Specifics of the chemical neutralization process. Neutralization reaction

And water, for example:

Examples

Application

Neutralization underlies a number of the most important methods of titrimetric analysis.

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The lesson is devoted to the study of the reaction between substances with opposite properties - acids and bases. Such reactions are called neutralization reactions. During the lesson, you will learn to use the formula of a salt to form its name, and to write down its formula using the name of a salt.

Topic: Classes of inorganic substances

Lesson: Neutralization reaction

If you mix equal amounts of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, a solution is formed in which the medium will be neutral, i.e. it will not contain any acid or alkali. Let us write the equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide if the result is sodium chloride and water.

When 1 mole of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and 1 mole of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) react, 1 mole of sodium chloride (NaCl) and 1 mole of water (H 2 O) are formed. Please note that during this reaction two complex substances exchange their components and two new complex substances are formed:

NaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2O

Reactions during which two complex substances exchange their constituent parts are called exchange reactions.

A special case of an exchange reaction is a neutralization reaction.

A neutralization reaction is the interaction of an acid with a base.

Neutralization reaction scheme: BASE + ACID = SALT + WATER

Bases that are insoluble in water can also dissolve in acid solutions. As a result of these reactions, salts and water are formed. Reaction equation for the interaction of copper (II) hydroxide with sulfuric acid:

Cu(OH) 2 +H 2 SO 4 = CuSO 4 + 2H 2 O

A substance with the chemical formula CuSO 4 belongs to the class of salts. We compiled the formula for this salt, knowing that the valency of copper in this process is equal to II, and the valence of SO 4 is also equal to II. But what should we call this substance?

The name of a salt consists of two words: the first word is the name of the acid residue (these names are given in the table in the textbook, you need to learn them), and the second word is the name of the metal. If the valence of a metal is variable, it is indicated in parentheses.

So, a substance with the chemical formula CuSO 4 is called copper(II) sulfate.

NaNO 3 – sodium nitrate;

K 3 PO 4 – potassium phosphate (orthophosphate).

Now, let’s do the opposite task: create a formula for a salt based on its name. Let's make the formulas of the following salts: sodium sulfate; magnesium carbonate; calcium nitrate.

To correctly compose the formula of a salt, we first write down the symbol of the metal and the formula of the acid residue, and indicate their valencies at the top. Let's find the LCM of the valence values. By dividing the NOC by each valence value, we find the number of metal atoms and the number of acid residues.

Please note that if the acidic residue consists of a group of atoms, then when writing the formula of the salt, the formula of the acidic residue is written in parentheses, and the number of acidic residues is indicated behind the brackets by the corresponding index.

1. Collection of problems and exercises in chemistry: 8th grade: for textbooks. P.A. Orzhekovsky and others. “Chemistry. 8th grade” / P.A. Orzhekovsky, N.A. Titov, F.F. Hegel. – M.: AST: Astrel, 2006. (p. 106)

2. Ushakova O.V. Chemistry workbook: 8th grade: to the textbook by P.A. Orzhekovsky and others. “Chemistry. 8th grade” / O.V. Ushakova, P.I. Bespalov, P.A. Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P.A. Orzhekovsky - M.: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006. (p. 107-108)

3. Chemistry. 8th grade. Textbook for general education institutions / P.A. Orzhekovsky, L.M. Meshcheryakova, M.M. Shalashova. – M.: Astrel, 2013. (§33)

4. Chemistry: 8th grade: textbook. for general education institutions / P.A. Orzhekovsky, L.M. Meshcheryakova, L.S. Pontak. M.: AST: Astrel, 2005. (§39)

5. Chemistry: inorg. chemistry: textbook. for 8th grade. general education institutions / G.E. Rudzitis, F.G. Feldman. – M.: Education, OJSC “Moscow Textbooks”, 2009. (§§31,32)

6. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 17. Chemistry / Chapter. ed. V.A. Volodin, Ved. scientific ed. I. Leenson. – M.: Avanta+, 2003.

Additional web resources

2. Indicators in neutralization reactions. titration().

Homework

1) p. 107-108 No. 4,5,7 from Workbook in chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook P.A. Orzhekovsky and others. “Chemistry. 8th grade” / O.V. Ushakova, P.I. Bespalov, P.A. Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P.A. Orzhekovsky - M.: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006.

2) p. 188 No. 1,4 from the textbook P.A. Orzhekovsky, L.M. Meshcheryakova, M.M. Shalashova “Chemistry: 8th grade,” 2013

The reaction between an acid and a base that produces salt and water is called a neutralization reaction.

We studied the reactions of acids with metals and metal oxides. These reactions produce a salt of the corresponding metal. Bases also contain metals. It can be assumed that acids will interact with bases to also form salts. Add a solution of hydrochloric acid HCl to a solution of sodium hydroxide NaOH.

The solution remains colorless and transparent, but by touch it can be determined that heat is released. The release of heat indicates that a chemical reaction has occurred between the alkali and acid.

To find out the essence of this reaction, let's do the following experiment. Place a piece of paper colored with purple litmus into the alkali solution. She will, of course, turn blue. Now, from the burette, we will begin to add the acid solution to the alkali solution in small portions until the color of the litmus again changes from blue to violet. If litmus turns from blue to purple, this means that there is no alkali in the solution. There was no more acid in the solution, since in its presence the litmus would have turned red. The solution became neutral. Having evaporated the solution, we obtained a salt - sodium chloride NaCl.

The formation of sodium chloride when sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid is expressed by the equation:

NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H 2 O + Q

The essence of this reaction is that sodium and hydrogen atoms exchange places. As a result, the hydrogen atom of the acid combines with the hydroxyl group of the alkali to form a water molecule, and the sodium metal atom combines with the acid residue – Cl, forming a salt molecule. This reaction belongs to the familiar type of exchange reactions.

Do insoluble bases react with acids? Pour blue copper hydroxide into a glass. Let's add water. Copper hydroxide will not dissolve. Now let’s add a solution of nitric acid to it. Copper hydroxide will dissolve and a clear solution of copper nitrate will be obtained. blue color. The reaction is expressed by the equation:

Cu(OH) 2 + 2HNO 3 = Cu(NO 3) 2 + 2H 2 O

Bases that are insoluble in water, like alkalis, react with acids to form salts and water.

Using the neutralization reaction, insoluble acids and bases are determined experimentally. Oxide hydrates that react with neutralization with alkalis are classified as acids. Having verified from experience that this oxide hydrate is neutralized by alkalis, we write its formula as an acid formula, writing the chemical sign of hydrogen in first place: HNO3, H2SO4.

Acids do not interact with each other to form salts.

Oxide hydrates that undergo a neutralization reaction with m compounds are classified as bases. Having verified from experience that this oxide hydrate is neutralized by acids, we write its formula in the form Me(OH)n, i.e. we emphasize the presence of hydroxyl groups in it.

Bases do not interact with each other to form salts.

Page 2

Neutralization reactions involving a weak acid or a weak base do not proceed completely, only until equilibrium is established.

Neutralization reactions are exothermic processes (H OH-H2O 57 3 kJ), therefore, the hydrolysis of salts is endothermic.

Neutralization reactions are exothermic processes (H OH - H2O 57 3 kJ), therefore, the hydrolysis of salts is endothermic.

A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction between a substance having the properties of an acid and a substance having the properties of a base, which leads to the loss of characteristic properties both connections. The most typical neutralization reaction in aqueous solutions occurs between hydrated hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions contained in strong acids and bases, respectively: H OH-H2O.

The neutralization reaction occurs not only in aqueous but also in non-aqueous solutions. The chemical nature of the non-aqueous solvent affects the state of the ions in solution and the degree of dissociation. The same substance can be a salt in one solvent, an acid in another, and a base in another.

The neutralization reaction is accompanied by the release of heat; Therefore, the Beckmann thermometer is pre-installed so that at the beginning of the experiment the mercury in the capillary of the thermometer is at the lower part of the scale. After the calorimeter is assembled, its constant is determined (see. previous work), inserting an empty ampoule into the calorimeter lid.

Neutralization reactions proceed with the release of heat. However, the amount of heat released when dilute acids and alkalis are mixed is difficult to estimate by touch. Concentrated acids and bases should never be mixed with each other. This mixture becomes so hot that it begins to boil and splash violently.

Neutralization reactions play decisive role during spinning, since they predetermine the kinetics of deposition and the structure of the resulting thread. In addition, as a result of the neutralization reaction, a number of products become unstable and decompose.

The reaction of neutralization of naphthenic acids and phenols with alkali is reversible. Naphthenates and phenolates hydrolyze in the presence of water, forming the starting products. The degree of hydrolysis depends on the process conditions. It increases with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing concentration of the alkali solution. It is advisable to carry out alkaline cleaning at low temperatures using concentrated solutions.

Neutralization reactions occurring in aqueous solutions are similar to those occurring in non-aqueous media.

The neutralization reaction is an ion exchange reaction and occurs instantly. In contrast, the esterification reaction is not ion-exchange and proceeds more slowly. Both the reaction of ethylates formation and the esterification reaction are reversible, and therefore limited to the equilibrium state.

The neutralization reaction (for example, sulfuric acid) in a reservoir due to calcium bicarbonates proceeds according to the formula Ca(HC03)24-H2304=Ca304+2H20+2C02.[...]

Neutralization with limestone is not always effective, since in the presence of sulfuric acid, gypsum formed on the surface of limestone particles inhibits the further progress of the neutralization reaction. [...]

A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction between substances that have the properties of an acid and a base, which results in the loss of the characteristic properties of both compounds. The most typical neutralization reaction in aqueous solutions occurs between hydrated hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions contained in strong acids and bases, respectively: H+ + 0H = H20. As a result, the concentration of each of these ions becomes equal to that characteristic of water itself (about 10 7), i.e. an active reaction aquatic environment approaches pH=7.[...]

The reaction between a base and an acid, resulting in salt and water, is a neutralization reaction.[...]

Neutralization by filtration involves passing the waste liquid through a layer of filter material. When a liquid passes through such a filter, the neutralization reaction must be completely completed. Limestone, marble and dolomite are used as filter materials to neutralize acids. This method has a number of advantages: it is simpler and cheaper, and is effective when there is an uneven concentration of acids in wastewater.[...]

The neutralization reaction of acids can also be carried out using other reagents such as bases. The consumption of these substances to neutralize 1 g of various acids (stoichiometric) is given in table. 6.[...]

The neutralization reaction and the calculation of the amount of an unknown substance from this reaction has a very wide application in agrochemical laboratories. This kind of calculation is possible for all chemical equations, correctly composed.[...]

The neutralization reaction proceeds very quickly, and with further mixing the entire mass of wastewater acquires same value pH within a few minutes.[...]

To neutralize waters of the first type, any of the above reagents can be used. When neutralizing waters of the second type, salts not only precipitate, but at high concentrations can be deposited on the surface of the neutralizing material and slow down the reaction. Neutralization of waters of the third type is possible only with alkali solutions.[...]

When neutralizing sulfuric acid with lime or chalk, 98 parts of acid yield 172 parts of gypsum dihydrate Ca3D. 2N20.[...]

The method of neutralization by filtration consists in the fact that acidic wastewater, after preliminary clarification, is passed through a layer of neutralizing material at such a speed that during the time the water comes into contact with the material, the neutralization reaction is completed.[...]

In the reaction chamber, not only the free acid is neutralized, but also the crystallization of calcium salts and the flocculation of metal hydroxides are completed, which leads to the final stabilization of the pH. From this point of view, installing the sensor after the reaction chambers is the most rational. However, it should be borne in mind that the establishment of a stable control system using industrial devices is extremely complicated if the transport delay time exceeds 10-15 minutes. Based on these considerations, it is often necessary to abandon the location of the sensor of the control device after the reaction chamber, designed for more than ten minutes of water exposure. In this case, the sensor of the control device can be installed at the outlet of the mixer or somewhere along the path of water movement between the mixer and the reaction chamber (or settling tank) - where the neutralization reaction has taken place most completely. Under operating conditions, such a place can be easily found by testing samples taken sequentially along the path of movement of water mixed with the reagent. Where the pH value of the sample taken remains unchanged after thorough mixing, the value of the regulating parameter is measured.[...]

Reagents for neutralizing acidic wastewater are selected depending on the type of acids and their concentration. In addition, it is taken into account whether a precipitate is formed during the neutralization reaction. To neutralize mineral acids, any alkaline reagent is used, but most often the following: lime in the form of fluff or milk of lime, as well as calcium or magnesium carbonates in the form of a suspension.[...]

The method is based on the reaction of neutralization of salicylic acid with alkali. The end of the reaction is recorded by a potentiometer.[...]

The choice of reagent for neutralizing acidic wastewater depends on the type of acids and their concentration, as well as on the solubility of the salts formed as a result chemical reaction. To neutralize mineral acids, any alkaline reagent is used, but most often lime in the form of fluff or milk of lime and calcium or magnesium carbonates in the form of a suspension. These reagents are relatively cheap and widely available, but have a number of disadvantages: in this case, it is necessary to install averagers before the neutralization installation, it is difficult to regulate the dose of the reagent based on the pH of neutralized water, and the reagent management is complicated. The rate of reaction between the acid solution and the solid particles of the suspension is relatively low and depends on the particle size and the solubility of the compound formed as a result of the neutralization reaction. Therefore, the final active reaction in the liquid phase is not established immediately, but after some time (10-15 minutes). The above applies to wastewater containing strong acids (H2504, H2503), the calcium salts of which are sparingly soluble in water.[...]

To control the neutralization reaction, you need to know how much acid or alkali should be added to the solution to obtain the required pH value. To solve this problem, a method of empirical estimation of stoichiometric coefficients can be used, which is carried out using titration.[...]

As we can see, the famous annihilation reaction e+ +e = 2b can be considered, logically and reasonably, as a neutralization reaction - a conclusion, in my opinion, is not only interesting, but also elegant.[...]

To complete the neutralization reaction and flocculation of the suspension, wastewater flowing through the tank is mixed with compressed air (for the purpose of oxidizing Fe2+ to Fe3+) or mechanically. An appropriate amount of flocculating agents is added to the flocculator (or neutralizing tank), which promotes the formation of dense agglomerates from an easily sedimentable suspension. The flocculator should be three to six times larger than the neutralizer tank.[...]

From the neutralization reactions presented above, it can be calculated that under stoichiometric conditions, the consumption of CaO per 1 g of the corresponding compounds will be as follows: H2SO4 - 0.56 g; FeS04 - 0.37 g; NS1-0.77 g; FeCl2 - 0.44 g; HN03 - 0.44 g; Fe(N03h - 0.31 g; H3PO4 -0.86 g [...]

It is important to emphasize that the reactions of neutralization of OH-, formed during the dissolution of carbonates and silicates, involve not only carbonic acid, but also organic acids (especially fulvic and humic), which are agents of intense decomposition of rocks. Strong dissociation of many organic acids leads to an increase in H concentrations in water. The dissociation constants of such common compounds in nature as fulvic and humic acids approach u-10-3-“10"5. This means that they can reduce the pH of real groundwater up to 3 or less. In connection with this, such organic acids intensively decompose silicates with the destruction of their crystal lattice. The degree of such decomposition is greater, the lower the mineralization of groundwater and the more acidic it is.[...]

Example 6. Calculate the duration of the reaction for neutralizing acidic solutions with a lime suspension if the reaction is carried out in a periodic ideal displacement reactor (RIS-P).[...]

The simplest purification system based on a neutralization reaction can be imagined in the form of crushed limestone, onto which an acid solution was poured, and the sediment was collected in a settling tank.[...]

Analysis of concentration fluctuations and the mechanism of neutralization reactions of acidic iron-containing wastewater served as the basis for choosing parameters for regulating this process. It became obvious that regulating the supply of neutralizing reagent based on pH alone is not enough. A second parameter is needed that could respond to the presence of iron sulfate in water and influence the supply of the reagent in accordance with its current concentrations. [...]

In order to ensure1 completeness and acceleration of the reaction of neutralization and precipitation of heavy metal salts in the reaction chambers, wastewater is continuously mixed with propeller or paddle mixers with vertical axis rotation. The rotation speed of the mixer is taken to be at least 40 min-1; at a rotation speed of 150 min-1, the duration of contact of wastewater containing heavy metal ions can be reduced to 15 minutes [...]

Processes of chemical capture of impurities are used to neutralize the most large-scale environmental pollutants: nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, halogens, etc. Since the specific reactions of neutralization of each of these substances are individual, it is more convenient to consider the available purification methods in relation to the listed main gas pollutants.[ .. .]

As we can see, everything turns out very strictly and logically: in both cases, the neutralization reaction is reduced to the combination of lyonium and lyate ions; in both reactions, a salt, potassium chloride, is obtained as a neutralization product.[...]

When alkalizing oil, you can not take into account the consumption of reagents for hydrogen sulfide, since hydrogen chloride reacts first as a stronger acid. [...]

The reactor can be considered as an isolated system (heat loss in environment insignificant), and the neutralization processes occurring in it are spontaneous and irreversible. About 2.5 Mcal/h will be released in the reactor as a result of neutralization reactions, which obviously corresponds to an increase in free energy active substances waste when generated at industrial enterprises.[ ...]

A favorite criticism of the solvosystem theory was that it cannot describe acid-base reactions not in “its own solvent.” [...]

To prevent corrosion of sewage treatment plants, disruption of biochemical processes in biological oxidizers and water sources, as well as precipitation of heavy metal salts from wastewater, acidic and alkaline waters are neutralized. The most typical neutralization reaction is the reaction between hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, resulting in the formation of slightly dissociated water; H++Obg = H20. As a result of the reaction, the concentration of each of these ions becomes the same (about 107), i.e. the active reaction of the aquatic environment approaches pH = 7.[...]

The main reason for the formation of sediments is the interaction of wastewater with reservoir water, when the solution environment changes in the direction of approaching the pH of reservoir water, i.e., to equilibrium reservoir conditions, usually close to neutral. Neutralization is accompanied by hydrolysis of waste water components. In some cases, due to contact with acidic and alkaline environments, partial dissolution of the rocks composing the formation may occur, followed by practically uncontrolled secondary formation of sediments as a result of neutralization reactions. In addition, one of the reasons for the formation of precipitation may be the introduction of wastewater components reacting with the components of formation water, resulting in the formation of sediments even without changing the solution environment.[...]

The electrodes used for titration of acids and bases are indicators of the concentration of hydrogen ions. We will consider two types of electrodes: antimony and glass, which, in our opinion, can be successfully used in sanitary-chemical analysis for the neutralization reaction and determination of the pH of solutions.[...]

It is impossible, however, to agree that all the nitric acid released by nitrifying bacteria during the oxidation of nitrous acid in the soil will be neutralized only through the decomposition of phosphate rock. Even in non-carbonate soils, the soil solution contains calcium bicarbonate, which will primarily participate in the neutralization reaction (as the most mobile) of nitric acid. In addition, in any soil there is a significant amount of exchange-absorbed calcium, which is easily displaced into solution by hydrogen ions of nitric acid with the formation of calcium nitrate.[...]

In laminated paper with sizing with hydrophobic adhesive, intra-fiber diffusion, as experiments show, can occur approximately 1000 times faster than through capillaries, into which hydrophobic particles of the sizing agent prevent the penetration of water. Adding an alkali solution to water facilitates the diffusion of moisture into the thickness of the paper sheet, since alkali promotes the swelling of the fibers and, consequently, the penetration of moisture into the fibers. In addition, the alkali enters into a neutralization reaction with the free resin of rosin glue, as a result of which conditions are created that promote interfiber penetration of moisture. That is why adding an alkaline solution to water also promotes the capillary rise of moisture in strips of paper vertically suspended above the surface of the moisture and touching this surface. [...]

With this method of producing mixtures, they are produced in granular form, which ensures good dispersion and facilitates local application when sowing and planting plants (in rows, holes, furrows). These fertilizers are called complex-mixed fertilizers. To prepare them, take weighed amounts of simple or complex powdered fertilizers (simple or double superphosphate, ammophos or diammophos, ammonium nitrate or urea and potassium chloride) in the desired proportion and mix them thoroughly in a special drum-granulator. At the same time, ammonia is added to neutralize the free phosphoric acid of superphosphate. The neutralization reaction proceeds with the release of heat and warming up the mixture, which contributes to its drying. If ammophos or diammophos is not added to the mixture, then it is enriched with liquid phosphoric acid. Thanks to the rotation of the drum, granules are formed from the mixed powdered fertilizers. They are cooled, sifted and treated with water-repellent substances (to prevent dampness). Ready mixtures are packaged in 5-layer paper bags or polyethylene bags. To produce fertilizer mixtures according to this principle, 12 large factories with process automation are being built in the USSR.[...]

However, noting that the electron in basic solvents is “in a free state,” we made some inaccuracy. Of course, such a tiny particle has an electrostatic field of extremely high intensity, and therefore it will attract polar solvent molecules to itself, that is, it will be solvated. A solvated electron is also known in aqueous solutions, where it is formed, for example, by irradiation of water and aqueous solutions sources of radioactive radiation. But if a solvated electron exists in water for a very short time (there are always enough H30+ ions “at its service” in water for a neutralization reaction to occur: H30+ + £-> Y2H2 ■+ ' + H20), then in strongly basic solvents the solvated electron is very stable . Thus, sodium solutions in liquid ammonia are stored without any changes in physical and chemical properties for several months.[...]

Sulfuric acid from the factory storage facility enters a tank, from where it is supplied by a submersible pump to a pressure tank and then to a drum reactor. In accordance with GOST, the content of free sulfuric acid and insoluble residue in aluminum sulfate is limited. Fulfillment of these requirements in a continuous process is possible with automatic dosing of reagents - a suspension of aluminum hydroxide and sulfuric acid. Centrifugal pump continuously feeds the suspension into the circulation ring, in the upper part of which there is a sampling box. From the selection box, part of the suspension enters a continuous drum reactor, and the excess is drained into a repulpator. Due to the heat of dilution of sulfuric acid and the reaction of neutralization of aluminum hydroxide with acid, the temperature in the reactor is maintained within the range of 95-115 °C. The residence time of the reaction mass in the reactor is 25-40 minutes. The density of the reaction mass is 1500 kg/m3. The productivity of the apparatus is 10,000 kg/h at a drum rotation speed of 0.18 s-1. Upon exiting the reactor, a concentrated solution of aluminum sulfate with 13.5% AlO3 enters the spray nozzles of the fluidized bed granulator.