Decorative flower known as capuchin. The meaning of capuchin, a plant in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedia

Nasturtium can often be seen in flowerpots on balconies and walls of houses, as well as in open ground. Growing it is not a difficult matter, but there are still some peculiarities regarding planting and such related procedures as care. All this is discussed in our article.

Varieties and varieties of nasturtium

There are more than 45 types of nasturtium. The plant comes from warm regions of America, where it is mainly perennial. Our frosty winters They don’t leave a single chance for it to overwinter, so in our country nasturtium is often grown as an annual. The following cultural types are popular:

Canary- is a vine with stems up to 3.5 m, where against the background of light green five- or seven-part leaves stand out bright yellow flowers, up to 20 mm in diameter, resembling a small bird in shape. Blooms from June to December.

Big- a shrub with large shield-shaped leaves, with long and thin stems, sometimes growing up to 250 cm. Flowering begins in July and continues until November. There are many varieties of this species.

The following are popular:

• "King Theodore"
• "Peach Melba";
• "Salmon Baby";
• "Ladybug".

Small– the diameter of the flowers is only about 30 mm, the stems are short – up to 0.35 m. The most common varieties are “Black corduroy” and “Cherry rose”.

Shield-bearing- a plant with 4-meter shoots, with scarlet or red flowers appearing in June. Mainly one variety of this ground covering flower is grown – “Lucifer”.

Cultural- a species obtained as a result of crossing a large and a shield-bearing one. There are 2 subspecies: creeping and dwarf. The most commonly sold seeds are the following varieties:

• "Moonlight";
• Golden Globe;
• "Glemming Mahogany."

Planting and caring for nasturtium

A flower like nasturtium, the cultivation and care of which does not cause much trouble for gardeners - nice decoration plot, which is confirmed by numerous photos taken by summer residents and designers. Let's consider all the stages of its cultivation.

Before planting nasturtium, you should choose the right place. Strong drafts and shade are contraindicated for her. Soil characteristics also play an important role. Regardless of the type and variety, nasturtium loves slightly acidic, fertile, light soil and good drainage. On heavy clay soils, the roots rot and the plant dies. Watering this plant should be treated with caution. Capuchins are uncomfortable in excessively wet soil, but at the moment when sprouts appear and their active development begins, watering is necessary. If you follow all the rules of care, nasturtium will bloom 45 days after germination.

When nasturtium blooms, the number of waterings is reduced; water only during prolonged drought. They also remove fading flowers, normalize the amount of ovary, get rid of weeds, and mulch the soil around the bushes. If you plan to obtain your own seeds, then the large ovary should be left to mature. In the south, seeds that fall to the ground germinate in the spring, but experienced gardeners do not recommend growing nasturtium in this way. Seeds must be collected in the fall and sown in the ground in the spring according to all the rules. If nasturtium is still blooming profusely before the onset of frost, then given that it cannot overwinter in our latitudes, it is placed in flowerpots and brought indoors. It will look good on a bright but cool window.

Nutrients for nasturtium

Fertilizers and fertilizing are also necessary for normal development nasturtiums True, it is not worth fertilizing the beds intended for it with fresh manure - the plant does not tolerate it. The soil is mixed with rotted manure, but if it is not available, then the store sells special preparations in the form of superphosphate and potassium sulfate. They add very little - per 1 sq. m teaspoon.

Before the plant begins to bloom, experts advise fertilizing with potassium-phosphorus fertilizers to cause abundant flowering. Sometimes nasturtium leaves turn yellow, not only on the lower ones, but also on the upper ones. One of the reasons may be a shortage minerals. The situation will be corrected by adding azofoska.

Attention: do not get carried away with fertilizing containing a lot of nitrogen fertilizers, otherwise the nasturtium will not bloom at all or very weakly.

Disease and pest control

Although nasturtium repels whiteflies, aphids, Colorado potato beetles and cabbageweeds, it is also associated with diseases. Affects capuchins:

• bacterial wilt, when the lower leaves first disappear and then the entire plant disappears;
• gray rot, which manifests itself as dry gray-brown spots on leaves and shoots;
• rust, indicated by small black and brown spots that turn into bumps;
• mosaic - manifests itself as a mosaic pattern on the leaves;
• ring spot, when the leaves are covered with small dots surrounded by a red-brown border.

The affected parts of the plant are removed and burned, and the rest is treated with chemical or bacteriological preparations.

Propagation of nasturtium

Nasturtium, both annual and perennial, is mainly propagated by seeds and seedlings, but sometimes gardeners, when growing new varieties, go for more difficult path– young cuttings are rooted.

Before planting the seeds, they are placed on very a short time in water heated to 40 degrees C, then soaked for 24 hours. Sown only in well-warmed, dug and leveled open ground. Make holes in the garden bed at intervals of 25 cm and throw 2 seeds into them. If frequent cold snaps are observed even at the end of spring, then the bed for planting capuchins is watered with well-heated water, and after sowing the seeds, it is also covered with film.

Nasturtium grown through seedlings will bloom much faster. It is better to plant the planting material in peat cups so as not to affect the delicate roots when transplanting. Sprouts at room temperature usually appear after a week and a half. From this moment on, the best conditions for their normal development are a temperature of 18 degrees and plenty of light. Transfer to permanent place acceptable after stable heat has been established.

Terry, expensive varieties of nasturtium require more attention; planting and caring for it are also appropriate. It is propagated by cuttings previously placed in water or wet sand. When the roots appear, they are transferred to separate peat cups filled with loose, fertile soil. Subsequently, the shoots are planted in a garden bed or in a pot.

Nasturtium in combination with other plants in landscape design

An easy way to change the design of your garden is to grow nasturtiums. Flower growers consider it one of the best crops for decorating an estate, and often photos of bright landscape fragments confirm that they are right. The main thing is to choose a place that suits a certain type this plant. Borders and mixborders are created from bush capuchins. They look great in large tubs and hanging flowerpots. The place around trees and along walls is most suitable for large nasturtiums.

Climbing fragrant nasturtium is an excellent material for hedges, decorating gazebos and balconies. White, purple climbing capuchins are very good in combination with the bright flowers of double petunias in the foreground or other low-growing flowers.

Tip: plant a colorful capuchin in a bed with cabbage, and then the white capuchin will not destroy the crop, and use the leaves and green seeds of the capuchin to make salads.

Petunia is not only a beautiful, but also a useful plant. It is a decoration for the site, a repeller for many pests, and an exotic addition to dishes.

Useful properties of nasturtium: video

Nasturtium: photo

Nasturtium (lat. Tropaeolum) is a genus of herbaceous plants belonging to the Nasturtium family (lat. Tropaeolaceae). These beautifully flowering representatives of the flora were brought to Spain from South and Central America during the Conquest in the 16th century. From there they quickly spread throughout the gardens of Europe, charming many botanists with their originality.

Interesting fact: Karl Lineaeus, examining nasturtium, noticed that its leaves are like shields, and its flowers are like helmets of defeated enemies, which during the Roman Empire were hung on columns as a sign of victory. In Latin, “trophae” means a small trophy, and those same columns were called tropaeolum, so it was decided to name the plant. The common name “nasturtium” has a different origin. It was given by mistake: nasturtium tasted similar to watercress, which in those days was called nasturtium, so they began to call it the same. Later the classification was sorted out, but the name of the flower remained. The plants are also sometimes called capuchin for the shape of the flowers, reminiscent of a monk's hood.

Nasturtium familiar from childhood

Description

Nasturtium is a herbaceous plant, annual or perennial (in places of natural growth). The stem is succulent, branched, creeping or curly, rarely erect. Its length can reach 3 m. natural environment found in the form of vines. The leaves are arranged alternately. The shape of the leaf blade is different in different species: lobed, shield-shaped, palmate. The edges of the leaves are entire.

The flowers are solitary, develop on long peduncles, bisexual, axillary, irregular shape, have a pleasant aroma. There are five petals. Most often, the petals are painted in warm colors: yellow, orange or red. The fruit consists of three rounded lobes, slightly wrinkled. The seeds are round, comparable to a pea. Their germination lasts 4-5 years. In our climatic zones Capuchins bloom from June to early autumn.

Interesting fact: the above-ground parts of nasturtium have medicinal properties; some types form underground tubers, which are used in cooking. All the above-ground parts of the garden nasturtiums we know are edible: young leaves are rich in vitamin C, the fruits have a spicy taste and are used as spices when dried. They can also be preserved fresh - you get capers.

Botanical illustration

Decorative types

IN modern classification There are about 90 types of nasturtiums. IN decorative floriculture approximately 25 are used. The most interesting types:

N. large(lat. T. majus) or May - annual with a succulent stem about 1 m long. The leaves are corymbose, large (3-15 cm). The flowers are also large, can reach 6 cm in diameter. The petals are orange with red stripes. Based on the species, many original varieties have been bred, for example, “Aloha” with white flowers with burgundy stripes.

N. multifolia(lat. T. polyphyllum) - one of the most frost-resistant species, found naturally in Chile. Since plants of this species can withstand frosts down to -20 °C, they are grown as perennials. The flowers are painted bright yellow. Leaves are numerous unusual shape.

N. polyphyllum (T. polyphyllum)

N. small(Latin T. minus) is a miniature nasturtium native to Ecuador. The flowers are colored bright yellow color. The chic variety “Black Velvet” differs from its parent in the dark burgundy color of the flowers with a yellow center.

N. foreign(Latin T. peregrinum) or Canarian has a long creeping stem (up to 2.5 m). Leaves are 2-5 cm with pronounced 3-5 or 7 lobes. The flowers (2-4 cm) are lemon yellow. The petals are unusually shaped with carved edges and often have bright red spots at the base.

Original vase

N. beautiful(Latin T. speciosum) – “fire flower” native to Chile. The species is represented by perennial plants with long stems (up to 3 m). The flowers are funnel-shaped, bright red. The leaves are divided into 5-7 lobes. Plants can withstand frosts down to -12 °C.

N. tricolor(lat. T. tricolor) - original species, Chilean origin. Plants have long (2-3 m) creeping stems. The flowers are numerous, narrowly funnel-shaped, up to 3 cm long, and look exotic. The petals are red on the outside, orange or yellow on the inside, and purple on the edge. N. tricolor does not tolerate frosts below – 8 °C.

N. azure(lat. T. azureum) - a species suitable for growing on the south side of the site. It has large flowers with a delightful blue or blue-violet color. The leaves, on the contrary, are small: 4-5 times smaller than the flower.

N. azure (T. azureum)

N. tuberiferous(lat. T. tuberosum) - an annual plant, on the roots of which tubers are formed, used as food by indigenous peoples South America. N. thin-leaved (lat. T. leptophyllum) also has the same features, in natural conditions growing in Ecuador and Peru. The edible tubers are called anyu. The flowers of these species are small, tube-like; The corollas are orange-red on the outside and yellow on the inside.

In our climate, almost all nasturtiums are grown as annual plants. Particularly popular are mixtures containing capuchin seeds with different flower colors; there are also varieties with double petals.

Photo gallery of species

Care and cultivation

Growing capuchins is not difficult: the plants grow quickly and do not require special conditions.

Location. All nasturtiums love warmth and light, so they are grown on sunny lawns, preferably on the south side of the site. If there is not enough light, the stems will stretch, the leaves will be small, and the overall decorative effect will deteriorate significantly.

Using nasturtium you can beautifully decorate a fence

The soil. Plants have no special requirements for soil composition. It is preferable to grow on moderately fertile lands.

Watering. During the growth period, nasturtium is watered abundantly; with the beginning of flowering, watering is required only as the soil dries out.

On the south side, nasturtium develops faster and blooms more abundantly

Fertilizers. Before flowering begins, potassium-phosphorus fertilizer is applied once. There is no need to feed more, otherwise the plant will have beautiful and large leaves, but few flowers.

Pests. Nasturtium is susceptible to aphid attacks, causing its leaves to turn yellow. Plants are also attacked by cabbage moths and spider mites. You can use ash against aphids by dusting the entire plant with it. You can get rid of the tick by spraying it with an alcohol solution. Except folk remedies, good results allows the use of modern insecticidal preparations.

Ripening nasturtium seeds

Reproduction

Nasturtium is propagated by seeds, which are sown directly into flower beds in the second ten days of May. 2-3 seeds are placed in each hole, the distance between the holes is 25-30 cm. To get flowering not in June, but earlier, seedlings are grown. In this case, sowing is done in containers at the very beginning of May or April. After sowing, seedlings appear within 10-14 days. At the beginning of June, young capuchins can be planted in the place where they will grow. Plants are transplanted from the container together with a lump of earth.

Varietal nasturtiums also reproduce well by cuttings, which quickly take root in water or moistened sand. Capuchins set a lot of seeds, which, after falling, overwinter well in the ground, and germinate amicably next spring.

Nasturtium cascades

Decorative use

Nasturtium is a plant familiar to many gardens. Low-growing capuchins are used for border plantings, ribbon flower beds, and planted in wide flowerpots. Species with long creeping or climbing shoots are used as hanging plants and used for vertical gardening of terraces or pergolas. They can also be grown as ground covers.

An interesting option is to plant nasturtiums under tall shrubs, for example, under lilacs: dense trunks serve as excellent natural support; The flowering period of plants varies, so the decorative effect lasts throughout the season. Due to the fact that capuchin stems are soft and curly, they can be planted on high places, for example, on the parapets of stone walls or stairs. In such cases, the nasturtium will cascade down beautifully.

CAPUCHIN, PLANT

(Tropaeolum L.), better known in horticulture under the false name nasturtium, ? a genus of beautiful herbaceous plants from the crane family, Geraniaceae, and their subfamily Pelargonium (see); However, some botanists classify this genus as an independent family? Tropaeolaceae, with a single genus Tr. In total, up to 40 species are known, all from America. These are annual and perennial herbs with succulent weak stems, sometimes creeping and spread out on the ground, sometimes climbing (but not climbing in the strict sense of the word? See Climbing plants) and clinging to foreign objects or other plants with the help of easily irritated, flexible and succulent petioles of their leaves (but not the stem). Most leaves are thyroid (i.e., the petiole is attached near the middle of the surface of the leaf blade), with long petioles, rounded or slightly angular in shape, and in some, differently dissected. Most flowers are large, located singly in the corners of the leaves, on long stalks. They are irregular, bisymmetrical (zygomorphic), and resemble the hood of Capuchin monks. The largest and brightly colored part is the calyx, or outermost, outer part, of five unequal lobes; the upper lobe is the largest and is elongated below into a long spur, at the bottom of which there are honey glands; the other 4 sepals are smaller, equal in pairs and with fimbriae at the base; 5 petals, small, and behind them 8 stamens (2 out of 10 are underdeveloped); from a three-locular ovary a tripartite fruit is formed, breaking up into single-seeded drupe-like fruits; seeds without protein, with thick cotyledons of a direct embryo. The flowers are yellow, orange and red, from 2 to 7 cm across. The honey in the spur attracts insects; the anthers of the stamens open before the stigma of the ovary of the same flower matures (this is the so-called proterandry), and the stamen is ready first, right above the entrance to the spur; the insect carries pollen on its back and transfers it to other flowers, where it can only stick to the mature sticky stigma (art. Gynoecium), and in such flowers the stamens have already poured out their pollen and bent to the side. Plants with a pungent juice (hence, by the way, the names “Spanish cress” and “Capuchin cress”), for which the flower buds and young fruits of Tr. majus are used like capers. TO. ? one of the most popular soil gardening plants, grown in a huge number of garden crosses and varieties.

Of the annual species, the common large K. is most common in gardens. Tr. majus L., with large red or orange flowers of different shades and entire, slightly angular leaves, known in more than 20 varieties, or varieties (varietates); it is a bushy species with branching rather thick stems; the squat form (va r. nana) is especially beautiful, between which stands out the “Empress of India” (Empress of India) with blackish-green foliage and dark red, extremely bright flowers; Among other varieties we will mention: spotted? orange with purple. spots (Tr. majus var. variegatum hort.), copper-red or bronze-red (Tr. m. v. aeneum hort.), Regelian purple-violet (Tr. m. v. Regelianum hort.), bluish-pink (v. coeruleo-roseum hort.), golden low-growing (v. aureum nanum hort.), fiery red (v. fulgens hort.) and pale yellow (v. albidum hort.). The closest wild species to the described one is Tr. minus L. almost mixed with it in a number of its crosses, but differs more small flowers, also with leaves bearing thin points at the ends of the veins. From other wild plants American species Many crosses, or hybrid forms, have been formed (see Hybridization), as with the main species Tr. majus L., and among themselves. This is especially true of Tr. Lobbianum Hook from Colombia? a highly climbing plant with rounded leaves and orange-red flowers, about 2 cm (? inch) across, the lower lobes of the calyx are small and serrated; its crosses with Tr. majus, generally known under the name Tr. hybridum (Tr. Lobbianum hybr.), or climbing nasturtiums, produced many beautiful climbing forms with flower colors ranging from whitish-fawn to fiery red (Hookeri, Geant des batailles, Napoleon III, Kotschyanum maltiflorum, Queen Victoria, Triomphe d'Hy è res), very common for decorating walls, terraces, gazebos, etc. For the same purpose, it is often diluted independent species? K. mexicanis, Tr. peregrinum Jacq. (= Tr. Smithii DC), from New Grenada, also climbing, but its leaves are palm-shaped into 5 lobes; flowers on very long stalks, carmine-orange calyx with a green spur tip, yellow, fringed petals with red veins. Remarkable for the originality of its flowers is K. palmate Tr. digitatum Karst. (= Tr. Gartnerianum), from Colombia, also very high climbing; the leaves are 5-fingered, their veins, as well as the stems in some places are red, a calyx with 5 pointed oval green lobes, a cinnabar-colored spur, golden, fringed petals, stamens with green anthers in the form of pinheads. All of the above annual species are best bred by sowing seeds at the end of April in loose, nutritious soil, grow luxuriously and bloom profusely all summer.

Perennial species are equipped with root tubers, with the help of which they are propagated; These are mostly greenhouse forms, very whimsical and requiring careful care. About their special culture? see Eberwein's article ("Bulletin of Gardening.", 1866). Such is the case. e.g. Peruvian K. pallidum Tr. albiflorum Nob., with bluish thread-like stems, bluish-green calyx with a yellow spur, white petals with reddish veins. Chilean K. tricolor Tr. tricolorum Sw., with very small 5-palmated leaves, has a box-shaped cinnabar calyx with a curved spur and blue tips of its lobes, golden, short petals; K. tuberiferous, Tr. is similar to it. tuberosum Rz. et Pav., but in this species the flower stalks themselves are also bright red. Finally, in K. umbelliferum, Tr. umbellatum Hook., red-orange flowers collected on winding legs in umbrella-shaped bunches, the spur is short and green at the end.

Brockhaus and Efron. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what CAPUCHIN, PLANT is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• CAPUCHIN, PLANT
  (Tropaeolum L.), better known in horticulture under the false name nasturtium, is a genus of beautiful herbaceous plants from the craneweed family, Geraniaceae, and...
• PLANT in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
  Seeing some green plant in a dream is a harbinger of worries, which will bring you a feeling of deep satisfaction. If in a dream you...
• CAPUCHIN in the Encyclopedia Biology:
  , the same as nasturtium...
• CAPUCHIN in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  the same as...
• CAPUCHIN in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
  genus of plants of the nasturtium family; same as nasturtium...
• PLANT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  Plant: releases oxygen, absorbs carbon dioxide, binds energy, forms proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Animal: absorbs oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, releases energy, breaks down proteins, fats...
• CAPUCHIN in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (Tropaeolum L.), better known in horticulture under the false name nasturtium, is a genus of beautiful herbaceous plants from the craneweed family, Geraniaceae, and ...
• CAPUCHIN in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  the same as...
• CAPUCHIN
  the same as...
• CAPUCHIN in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  a, m. 1. shower. A Catholic monk of a mendicant order wearing a hooded cloak. 2. shower zool. American broad-nosed monkey; That …
• PLANT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -I, Wed. An organism that usually develops in a stationary state, receiving nutrition (unlike animals) from the air (through photosynthesis) and ...
• CAPUCHIN in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -a,m. 1. Monk of the mendicant Catholic order. 2. A genus of American broad-nosed and long-tailed monkeys with hair growing on the head like ...
• CAPUCHIN in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  CAPUZIN, same as nasturtium...
• PLANT
  ? If we leave aside the lower R. and keep in mind only their highest representatives, having roots, stems and leaves, ...
• CAPUCHIN in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? cm. …
• PLANT
  plant, plants, plants, plants, plant, plants, plant, plants, plant, plants, plants, …
• CAPUCHIN in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, well, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, ...
• PLANT in the Anagram Dictionary.
• CAPUCHIN in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  it. cappuccino) 1) a member of a Catholic monastic order founded in the 16th century. as a branch of the Franciscan order in Italy; Capuchins got their name...
• CAPUCHIN in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
  [it. cappuccino] 1. member of a Catholic monastic order founded in the 16th century. as a branch of the Franciscan order in Italy; Capuchins got their name...
• PLANT in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
• CAPUCHIN in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
  coffee, mammal, monk, nasturtium, monkey, primate, plant, …
• PLANT
  
• CAPUCHIN in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  1. m. 1) A monk of the Roman Catholic mendicant Franciscan order, wearing a cloak with a pointed hood. 2) a) outdated. Masquerade costume in the form of...
• PLANT in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  plant,...
• PLANT full spelling dictionary Russian language:
  plant, …
• PLANT in the Spelling Dictionary:
  plant,...
• PLANT
  an organism that usually develops in a stationary state, receiving nutrition (unlike animals) from soil and air. Plant world. Higher plants...
• CAPUCHIN in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  A genus of American broad-nosed and long-tailed monkeys with hair growing on the head like a hood [after the name of the Capuchin monks who wear a cloak with a hood] ...
• CAPUCHIN in Dahl's Dictionary:
  husband. Catholic monk, Order of St. Francis, Franciscan. | A monkey whose head seems to be in a hood, in a hood; Simia capucina. ...
• CAPUCHIN in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
  the same as...
• PLANT
  plants, cf. An organism that usually develops in a stationary state and feeds inorganic substances soil and air. Higher plants usually consist of...
• CAPUCHIN in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  capuchin, m. (novolatin. capucinus). 1. Roman Catholic monk of the Order of St. Francis wearing a hooded robe. 2. Masquerade costume in the form of a cloak...
• PLANT
  plant cf. An organism that feeds on inorganic substances in the air and soil and is capable of creating organic ones from them, usually attached to the place of its ...
• CAPUCHIN in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
  Capuchin 1. m. 1) A monk of the Roman Catholic mendicant Franciscan order, wearing a cloak with a pointed hood. 2) a) outdated. Masquerade costume in...
• PLANT
  Wed An organism that feeds on inorganic substances in the air and soil and is capable of creating organic ones from them, usually attached to its habitat, ...
• CAPUCHIN in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  I m. 1. A monk of the Roman Catholic mendicant Franciscan order, wearing a cloak with a pointed hood. 2. outdated Masquerade costume in the form of a cloak...
• PLANT
  Wed An organism that feeds on inorganic substances in the air and soil and is capable of creating organic ones from them, usually attached to its habitat, ...
• CAPUCHIN in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  I m. A monk of the Roman Catholic mendicant Franciscan order, wearing a cloak with a pointed hood. II m. obsolete 1. Masquerade costume in the form of...
• CAPUCHIN, MONKEY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  The capuchin, cai, or kaya (Cebus capucinus) is a monkey of the genus Cebus. The forehead is bare and covered with transverse folds, the face of a meat...

Capuchin, plant(Tropaeolum L.), better known in horticulture under its false name nasturtiums, - a genus of beautiful herbaceous plants from the crane family, Geraniaceae, and their subfamily Pelargonium (see); however, some botanists distinguish this genus into an independent family - Tropaeolaceae, with a single genus Tr. In total, up to 40 species are known, all from America. These are annual and perennial herbs with succulent, weak stems, sometimes creeping and spreading along the ground, sometimes climbing(but not curly in the strict sense of the word - see Climbing plants) and clinging to foreign objects or other plants with the help of easily irritated, flexible and succulent petioles their leaves(but not the stem). Most leaves thyroid(i.e., the petiole is attached near the middle of the surface of the leaf blade), with long petioles, round or slightly angular in shape, in some differently dissected. Most flowers are large, located singly in the corners of the leaves, on long stalks. They are irregular, bisymmetrical (zygomorphic), similar to hooded Capuchin monks. The largest and brightly colored part is cup, or the outermost, outer part, of five unequal lobes; the upper lobe is the largest and is elongated below into a long spur, at the bottom of which there are honey glands; the other 4 sepals are smaller, equal in pairs and with fimbriae at the base; 5 petals, small, and behind them 8 stamens (2 out of 10 are underdeveloped); from a three-locular ovary a tripartite fruit is formed, breaking up into single-seeded drupe-like fruits; seeds without protein, with thick cotyledons of a direct embryo. The flowers are yellow, orange and red, from 2 to 7 cm across. The honey in the spur attracts insects; the anthers of the stamens open before the stigma of the ovary of the same flower matures (this is the so-called proterandry), and the stamen is ready first, right above the entrance to the spur; the insect carries pollen on its back and transfers it to other flowers, where it can only stick to the mature sticky stigma (art. Gynoecium), and in such flowers the stamens have already poured out their pollen and bent to the side. Plants with a pungent juice (hence, by the way, the names “Spanish cress” and “Capuchin cress”), for which the flower buds and young fruits of Tr. majus are used like capers. K. is one of the most popular soil gardening plants, grown in a huge number of garden crosses and varieties.

From annuals species more common in gardens large K. - Tr. majus L., with large red or orange flowers of various shades and entire, slightly angular leaves, known in more than 20 varieties, or varieties (varietates); it is a bushy species with branching rather thick stems; the squat form (va r. nana) is especially beautiful, between which stands out the “Empress of India” (Empress of India) with blackish-green foliage and dark red, extremely bright flowers; Among other varieties we mention: spotted- orange with purple. spots (Tr. majus var. variegatum hort.), copper-red or bronze-red (Tr. m. v. aeneum hort.), Regelian purple-violet (Tr. m. v. Regelianum hort.), bluish-pink (v. coeruleo-roseum hort.), golden low-growing (v. aureum nanum hort.), fiery red (v. fulgens hort.) and pale yellow (v. albidum hort.). The closest wild species to the described one is Tr. minus L. is almost mixed with it in a number of its crosses, but is distinguished by smaller flowers, as well as leaves bearing thin points at the ends of the veins. Of other wild American species, many crosses or hybrid forms have been formed (see Hybridization), as with the main species Tr. majus L., and among themselves. This is especially true of Tr. Lobbianum Hook from Colombia is a tall climbing plant with rounded leaves and orange-red flowers, about 2 cm (¾ in) across, the lower lobes of the calyx are small and toothed; its crosses with Tr. majus, generally known under the name Tr. hybridum (Tr. Lobbianum hybr.), or climbing nasturtiums, gave many beautiful climbing forms with flower colors ranging from whitish-fawn to fiery red (Hookeri, Geant des batailles, Napoleon III, Kotschyanum maltiflorum, Queen Victoria, Triomphe d'Hy è res), very common for decorating walls, terraces, gazebos etc. For the same purpose, an independent species, K., is very often bred. Mexican, Tr. peregrinum Jacq. (= Tr. Smithii DC), from New Grenada, also climbing, but its leaves are palm-shaped into 5 lobes; flowers on very long stalks, carmine-orange calyx with a green spur tip, yellow, fringed petals with red veins. Remarkable for the originality of K’s colors. palmate Tr. digitatum Karst. (= Tr. Gä rtnerianum), from Colombia, also very high climbing; the leaves are 5-fingered, their veins, as well as the stems in some places are red, a calyx with 5 pointed oval green lobes, a cinnabar-colored spur, golden, fringed petals, stamens with green anthers in the form of pinheads. All of the above annual species are best bred by sowing seeds at the end of April in loose, nutritious soil, grow luxuriously and bloom profusely all summer.

Perennial species are equipped with root tubers, with the help of which they are propagated; These are mostly greenhouse forms, very whimsical and requiring careful care. About their special culture, see Eberwein’s article (“Bulletin of Gardening,” 1866). Such is the case. eg Peruvian K. pale Tr. albiflorum Nob., with bluish thread-like stems, bluish-green calyx with a yellow spur, white petals with reddish veins. Chilean K. tricolor Tr. tricolorum Sw., with very small 5-palmated leaves, has a box-shaped cinnabar calyx with a curved spur and blue tips of its lobes, golden, short petals; K looks like him. tuberous, Tr. tuberosum Rz. et Pav., but in this species the flower stalks themselves are also bright red. Finally, K. umbrella, Tr. umbellatum Hook., red-orange flowers are collected on sinuous stalks in umbrella-shaped bunches, the spur is short and has a green tip.

Nasturtiums are annual and perennial herbaceous plants with branched, succulent stems and bright, colorful inflorescences. Often found in the form of vines.

The leaves are alternate, usually lobed, thyroid or palmate, entire, in many cases with a long petiole in the center.

The flowers are solitary, bisexual, axillary, zygomorphic, pleasantly scented. Each flower consists of 5 (rarely more) petals, the same number of sepals, a three-chambered ovary and a funnel-shaped tube with nectar. Most often the color of the flowers is yellow or red.

The fruit is a composite fruit, split into three identical, rounded, kidney-shaped, wrinkled fruitlets. There are 10-40 rounded kidney-shaped seeds in 1g, the germination of which lasts 4-5 years. When sowing, seedlings appear on days 12-14.

Nasturtium blooms from June until frost. The flowers come in yellow, orange and salmon colors, single and double.

Flowers and stems have medicinal properties, can be used in cooking.

The main pollinators are insects (flies, bees, bumblebees). Five-leaf nasturtium (Tropaeolum pentaphyllum) is pollinated by hummingbirds.

Nasturtium is a fast-growing plant that blooms within 35-40 days after sowing and blooms until autumn frosts.

In the Peruvian Andes, farmers still cultivate tuberous nasturtium, or “mashua.” Its yield is low: on very poor soils, without the use of pesticides, it produces 4-12 tons of small spherical tubers per hectare.

The tubers are eaten boiled and baked, and are often pre-frozen. Currently, mashua is considered as a promising fodder crop for high mountain regions.

Nasturtium, or capuchin, is one of the popular plants preferred by gardeners different countries. It is difficult to find a garden where this wonderful flower is not grown.

The modern Latin generic name for nasturtium - Tropaeolum - was given by C. Linnaeus. Looking at nasturtiums, Linnaeus came to the conclusion that their leaves are very similar to the shields of soldiers, and the flowers are very similar to the blood-stained helmets of defeated enemies, hung on columns that Roman soldiers erected on the battlefield to commemorate victory. Such columns were called tropaeolum.

Because of its flower shape, reminiscent of a monk's hood, nasturtium received the name "capuchin".

Here are the popular names: colored lettuce, garden nasturtium, capuchin.

Nasturtium can be successfully grown on a bright balcony, in window boxes.

Nasturtium is a herbaceous, beautifully flowering plant with thyroid-shaped leaves covered with a waxy coating. Some varieties have green leaves, some with a purple tint; There are also variegated varieties.

Nasturtium flowers are single, emerging from the axils of the leaves on long stalks.
Elegant velvety flowers of various varieties of nasturtiums have bright festive colors: yellow, orange, salmon, pink, scarlet, dark red tones. Particularly interesting are bicolor nasturtiums, in which the flowers have contrasting spots or streaks.

Nasturtium flowers are quite large (up to 5 cm in diameter), with a yellow or orange calyx. Different varieties of nasturtiums have simple, semi-double or double flowers.

Fragrant nasturtiums spread a pleasant fragrance.

Cultivated nasturtium never ceases to amaze flower growers with its variety of magnificent varieties, among which there are dwarfs (only 15-20 cm high), mid-sized plants (up to half a meter high) and real giants (up to 2.5 m)!

Among the varieties of nasturtium you can find:

Compact low plants forming a spherical lush bush;

Climbing or curly forms;

Plants with creeping shoots.

One very interesting feature Nasturtium flowers are described by many authors, including N.F. Zolotnitsky (1911): “Bright orange nasturtium flowers are distinguished by the remarkable property of sometimes flashing at a bright red sunset.

This phenomenon was first noticed by the daughter of the famous Linnaeus, who did not believe her until he himself witnessed it. Since then, this phenomenon has been observed more than once by scientists and has always amazed them.

In Moscow he was observed, by the way, in July 1869. professor at Moscow University Rachinsky and described it in detail in his article “Plant chamfers”. Each time it was around sunset time with a bright orange western sky.

The flowers, which shone in such light with a bright orange color, from time to time suddenly flared up even brighter and at that moment seemed “completely fiery.”

Due to the fact that nasturtium contains useful material, it is used as medicinal plant. Nasturtium has diuretic, antiseptic and antiscorbutic effects.

Nasturtium contains essential oil, which has a positive effect on blood circulation in the veins.

Nasturtium leaves contain ascorbic acid. large quantities Therefore, nasturtium is a vitamin remedy. Nasturtium has antitussive, expectorant and uroseptic properties.

Nasturtium kills pathogenic microbes, normalizes metabolic processes in the body, improves protective functions body. Nasturtium contains plant antibiotics, thanks to which it is used for bronchitis, lung diseases, colds and respiratory diseases. Nasturtium is useful for cholelithiasis and inflammation of the lymph nodes. Nasturtium renders good action on the body during menopause.

The use of nasturtium in treatment.

IN medicinal purposes All parts of nasturtium are used. For example, the leaves of the plant are used for scurvy and flu. Dried leaves are used for depression, irritability and nervous excitability.

Nasturtium is useful for older people because it contains carotene and sulfur, which are preventive substances for sclerosis.

Infusion of nasturtium with wine for loss of strength.

To prepare it you need to collect fresh leaves of the plant, place them in a liter glass jar and fill to the top with dry wine (white). After you close the lid, take the jar to a room at room temperature and do not touch it for 14 days. The finished infusion should be strained and taken 1 teaspoon three times a day before meals.

Nasturtium decoction for kidney disease.

Take 1 tablespoon of the fruits and buds of the plant and pour two glasses of boiling water over them. Place everything in a water bath for 15 minutes. Then remove from the water bath and leave to brew for 45 minutes. After filtering, the finished decoction is taken 100 ml three times a day. The same medicine is taken for urolithiasis and diseases of the urinary tract.

Nasturtium tincture for chronic bronchitis.

This tincture can be prepared easily and quickly. To prepare it, take 1 tablespoon of crushed buds and leaves, along with seeds. Fill all this raw material with 150 ml of vodka and leave it in a dark place for 2 weeks. Don't forget to shake periodically. The finished tincture is filtered. You need to take the tincture three times a day, 25 drops.

Nasturtium to strengthen hair.

We take nasturtium leaves and pass them through a meat grinder. To them we add the roots of the cinquefoil, passed through a meat grinder. Mix everything and squeeze out the juice. This juice is applied to the hair roots, or mixed with water and used as a rinse.

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Nasturtium is rich in iodine, phosphorus, and potassium salts; vitamins C, B1, B2, caratine.

The seeds contain essential oil. Nasturtium also contains a plant antibiotic.

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An infusion of the herb is taken for anemia, kidney stones, and skin rashes.

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Thanks to the antibiotic contained in nasturtium, which has a broad bactericidal effect, nasturtium is used for diseases of the upper respiratory tract and lungs; flu, long-term chronic diseases.

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The seeds are taken orally for acute and chronic inflammation of the urinary tract, and for impotence.

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Leaves, flowers and seeds are useful for male and female menopause; when there is a feeling of weakness, nerves are naughty, with irritation, melancholy and depression. For metabolic disorders.

Useful recipes from nasturtium.

1. Nasturtium flowers in a decoction with honey are used to rinse the mouth for infantile thrush.

2. Grind the dried nasturtium seeds into powder and steam one teaspoon in a glass of boiling water. Wrap and leave for about two hours. Steam in the morning and drink in one or two doses in the evening.

3. Pour 100g of nasturtium leaves into 0.6l of boiling water and leave in a warm place for two hours. Take 1/4 cup 3-4 times a day half an hour before meals for vitamin deficiency.

4. Pour two tablespoons of crushed leaves into a glass of boiling water. Leave for one hour, strain. Take 2 tablespoons before meals for hypertension, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, loss of strength.

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This plant has anti-inflammatory, antiscorbutic, diuretic and metabolism-improving effects.

The juice of the plant is used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract (pyelonephritis), acute and chronic cystitis and nonspecific urethritis. Prescribe 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day.

German folk medicine recommends fresh nasturtium juice, 1 tablespoon 3 times a day for chronic bronchitis. A decoction of the herb is used to treat acute and chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchial asthma and emphysema. To prepare a decoction, pour 1 tablespoon of chopped herbs into 1 glass of boiling water, boil in a water bath for 20 minutes, filter, cool and bring the volume to the original volume. Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day.

A good effect was noted when using decoction and juice as a means of dilating blood vessels and improving blood supply to the heart muscle, as well as for coronary heart disease. Infusion of leaves or flowers: 20g of dry crushed raw materials per 1 glass hot water, leave for 30 minutes, strain. Take 2-3 tablespoons 3-4 times a day for diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Plant juice: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day for coronary heart disease. An infusion of nasturtium leaves is used as a laxative; it is also effective for inflammatory diseases of the lymph nodes, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary failure. Infusion: pour 10 g of leaves into 1 liter of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes, strain. Drink 1/2 glass 3 times a day.

A decoction of nasturtium leaves and fruits, if rubbed into the scalp, stimulates hair growth and protects it from loss. Decoction: boil 30 g of leaves, buds and fruits in 1 liter of water in a water bath for 15 minutes. Cool for 45 minutes, strain, squeeze, add boiled water to the original volume.

Tincture from the whole plant: 30g of crushed leaves with buds and seeds, pour 200 ml of vodka and place in a dark place for 14 days. Shake periodically. Used for emphysema and chronic bronchitis as an expectorant, 25 drops 3 times a day.

Nasturtium not only decorates our flower beds, it also repels many pests with its specific aroma and disinfects the soil from pathogens of fungal infections.

This flower also helps in hair care; rinse your hair with its decoction after washing. The decoction is prepared as follows: 100 g of leaves are boiled in 2 liters of water for 10-15 minutes over low heat. With regular use, hair loss and dandruff formation stop.

Nasturtium is a light-loving plant. For this reason, it is planted in sunny and open places. Nasturtium does not tolerate frost.

This plant develops best in light and well-drained soil containing fertilizers (except fresh manure). If the soil contains a lot of nitrogen, this will only harm the plant, since many leaves will form, which means flowering will deteriorate.

Nasturtium does not need frequent watering. But you need to water it regularly and abundantly. If there is not enough moisture, then the nasturtium will lose its decorative effect.

Most often, nasturtium is propagated by seed. To do this, you need to collect the seeds and sow them in April (for seedlings), or you can sow them in the ground in early May. Seeds should be sown in rows or nests. Nests are made at a distance of 40 cm from each other; no more than 5 seeds can be placed in one nest. As seedlings appear, thinning is done. If the seeds are very large, then you can sow them one at a time in pots, and when shoots appear, transplant them into the ground.

During the growth period of nasturtium, phosphorus fertilizers must be applied, as they stimulate the flowering of this plant.

Cooking.

Leaves, stems and flowers of nasturtium are very useful to add from early summer until frost to salads, soups, cottage cheese, sauces, etc. butter for sandwiches, puree, minced meat. Leaves and flowers are pickled. Nasturtium leaves resemble the taste of mustard. Nasturtium flowers are used to decorate summer salads.

It is also used by the meat processing industry, for example, in the production of salami sausage.

Gourmets also consume vitamin-rich nasturtium leaves in the form of salads and side dishes for cold and hot dishes. meat dishes. The buds are preserved in vinegar and added as a seasoning to meat dishes.

Grow nasturtium not only as an ornamental plant, but also as a green seasoning; the taste of the leaves resembles mustard and horseradish.

And nasturtium flowers will decorate any salad or sandwich, because they are also edible and very beautiful and will add a healthy element to your diet.

Treat yourself, your loved ones and friends with beautifully and deliciously decorated dishes. Even those who don’t really like these flowers, plant one single seed and you will be provided with greens and flowers for healthy salads all summer.