files and format them properly:

• remove spelling and (in the text they are by default underlined with red and green wavy lines);
• change the size of the margins, select the appropriate page settings (portrait or landscape orientation);
• add various underlines, highlight text in the right places with different colors, quickly insert bullets and numbering;
• divide the text into columns, insert tables, charts, graphs, images, add footnotes, hyperlinks.

Quite often in the process of work, users are faced with the need to edit. This format is common and popular. Created for editing such files special programs. They allow users to delete unnecessary pages, highlight important points bright color, move text and graphic blocks. Editing "PDF" using programs is very easy, because their interface is intuitive. All necessary tools are displayed in programs on panels.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that editing is important process preparation of texts. It can be carried out using various computer programs. They provide users with ample opportunities. With their help, ordinary text without design can be turned into a business report, properly formatted, or into a bright advertisement that attracts a resume.