Trigeneration equipment selection. Energy center with trigeneration: just what is needed in Russian reality

Mini-CHP (BHKW) , As a rule, it operates in two main production modes:

• generation of electricity and heat (cogeneration)
• generation of electricity, heat and cold (trigeneration).

The cold is produced by an absorption refrigeration machine that consumes thermal energy rather than electrical energy.

Absorption chillers (with an efficiency of 0.64-0.66) are produced by many leading manufacturers and operate on natural refrigerants, and the fuel used is oil, gas or their derivatives, biofuel, steam, hot water, solar energy or excess thermal energy. energy of gas turbines – piston power plants.

Despite all their attractiveness, their use in the Russian Federation is still quite a rare occurrence.

Indeed, until very recently, in the Russian Federation, central climate systems were not considered mandatory in industrial and civil construction

Trigeneration is beneficial because it makes it possible to effectively use recycled heat not only in winter for heating, but also in summer to maintain a comfortable indoor microclimate or for technological needs (breweries, milk cooling, etc.).

This approach allows the use of a generating plant all year round.

Power plants - the units of these power plants are gas piston or gas turbine power units.

Gases used for the operation of gas thermal power plants:

The inverter conversion circuit allows you to obtain ideal, high-quality output parameters for current, voltage and frequency.

Concept: BHKW - Block mini-thermal power plants running on gas

BHKW, Mini-CHP consists of the following main components:

• internal combustion engines - piston or gas turbine
• DC or AC generators
• exhaust gas recovery boilers
• catalysts
• control systems
• Mini-CHP automation means ensure the operation of installations in the recommended range of operating modes and achieve effective characteristics. Monitoring and telemetry of mini-CHPs are carried out remotely.

Modern universal modular concept

• Joint generation of thermal and electrical energy.
• Compact design with frame-mounted equipment: engine, generator, heat exchanger and electrical panel
• Preferred application in facilities with high consumption of electrical and thermal energy
• Available in different electrical and thermal outputs. The electrical power of one module, for example, is 70, 140 or 238 kW, thermal power is 81, 115, 207 or 353 kW
• Can be used optionally for parallel operation with the power grid or as a backup power supply
• Harnessing the heat contained in lubricating oil, coolant and engine exhaust gases
• Several generators can be combined into a single energy complex

Operation with reduced noise levels and low emissions

• Quiet running of a gas internal combustion engine with four to twelve cylinders and an adjustable catalyst. The noise level, depending on the module power, is 55 - 75 dB(A)
• Low nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emissions

Simple and convenient control

• The module is controlled by simply pressing buttons. Starting system with charger and vibration-resistant maintenance-free batteries
• Integrated distribution system under the frame trim with clear control panel
• Remote control of basic functions with matched components

Fast installation, commissioning and maintenance

• A fully equipped, ready-to-connect unit with an air-cooled synchronous generator for the production of three-phase current with a voltage of 400 V, a frequency of 50 Hz and hot water with temperature chart 90/70 °C with a standard temperature difference between flow and return of 20 K.
• Any thermal power plant module can operate depending on thermal or electrical loads in the electrical power range of 50%–100% (which corresponds to 60–100% thermal power).
• Test run at the factory with drawing up a protocol and recording performance characteristics
• Problem-free installation of the vibration-damping structure of a thermal power plant without additional anchoring
• Autonomous oil supply system with 60 l oil storage tank.

These days, not a single one technical problem impossible to solve without a good management system. Thus, it is quite natural that control units are included in each node.

Monitoring is carried out by sensors of oil pressure, coolant temperature, exhaust gas temperature in the catalyst, water temperature in heating system and rotation speed, as well as sensors for minimum coolant pressure, minimum oil level and safety temperature limiter, with wiring to the control cabinet

Autonomous power supply: microturbines

The following fuels are acceptable for microturbine power plants:

• natural gas, high, medium and low pressure
• passing petroleum gas(PNG)
• biogas
• wastewater treatment gas
• gas obtained from waste disposal
• propane
• butane
• diesel fuel
• kerosene
• mine gas
• pyrolysis gas

Produced microturbines of the following unit electrical power:

• 30 kW (thermal energy output 85 kW), noise 58 dB, gas consumption at rated load 12 m 3
• 65 kW (thermal energy output 160 kW kW)
• 200 kW
• 600 kW
• 800 kW
• 1000 kW

Feasibility Study BHKW

It is necessary to consider in each specific case the cost of fuel consumed by the installations in comparison with the cost of purchasing heat and electricity from the monopoly state company. In addition, the cost of connection compared to the cost of the installations themselves.

• quick return on investment (payback period does not exceed four years)
• consuming 0.3 cu. m of gas the ability to receive 1 kW of electricity and ~ 2 kW of heat per hour
• no fees for connecting to central power supply networks; last year, the cost of connecting to the power grid in the Moscow region reached 48,907 rubles per kilowatt of installed electrical capacity (from 1 kW to 35 kW). This figure is quite comparable to the cost of building one kilowatt of your own, home high quality micro turbine power plant.
• Possibility of purchasing on lease BHKW
• minimum fuel losses at the local power plant
• possibility of installing BHKW in old boiler houses and central heating stations
• no need to build expensive power lines, transformer substations, or long-distance electrical networks
• the possibility of quickly increasing electrical power by additional installation energy modules

Cost per kilowatt hour

The price of a kilowatt-hour differs primarily from the type of generating power plant. Various financial institutions use differentiated methods when assessing produced electricity.

The cost of one kilowatt of nuclear energy is not easy to figure out. Different assessment and calculation methods are used.

The World Nuclear Association compared the cost per kilowatt-hour that could be produced by different types of new power plants.

If the conditional rate on loans issued for the construction of a power plant is 10%, then a kilowatt-hour of electricity costs produced by:

• Nuclear power plant - 4.1 cents
• at a modern coal power plant - 4.8 cents
• at a gas power plant - 5.2 cents

If the loan rate for financing the construction of power plants decreases to 5%, then even smaller values ​​will be obtained:

• 2.7 cents for nuclear power plants
• 3.8 - for a coal-fired power plant
• 4.4 cents - for a gas power plant.

The European Commission uses other data:

• 1 kilowatt-hour of nuclear and hydropower costs €0.05
• coal thermal power plant - in €0.04 - 0.07
• gas power plant - €0.11 - 0.22

According to the methodology of the European Commission, the only opponents of nuclear power plants are wind power plants, the cost of a kilowatt hour is €0.015-€0.02.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has calculated that the cost of nuclear energy is 6.6 cents per kilowatt-hour, and electricity produced from natural gas costs 3.7-5.5 cents.

According to the University of Chicago:

• A kilowatt-hour of a nuclear power plant costs 6.4 cents
• kilowatt-hour produced at a gas station - 3.3-4.4 cents.

According to the methods of the Institute of Nuclear Energy, in 2004 in the USA the cost of a kilowatt-hour produced was:

• at nuclear power plants was 1.67 cents
• A kilowatt-hour of a coal-fired power plant cost 1.91 cents.
• power plants on HFO - at 5.40 cents
• gas power plant - 5.85 cents

Construction cost per kilowatt hour

The issue is the cost and duration of nuclear power plant construction.

Organization Economic Cooperation and Development calculated that the construction cost is:

• nuclear power plant from $2.1 thousand to $2.5 thousand per kilowatt of power
• coal power plant - $1.5 thousand-1.7 thousand.
• gas power plant - $1 thousand - $1.4 thousand.
• wind power plant(wind turbine) - $1 thousand - $1.5 thousand.

Research centers opposed to the construction of nuclear power plants believe that these data do not show the real cost of building a nuclear power plant.

A typical 1GW nuclear power plant will cost at least $2.2 billion. A similar conclusion was made by the US Congressional Research Service. According to the service's estimates, the cost of constructing a nuclear power plant after 1986 ranges from $2.5 to $6.7 billion. The budget portion of nuclear power plant safety systems is 1/3 of the project cost.

The construction period for power plants is:

• NPP - 5-6 years
• coal power plant - 3-4 years
• gas power plant - 2 years

The Nuclear Policy Research Institute emphasizes that careful analyzes and long-term cost calculations nuclear power have never been carried out.

In normal calculations the following are not taken into account:

• cost of uranium enrichment
• costs of dealing with the consequences of possible accidents
• cost of closing a nuclear power plant
• transportation costs
• nuclear waste storage

The United States has no experience with closing nuclear installations. The cost of an expensive process can only be guessed at. In 1996, the Energy Department suggested that costs could range from $180 million to $650 million.

On the portal newtariffs.ru new, consolidated tariffs for electricity, prices for natural gas, costs - the level of payment for thermal energy and water supply, as well as price lists for housing and communal services are published.

The invention relates to thermal power engineering. A method for the combined production of electricity, heat and cold involves converting the heat of combustion products into mechanical energy using heat engine, conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy in an electric generator, transfer of coolant heated in the cooling circuit of a heat engine and exhaust gases using heat exchangers of at least two heating stages for heating, hot water supply and ventilation and for obtaining cold in an absorption refrigeration machine. Part of the coolant is diverted for the purposes of hot water supply, heating and ventilation before the heat exchangers of the second and/or subsequent heating stages, depending on the required temperature of the coolant in the hot water supply, heating and ventilation systems. The remaining part of the coolant is supplied after the heat exchanger of the last heating stage into the absorption refrigeration machine. The proposed method allows you to increase the refrigeration coefficient and the production of AHM cold. 2 ill.

Drawings for RF patent 2457352

The invention relates to thermal power engineering and can be used in the combined production of heat, cold and electricity.

There is a known method of operation of a mobile installation for the combined production of electricity, heat and cold, in which a generator converts the mechanical energy of the rotating engine shaft into electricity, the exhaust gases passing through the heat exchanger give off heat to the coolant fluid for heat supply to the heating season or used in absorption refrigeration machine for cooling supply in summer period.

To the disadvantages this method The operation of the installation can be attributed to the low efficiency associated with the release of a significant part of unused thermal energy into the atmosphere.

There is also a known method of operation of an installation in which an internal combustion engine produces useful energy, converted into electrical energy using an electric generator; a second internal combustion engine is used to drive a compressor of a refrigeration machine that produces cold during the warm season. Heat recovered from the engine jacket and exhaust gases is used to supply heat to consumers during the cold season.

The disadvantages of the method of operation of this installation are the incomplete use of waste heat from internal combustion engines, additional fuel costs for operating the second internal combustion engine used to drive the compressor of the refrigeration machine.

There is a known method of operation of an installation that simultaneously supplies heat/cold and electricity, in which heat supply in the cold period is carried out by recycling the heat of exhaust gases and coolant of an internal combustion engine, the mechanical energy of the rotating shaft of the engine is converted into electricity, cold is generated in the warm period of the year in compression refrigeration machine.

The disadvantages of the method of operation of this installation include low efficiency due to insufficient use of waste heat from the internal combustion engine, and significant energy costs for operating the compressor of the refrigeration machine.

The closest technical solution (prototype) is the method of operation of an installation for generating electricity, heat and cold, in which a heat engine produces mechanical work that is converted into electrical energy using an electric generator. The waste heat of lubricating oil, coolant and exhaust gases removed through the heat exchangers of the first, second and third heating stages from the heat engine is utilized to supply heat to consumers. During the warm period of the year, recovered heat is partially used to provide consumers hot water, and partly supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine to provide cold to the air conditioning system.

However, this technical solution characterized by a relatively low temperature of the coolant (80°C) supplied from the heat engine, which leads to a decrease in the coefficient of performance and refrigerating power of the absorption refrigeration machine.

The objective of the invention is to increase the coefficient of performance and refrigeration capacity by increasing the temperature of the coolant supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine.

The task is achieved as follows.

In a method for the combined production of electricity, heat and cold, including converting the heat of combustion products into mechanical energy using a heat engine, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy in an electric generator, transferring coolant heated in the cooling circuit of a heat engine and exhaust gases using heat exchangers, at least two stages of heating, for heating, hot water supply and ventilation and for obtaining cold in an absorption refrigeration machine, part of the coolant is allocated for the purposes of hot water supply, heating and ventilation before the heat exchangers of the second and/or subsequent heating stages, depending on the required temperature of the coolant in hot water supply systems , heating and ventilation, the remaining part of the coolant is supplied after the heat exchanger of the last heating stage into the absorption refrigeration machine.

Due to the removal of part of the coolant for the needs of hot water supply, heating and ventilation, the mass flow rate of the heated coolant supplied to the heat exchangers of subsequent heating stages will decrease, and therefore, for other equal conditions without increasing the heating surface area, the temperature of the heated coolant leaving these heat exchangers increases. Increasing the temperature of the coolant discharged into the absorption refrigeration machine makes it possible to increase its refrigeration coefficient and, accordingly, its cooling capacity.

The proposed method for the combined production of electricity, heat and cold is illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of one of the possible power plants with which the described method can be implemented.

Figure 2 shows the dependence of the relative cooling capacity of an absorption refrigeration machine on the temperatures of the cooled, cooling and heating water.

The power plant contains the following elements: 1 - air compressor, 2 - combustion chamber, 3 - gas turbine, 4 - heat exchanger of the turbine lubrication system (first stage of heating), 5 - heat exchanger for cooling the turbine disks and blades (second stage of heating), 6 - heat exchanger of flue (exhaust) gases (third stage of heating), 7 - heat exchanger of the heat supply system (heating, ventilation consumers), 8 - absorption refrigeration machine, 9 - heat consumer (heating and ventilation), 10 - cold consumer, 11 - hot water consumer, 12 - dry cooling tower of the power plant, 13 - cooling tower of the refrigeration machine, 14 - pump of the circulating water supply circuit of the refrigerator , 15 - consumer cooling circuit pump, 16 - consumer hot water supply circuit pump, 17 - heat supply circuit pump (heating and ventilation), 18 - heat engine cooling circuit pump, 19 - electric generator, 20 - consumer hot water supply system heat exchanger, 21, 22 , 23 - pipelines for supplying the heating coolant to the heat exchanger of the hot water supply system (20), 24, 25, 26 - pipelines for supplying the heating coolant to the heat exchanger (7) of the heat supply system (heating and ventilation), 27 - supply pipeline for the heating coolant of the absorption refrigeration machine, 28 - cooling circuit of the heat engine.

The installation method is as follows.

In compressor 1 the compression process takes place atmospheric air. From compressor 1, air enters combustion chamber 2, where sprayed fuel is continuously supplied under pressure through nozzles. From combustion chamber 2, combustion products are sent to gas turbine 3, in which the energy of combustion products is converted into mechanical energy of shaft rotation. IN electric generator 19 this mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Depending on the heat load, the installation operates in one of three modes:

Mode I - with heat release for heating, ventilation and hot water supply;

Mode II - with heat supplied to hot water supply and absorption refrigerator;

III mode - with heat supply for heating, ventilation and hot water supply and for absorption refrigerator;

In mode I (during the cold season), the coolant is heated in the heat exchanger of the lubrication system 4 (first heating stage), the heat exchanger of the disk and blade cooling system 5 (second heating stage) and the exhaust gas heat exchanger 6 (third heating stage) through a pipeline 26 is supplied to the heat exchanger 7 for heating and ventilation of consumers 9 and through pipelines 21, and/or 22, and/or 23 to the hot water supply heat exchanger 20.

In mode II (during the warm period of the year), depending on the required temperature in the hot water supply system, part of the coolant is removed after the heat exchanger of the lubrication system 4 (the first heating stage) and/or the heat exchanger of the disk and blade cooling system 5 (the second heating stage) and/or the heat exchanger exhaust (exhaust) gases 6 (third stage of heating) through pipelines 21, and/or 22, and/or 23 to the hot water supply heat exchanger 20, and the remaining coolant through pipeline 27 is supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine 8 to produce cold used for cooling consumers 10.

In mode III (in the autumn-spring period), depending on the required temperatures in the hot water supply, heating and ventilation systems, part of the coolant is removed after the heat exchanger of the lubrication system 4 (first stage of heating), and/or the heat exchanger of the cooling system of disks and blades 5 (second stage heating), and/or heat exchanger of flue (exhaust) gases 6 (third stage of heating) through pipelines 21, and/or 22, and/or 23 to hot water heat exchanger 20, part of the coolant after the heat exchanger of lubrication system 4 (first stage of heating), heat exchanger of the cooling system of disks and blades 5 (second stage of heating) and/or heat exchanger of flue gases 6 (third stage of heating) through pipelines 24, and/or 25, and/or 26 is supplied to heat exchanger 7 for heating and ventilation of consumers 9 , the part of the coolant remaining in the cooling circuit of the heat engine 28 is supplied through pipeline 27 to the absorption refrigeration machine 8 to obtain cold used for cooling consumers 10. The coolant cooled in heat exchangers 7, 8 and 20 is transferred by pump 18 for heating to heat exchangers 4, 5 , 6. If there is no need for thermal energy, excess heat is removed through dry cooling towers 12 into the atmosphere.

For example, when the installation is operating in mode II, in the case of coolant selection for hot water supply after the heat exchanger of the third heating stage, coolant with a temperature of 103.14°C is supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine through pipeline 27.

In the case of selecting 30% of the coolant for the purpose of hot water supply, after the second stage heat exchanger, coolant with a temperature of 112.26 ° C is supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine, which increases the cooling capacity (according to Fig. 2) by 22%.

In the case of selecting 30% of the coolant for the purpose of hot water supply, after the first stage heat exchanger, coolant with a temperature of 115.41 ° C is supplied to the absorption refrigeration machine, which increases the cooling capacity (according to Fig. 2) by 30%.

The technical result that can be obtained by implementing the invention is to increase the coefficient of performance and refrigeration power of an absorption refrigeration machine by increasing the temperature of the coolant removed from the engine cooling circuit. The use of a coolant with higher parameters, obtained as a result of reducing its average flow rate in the cooling circuit of a heat engine due to the removal of part of the coolant when it reaches the required temperature for heat supply needs, makes it possible to increase the refrigerating capacity of an absorption refrigeration machine.

Information sources

1. Patent No. 2815486 (France), publ. 04/19/2002, IPC F01N 5/02-F02B 63/04; F02G 5/02; F25B 27/00; F25B 30/04; F01N 5/00; F02B 63/00; F02G 5/00; F25B 27/00; F25B 30/00.

2. Patent No. 2005331147 (Japan), publ. 02.12.2005, MPK F25B 27/00; F25B 25/02; F25B 27/02; F25B 27/00; F25B 25/00; F25B 27/02.

3. Patent No. 20040061773 (Korea), publ. 07/07/2004, manual gearbox F02G 5/00; F02G 5/00.

4. Patent No. 20020112850 (USA), publ. 08/22/2002, IPC F01K 23/06; F02G 5/04; F24F 5/00; F01K 23/06; F02G 5/00; F24F 5/00.

CLAIM

A method for the combined production of electricity, heat and cold, including the conversion of the heat of combustion products into mechanical energy using a heat engine, the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy in an electric generator, the transfer of coolant heated in the cooling circuit of a heat engine, and exhaust gases using heat exchangers of at least two heating stages, for heating, hot water supply and ventilation and for obtaining cold in an absorption refrigeration machine, characterized in that part of the coolant is allocated for the purposes of hot water supply, heating and ventilation before the heat exchangers of the second and/or subsequent heating stages, depending on the required coolant temperature in hot water supply, heating and ventilation systems, the remaining part of the coolant is supplied after the heat exchanger of the last heating stage into the absorption refrigeration machine.

Trigeneration is the combined production of electricity, heat and cold. The cold is produced by an absorption refrigeration machine that consumes thermal energy rather than electrical energy. Trigeneration is beneficial because it makes it possible to effectively use recycled heat not only in winter for heating, but also in summer for air conditioning or for technological needs. This approach allows the generating plant to be used all year round.

Trigeneration and industry

In the economy, in particular in the food industry, there is a need for cold water with a temperature of 8-14 ° C, used in technological processes. At the same time, in the summer, the temperature of the river water is at the level of 18-22 ° C (breweries, for example, use cold water for cooling and storing the finished product; on livestock farms, water is used to cool milk). Frozen food producers operate in temperatures ranging from -18°C to -30°C year-round. Applying trigeneration, cold can be used in various air conditioning systems.

Energy supply concept - trigeneration

During the construction of a shopping center in the Moscow region, with a total area of ​​95,000 m², it was decided to install a cogeneration unit. The project was implemented in the late 90s. The shopping complex is powered by four gas piston engines with an electrical power of 1.5 MW and a thermal power of 1.8 MW. Gas piston units operate on natural gas. The coolant is water heated to 110 °C. Hot water is used both directly for heating and for heating air coming from outside. Gas piston engines are equipped with mufflers and CO 2 neutralizers.

The energy supply concept uses the principle trigeneration. Electricity, heat and cold are produced together. During the warm season, the heat produced by the cogeneration unit can be utilized by an absorption refrigeration machine to cool the indoor air. Thus, the cogeneration plant produces heat or cold, depending on the time of year, maintaining the temperature in the rooms constant. This is especially important for storing furniture.

Trigeneration is provided by two bromine-lithium absorption refrigeration machines, each with a power of 1.5 MW. The cost of fuel consumed by the installations in 2002 was several times less than the cost of purchasing heat and electricity from the monopoly state company. In addition, the cost of connecting to city networks is in many cases comparable to the cost of the installations themselves and is equal to ~$1,000/kW.

Trigeneration - specifics

A special feature of an absorption refrigeration unit is the use of a thermochemical compressor rather than a mechanical one to compress refrigerant vapors. As a working fluid for absorption plants, a solution of two working fluids is used, in which one working fluid is refrigerant, and the other - absorbent. One of the working fluids, acting as a refrigerant, must have low temperature boiling and dissolve or be absorbed by the working fluid, which can be either liquid or solid. The second substance that absorbs (absorbs) the refrigerant is called an absorbent.

The independent energy company “New Generation” is ready, at its own expense, to install a 6.4 MW gas piston cogenerator power plant at your enterprise within 5–6 months, produced by MAN B&W Diesel AG.

Trigeneration is the combined production of electricity, heat and cold using a gas piston engine. Composition of a trigeneration unit (TGU): gas piston engine, generator, thermal module, absorption refrigeration machine, control system. The generator produces electricity, the thermal module in winter time, and the absorption refrigeration machine in the summer utilizes the heat of the engine cooling jacket, oil cooling jacket and exhaust flue gases

Trigeneration is beneficial because it makes it possible to effectively use recycled heat not only in winter for heating, but also in summer for air conditioning or for technological needs. This approach allows the installation to be used all year round, thereby ensuring the fastest return on investment. Maximum proximity and possibility of use for any consumer both as a main and backup source of energy, installation anywhere (even in an “open field”), operational reliability, quick payback and long service life of the main equipment (up to 25 years to full write-offs) bring TSU to first place among alternative sources energy supply. All that is required is the presence of gas.

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION Conducting an energy audit: identifying specific features in the energy supply at the customer’s site Project development, selection of equipment equipment Production and supply of equipment Training of customer personnel Installation of equipment, commissioning Warranty and post-warranty service Continuous technical support

TGUs can be used as both main and backup power supply sources Gasoline 1.5 – 12 kVA Diesel 1.5 – 2000 kVA Gas 23 – 1500 kVA MTU FORD PERKINS VOLVO LOMBARDINI HONDA Engines: Generators: MECC ALTE Stamford engine characteristics

What you need to pay attention to when choosing a gas cogenerator: a) voltage b) electrical power c) location (site) d) daily electricity consumption e) operating mode (island or parallel to the network) f) availability of gas limits, gas pressure g ) starting currents h) design

AUTONOMOUS ENERGY SUPPLY IS MORE PROFITABLE! FACTORS OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF AUTONOMOUS ENERGY SUPPLY 1. Natural gas very cheap. Cogenerators have high efficiency. There are no electricity losses. Therefore, electricity generated autonomously using cogenerators is 2–5 times cheaper. 1. There is no need to pay for connecting to the electrical network and laying a heating main (for new facilities). There is no need for constant repair of existing heating mains (for old objects). 2. The cogenerator utilizes the heat generated when generating electricity. This heat can be used for hot water supply, heating of objects, obtaining cold, technological purposes,

Unit electrical power - from 50 kW to 2 MW (more can be ordered). The coefficient of heat generation in relation to electricity is from 1.4 at low powers to 1.0 at high powers. The coefficient of cold production in relation to heat is 0.7-0.5. The volume of capital investments is rubles per kW of installed capacity. Payback period - 2-4 years (depending on equipment load; with round-the-clock and maximum load the payback is faster) The cost of electricity, subject to heat recovery for heating, hot water or cold production - 0.55-0.60 rubles / kW hour, taking into account service Specific consumption of gas to produce 1 kW of electricity - 0.3-0.4 cubic meters Turnkey project implementation period - 6-8 months Some technical and economic indicators of using TGU

To date, several similar projects have already been implemented in Russia. In particular, in Moscow, the Sberbank Corporate University and the recently built Spartak stadium are equipped with trigeneration systems. There are also regional examples. Thus, the trigeneration energy center of a large shopping center in Perm, being built by the Carmenta group of companies, is of some interest.

Construction of a five-story shopping center on Karpinsky Street began in 2013, and delivery is planned for early 2016. The total area of ​​the facility is 29 thousand m2. The required estimated energy consumption of the shopping center for electricity is 1500 kW, for heat - 2700 kW, for cold - 1800 kW.

To ensure energy supply for this facility, the design organization Energoplanner LLC selected Bosch CHP CE 400 NA gas piston units with a power of 400 kW in combination with LG absorption chillers.

When operating a gas piston (GPU) or gas turbine (GTU) unit with 1 kW of generated electricity, it is possible to receive from 1 to 2 kW of thermal energy as hot water. IN shopping centers the electrical load is fairly uniform throughout the year, and the need for cold is comparable to the active electrical power. From hot water using ABHM we obtain cold with an average coefficient of 0.75. Thus, depending on the type of power plants, from their heat you can get from 50 to 100% of the required cold. The result is an extremely energy efficient system. The lack of heat, as well as the reserve, is provided by conventional hot water boilers, whose efficiency is close to 99%.

During development schematic diagram For refrigeration, the use of both vapor compression and absorption chillers was considered. The choice was made in favor of the second option due to its advantages in both operating and capital costs.

Absorption chillers are economical and environmentally friendly. They are simple, reliable and do not have pumps in their design. Their overall thermal efficiency is high - up to 86%, part of which (up to 40%) comes from electrical energy. In trigenerators based on internal combustion engines, both single-stage and two-stage systems can be used. Since cogeneration schemes produce heat, usually in the form of water thermal energy, a single-stage system is preferred. Along with simplicity, such a scheme allows you to utilize more heat.

To ensure power supply to the facility, the design organization selected Bosch CHP CE 400 NA gas piston units with a power of 400 kW in combination with LG absorption chillers

Single-stage lithium bromide plants operate at hot water low (up to 90 °C) temperatures, while two-stage absorption systems require heat at a temperature of about 170 °C, characteristic of steam. A single-stage lithium bromide absorption system is capable of cooling water to a temperature of 6-8 ° C and has a cold-to-heat conversion coefficient of about 0.7. The conversion factor of a two-stage system is about 1.2. So, absorption systems provide cooling power equal to 0.7-1.2 times the power received from the heat source. When connected to a trigenerator installation of compressor refrigeration units Temperatures below 0 °C can be obtained.

The characteristic features of trigeneration plants are:

• efficiency (excess heat is used to produce cold);
• minimal wear (simple ABHM design);
• low noise;
• environmental friendliness (water is used as a refrigerant);
• high KIT.

Absorption chillers (ABCMs) produce chilled water by using two substances (such as water and lithium bromide salt) in thermal equilibrium, separated by heating, and then reunited by heat rejection. The targeted supply and removal of heat under vacuum conditions at variable pressure (approximately 8 and 70 mbar) creates an imbalance of substances, thus forcing them to desorption or absorption. To produce chilled water in the temperature range of 6 to 12 °C, water (refrigerant) and lithium bromide salt (absorbent) are typically used. To produce low-temperature cold down to -60 ° C, ammonia (refrigerant) and water (absorbent) are used.

A feature of absorption refrigeration machines is the use of a thermochemical compressor rather than a mechanical one to compress refrigerant vapors.

The choice of gas piston installation was carried out based on a combination of many parameters, among which various resource indicators, cost Maintenance, technical and dynamic characteristics.

Compared with alternative options Bosch installations have demonstrated a number of advantages, including a higher useful action, amounting to 38.5%, higher speed of loading and unloading (40%), as well as higher resource indicators before major repairs (44 thousand hours). Their significant advantage was also high quality power supply - automatically adjustable cos(qp) indicator with the ability to regulate supply reactive power to the network.

In total, it is planned to install three gas turbine units with a capacity of 400 kW and two absorption machines at the facility, one of which will be equipped with a burner device. To cover peak heat consumption loads, it is planned to install a Buderus gas boiler. Also, a cascade control cabinet MMS was designed specifically for this project in Germany to ensure emergency operation. As for the economic indicators of the project, the total capital costs will be about 85 million rubles with a payback period of five years.

It should be noted that this project in the field of trigeneration was a pilot project for equipment supply companies and required solving a number of complex problems. In particular, it took some time to prepare and obtain the necessary documentation, conduct training for design organization, solving service issues.

“This is a landmark project both for us and for the companyLG in Russia. The implementation of such projects helps to fully demonstrate the advantages of trigeneration technology and the quality of the solutions offered,”— comments Dmitry Nikolaenko, head of mini-thermal power plants at Bosch Thermotekhnika.

About Bosch CHP units

Bosch CHP gas piston units are one of the many areas of Bosch Thermal Engineering Division. They are produced in a power range from 19 to 400 kW for electrical energy generation. At the same time, the initial fuel savings compared to the separate generation of thermal and electrical energy can reach 40%. The use of this equipment can significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The units can be supplied as a complete, complete module consisting of a motor, connecting parts, a generator, a heat exchanger and a cooling circuit. Using a control system, the thermal power plant can be combined with a heating boiler from Bosch, as well as with cooling systems.