Who became the Sultan after Suleiman the Magnificent. Sultans of the Ottoman Empire and years of reign

In 1299, the Ottoman state was founded on the Asia Minor peninsula (Anatolia). In 1453, when Constantinople was captured, it became an empire. Thanks to the capture of this city, the Ottoman Empire was able to gain a foothold in Europe, and Constantinople - modern Istanbul - is of great importance for modern Turkey. The heyday of the state occurred during the reign of the tenth Ottoman Sultan - Suleiman I (1494-1520-1556), who was named the Magnificent. During his reign, the Ottomans captured vast territories of Asia, Africa and Europe. The empire numbered fifteen thousand inhabitants by the end of his life, which at that time was quite an impressive figure.

The Ottoman Empire lasted no less than 623 years, and only in 1922 was it abolished. For more than six centuries, the huge empire represented a connecting link between Europe and the East. The capital in the fifteenth century was Constantinople (modern Istanbul). In the 15th and 16th centuries, the empire grew and developed very rapidly on a territorial scale, in politics and economics.

The highest levels of the empire were achieved during the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. The Empire, at that time, became practically the most powerful power in the world. Its borders stretched from the Roman Empire to North Africa and Western Asia.

Suleiman was born in 1494. He studied military affairs in the army from his famous grandfather Bayazid. And in 1520, after the death of Selim’s father, he became the tenth ruler of a huge empire. Having conquered almost the entire territory of Hungary, the Sultan did not stop there. The state had a very powerful flotilla, headed by Barbarossa himself, whom everyone called “master of the seas.” Such a fleet aroused the fears of many states within the Mediterranean and beyond. Since the Ottomans and the French had enmity towards the Habsburgs, they become allies. And with the joint effort of both armies in 1543 they took Nice, and ten years later they entered Corsica, then after some time taking possession of this island.

Under the Sultan there was not only a great vizier, but also his best friend, Ibrahim Pasha. He supported the ruler in all his endeavors. Ibrahim was a very gifted and experienced servant. He began his brilliant career as a falconer under Suleiman back in Manisa, when the Sultan was there as Shahzade, that is, heir to the throne. Then, every year, “confirming” his loyalty to the Sultan, Suleiman gave him more and more power. The last and disastrous position for Ibrahim was the position of “Grand Vizier”. Suleiman very decisively restored order within his empire, punishing everyone who had lost his trust. This special character trait spared neither his friend and faithful servant Ibrahim, nor his sons, nor his grandchildren.

As was customary in the east, the sultan had his own harem. Each of the concubines tried to get into the Sultan’s chambers, because having given birth to an heir, one could hope for a good and carefree life in the palace. But Suleiman’s heart was forever conquered by the Russian concubine Hurrem, who later became his wife. Despite the fact that Nikah (marriage) with concubines was prohibited by the sultans, his beloved achieved this with her cunning and love.

She was a very wise woman, nothing and no one stopped her on her way, especially if it concerned the succession to the throne of one of her sons. At her “initiation”, his first son from Mavkhidevran, Mustafa, was executed in 1553, by order of the Sultan and in his presence. Hurrem gave birth to six children to the Sultan: five sons and one daughter. The first son Mehmed died, the second too. The middle sons Bayezid and Selim constantly quarreled, and the very last son Cihangir was born with a physical defect (with a hump). Her mother gave her daughter Mihrimah in marriage to the new Grand Vizier, her faithful servant.

Family tree of the sultans Ottoman Empire family tree after Sultan Suleiman in the Ottoman Empire 10. Suleiman I Kanuni Sultan -27.04.1495-7.09.1566, reign 1520-1566, there are discrepancies in the date of birth, on the grave of Suleiman in his mausoleum the date 1495 is written, and in almost all the others In sources, the date of birth is November 6, 1494, so I can’t say which is more correct. If you believe this entry, Suleiman was a symbol, since he was born in the 10th year of the 10th cycle of the 10th month of the Hijri - this was in the mufti’s welcoming speech at the time of the accession of Sultan Suleiman (and among the Sunnis, 10 is a sacred number), and this is exactly November 1494, because The Hijri calendar is completely different. Father - Selim I, mother - Aishe Hafsa Sultan Wives: Fulane Khatun 1496-1550, - considered the mother of Shehzade Mahmud (22.09.1512-29.10.1521), Shehzade Abdullah (1514-28.10.1514), daughter of Fatma Sultan (1516-1516) ), see* 2. Gulfem Khatun (1497-1562), mother of Shehzade Murad 15919-1521, who died of smallpox. 3. Makhidevran (Gulbahar) - 1498-1580, mother of Shehzade Mustafa and presumably another son, Ahmed and daughter, who died at birth or immediately after. See* 4. Khurrem Haseki Sultan-1506-1558, mother of Mehmed 1521-1543, Mihrimah 1522-1578, Abdullah 1522-1526 (see *_, Selima 1524-1574, Bayazid 1526-1562, and Jihangir 1531-1553. Children : 1.Mahmud-1512-Manisa-29.10.1521-Istanbul 2.Mustafa 1515-Manisa-6.11.1553-Egerli 3.Murad-1519-Manisa-12.10.1521-Istanbul 4.Mehmed-1521-Istanbul-6.11.1543 -Manisa 5.Abdullah-1522-Istanbul-1526-Istanbul 6.Selim-05/28/1524-Istanbul-12/15/1574-Istanbul 7.Bayazid-09/14/1525-Istanbul-07/23/1562-Qazvin 8.Cihangir-1531-Istanbul -27.11.1553-Haleb 9.?0sultan-1521-1521, approximately the daughter of Mahidevran, with whom she was already pregnant upon arrival in Istanbul 10.Mihrimah Sultan-21.03.1522-Istanbul-25.01.1578-Istanbul 11.Fatma Sultan-? -1514 -Manisa- ??1514 12.Razia Sultan- ? – 1561 Istanbul Suleiman was beylerbey of Bolu (western Anatolia) in 1509, Cafe9Crimea) in 1509-1512 and in Manisa from 1512 to 1520. Until 1512, his mother was with him, but from Selim’s accession to the throne, he took her to command the harem in Istanbul. *On one Istanbul forum I found that Cihangir had a son after his death, Orhan 1554-1562, so it seems to me that this son is mistakenly attributed to his father Suleiman. *in 1521, one daughter died of Suleiman. The name is unknown, and the second daughter was married to Admiral Ali Pasha, but it is unclear in the same year or a little later, maybe she still means Fatma, born in 1514 *Mustafa was executed in 1553 and buried in the Cema Mosque in Bursa along with his mother , Orhan, the 5th son of Bayezid's half-brother. Mustafa had four children: Mehmed 1546-10/9/1553, strangled after his father, Orhan - ? -1552, died of illness (his mother is unknown), daughters Nargiz 1536-1577, wife of Jenabi Ahmet Pasha-historian, poet, beylerbey of Anatolia until the age of 20, and Shah Sultan 1550-2.10.1577, husband Dalan Karim. Shah Sultan's wedding took place on August 1, 1562, simultaneously with the weddings of her cousins, Ismihan and Gevharhan, the daughters of Selim II. Mother Nargiz, presumably after the execution of Mustafa, married Partaf Mehmed Pasha, the second vizier under Selim II (1565-1571). Mustafa's wife Rumeisa Khatun was born around 1520 (everywhere they write that by the age of 30 she had a son and a daughter, it turns out 1550-30 = 1520, at the age of 12 she ended up in a harem, and then became Mustafa's favorite, after the death of her husband and son, moved with Mahidevran to Izmir, where they loved her very much and called her Kadın efendi Sultan, where she soon died. So she was buried in Izmir, this is my personal opinion. *After Mehmed’s death in 1543, the next year he a daughter was born from his beloved concubine Huma Shahsultan (1544-1582).She married in 1566/67 for the first time to Farhad Mehmed Pasha (1526-6.01.1575), after his death she married her grand vizier cousin Murad III - Kara Mustafa Pasha (was vizier-1580-1580), and after his death she married Ghazi Mehmed Pasha in 1581. Her husband survived her by 10 years and died on August 23, 1582. In three marriages she had 4 sons and 5 daughters. *Despite my distrust of Turkish Wikipedia, I read an interesting translation there regarding Suleiman Fulane’s first wife. So, it is written there that the name Fulane belongs to three concubines together, who bore children to the Sultan, but did not play any role in his life, namely: the son Mahmud 1512-1521, Abdullah 1522-1526, born in the same year as Mihrimah, and who died in the year of Bayazid’s birth from an illness, presumably smallpox, and the daughter Razia Sultan, who was born either in 1519 or 1525, but died in 1570, and seems to have been buried in the tomb of Yahya Efendi, Suleiman’s foster brother. If anyone is there in the mausoleum, you can see; on the tablets they usually write who the mother and father are and the years of life. *there was another daughter, Fatma Sultan, who was born and died in the same year 1514 *Leslie Pierce writes in her book that the annals of the structure of the Ottoman dynasty mention the daughter of Suleiman, who married Admiral Mizinzade Ali Pasha. But nothing more is written about her Apparently, before the wedding, she was given lands as a dowry, which were included in the documents of the harem. *It is also mentioned in this article that Makhidevran also had a son, Ahmed, who also died at or immediately after birth, and one daughter, (1521-28 October 1522). Zagrebelny describes that Makhidevran, who was traveling to her husband in Istanbul in October 1520, was pregnant. *Bayezid was governor in Konya from 1543-1553, Karaman-1546, Kutahya-1558-1559 *Bayezid-son Khurrem had 11 children - 7 sons and 4 daughters Sons: Orhan-1543-1562 - executed with his father Osman- 1545-1562-executed with his father Mihrimah Sultan-1547-? Natice Sultan-1550-? Abdullah-1548-1562 – executed with his father Mahmud-1552-1562- executed with his father Aisha Sultan -1553-? Since 1562 married to Damat Ali Pasha Eretnooglu Hanzada Sultan -1556-? Murad/Alemshah -1559-1562 - executed in Bursa Mehmed - ?-1559 – died of illness Mustafa -?-1559 – died of illness *with Suleiman there was a very literate man Jalalzade Mustafa Chelebi (1487-1492-1567), who began to work clerk in 1519 under his father, and then in the divan, where he wrote verbatim all the meetings of the divan, which were preserved in the archives of Istanbul. In 1557, after disagreements with the main Vizier, Rustem Pasha, he resigned, died in 1567 at approximately the age of 75-80 * Suleiman's teacher in childhood was Mevlana Dolayli Hayreddin Effendi. The teacher of his sons was Birgi Ataullah Efendi. *after the execution of Ibrahim, Suleiman was very sad, and wrote, according to the English historian Heath Lovry, several dozen poems, calling him in them “Glorious Friend” or “Beloved Brother,” which he quoted in one of the television programs. Alan Fisher. Suleiman and his sons. Suleiman had several capable sons who were capable of leadership in military affairs and the arts. His sons meant a lot to their father. In the early years of his reign, he is reported to have gone hunting with them in Edirne, in the forests outside Istanbul and in Asia Minor, and later in the vicinity of Aleppo. His sons were circumcised twice, which resulted in celebrations - the first in 1530 for Mustafa, Mehmed and Selim, and the second in 1540 for Bayezid and Cihangir. Three of his sons died in infancy. And the first to reach adulthood and die in 1543 was Mehmed. According to contemporaries, Mehmed was the favorite son of the Sultan, whom he was preparing to take his place. And that his death plunged Suleiman into terrible grief. From which he never recovered. This was also indicated by the fact that Mehmed was sent as governor in 1540 to Amasya, and already in 1542 to Manisa, which was the place where future sultans were trained. Before that, Mustafa the son of Mahidevran ruled there from 1533 to 1541. Mustafa was attached to the sword, according to Ottoman customs, and kissed the hand of the Sultan. At that time he was still in his father's favor. His letters to his father and Ibrahim have been preserved. But at the same time, Mehmed took part in military operations in 1537 in the battles on the Danube, but there is no mention of Mustafa’s military companies anywhere. According to contemporaries, Mehmed had a more refined upbringing than Mustafa, they wrote about his sharp mind and subtle judgment. That's why his father prepared him for his place, but fate had its own way. Sheikhislams under the reign of Suleiman: Zenbilli Efendi (1520-1526) Ibn Kemal (1526-1534) Sadullah Saadi Effendi (1534-1539) Siivizadeh Muhiddin Mehmet Effendi (1539-1542), Abdul Kadir Hamidi (1542-1543) Feherizadeh Muhiddin Effend and (1543 -1545) EbuSuud (1545-1566) Victims during the reign: 2 sons, 6 grandchildren, 2 relatives: 12/27/1522: Shehzade Murad (1475?-1522) - son of Cem, grandson of Mehmed II 12/27/1522: Shehzade Cem (1492) ?-1522) - son of Murad, great-grandson of Mehmed II 11/06/1553: Shehzade Mustafa (1515-1553) - son of 12/00/1553: Shehzade Mehmed (1545?-1553) - grandson, son of Mustafa's son 09/25/1561: Shehzade Bayezid (1525) -1562) - son 07/23/1562: Shehzade Orhan (1545?-1562) - grandson, son of Bayazid 07/23/1562: Shehzade Osman (1547?-1562) - grandson, son of Bayazid 07/23/1562: Shehzade Abdullah (1549?-1562) ) - grandson, son of Bayazid 07/23/1562: shehzade Mahmud (1551-1562) - grandson, son of Bayazid 07/23/1562: shehzade Murad (1559-1562) - grandson, son of Bayezid 11.Selim II -05/28/1524-12/15/1574 , years of reign -1566-1574 Father - Suleiman Kanuni, mother Hurrem Sultan Wives: Nurbanu Valide Sultan (1525 - 12/7/1583) - mother of Murad III and 4 daughters * Nurbanu was given to Selim II by his mother when he left for his sanjak of Konya governor in 1543. In the years before accession to the throne, 4 daughters and a son were born. after ascending the throne, within 8 years, 8 more children were born from different concubines, including 6 sons, one of them Mehmed died during his father’s lifetime and was buried next to Hurrem Sultan in her mausoleum. *Daughters-Shahsultan 1548-1580, Jevherkhan Sultan-1544-1580?, married to Piala Pasha, Ismihan-1545-1585, she was married to his grand vizier Mehmed Sokollu, and the last Fatma -1559-1580, husband Siyavush Pasha, There were also 2 daughters from concubines, nothing is known about them.* *Shah Sultan was given at the age of 19 as a reward in 1567 for Zal Mahmud Pasha. But until 1567 she was married to Hasan Agoy from Rumelia, who died in 1567. Zal Mahmud Pasha participated in various campaigns, and Suleiman appreciated his merits, giving him a prefix to the name ZAL - that is, strong. He was the beylerbey of Anatolia. And since 1567, the second vizier under Selim. *the remaining 5 sons - Abdullah, Jihangir, Mustafa, Osman, Suleiman, under the age of 8, from concubines were killed by Murad III upon his accession to the throne in 1574, and were buried next to his father Selim II in his mausoleum. *in 1566, upon his accession to the throne, Selim II held a nikah with Nurbanu. He gave her 100,000 ducats as a dowry, and another 110,000 ducats was given by her son Murad III, who was 20 years old at that time. *Selim II had a wet nurse, the mother of Shemsi Ahmed Pasha, with whom he last years played chess. * The Sultan was very fond of growing flowers in his gardens. *He wrote poems that have survived to this day. 12. Murad III - 07/04/1546 - 01/15/1595, reign - 1574-1595 Father - Selim, mother Nurbanu Wives: 1. Safiya Valide Sultan (1547? - 1618) - mother of Mehmed III and Aishe Sultan. 2. Shemsiruhsan Haseki - mother of the daughter of Rukia 3. Shahnuban Haseki 4. Nazperver Haseki Sons: Mehmed III and 20 more sons from different concubines - Selim, Bayazid, Mustafa, Osman, Jihangir, Abdurakhman, Abdullah, Korkud, Abdullah, Hassan, Ahmed, Yakub, Alemshah, Yusuf, Hussein, Ali, Ishak, Omer, Aladdin, Davud. Daughters: Aishe Sultan, Fehri Sultan, Fatma Sultan, Mihribah Sultan, Rukiya Sultan and 22 more daughters from different concubines. * Haseki of Sultan Murat III Safiye since 1563, and with whom he lived for 20 years, without taking other concubines, unlike Khurrem and Nurbanu, with whom Sultans Suleiman and Selim II married, did not become his official wife. Nevertheless, Sultan Murat III, after ascending the throne, maintained a monogamous relationship with her for many years. Then, after treatment, he began to take many concubines; after his death, he was left with 20 sons and 27 daughters. According to the archives of the harem, he had 24 sons and 32 daughters. He suffered from promiscuity in sexual pleasures, and could sleep with several concubines together in a night (Freeley p. 95). Of the 56 children, 54 were born in the last 12 years of his life. the first concubine of this number was given to him by his sister Huma. Murad III is buried next to his father Selim II in the garden of Hagia Sophia, next to him are the graves of his 19 executed sons. Victims during the ascension to the throne: all born after 1566 12/21/1574: Shehzade Abdullah (?-1574) - brother 12/21/1574: Shehzade Mustafa (?-1574) - brother 12/21/1574: Shehzade Cihangir (?-1574) - brother 12/21/1574: Shehzade Osman (?-1574) - brother 12/21/1574: Shehzade Suleiman (?-1574) - brother 13. Mehmed III - 05.26.1566-1603, -, reign -1595-1603 Father-MuradIII and mother Safiye Sultan Haseki Wives: 1. Handan (Elena) Sultan Valide (? - November 26, 1605) - mother of Ahmed I and Mustafa I 2. Nazperver Haseki - mother of Selim. 3. Fulane Haseki - mother of Mahmud 4. Fulane Valide Haseki - stepmother of Mustafa I *After the enthronement of Mehmed III, the first thing he did was invite 19 of his half-brothers, the oldest of them was 11 years old, ordered them to be circumcised, and then they were all strangled. They were buried next to their father, arranged by age around their father. He also ordered the drowning of 10 wives and concubines of his father, with suspected pregnancies. All remaining wives. the concubines and 27 daughters of the deceased sultan were taken to the old palace with all their servants. *Mehmed III, before ascending the throne, spent 12 years as governor in Manisa, where he had 4 sons from different concubines: Mahmud, Selim, Ahmed and Mustafa. And after the ascent, 2 more sons Suleiman and Jihangir, who died in infancy. *Mehmed III was the father of 7 more daughters, the eldest was called Sevgilim. The names of the others are unknown. *After the return of their military campaign to Hungary in 1596, the Sultan never went to them, due to poor health due to excesses in food and entertainment. IN next year in the spring he executed his second son Selim, the reasons are unknown. *The Queen of England gave Mehmed III a very expensive and unusual gift - an organ with various decorations and a clock, which was brought and installed in 1599. And his mother Safiya received a carriage worth more than an organ. -Safiye Valide had an intermediary to communicate with traders and external world-Jewish named Esperanza Malka. All these intermediaries were called common name- Kira. This Jewish woman made money while communicating with the Sultana enormous wealth . They were suspected of having an unholy affair. *In 1603, a revolt of the Janissaries arose, who demanded the Sultan to transfer the throne to his son Mahmud, an additional reason was a letter from one soothsayer, given to Mahmud’s mother, and intercepted by Safiye Sultan, that within 6 months the Sultan would die and Mahmud would ascend the throne. As a result, on June 7, 1603, the mother and her son Mahmud were executed. *The throne was accepted by the 13-year-old son Ahmed, who was very serious and independent. Which everyone soon saw. He personally girded himself with a sword without the help of the sheikhislam and sat on the throne * At the time of his death, the Sultan had another living son, Mustafa, who suffered from dementia, so Ahmed spared him and did not execute him. *Mehmed III was buried in a luxurious tomb in the garden of Hagia Sophia, thereby making this tomb the last to stand near Hagia Sophia. In addition to the three sultans, numerous wives, concubines and their children are buried there. *Ahmed, immediately after ascending the throne, sent his grandmother Safiye Sultan to the old palace where she died 15 years later in 1618. Victims during the ascension to the throne (19 brothers, 2 sons): 01/28/1595: Shehzade Selim (1567-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: Shehzade Aladdin (1582-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: Shehzade Abdullah (1585-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: Shehzade Mustafa (1585-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: Shehzade Bayezid (15 86-1595 ) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Jihangir (1587-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Ali (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Hasan (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Hussein (? -1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Ishak (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Korkud (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Mahmud (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Murad (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade lsman (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Omar (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Yakub (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Yusuf (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Vabdurakhman (1595-1595) - brother 04/20/1597: shehzade Selim (1580-1597) - son 06/07/1603: shehzade Mahmud (1587-1603) - son 14. Ahmed - 18.04 1590-22.11.1617, reign -1595-1617 Father-Mehmed III and mother Handan Sultan Valide Wives: 1. Mahfiruz Sultan mother of Osman II 2.. Mahpeyker (Kosem Sultan) - ?-1651 - mother of Murad IV and Ibrahim I and daughters Aishe, Fatma, Atike and Khanzadeh 3. Fatma Haseki Sons: Osman II, Murad IV, Ibrahim, Bayezid, Suleiman, Kasim, Mehmed, Hasan, Khanzadeh, Ubeyba, Selim Daughters: Jeverkhan, Aisha, Fatma, Atike. - these daughters from official wives *Upon accession to the throne, Ahmed immediately sent his younger, weak-minded brother Mustafa to the old palace along with his mother, whose name remained unknown in history. At the age of 14.5, Ahmed had a son, Osman II, from Mahfiruz, also nicknamed Khatice. *during 1605, Ahmed gave birth to another son, Mehmed, and a daughter, Jeverkhan, from concubines whose names have not been preserved. *Over the course of 10 years from 1605 to 1615, he had 15 more children from various concubines, including 10 sons and 5 daughters. Of these, 6 sons and 4 daughters from official wives. *in 1596, one of the first concubines in the harem was the Greek Anastasia, who was nicknamed Kesem, which translated meant Leader of the Pack. She was also given the middle name Machcaper. She soon became Ahmed's favorite concubine and gave birth to his second daughter, Aishe, in 1605. *within 10 years, Kesem gave birth to another daughter, Fatma, and 4 sons - Murad IV - 08/29/1609, Suleiman - 1611, Kasym - 1613 and Ibrahim - 11/9/1615 * Kesem became the stepmother of Shehzade Osman, whose mother, The Sultan sent one to the old palace to live out her life. Osman loved his stepmother very much. *Ahmed twice wanted to strangle his brother Mustafa, but was prevented natural disasters and partly Kesem Sultan, in the hope that later her children would be spared. *In 1603, Ahmed arranged the marriage of his 8-year-old daughter Jeverkhan with the commander Kara-Mehmed Pasha, 55 years old. *the day after the wedding, he almost killed the bride’s mother, who strangled his favorite. *In the same 1603, Ahmed married his second 7-year-old daughter Aisha to the chief vizier Nasuh Pasha, a middle-aged man. Two years later he executed him. After this, Aishe Sultan married 6 more times. The 3rd husband, also from 1562, was the Grand Vizier Hafiz Ahmed Pasha, and the 6th husband, Halet Ahmed Pasha, died when Aisha was 39 years old. All her husbands died either from old age or in war, only one was killed * in the same way, Kesem gave away her other daughter Fatma in order to strengthen ties between the sultans and high-ranking officials, and in order to have influence on them. *Osman's mother Mahfiruz never became valid under her son, who succeeded Ahmed, as she remained to live in the old palace, where she died in 1620; she was buried near the Ayub mosque. *after death from typhus (written in Turkish sources) Ahmed, Kesem with her sons and other sons from various concubines were sent to the old palace, and thus saved their lives, since the Fatih law had not yet been abolished.

Suleiman I the Magnificent was the great ruler of the Ottoman Empire. What made him famous? Who surrounded the famous sultan at the peak of glory and in moments of sadness. The history of Sultan Suleiman Suleiman I is multifaceted, filled with numerous campaigns, conquests of lands and victories in battles.

Sultan Suleyman. The story of the rise to fame

The future Sultan was born in 1494 in Trabzon. His father, Sultan Selim, is the heir of Bayazed II, and his mother, Aisha Sultan, is the daughter of the Crimean Khan.

Suleiman spent his youth in the Cafe (now Feodosia). He was appointed governor of the empire in Crimea. In those days, Kafa was a large slave trading center, and there was also the residence of the Turkish governor.

Until 1520, Suleiman was the governor of Manisa. This year his father, Sultan Selim I, dies and the road to the khan's throne was completely open for the only heir.

Suleiman I ascended the throne at the age of 26. The young, educated, talented and ambitious ruler gained respect and recognition not only in the Ottoman Empire, but also beyond its borders. In Europe, Suleiman was called the Magnificent; among Muslims he had the name Kanuni, which means “fair”, “legislator”.

The policy of Sultan Suleiman differed from the style of rule of his father, Selim I Yavuz, who was known as a formidable, cruel and merciless tyrant.

Empire of Sultan Suleiman

The Ottoman Empire experienced a period of active development and strengthening of its positions in foreign and domestic policy.
The beginning of Suleiman's reign is associated with successful military and political measures against the Czech Republic and Hungary. The same fate befell Rhodes, to strengthen its rule in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.

Suleiman I was an excellent commander and repeated military campaigns, led by the Sultan himself, were victorious, strengthened and enlarged the Great Ottoman State. The Turkish army increased several times in its numbers and strength. Also participating in the battles were detachments of Janissaries, consisting of Christian children, captured at a young age. They were raised in the Muslim faith and devotion to the Sultan.

Suleiman the Magnificent did his best to eradicate bribery in the country. He cared about education, built schools for children, and participated in the development of architecture and art.

Thus, the Ottoman Empire of Sultan Suleiman grew stronger and developed both militarily and in the sphere of economics and education, and expanded trade relations with Asian and European states.

The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent

After ascending to the throne of the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan became involved in foreign policy. The conquest of new lands pleased the ruler’s vanity. Each year of his reign means an increase in the territory of the state.

In 1521, Sultan Suleiman marched with his army against the King of Hungary and the Czech Republic, Lajos II. After a long siege, Belgrade was captured. The war lasted about five years, as a result of which the king's army was completely destroyed.

At this time, Sultan Suleiman's fleet defeated several Portuguese ships, thereby strengthening its position in the Mediterranean Sea.
The war between Turkey and Austria occupies a significant place in world history. It lasted for several decades and took place in several stages. The beginning of the war marks the year 1527, when the Ottoman army conquered Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slavonia and Transylvania. In 1529, the capital of Hungary, Buda, was taken. After this, Suleiman besieged Vienna and only an epidemic in Turkish army saves her from falling. Military action against Austria began two more times in 1532 and 1540, as a result of which the Ottoman Empire achieved dominance over most of Austria, as well as the annual payment of tribute. In 1547, the Peace of Adrianople was signed.

In the 30s, Suleiman started a war with the Safavid state in order to establish dominance over the southern principalities of the Persian Gulf.

Sultan Suleiman carried out several sea voyages during his reign. It is worth noting that the Ottoman fleet was strong and was led by the very talented Khair ad-Din Barbarossa. Thanks to his efforts and strategy, the Ottoman Empire conquered the islands of the Aegean Sea. Suleiman concluded a secret treaty with King Francisco I, as a result of which the Sultan's fleet was allowed to base itself in the ports of France.

A few pages from family history. Children of Suleiman

In the Sultan's palace there was a large harem with numerous concubines. Four women gave birth to children for the ruler. And only one was able to capture his heart and became his official wife.

The Sultan's first concubine was Fulane, she gave birth to a son, Mahmud. But this child died in 1521 from smallpox. For Suleiman, this woman did not play any role and died in complete oblivion.

Gulfem became the second concubine. In 1513 she gave birth to heirs Murad and Mahmud, they also became victims of the epidemic. Gulfem's further fate is mostly connected with the Sultan's mother and sister. In 1562, Suleiman ordered her to be strangled because he had lost his beloved and was in despair.

The third concubine was the Circassian Makhidevran Sultan. She gave the Sultan a son, Mustafa. From 1533 he was appointed ruler of Menis and was considered the heir to the Ottoman throne. Later, Sultan Suleiman ordered his son to be strangled for betrayal and secret connections with enemies. Makhidevran died in 1581.

The most beloved wife of Suleiman the Magnificent was Hurrem Sultan. Originally from Rohatyn (now Ukraine), the daughter of a priest, Anastasia Lisovskaya, won the heart of the bishop, and also took part in the fate of not only the palace, but the entire state. In Europe they called her Roksolana.

She gave birth to five sons and a daughter to the Sultan. In 1521, a son, Mehmed, was born. In 1522, daughter Mihrimah was born, in 1523 - son Abdullah, who lived only three years. Son Selim was born in 1524. In 1526 Bayezid saw the light. The last son Hurrem and Suleyman became Jahangir (in 1530).

At first, Roksolana was the favorite concubine of Suleiman the Magnificent, but over time she demanded that the ruler legitimize their relationship. In 1530, she became the legal wife of the padishah. Having survived the sorrows and cruelty of the harem, she was able to withstand the struggle and establish herself in the palace. To clear the way to the throne for her son, she got rid of the Sultan's heirs from other wives. Many historians believe that she influenced the fate of Ibrahim Pasha Pargala. The vizier was accused of having connections with France and was executed for this. Roksolana, with the help of the vizier Rustem Pasha Mekri, accused the heir Mustafa of having connections with the Serbs and of plotting against the Sultan. By order of Suleiman, he was strangled. The same fate befell his sons.

Selim was proclaimed heir to the throne. But another son of Roksolana, Bayazid, wanted to rule the empire. After the death of his mother, he rebelled. This happened in 1561. Suleiman suppressed the uprising, and Bayezid and his children were executed.

When Sultan Suleiman I died, Selim inherited his father's throne. But he wasn't the best ruler, was often given to amusements. People called him Selim “the drunkard.” Not only did it not bring any achievements for the empire, but it also marked the beginning of an era of decline.
Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent rests in the mausoleum of the Suleymaniye Mosque next to his wife Hurrem Sultan.

Legend one. “About the forty offspring of Sultan Suleiman and infanticide”

The legend says: “Hurrem Sultan decided to kill her two sons. Moreover, she convinced her husband, the Sultan, of the need for such a step. Their youngest son Bayazid was saved by the warning of a faithful man: he managed to leave Istanbul and took refuge in Iran. But it is known that, in addition to Roxolana’s sons, the Sultan’s children, born to other wives and concubines, were killed. Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska ordered to find in the harem and throughout the country the other sons of Suleiman, whom wives and concubines gave birth to, and to take the lives of all of them! As it turned out, the Sultan had about forty sons - all of them, some secretly, some openly, were killed on Roksolana’s orders.”

Historical facts:

As you know, all births and deaths, and even more so when it concerned the ruling dynasty, were subject to clear accounting and control both in the harem books and in other documents. Everything was described - from how much flour it took to make dessert for the shekhzade and ending with the main expenses for their maintenance. Moreover, all the descendants of the ruling dynasty necessarily lived at court, in case it was he who had to inherit the throne, because one should not forget about the high infant mortality rate that took place in those days. Also, since the Ottoman dynasty and its possible heirs were in the area of ​​close attention not only of the Muslim East, but also of Christian Europe, their ambassadors informed the European kings about the birth of a child to one or another shah, on the occasion of which they were supposed to send congratulations and a gift. These letters have been preserved in the archives, thanks to which it is possible to restore the number of heirs of the same Suleiman. Therefore, each descendant, and even more so the shehzade, was known, the name of each was preserved in history.
So, Suleiman had 8 sons shehzade, which is recorded in the family tree of the Ottoman family:

1) Mahmud (1512 – October 29, 1521 in Istanbul) Proclaimed heir to Vali Ahad on September 22, 1520. Son of Fülane.

2) Mustafa (1515 - November 6, 1553 in Eregli in Karaman Iran) Proclaimed heir to Vali Ahad on October 29, 1521. Governor of the province of Karaman 1529-1533, Manisa 1533-1541, and Amasya 1541-1553. Son Makhidevran.

4) Mehmet (1521 -November 6, 1543 in Manisa) Proclaimed heir to Vali Ahad on October 29, 1521. Governor of Kutahya 1541-1543. Son of Hurrem.

6) Selim II (1524-1574) eleventh Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Son of Hurrem.

7) Bayezid (1525 - July 23, 1562) in Iran, Qazvin. Proclaimed 3rd heir of Vali Ahad on November 6, 1553. Governor of Karaman 1546, governor of the provinces of Kutahya and Amasya 1558-1559. Son of Hurrem.

8) Jihangir (1531- November 27, 1553 in Aleppo (in Arabic Aleppo) Syria) Governor in Aleppo 1553. Son of Hurrem.

It is also worth remembering that it was Suleiman, and not Hurrem, who executed his two sons, namely Mustafa and Bayazid. Mustafa was executed along with his son (the remaining of the two, since one of them died a year before the death of Mustafa himself), and his five little sons were killed along with Bayezid, but this happened already in 1562, 4 years after the death of Hurrem .

If we talk about the chronology and causes of death of all the descendants of Kanuni, it looked like this:

Şehzade Mahmud died of smallpox on November 29, 1521,
Şehzade Murad died of smallpox before his brother on 11/10/1521.
Şehzade Mustafa ruler of Manisa province since 1533. and the heir to the throne was executed along with his children by order of his father on suspicion of plotting against his father in alliance with the Serbs.
Şehzade Bayezid "Şahi" was executed along with his five sons by order of his father for rebelling against him

Accordingly, about what mythical forty descendants from Sultan Suleiman, killed by Hurrem, we're talking about remains a mystery not only for skeptics, but also for history itself. Or rather, a bike. One of the 1001 tales of the Ottoman Empire.

Legend two. “About the marriage of twelve-year-old Mihrimah Sultan and fifty-year-old Rustem Pasha”

The legend says: “As soon as her daughter was twelve years old, Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska offered Mihrimah as a wife to Rustem Pasha, who took the place of Ibrahim, who at that time was already fifty. The difference between the bride and groom of almost forty years did not bother Roksolana.”

Historical facts: Rustem Pasha also Rustem Pasha Mekri (Ottoman: رستم پاشا, Croatian: Rustem-paša Opuković; 1500 - 1561) - Grand Vizier of Sultan Suleiman I, Croatian by nationality.
Rustem Pasha married one of the daughters of Sultan Suleiman I - Princess Mihrimah Sultan
In 1539, at the age of seventeen, Mihrimah Sultan (March 21, 1522-1578) married the beylerbey of the province of Diyarbakir, Rustem Pasha. At that time, Rustem was 39 years old.
For those who find simple arithmetic operations of adding and subtracting dates unconvincing, we can only advise using a calculator to instill greater confidence.

Legend three. “About castration and silver tubes”

The legend says: “Instead of a sweet and cheerful laughing enchantress, we see a ferocious, insidious and ruthless survival machine. With the execution of the heir and his friend, a wave of repressions unprecedented in Istanbul began. One could easily pay with one's head for one too many words about bloody palace affairs. They cut off their heads without even bothering to bury the body...
Roksolana’s effective and terrifying method was castration, carried out in the most cruel way. Those suspected of sedition were completely cut out. And after the “operation” the unfortunate people were not supposed to bandage the wound - it was believed that the “bad blood” should come out. Those who still survived could experience the Sultana’s mercy: she gave the unfortunate people silver tubes that were inserted into the opening of the bladder.
Fear settled in the capital; people began to fear their own shadow, not feeling safe even near the hearth. The name of the sultana was pronounced with trepidation, which was mixed with reverence.”

Historical facts: The history of mass repressions organized by Hurrem Sultan has not been preserved in any way, either in historical records or in the descriptions of contemporaries. But it should be noted that they have been preserved historical information that a number of contemporaries (in particular Sehname-i Al-i Osman (1593) and Sehname-i Humayun (1596), Taliki-zade el-Fenari presented a very flattering portrait of Hurrem as a woman revered "for her many charitable donations, for her patronage of students and respect for pundits, experts in religion, as well as for her acquisition of rare and beautiful things." If we talk about historical facts which took place in the life of Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska, she went down in history not as a repressive politician, but as a person involved in charity, she became known for her large-scale projects. So, with the donations of Hurrem (Külliye Hasseki Hurrem) in Istanbul, the Aksaray district, the so-called Avret Pazari (or women's bazaar, later named after Haseki), was built in Istanbul, containing a mosque, madrasah, imaret, primary school, hospitals and a fountain. This was the first complex built in Istanbul by architect Sinan in his new position as chief architect ruling family. And the fact that it was the third largest building in the capital, after the complexes of Mehmet II (Fatih) and Süleymanie, testifies to the high status of Hurrem. She also built complexes in Adrianople and Ankara. Among other charitable projects, one can name the construction of hospices and a canteen for pilgrims and the homeless, which formed the basis of the project in Jerusalem (later named after Haseki Sultan); a canteen in Mecca (at the Haseki Hurrem Emirate), a public canteen in Istanbul (in Avret Pazari), as well as two large public baths in Istanbul (in the Jewish and Aya Sôfya quarters, respectively). At the instigation of Hurrem Sultan, slave markets were closed and a number of social projects were implemented.

Legend four. “About the origin of Hurrem.”

The legend says: “Deceived by the consonance of names - proper and common nouns, some historians see Roksolana as Russian, others, mainly French, based on Favard’s comedy “The Three Sultanas,” claim that Roksolana was French. Both are completely unfair: Roksolana, a natural Turkish woman, was bought for the harem as a girl at a slave market to serve as a servant for the dalist women, under whom she held the position of a simple slave.
There is also a legend that pirates of the Ottoman Empire in the suburbs of Siena attacked a castle belonging to the noble and wealthy family of Marsigli. The castle was plundered and burned to the ground, and the daughter of the castle owner - beautiful girl with hair the color of red gold and with green eyes, they brought him to the Sultan's palace. The Family Tree of the Marsigli Family states: Mother - Hannah Marsigli. Hannah Marsigli - Margarita Marsigli (La Rosa), so nicknamed for her fiery red hair color. From her marriage to Sultan Suleiman she had sons - Selim, Ibrahim, Mehmed."

Historical facts: European observers and historians referred to Sultana as "Roksolana", "Roxa", or "Rossa", since she was assumed to be of Russian origin. Mikhail Lituan, Lithuania's ambassador to Crimea in the mid-sixteenth century, wrote in his chronicle of 1550 "... the beloved wife of the Turkish emperor, the mother of his eldest son and heir, was at one time kidnapped from our lands." Navaguerro wrote of her as "[Donna]... di Rossa", and Trevisano called her "Sultana di Russia". Samuel Twardowski, a member of the Polish embassy to the Court of the Ottoman Empire in 1621-1622, also indicated in his notes that the Turks told him that Roksolana was the daughter of Orthodox priest from Rohatyn, a small town in Podolia near Lviv. The belief that Roksolana was of Russian rather than Ukrainian origin probably arose as a result of a possible misinterpretation of the words "Roksolana" and "Rossa". At the beginning of the 16th century in Europe, the word "Roxolania" was used to refer to the province of Ruthenia in Western Ukraine, which was in different times known as Red Rus', Galicia or Podolia (that is, located in Eastern Podolia, which was under Polish control at the time), in turn modern Russia at that time it was called the Moscow State, Muscovite Rus' or Muscovy. In ancient times, the word Roxolani denoted the nomadic Sarmatian tribes and settlements on the Dniester River (currently in the Odessa region in Ukraine).

Legend five. "About a Witch at Court"

The legend says: “Hurrem Sultan was an unremarkable woman in appearance and very quarrelsome by nature. She became famous for her cruelty and cunning for centuries. And, naturally, the only way she kept the Sultan by her side for more than forty years was through the use of conspiracies and love spells. It’s not for nothing that she was called a witch among the common people.”

Historical Facts: Venetian reports claim that Roksolana was not so much beautiful as she was sweet, graceful, and elegant. But, at the same time, her radiant smile and playful temperament made her irresistibly charming, for which she was named “Hurrem” (“joy-giving” or “laughing”). Hurrem was famous for her singing and musical abilities, the ability to do elegant embroidery, she knew five European languages, as well as Farsi, and was an extremely erudite person. But the most important thing was that Roksolana was a woman of great intelligence and willpower, which gave her an advantage among other women in the harem. Like everyone else, European observers testify that the Sultan was completely smitten with his new concubine. He was in love with his Haseki for many years life together. Hence, evil tongues accused her of witchcraft (and if medieval Europe and in the East the existence of such a legend in those days can be understood and explained, but in our time the belief in such speculation is difficult to explain).

And logically we can move on to the next legend directly related to this

Legend six. "About the infidelity of Sultan Suleiman."

The legend says: “Despite the fact that the Sultan was attached to the intriguer Hurrem, nothing human was alien to him. So, as you know, at the Sultan’s court there was a harem, which could not but interest Suleiman. It is also known that Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska ordered to find in the harem and throughout the country other sons of Suleiman, whom wives and concubines gave birth to. As it turned out, the Sultan had about forty sons, which confirms the fact that Hurrem was not the only love of his life.”

Historical facts: When the ambassadors, Navaguerro and Trevisano wrote their reports to Venice in 1553 and 1554, indicating that “she is very loved by her master” (“tanto amata da sua maestà”), Roxolana was already about fifty and she was next to Suleiman for a long time. After her death in April 1558, Suleiman remained inconsolable for a long time. She was the greatest love of his life, his soul mate and his lawful wife. This great love of Suleiman for Roksolana was confirmed by a number of decisions and actions on the part of the Sultan for his Haseki. For her sake, the Sultan violated a number of very important traditions of the imperial harem. In 1533 or 1534 ( exact date unknown), Suleiman married Hurrem, performing an official wedding ceremony, thereby violating the century and a half custom of the Ottoman house, according to which the sultans were not allowed to marry their concubines. Never before had a former slave been elevated to the rank of legal wife Sultana. In addition, the marriage of Haseki Hurrem and the Sultan became practically monogamous, which was simply unheard of in the history of the Ottoman Empire. Trevisano wrote in 1554 that once he met Roxolana, Suleiman “not only wanted to have her as legal wife, always keep next to him and see her in the role of ruler in the harem, but he also does not want to know any other women: he did something that was not done by any of his predecessors, because the Turks are accustomed to hosting several women in order to have as many children as possible and satisfy his carnal pleasures." For the sake of love for this woman, Suleiman violated a number of traditions and prohibitions. In particular, it was after marrying Hurrem that the Sultan dissolved the harem, leaving only the staff at court. Marriage of Hurrem and Suleiman was monogamous, which surprised his contemporaries a lot. Also, the real love between the Sultan and his Haseki is confirmed by the love letters they sent to each other and have survived to this day. Thus, one of the indicative messages can be considered one of the many farewell dedications of Kanuni to his wife after her death:

“The skies are covered with black clouds, because I have no peace, no air, no thoughts and no hope. My love, the thrill of this strong feeling, so squeezes my heart, destroys my flesh. Live, what to believe in, my love...how to greet a new day. I am killed, my mind is killed, my heart has stopped believing, your warmth is no longer in it, your hands, your light are no longer on my body. I am defeated, I am erased from this world, erased by spiritual sadness for you, my love. Strength, there is no greater strength that you betrayed to me, there is only faith, the faith of your feelings, not in the flesh, but in my heart, I cry, I cry for you my love, there is no ocean greater than the ocean of my tears for you, Hurrem ..."

Legend seven. “About the conspiracy against Shehzade Mustafa and the entire Universe”

The legend says: “But the day came when Roxalana “opened the eyes” of the Sultan to the allegedly treacherous behavior of Mustafa and his friend. She said that the prince had developed close relations with the Serbs and was plotting against his father. The intriguer knew well where and how to strike - the mythical “conspiracy” was quite plausible: in the East during the time of the sultans, bloody palace coups were the most common thing. In addition, Roksolana cited as an irrefutable argument the true words of Rustem Pasha, Mustafa and other “conspirators” that her daughter allegedly heard... A painful silence hung in the palace. What will the Sultan decide? Roxalana’s melodious voice, like the chime of a crystal bell, murmured caringly: “Think, O lord of my heart, about your state, about its peace and prosperity, and not about vain feelings...” Mustafa, whom Roxalana knew from the age of 4, becoming adults, had to die at the request of his stepmother.
The Prophet forbade shedding the blood of the padishahs and their heirs, therefore, by order of Suleiman, but by the will of Roxalana, Mustafa, his brothers and children, the grandchildren of the Sultan, were strangled with a silk cord."

Historical facts: In 1553, Suleiman's eldest son, Prince Mustafa, was executed, at that time he was already under forty years old. The first sultan to execute his adult son was Murad I, who ruled at the end of the 14th century, and ensured that the rebellious Savji was put to death. The reason for Mustafa's execution was that he planned to usurp the throne, but, as in the case of the execution of the Sultan's favorite, Ibrahim Pasha, the blame was placed on Hurrem Sultan, who was a foreigner who was near the Sultan. There was already a case in the history of the Ottoman Empire when a son tried to help his father leave the throne - this is what Suleiman’s father, Selim I, did with Suleiman’s grandfather, Bayezid II. After the death of Prince Mehmed several years earlier regular army really considered it necessary to remove Suleiman from affairs and isolate him in the Di-dimotihon residence located south of Edirne, in direct analogy with what happened with Bayezid II. Moreover, letters from the shehzade have been preserved, on which the personal seal of the shehzade Mustafa is clearly visible, addressed to the Safavid Shah, which Sultan Suleiman later learned about (this seal has also been preserved and Mustafa’s signature is inscribed on it: Sultan Mustafa, see photo). The last straw for Suleiman was the visit of the Austrian ambassador, who, instead of visiting the Sultan, first went to Mustafa. After the visit, the ambassador informed everyone that Shehzade Mustafa would be a wonderful Padishah. After Suleiman found out about this, he immediately called Mustafa to his place and ordered him to be strangled. Shehzade Mustafa was strangled by order of his father in 1553 during the Persian military campaign.

Legend eight. “About the origin of Valide”

The legend says: “Valide Sultan was the daughter of an English ship captain, castaway in the Adriatic Sea. Then this unfortunate ship was captured by Turkish pirates. The part of the manuscript that has survived ends with the message that the girl was sent to the Sultan’s harem. This is an Englishwoman who ruled Turkey for 10 years and only later, without finding common language with his son’s wife, the well-known Roksolana, returned to England.”

Historical facts: Ayse Sultan Hafsa or Hafsa Sultan (from Ottoman Turkish: عایشه حفصه سلطان) was born around 1479. - 1534) and became the first Valide Sultan (queen mother) of the Ottoman Empire, being the wife of Selim I and the mother of Suleiman the Magnificent. Although the year of birth of Ayşe Sultan is known, historians still cannot definitively determine the date of birth. She was the daughter of the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey.
She lived in Manisa with her son from 1513 to 1520, in a province that was the traditional residence of the Ottoman shehzade, future rulers, who studied there the basics of government.
Ayşe Hafsa Sultan died in March 1534 and was buried next to her husband in the mausoleum.

Legend nine. “About soldering Shehzade Selim”

The legend says: “Selim acquired the nickname “Drunkard” due to excessive consumption of wine. Initially, this love for alcohol was due to the fact that at one time Selim’s mother herself, Roksolana, periodically gave him wine, so her son was much more manageable.”

Historical facts: Sultan Selim was nicknamed the Drunkard, he was so cheerful and did not shy away from human weaknesses - wine and a harem. Well, the Prophet Muhammad himself admitted: “Most of all on earth I loved women and fragrances, but I always found complete pleasure only in prayer.” Do not forget that alcohol was in honor at the Ottoman court, and the lives of some sultans were shorter precisely because of their passion for alcohol. Selim II, being drunk, fell in the bathhouse and then died from the consequences of the fall. Mahmud II died of delirium tremens. Murad II, who defeated the crusaders at the Battle of Varna, died of apoplexy caused by heavy drinking. Mahmud II loved French wines and left behind a huge collection of them. Murad IV caroused from morning to night with his courtiers, eunuchs and jesters, and sometimes forced the chief muftis and judges to drink with him. Falling into binges, he committed such harsh acts that those around him seriously thought that he had gone crazy. For example, he loved to shoot with arrows at people who were sailing on boats past the Topkapi Palace or to run at night in his underwear through the streets of Istanbul, killing anyone who got in his way. It was Murad IV who issued a seditious decree from an Islamic point of view, according to which alcohol was allowed to be sold even to Muslims. In many ways, Sultan Selim’s addiction to alcohol was influenced by a person close to him, in whose hands were the main threads of control, namely the vizier Sokolu.
But it should be noted that Selim was not the first and not the last sultan who revered alcohol, and this did not prevent him from participating in a number of military campaigns, as well as in political life Ottoman Empire. So from Suleiman he inherited 14,892,000 km2, and after him this territory was already 15,162,000 km2. Selim reigned prosperously and left his son a state that not only did not decrease territorially, but even increased; for this, in many respects, he owed the mind and energy of the vizier Mehmed Sokoll. Sokollu completed the conquest of Arabia, which had previously been only loosely dependent on the Porte.

Legend tenth. “About thirty campaigns in Ukraine”

The legend says: “Hurrem, of course, had influence on the Sultan, but not enough to save her fellow countrymen from suffering. During his reign, Suleiman undertook campaigns against Ukraine more than 30 times.”

Historical facts: Restoring the chronology of the conquests of Sultan Suleiman
1521 - campaign in Hungary, siege of Belgrade.
1522 - siege of the fortress of Rhodes
1526 - campaign in Hungary, siege of the Petervaradin fortress.
1526 – battle near the city of Mohacs.
1526 – suppression of the uprising in Cilicia
1529 – capture of Buda
1529 - storming of Vienna
1532-1533 - fourth trip to Hungary
1533 – capture of Tabriz.
1534 - capture of Baghdad.
1538 – ruin of Moldova.
1538 - capture of Aden, naval expedition to the shores of India.
1537-1539 - the Turkish fleet under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa ravaged and imposed tribute on more than 20 islands in the Adriatic Sea that belonged to the Venetians. Capture of cities and villages in Dalmatia.
1540-1547 - fighting in Hungary.
1541 - capture of Buda.
1541 – capture of Algiers
1543 - capture of the Esztergom fortress. A Janissary garrison was stationed in Buda, and the Turkish administration began to function throughout the territory of Hungary captured by the Turks.
1548 – passage through the lands of Southern Azerbaijan and capture of Tabriz.
1548 – siege of the Van fortress and capture of the Lake Van basin in Southern Armenia. The Turks also invaded Eastern Armenia and Southern Georgia. In Iran, Turkish units reached Kashan and Qom and captured Isfahan.
1552 – capture of Temesvar
1552 - Turkish squadron headed from Suez to the shores of Oman.
1552 - In 1552, the Turks took the city of Temesvár and the Veszprém fortress
1553 - capture of Eger.
1547-1554 – capture of Muscat (a large Portuguese fortress).
1551 - 1562 the next Austro-Turkish war took place
1554 – naval battles with Portugal.
In 1560, the Sultan's fleet won another great naval victory. Near the coast of North Africa, near the island of Djerba, the Turkish armada entered into battle with the combined squadrons of Malta, Venice, Genoa and Florence
1566-1568 – Austro-Turkish war for the possession of the Principality of Transylvania
1566 – capture of Szigetvár.

During his long, almost half-century rule (1520-1566), Suleiman the Magnificent never sent his conquerors to Ukraine.
It was at that time that the construction of fences, castles, fortresses of the Zaporozhye Sich, organizational and political activity Prince Dmitry Vishnevetsky. In Suleiman’s letters to the Polish king Artykul August II there are not only threats to punish “Demetrash” (Prince Vishnevetsky), but also a demand for a quiet life for the inhabitants of Ukraine. Moreover, in many ways it was Roksolana who contributed to the establishment friendly relations with Poland, which at that time controlled the lands of Western Ukraine, the native lands of the Sultana. The signing of the Polish-Ottoman truce in 1525 and 1528, as well as the “perpetual peace” treaties of 1533 and 1553, is very often attributed to her influence. So Piotr Opalinski, the Polish ambassador to Suleiman’s court in 1533, confirmed that “Roksolana begged the Sultan to forbid the Crimean Khan to disturb the Polish lands.” As a result, the close diplomatic and friendly contacts established by Hurrem Sultan with King Sigismund II, as confirmed by surviving correspondence, made it possible not only to prevent new raids on the territory of Ukraine, but also helped to interrupt the flow of slave trade from those lands

He became, if not the greatest, then one of the greatest monarchs of Turkey in its entire history. In Europe he is known as the “Magnificent” conqueror, remembering large-scale military campaigns, conquests in the Balkans, Hungary, and the siege of Vienna. At home, he is also known as a wise legislator.

Family and children of Suleiman the Magnificent

As befits a Muslim ruler, the Sultan had many wives and concubines. Any Russian-speaking reader is familiar with the name of Roksolana, a slave-concubine who became the ruler’s beloved wife and an important person in the management of state affairs. And thanks to the incredible popularity of the series “The Magnificent Century,” the intrigues of the Sultan’s harem and the long-term confrontation between the Slav Khyurrem Sultan (Roksolana) and the Circassian Makhidevran Sultan became widely known. Of course, over time, all the children of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent were drawn into this long-term feud. Their fates turned out differently. Someone remained in their shadow blood relatives, and some managed to brightly write their name into the pages of Turkish history. Below is the story of the children of Suleiman the Magnificent. Those of them who managed to leave any significant mark.

Children of Suleiman the Magnificent: Sehzade Mustafa and Selim II

These princes became rivals in a dispute begun by their mothers. These are those of Suleiman the Magnificent who were drawn into the bitter feud between Hurrem and Mahidevran. Both were not the firstborn of their mothers and were not initially considered direct contenders for the throne. But the twists and turns of fate made them so. However, it was largely resolved by those who started it. Roksolana managed to win the Sultan's sympathy and become his beloved wife. Makhidevran was actually exiled to Manisa along with her son Mustafa. However, the tragic vicissitudes of Prince Mustafa's fate were only just beginning. Soon rumors begin to spread throughout the empire that Mustafa is preparing a conspiracy against his father. Suleiman believed these rumors and ordered the execution of his son when they were both on one of their military campaigns. Thus, Selim's rival for the throne was eliminated. did not subsequently become such a wise and decisive ruler as his father. On the contrary, it is with his reign that historians associate the beginning of the decline of the majestic Ottaman port. And the reason for this was not only objective socio-economic prerequisites, but also the personal qualities of the heir: weak character, laziness, short-sightedness and, most importantly, continuous drunkenness. He was remembered by the Turkish people as a drunkard.

Children of Suleiman the Magnificent: Shehzade Mehmed and Shehzade Bayezid

Both of them were the sons of the Sultan by Roksolana. Mehmed was her first son, but could not be considered an heir, since his son Mahidevran Mustafa was older than him. However, when the latter fell into disgrace, it was Mehmed who became his father’s favorite. He was appointed governor of the city of Manisa in 1541. However, he was never destined to become a great sultan, nor did he die of illness in 1543. The heir, Bayazid, grew up as a brave and desperate young man from an early age. Already in the early

aged he took part in military campaigns, establishing himself as a talented commander. After Mustafa's death, he began to be considered the main contender for his father's legacy. In subsequent years, a real war broke out between the brothers Bayezid and Selim for the throne, in which the latter won.

Mihrimah Sultan

She became only daughter magnificent Sultan. Her mother was Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska. Mihrimah received an excellent education, thanks to which she later became an important assistant to her mother in managing state affairs (at a time when Suleiman was on his countless campaigns).