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Types of ships: names with photos. Marine terms (types of ships and vessels)

What will you name the boat...

People who are not entirely versed in maritime affairs tend to call every more or less large floating craft they see a ship. But real sea wolves will only grin after listening to such explanations. So what is a ship and what types of ships are there? The most capacious term that covers the full range of watercraft is “ship”. Even pedal boats are boats. Any structure that has a waterproof body and moves based on the water surface (including underwater) belongs to this category. The concept of “aircraft” is also known. This term applies to devices designed to conquer the air.

The concept of "ship" if we're talking about about a watercraft, has a narrower meaning and is used to designate, as a rule, military and large sea vessels. In the era of the sailing fleet, this was the name given to three-masted combat units with straight sails. Modern Russian language fully allows for the use of the concept “ship” in relation to civilian vessels for various purposes, despite the widespread view among military sailors that this vehicle is exclusively a transport carrying a naval flag. At the same time, the phrase “warship” is also correct and is also used as a legal concept.

By what criteria are maritime transport classified?

Civil vessels are usually classified according to their purpose. There are transport, fishing, service and auxiliary and technical fleet vessels. Transport ships, in turn, are cargo, passenger, cargo-passenger and special. They make up the bulk of the fleet. There are many types of ships engaged in cargo transportation. These are bulk carriers (designed for bulk cargo), container ships, lighter carriers (carrying floating container barges), refrigerated and trailer ships, and timber carriers. Freight also includes liquid types of sea transport: tankers and gas carriers. If a ship is capable of carrying more than twelve passengers, then it is classified as a passenger ship. At the same time, a cargo-passenger vehicle is one in which more than 40% of the area is allocated to cargo. Passenger ships serve regular lines, including transoceanic ones. Another class of such ships is intended for tourist cruises. There are also boats for local communications. Special maritime transport includes ferries (including railway ferries), transport tugs and pusher tugs. Thus, we can conclude that there are a huge number of varieties and classifications of ships, all that remains is to find out more about them.

The first sailboats

The most ancient images sailing ships date back to the third millennium BC. The place of their appearance is the Nile Valley and the coast of the Persian Gulf. The ancient Egyptians built boats from papyrus and equipped them with sails. On them they could not only move along the Nile, but also go to sea. Their expeditions along the northeastern coast of Africa are known.

The Phoenicians deservedly won the palm among ancient navigators. They created new types of ships. Such means had oars and a rectangular sail. They built not only merchant boats, but also warships. They are credited with the development of galleys and the invention of the ram. There is an opinion that the Phoenicians were the first to circumnavigate all of Africa.

The Greeks adopted the art of shipbuilding from the Phoenicians. They were able to master the Mediterranean and Black Sea, pass Gibraltar and reach the British Isles. They created biremes and triremes - galleys with two- and three-tier rows of oars. These were the first types of warships.

The main propulsion of ships remained oars, but with the development and improvement of sailing equipment, the role of the wind also increased. Sea trade routes to India and the Far East were established, and the time required for sea crossings was reduced.

Northern sailors

Somewhat later, the Vikings conquered the seas. They created best views sailing ships of his time. Drakkars gained the greatest fame - combat sea craft, distinguished by high speed, reliability and lightness. They were adapted for entering rivers and mooring to gentle banks. If necessary, northern warriors carried them in their arms. Shields were fixed along the sides, and the oars were passed into special hatches, which protected the rowers during the battle. For trade and transportation of settlers, the Vikings built knorrs - wider and slower ships compared to longships. Knorrs had a deeper draft and could accommodate up to 40 people. The sailing rig allowed sailing at an angle of 60 degrees to the wind. The masts were removable.

The Vikings could stay away from the coast for a long time, guided by the sun and night luminaries. They used observations of the habits of sea animals and birds, took into account sea currents, ebbs and flows. On their boats they reached Iceland, Greenland and North America. They paved the way from the Varangians to the Greeks and felt confident in the Mediterranean.

Age of great discoveries

The fifteenth century was marked by great sea voyages and discoveries. This became possible thanks to the creation of new, more advanced types of sea ships capable of crossing oceans. It was then that they learned to build three-masted ships. The method of forming the ship's hull has changed - the boards were not laid out side by side, but close to one another. The name of the type of plating became the reason for the name of a new type of transport - caravels. The largest cargo ships at that time were three-masted Portuguese carracks, which had two decks. The hull of the ships had a rounded shape - the ratio of length to width ranged from 2:1 to 2.5:1. This made it possible to improve seaworthiness and increase the safety of long sea voyages. The main military types of water transport were still rowing galleys wearing sails.

Renaissance ships

The main features of the sailing fleet, which survived until the mid-19th century, were outlined in the sixteenth century. It was during this period that European states formed regular naval fleets. Shipbuilders have mastered new types of ships with large displacement. Sailing rig included different types sails - traditional rectangular and oblique. Special naval cannons were created, which began to be placed in several tiers, clearing the upper deck of them.

The main types of ships of the 16th century were military galleys and galleasses, military transport galleons, caravels and carracks, transport aaks and fluytes.

The main types of sailing warships were frigates, corvettes and sloops. Frigates, which had the task of capturing water spaces, subsequently became the most common. What distinguished them from battleships was the presence of one gun deck. Corvettes became a separate branch of their development - faster units with smaller cannon armament. Sloops carried out patrol service, reconnaissance and the fight against pirates. They were also assigned transport and expeditionary tasks. They were not used to fight other military water transport.

Schooners were widely used in the merchant marine. Their distinctive feature was the presence of at least two masts with oblique sails. Large cargo transportation was carried out on barges. For especially important people, they began to build yachts - fast, comfortable vessels. They transformed into modern types of ships. The photo above shows one of the elite yachts of those times.

In the filibuster's far blue sea...

The history of the sailing fleet is inextricably linked with piracy. Of course, no one built any pirate ships on purpose. Gentlemen of fortune adapted different types of ships for the needs of sea robbery - whatever was at their disposal. A mutinous crew could seize the ship. Occasionally this happened with the participation of the captain himself. But most often, pirates made seizures at sea. After this, the ships, as a rule, were redesigned. The restructuring consisted primarily of adapting the deck for the installation of powerful artillery and expanding the space for accommodating the boarding crew. To do this, all stern and bow superstructures were removed from the vehicle, and elements of decoration were cut off. Additional guns were installed as the ship moved forward and backward. The rigging was changed in order to give the vessel greater speed. Apparently, the pirates did not lack the necessary materials - they also obtained them by robbery.

The most common types of pirate ships were brigantines, schooners and sloops. Large craft were rare in the pirate fleet. The corsairs did not disdain small feluccas, longboats and pinnaces.

In addition to combat ships, pirates used transport ships. As a rule, these were captured Dutch flutes, as well as their British counterparts, flyboats.

Modern military means

Modern types of warships, in terms of missions and weapons, are quite diverse. The list of them is impressive.

The basis of the power of a modern fleet is aircraft carriers and cruisers (including submarines). They are needed to gain strategic superiority at sea, strike enemy territory, and solve a wide range of military tasks. Destroyers (destroyers) operate as part of strike aircraft-carrying groups, can independently destroy surface and underwater enemy ships, provide anti-missile and air defense, support the landing. Large and small anti-submarine ships are used specifically to combat submarines and protect their formations. Missiles are designed to inflict surprise missile strikes at long distances from targets. Mine defense is provided by mine-sweeping types. Patrol service is carried out by patrol boats. And landing ships are used for transportation and landing of troops. In addition, a modern fleet is unthinkable without reconnaissance and control vessels.

Space maps loaded into tablets...

Even in ancient times, our ancestors dreamed of flying. The tale of the flying ship determined the name aircraft, who was destined to conquer the sky. The concepts of “spaceship” and “skyship” were used by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky to designate devices capable of making a manned flight in space. If we talk about the types of spacecraft, then first we need to refer to the concept of “spacecraft”. It is understood as a device that is designed to perform various tasks in space, as well as on the surface of celestial bodies. This category includes artificial Earth satellites, interplanetary stations, and planetary rovers. A spacecraft that is designed to transport cargo or people into space is called a spacecraft. Its main difference is the sealed compartments or compartments that support life support.

Types of spacecraft are classified according to the type of cargo delivered, control method, possibility of return and reusability. They are cargo, automatic and manned. Manned ships contain descent vehicles. There are also reusable cargo and manned ships. Among the most famous are Vostok, Soyuz, Apollo, Shenzhou, and Space Shuttle.

Conclusion

We got acquainted with only some of the most famous types of ships. The list can be continued for a very long time. And it is unlikely to be exhaustive. Because the flight of human imagination is limitless, and the challenges that life poses encourage designers and engineers to find new solutions. Who knows what ships will be like in just a hundred years. and what new spaces they will have to conquer... One can only guess about this at present. The main thing is to know what types of ships there are now. And we told you about this.

Bomber ship

Sailing 2-, 3-masted ship of the late 17th century - early XIX V. with increased hull strength, armed with smooth-bore guns. They first appeared in France in 1681, in Russia - during the construction of the Azov Fleet. Bomber ships were armed with 2-18 guns large caliber(mortars or unicorns) to fight against coastal fortifications and 8-12 small-caliber guns. They were part of the navies of all countries. They existed in the Russian fleet until 1828

Brig

A military 2-masted ship with a square rig, designed for cruising, reconnaissance and messenger services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns, crew up to 120 people. It had good seaworthiness and maneuverability. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. brigs were part of all the world's fleets

Brigantine

2-masted sailing ship of the 17th - 19th centuries. with a straight sail on the front mast (foresail) and an oblique sail on the rear mast (mainsail). Used in European navies for reconnaissance and messenger services. On the upper deck there were 6- 8 small caliber guns

Galion

Sailing ship of the 15th - 17th centuries, predecessor of the sailing ship of the line. It had fore and main masts with straight sails and a mizzen with oblique sails. Displacement is about 1550 tons. Military galleons had up to 100 guns and up to 500 soldiers on board

Caravel

A high-sided, single-deck, 3-, 4-mast vessel with high superstructures at the bow and stern, with a displacement of 200-400 tons. It had good seaworthiness and was widely used by Italian, Spanish and Portuguese sailors in the 13th - 17th centuries. Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama made their famous voyages on caravels

Karakka

Sailing 3-mast ship XIV - XVII centuries. with a displacement of up to 2 thousand tons. Armament: 30-40 guns. It could accommodate up to 1200 people. Cannon ports were used for the first time on the karakka and guns were placed in closed batteries

Clipper

A 3-masted sailing (or sail-steam with a propeller) ship of the 19th century, used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services. Displacement up to 1500 tons, speed up to 15 knots (28 km/h), armament up to 24 guns, crew up to 200 people

Corvette

A ship of the sailing fleet of the 18th - mid-19th centuries, intended for reconnaissance, messenger service, and sometimes for cruising operations. In the first half of the 18th century. 2-masted and then 3-masted vessel with square rig, displacement 400-600 tons, with open (20-32 guns) or closed (14-24 guns) batteries

Battleship

A large, usually 3-deck (3 gun decks), three-masted ship with square rigging, designed for artillery combat with the same ships in the wake (battle line). Displacement up to 5 thousand tons. Armament: 80-130 smoothbore guns along the sides. Battleships were widely used in wars of the second half of the 17th - first half of the 19th centuries. The introduction of steam engines and propellers, rifled artillery and armor led in the 60s. XIX century to the complete replacement of sailing battleships with battleships

Flutes

A 3-mast sailing ship from the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries, used in the navy as a transport. Armed with 4-6 cannons. It had sides that were tucked inward above the waterline. A steering wheel was used for the first time on a flute. In Russia, flutes have been part of the Baltic Fleet since the 17th century.

Sailing frigate

A 3-masted ship, second in terms of armament power (up to 60 guns) and displacement after a battleship, but superior to it in speed. Intended mainly for operations on sea communications

Sloop

Three-masted ship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. with straight sails on the forward masts and a slanting sail on the aft mast. Displacement 300-900 tons, artillery weapons 16-32 guns. It was used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services, as well as a transport and expedition vessel. In Russia, the sloop was often used for circumnavigation of the world (O.E. Kotzebue, F.F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, etc.)

Shnyava

A small sailing ship, common in the 17th - 18th centuries. in the Scandinavian countries and in Russia. Shnyavs had 2 masts with straight sails and a bowsprit. They were armed with 12-18 small-caliber cannons and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service as part of the skerry fleet of Peter I. Shnyava length 25-30 m, width 6-8 m, displacement about 150 tons, crew up to 80 people.

Schooner

A sea sailing vessel with a displacement of 100-800 tons, having 2 or more masts, is armed mainly with oblique sails. Schooners were used in sailing fleets as messenger ships. The schooners of the Russian fleet were armed with up to 16 guns.

The sailing fleet is one of the founders of the modern navy. Around 3000 BC, rowing ships already had primitive sails, with which people used the power of the wind. The first sailing rig was a rectangular piece of cloth or animal skin tied to the yard of a short mast. Such a “sail” was used only in favorable winds and served as an auxiliary propulsion device for the vessel. However, with the development of society, the fleet also improved.

During the feudal system, rowing ships appeared large sizes with two masts and several sails, and the sails have already taken on more advanced forms. However, ships with sails did not receive much use in that period, since the development of the fleet in a slave-owning society was determined by the use of slave labor and the ships of that time still remained rowing. With the fall of feudalism, free labor gradually disappeared. The operation of large ships with a large number of oars became unacceptable. In addition, with the development of international maritime trade, the sailing areas of ships have also changed - sea voyages have become longer. There was a need for vessels of a new design capable of making long sea voyages. Such ships were sailing ships - naves, which had a length of up to 40 m and a carrying capacity of up to 500 tons of cargo. Later, three-masted sailing ships - carracks - appeared in Portugal, with straight sails on the first two masts and triangular lateen sails on the third mast. Subsequently, both types of ships merged into one type of more advanced sailing vessel, which served as a prototype for ships and frigates.

At the end of the 16th century, sailing ships - galleons - began to be built in Spain. These had a long bowsprit and four masts. The bow mast of the galleon carried two or three straight sails, and the stern mast carried oblique lateen sails.

At the end of the 18th century, in connection with new geographical discoveries and the subsequent growth of trade, the sailing fleet began to improve. began to build depending on their purpose. New types of cargo sailing ships have appeared that are suitable for long-distance travel. The most common among them were barques, brigs, and later two-masted schooners. With the continuous development of shipping at the end of the 18th century, the design and armament of sailing ships improved significantly. During this period, a unified classification of sailing ships and ships was established. Warships, depending on the number of guns and type of weapons, will be divided into battleships, frigates, corvettes and sloops. Depending on the sailing equipment, merchant ships were divided into ships, barques, brigs, schooners, brigantines and barquentines.

Currently, it is customary to classify them according to their sailing equipment. Depending on the type of sails, all sailing ships are divided into ships with direct sails, ships with oblique sails sailing equipment and vessels with mixed sailing equipment.

square-rigged ships

The first group of classification of sailing ships includes ships whose main sails are straight. In turn, this group, based on the number of masts armed with straight sails, is divided into the following types:

a) five-masted ship (five masts, with straight sails);

b) four-masted ship (four masts with straight sails)

ship (three masts with straight sails)

a) a five-masted barque (four masts with straight sails, one at the stern with slanting sails);

b) four-masted barque (three masts with straight sails, one with oblique sails)

a) barque (two masts with straight sails, one with oblique sails);

b) brig (two masts with straight sails)

ships with oblique sails

To the second group sailing ship classifications include vessels whose main sails are oblique sails. The predominant type of ships in this group are schooners, divided into gaff, topsail and Bermuda-rigged schooners. The main sails of gaff schooners are trysails. Topsail schooners, unlike gaff schooners, have topsails and topsails on the foremast, and sometimes on the mainmast.

b) two-masted topsail schooner (masts with forward sails and several upper square sails on the foremast) ;

V) three-masted topsail schooner - Jekas (all masts with oblique sails and several upper straight sails on the foremast);

On a Bermuda-rigged schooner, the main sails are triangular shape, the luff of which is attached along the mast, and the lower one - to the boom.

Bermuda-rigged schooner

In addition to schooners, this group includes small seagoing single-masted vessels - tender and sloop, as well as two-masted vessels - ketch and iol. A tender is usually called a single-masted vessel with a horizontal retractable bowsprit.

Unlike a tender, a sloop has a short, permanently installed bowsprit. On the masts of both types of sailing ships, oblique sails (trisails and topsails) are installed.

a) tender (one mast with slanting sails);

b) sloop (one mast with slanting sails)

On ketch and lol type vessels, the forward mast is rigged in the same way as on a tender or sloop. The second mast, located closer to the stern, is small in size compared to the first, which is what distinguishes these ships from two-masted schooners.

a) ketch (two masts with slanting sails, and the mizzen - the mast is located in front of the helm);

b) iol (two masts with oblique sails, the smaller one - mizzen - is located behind the steering wheel)

mixed-rigged vessels

The third group of sailing ships uses straight and oblique sails as their main ones. Vessels in this group include:

a) brigantine (schooner-brig; one mast with straight sails and one with oblique sails);

b) barquentine (barque schooner; three- or more-masted vessels with straight sails on the front mast and slant sails on the rest)

a) bombard (one mast almost in the middle of the ship with straight sails and one shifted to the stern - with oblique sails);

b) caravel (three masts; the foremast with straight sails, the rest with lateen sails);

c) trabacollo (Italian: trabacollo; two masts with lugger, i.e., raked sails)

A ) shebek (three masts; fore and main masts with lateen sails, and a mizzen mast with slanting sails);

b) felucca (two masts inclined towards the bow, with lateen sails);

c) tartan (one mast with a large lateen sail)

a) bovo (Italian bovo; two masts: the front one with a lateen sail, the rear one with a gaff or lateen sail);

b) navicello (Italian navicello; two masts: the first is in the bow, strongly inclined forward, carries a trapezoidal sail,

attached to the mainmast; mainmast - with a lateen or other oblique sail);

c) balancella (Italian: biancella; one mast with a lateen sail)

cat (one mast with a gaff sail is strongly offset towards the bow)

lugger (three masts with raked sails, used in France for coastal navigation)

In addition to the listed sailing ships, there were also large seven-, five- and four-masted schooners, mostly of American origin, carrying only oblique sails.

In the middle of the 19th century, the sailing fleet reached its perfection. By improving designs and sailing weapons, shipbuilders created the most advanced type of ocean sailing ship -. This class was distinguished by speed and good seaworthiness.

clipper

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The 17th century was a rich period in the history of shipbuilding. Ships have become faster, more maneuverable, and more stable. Engineers learned to design the best examples of sailing ships. The development of artillery made it possible to equip battleships with reliable, accurate guns. The need for military action determined progress in shipbuilding.

The most powerful ship at the beginning of the century

The beginning of the 17th century marks the dawn of the era of battleships. The first three-decker was the British HMS Prince Royal, which left the Woolwich shipyard in 1610. The British shipbuilders took the prototype from the Danish flagship, and subsequently rebuilt and improved it several times.

Four masts were installed on the ship, two each for straight and lateen sails. The three-deck, originally 55-gun, ship in its final version in 1641 became 70-gun, then changed its name to Resolution, returned the name, and in 1663 already had 93 guns in its equipment.

Displacement about 1200 tons;
Length (keel) 115 feet;
Beam (midship) 43 feet;
Interior depth 18 feet;
3 full artillery decks.

As a result of battles with the Dutch, the ship was captured by the enemy in 1666, and when they tried to recapture it, it was burned and scuttled.

The most powerful ship at the end of the century

The French Soleil Royal was built by shipbuilders at the Brest shipyard 3 times. The first 1669 three-masted with 104 guns, created as an equal opponent to the British "Royal Sovereign", died in 1692. And in the same year, a new battleship was already built, armed with 112 guns and had:

Guns 28 x 36-pounders, 30 x 18-pounders (on the middeck), 28 x 12-pounders (on the front deck);
Displacement 2200 tons;
Length 55 meters (keel);
Width 15 m (midship frame);
Draft (interior) 7 m;
A team of 830 people.

The third was built after the death of the previous one, as a worthy heir to the glorious traditions associated with this name.

New types of ships of the 17th century

The evolution of past centuries has shifted the emphasis of shipbuilding from the need to simply move safely across the seas, from the merchant ships of the Venetians, Hanseatics, Flemings and, traditionally, the Portuguese and Spaniards to overcome significant distances, to asserting the importance of dominance at sea and, as a result, defending their interests through military means actions.

Initially, merchant ships began to be militarized to counteract pirates, and by the 17th century, a class of only warships was finally formed, and a separation of the merchant and military fleets took place.

The shipbuilders and, of course, the Dutch provinces succeeded in building the navy. The galleon, the basis of the power of the squadrons of Spain and England, originated from the Portuguese shipbuilders.

17th century galleon

Shipbuilders in Portugal and Spain, who played a significant role until recently, continued to improve traditional ship designs.

In Portugal at the beginning of the century, 2 types of ships appeared with new hull proportions in the ratio of length to width - 4 to 1. These are a 3-masted pinnace (similar to a flute) and a military galleon.

On galleons, guns began to be installed above and below the main deck, highlighting battery decks in the design of the ship, port-cells for guns were opened on board only for combat, and were battened down to avoid flooding with waves of water, which, given the solid mass of the ship, would inevitably flood it; warheads were hidden in holds below the waterline. The displacement of the largest Spanish galleons of the early 17th century was about 1000 tons.

The Dutch galleon had three or four masts, up to 120 feet long, up to 30 feet wide, 12 feet low. draft and up to 30 guns. For ships with such a proportion of long hulls, speed was added by the number and area of sails, and additionally by foils and underlisels. This made it possible to cut the wave steeper into the wind compared to rounded hulls.

Linear multi-deck sailing ships formed the backbone of the squadrons of Holland, Britain, and Spain. Three- and four-deck ships were the flagships of squadrons and determined military superiority and advantage in battle.

And if battleships constituted the main combat power, then frigates began to be built as the fastest ships, equipped with a small number of guns of one closed firing battery. To increase speed, the sail area was increased and the curb weight was reduced.

The English ship Sovereign of the Seas became the first classic example of a battleship. Built in 1637, armed with 100 guns.

Another classic example was the British frigate - reconnaissance and escort of merchant ships.

Actually, these 2 types of ships became an innovative line in shipbuilding and gradually replaced the European galleons, galliots, flutes, and pinnaces, which were obsolete by the middle of the century, from shipyards.

New technologies of the navy

The Dutch for a long time maintained the dual purpose of the ship during construction; shipbuilding for trade was their priority. Therefore, regarding warships, they were clearly inferior to England. In the middle of the century, the Netherlands built the 53-gun ship Brederode, similar to the Sovereign of the Seas, its flagship of the fleet. Design parameters:

Displacement 1520 tons;
Proportions (132 x 32) ft.;
Draft - 13 ft.;
Two artillery decks.

Flutes "Schwarzer Rabe"

At the end of the 16th century, the Netherlands began to build flutes. Due to the new design, the Dutch flute had excellent seaworthiness and had:

Shallow draft;
Fast sailing rig that allowed steep sailing to the wind;
High speed;
Large capacity;
A new design with a length-to-width ratio starting from four-to-one;
Was cost effective;
And the crew is about 60 people.

That is, in fact, a military transport ship to transport cargo, and on the high seas to repel an enemy attack, and to quickly break away.

Flutes were built at the beginning of the 17th century:

About 40 meters long;
About 6 or 7 m wide;
Draft 3÷4 m;
Load capacity 350÷400 tons;
And a weaponry of 10÷20 guns.

For a century, flutes dominated all seas and played a significant role in wars. They were the first to use a steering wheel.

From the sailing running equipment, topmasts appeared on them, the yards were shortened, the length of the mast became longer than the ship, and the sails became narrower, more convenient to control, and small in size. Sails of the main, foresails, topsails, topsails on the main and foremasts. On the bowsprit there is a rectangular blind sail, a bomb blind. On the mizzen mast there is a slanting sail and a straight cruisel. A smaller upper crew was required to operate the sailing rig.

17th century warship designs

The gradual modernization of artillery pieces began to allow their successful use on board a ship. The important characteristics in the new battle tactics were:

Convenient, quick reloading during the battle;
Conducting continuous fire with intervals for reloading;
Conducting targeted fire over long distances;
An increase in the number of crew, which made it possible to fire during boarding conditions.

Since the 16th century, separation tactics continued to develop combat purposes as part of a squadron: some of the ships retreated to the flanks to conduct long-range artillery fire on a concentration of large enemy ships, and the light vanguard rushed to board the damaged ships.

British naval forces used these tactics during the Anglo-Spanish War.

The wake column during the review in 1849

Ships are classified according to the purpose of their use. Rowing galleys are being replaced by sailing cannon ships, and the main emphasis is transferred from boarding to destructive gunfire.

The use of heavy large-caliber weapons was difficult. Increased number of artillery crews, significant weight of the gun and charges, destructive recoil force for the ship, which is why it was impossible to fire salvos simultaneously. The emphasis was on 32...42-pound guns with a barrel diameter of no more than 17 cm. For this reason, several medium guns were preferable to a pair of large ones.

The most difficult thing is the accuracy of the shot in conditions of pitching and recoil inertia from neighboring guns. Therefore, the artillery crew needed a clear sequence of salvos with minimal intervals, and the training of the entire crew of the team.

Strength and maneuverability have become very important: it is necessary to keep the enemy strictly on board, not allow them to go to the rear, and be able to quickly turn the ship around on the other side in case of serious damage. The length of the ship's keel was no more than 80 meters and, in order to accommodate more guns, they began to build the upper decks; a battery of guns was placed on each deck along the side.

The coherence and skill of the ship's crew were determined by the speed of maneuvers. The highest manifestation of skill was considered to be the speed with which a ship, having fired a salvo from one side, managed to turn its narrow bow into the oncoming salvo of the enemy, and then, turning on the opposite side, fired a new salvo. Such maneuvers made it possible to receive less damage and inflict significant and rapid damage to the enemy.

Worth mentioning are the numerous military rowing vessels used throughout the 17th century. The proportions were approximately 40 by 5 meters. Displacement is about 200 tons, draft is 1.5 meters. A mast and lateen sail were installed on the galleys. For a typical galley with a crew of 200 people, 140 oarsmen were placed in groups of three on 25 banks on each side, each with his own oar. The oar bulwarks were protected from bullets and crossbows. Guns were installed at the stern and bow. The purpose of the galley attack is boarding combat. Cannons and throwing weapons began the attack, and when they approached, boarding began. It is clear that such attacks were designed for heavily loaded merchant ships.

The most powerful army at sea in the 17th century

If at the beginning of the century the fleet of the winner of the Great Spanish Armada was considered the strongest, then later the combat effectiveness of the British fleet fell catastrophically. And failures in battles with the Spaniards and the shameful capture of 27 English ships by Moroccan pirates finally diminished the prestige of British power.

At this time, the Dutch fleet takes a leading position. This is the only reason why its rapidly growing neighbor encouraged Britain to build up its fleet in a new way. By the middle of the century, the flotilla consisted of up to 40 warships, six of which were 100-gun. And after the Revolution it increased combat power at sea until the Restoration. After a period of calm, towards the end of the century Britain was again asserting its power at sea.

From the beginning of the 17th century, the flotillas of European countries began to be equipped with battleships, the number of which determined their combat strength. The first 3-deck linear ship is considered to be the 55-gun ship HMS Prince Royal of 1610. The next 3-deck HMS “Sovereign of the Seas” acquired the parameters of the production prototype:

Proportions 127 x 46 feet;
Draft - 20 feet;
Displacement 1520 tons;
The total number of guns is 126 on 3 artillery decks.

Placement of guns: 30 on the lower deck, 30 on the middle deck, 26 with a smaller caliber on the upper deck, 14 under the forecastle, 12 under the poop. In addition, the superstructures have many embrasures for the guns of the remaining crew on board.

After three wars between England and Holland, they united in an alliance against France. By 1697, the Anglo-Dutch alliance was able to destroy 1,300 French naval units. And at the beginning of the next century, led by Britain, the alliance achieved an advantage. And blackmail naval force England, which became Great Britain, began to determine the outcome of the battles.

Naval tactics

Previous naval wars were characterized by disorderly tactics, there were skirmishes between ship captains, and there were no schemes or unified command.

Since 1618, the British Admiralty introduced ranking of its warships

Ships Royal, 40...55 guns.
Great Royals, about 40 guns.
Middle Ships. 30...40 guns.
Small Ships, including frigates, less than 30 guns.

The British developed linear combat tactics. According to its rules were followed

Peer-to-peer formation in wake columns;
Building an equal-strength and equal-speed column without breaks;
Unified command.

What should ensure success in battle.

The tactics of equal-rank formation excluded the presence of weak links in the column; the flagships led the vanguard, the center, the command and brought up the rear. A unified command was subordinate to the admiral, and a clear system for transmitting commands and signals between ships appeared.

Naval battles and wars

Battle of Dover 1659

The first battle of the fleets a month before the start of the 1st Anglo-Dutch War, which formally gave it its beginning. Tromp with a squadron of 40 ships set off to escort and protect Dutch transport ships from English corsairs. Being in English waters close to a squadron of 12 ships under command. Admiral Burn, the Dutch flagships did not want to salute the English flag. When Blake approached with a squadron of 15 ships, the British attacked the Dutch. Tromp covered a caravan of merchant ships, did not dare to get involved in a long battle, and lost the battlefield.

Battle of Plymouth 1652

Took place in the First Anglo-Dutch War. de Ruyter took command of the Zeeland squadron of 31 troops. ship and 6 fire ships in defense of the trade caravan convoy. He was opposed by 38 soldiers. ships and 5 fire ships of the British forces.

When the Dutch met, they divided the squadron; some of the English ships began to pursue them, breaking the formation and losing the advantage in firepower. The Dutch, using their favorite tactic of shooting at masts and rigging, disabled some of the enemy ships. As a result, the British had to retreat and go to the ports for repairs, and the caravan safely left for Calais.

Battles of Newport 1652 and 1653

If in the battle of 1652 Ruyter and de Witt, having united 2 squadrons of 64 ships into a single one - the vanguard of Ruyter and the center of de Witt - the squadron, gave an equal battle to Black's 68 ships. Then in 1653, the squadron of Tromp, who had 98 ships and 6 fire ships against the 100 ships and 5 fire ships of the English admirals Monk and Dean, was significantly destroyed when trying to attack the main forces of the British. Ruyter, rushing into the wind as a vanguard, attacked the English. the vanguard of Admiral Lauzon, he was energetically supported by Tromp; but Admiral Dean managed to come to the rescue. And then the wind subsided, an artillery exchange began until darkness, when the Dutch, having discovered a lack of shells, were forced to quickly leave for their ports. The battle showed the superiority of the equipment and weapons of the English ships.

Battle of Portland 1653

Battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War. Convoy under command. Admiral M. Tromp of 80 ships was accompanied in the English Channel by a returning caravan of 250 merchant ships loaded with colonial goods. Having met with a fleet of 70 British ships under command. Admiral R. Blake, Tromp was forced into battle.

For two days of fighting, changing winds did not allow groups of ships to line up; The Dutch, pinned down by the defense of transport ships, suffered losses. And yet, at night, the Dutch were able to break through and leave, ultimately losing 9 military and 40 merchant ships, and the British 4 ships.

Battle of Texel 1673

Victory of de Ruyter with admirals Bankert and Tromp over the Anglo-French fleet at Texel in the third Anglo-Dutch war. This period was marked by the occupation of the Netherlands by French troops. The goal was to recapture the trade caravan. 92 ships and 30 fire ships of the Allies were opposed by a Dutch fleet of 75 ships and 30 fire ships.

Ruyter's vanguard managed to separate the French vanguard from the British squadron. The maneuver was a success and, due to the disunity of the allies, the French chose to keep the flotilla, and the Dutch managed to crush the British center in a brutal battle that lasted many hours. And as a result, having ousted the French, Bankert came to reinforce the Dutch center. The British were never able to land troops and suffered heavy losses in manpower.

These wars of advanced sea powers determined the importance of tactics, formations and firepower in the development of the navy and the art of warfare. Based on the experience of these wars, classes of division into ranks of ships were developed, the optimal configuration of a linear sailing ship and the number of weapons were tested. The tactics of combat between enemy ships was transformed into a combat formation of a wake column with coordinated artillery fire, quick formation and unified command. Boarding combat was becoming a thing of the past, and strength at sea influenced success on land.

17th century Spanish fleet

Spain continued to form its armadas with large galleons, the unsinkability and strength of which were proven by the results of the battles of the Invincible Armada with the British. The artillery the British had was unable to inflict damage on the Spaniards.

Therefore, Spanish shipbuilders continued to build galleons with an average displacement of 500 ÷ 1000 tons and a draft of 9 feet, creating an ocean-going ship - stable and reliable. Such ships were equipped with three or four masts and about 30 guns.

In the first third of the century, 18 galleons with up to 66 guns were launched. The number of large ships exceeded 60 against 20 large royal ships of England and 52 of France.

The features of durable, heavy ships are their high resistance to staying in the ocean and combating water elements. Installing straight sails in two tiers did not provide maneuverability and ease of control. At the same time, the lack of maneuverability was compensated by excellent survivability during storms in terms of strength parameters, and the versatility of galleons. They were used simultaneously for trade and military operations, which were often combined during an unexpected meeting with the enemy in the vast waters of the ocean.

The extraordinary capacity made it possible to equip ships with a decent number of weapons and take on board a large crew trained for combat. This made it possible to successfully carry out boarding - the main naval tactics of battles and capture of ships in the arsenal of the Spaniards.

17th century French fleet

In France, the first battleship "Crown" was launched in 1636. Then the rivalry with England and Holland at sea began.

Ship characteristics of a three-masted two-deck "" 1st rank:

Displacement more than 2100 tons;
Length on the upper deck is 54 meters, along the waterline 50 m, along the keel 39 m;
Width 14 m;
3 masts;
Mainmast 60 meters high;
Sides up to 10 m high;
The sail area is about 1000 m²;
600 sailors;
3 decks;
72 different-caliber guns (14x 36-pounders);
Oak body.

The construction required about 2 thousand dried trunks. The shape of the barrel was matched to the shape of the ship part by matching the bends of the fibers and the part, which gave special strength.

The ship is famous for eclipsing the Sovereign of the Seas, the British masterpiece Sovereign of the Seas (1634), and is now considered the most luxurious and beautiful ship of the sailing era.

Fleet of the United Netherlands Provinces of the 17th century

In the 17th century, the Netherlands fought endless wars with neighboring countries for independence. The maritime confrontation between the Netherlands and Britain had the character of internecine rivalry between neighbors. On the one hand, they were in a hurry to control the seas and oceans with the help of the fleet, on the other, to oust Spain and Portugal, while successfully carrying out robbery attacks on their ships, and on the third, they wanted to dominate as the two most militant rivals. At the same time, dependence on corporations - the owners of the ships, which financed shipbuilding, overshadowed the importance of victories in naval battles, which stopped the growth of the Dutch maritime industry.

The formation of the power of the Dutch fleet was facilitated by the liberation struggle with Spain, the weakening of its strength, and numerous victories of Dutch ships over the Spaniards during the Thirty Years' War by its end in 1648.

The Dutch fleet was the largest, numbering 20 thousand merchant ships, and a huge number of shipyards operated. Actually, this century was the Golden Age of the Netherlands. The Netherlands' struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire led to the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648). After the completion of the war of liberation of the Seventeen Provinces from the rule of the Spanish monarchy, there were three Anglo-Gol. wars, a successful invasion of England, and wars with France.

3 Anglo-Dutch wars at sea tried to determine a dominant position at sea. By the beginning of the first, the Dutch fleet had 75 warships along with frigates. The available warships of the United Provinces were scattered around the world. In case of war, warships could be chartered, or simply hired from other European states. The designs of the “pinnace” and “Flemish carrack” were easily upgraded from a merchant vessel to a military vessel in case of war. However, apart from Brederode and Grote Vergulde Fortuijn, the Dutch could not boast of their own warships. They won battles through courage and skill.

By the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665, van Wassenaar's squadron was able to assemble 107 ships, 9 frigates and 27 lower ships. Of these, 92 are armed with more than 30 guns. The number of crews is 21 thousand sailors, 4800 guns.

England could oppose 88 ships, 12 frigates and 24 inferior ships. A total of 4,500 guns, 22 thousand sailors.

In the most disastrous battle in the history of Holland, the Battle of Lowestoft, the Flemish flagship, the 76-gun Eendragt, was blown up along with van Wassenaar.

17th century British fleet

In the middle of the century, there were no more than 5 thousand merchant ships in Britain. But the navy was significant. By 1651, the Royal Navy squadron already had 21 battleships and 29 frigates, with 2 battleships and 50 frigates being completed on the way. If we add the number of free-hire and chartered ships, the fleet could reach up to 200 ships. The total number of guns and caliber were unrivaled.

Construction was carried out at the royal shipyards of Britain - Woolwich, Davenport, Chatham, Portsmouth, Deptford. A significant part of the ships came from private shipyards in Bristol, Liverpool, etc. Over the course of the century, growth gradually increased with the predominance of the regular fleet over the chartered one.

In England, the most powerful battleships were called Manovar, as the largest, with the number of guns exceeding a hundred.

To increase the multi-purpose composition of the British fleet in the middle of the century, more combat ships of smaller types were created: corvettes, bombards.

During the construction of frigates, the number of guns on two decks increased to 60.

In the first Battle of Dover with the Netherlands, the British fleet had:

60-push. James, 56-push. Andrew, 62-push. Triumph, 56-push. Andrew, 62-push. Triumph, 52-push. Victory, 52-push. Speaker, five 36-guns, including President, three 44-guns, including Garland, 52-guns. Fairfax and others.

What the Dutch fleet could counter:

54-push. Brederode, 35-push. Grote Vergulde Fortuijn, nine 34-guns, the rest of lower ranks.

Therefore, the reluctance of the Netherlands to engage in open water combat according to the rules of linear tactics becomes obvious.

Russian fleet of the 17th century

As such, the Russian fleet did not exist before Peter I, due to the lack of access to the seas. The very first Russian warship was the two-deck, three-masted "Eagle" built in 1669 on the Oka River. But it was built at the Voronezh shipyards in 1695 - 1696 from 23 rowing galleys, 2 sailing-rowing frigates and more than 1000 ships, barques, and plows.

Ship "Eagle" 1667

The parameters of the 36-gun frigates “Apostle Peter” and “Apostle Paul” are similar:

Length 34 meters;
Width 7.6 m;
15 pairs of oars to ensure maneuverability;
Flat-bottomed body;
The anti-boarding sides are curved inward at the top.

Russian masters and Peter himself in 1697 The frigate Peter and Paul was built in Holland.

The first ship to sail into the Black Sea was the Fortress. From the shipyard at the mouth of the Don in 1699:

Length - 38 meters;
Width - 7.5 m;
Crew - 106 sailors;
46 guns.

In 1700, the first Russian battleship “God's Predestination”, intended for the Azov flotilla, left the Voronezh shipyard, and it was rebuilt by Russian craftsmen and engineers. This three-masted ship, equal to IV rank, had:

Length 36 meters;
Width 9 m;
58 guns (26x 16-pounder guns, 24x 8-pounder guns, 8x 3-pounder guns);
A team of 250 sailors.

The main feature of the domestic classification of ships is its purpose. All civil vessels, depending on their purpose, are divided into transport, fishing, service and auxiliary vessels and technical fleet vessels.

TRANSPORT VESSELS

Transport vessels form the main core of the sea and river fleet. They are intended for the transportation of various cargoes and passengers and are divided into cargo, passenger, cargo-passenger and special transport vessels.

types of cargo ships

Cargo ships are divided into two main classes - dry cargo and liquid cargo, which, in turn, include ships various types and appointments.

TYPES OF DRY CARGO VESSELS

The class of dry cargo ships includes general purpose dry cargo ships and specialized ships for the transportation of certain cargoes.

DRY CARGO SHIPS general purpose vessels are designed for the transportation of general cargo and are the most common type of vessel.

Dry cargo ships () have spacious cargo holds, occupying the main part of the hull, and usually two decks (small ships have a single deck, large ships have two and three decks). The engine room, as a rule, with a diesel engine, is located in the stern or shifted forward to one or two cargo holds. Each hold has a cargo hatch (sometimes two), closed with metal closures with a mechanized drive. Cranes or booms with a lifting capacity of up to 10 tons are used as cargo vehicles; For heavy loads, cargo booms with a lifting capacity of 30 to 200 tons are used. Many modern dry cargo ships are equipped with one refrigerated hold for the transportation of perishable goods and a deep tank for the transportation of liquid edible oils. River dry cargo ships, regardless of their size, usually have only one cargo hold - for the convenience of loading and unloading operations.

TO FOR SPECIALIZED DRY CARGO VESSELS include refrigerated, container, trailer ships, ships for transporting bulk cargo, timber carriers, ships for transporting cars, livestock, etc.

REFRIGERATED VESSELS designed for transportation of perishable products (fish, meat, fruits). Their cargo holds have reliable thermal insulation and refrigeration units that keep the holds cool. Depending on the type of cargo transported, the temperature in the holds is maintained from +5 to -25° C.

Some refrigerators have powerful refrigeration units that not only maintain the set temperature, but also quickly freeze the cargo. Such vessels are called production and transport refrigerators. Vessels designed to transport fruit (banana carriers) have enhanced hold ventilation.

The carrying capacity of refrigerated vessels reaches 8000-12000 tons. The speed is slightly higher than that of general purpose dry cargo ships, since perishable goods require quick delivery to their destination.

CONTAINER SHIPS() are intended for the transportation of goods pre-packed in special heavy-duty containers, the weight of which with cargo is 10-20 tons. The carrying capacity of container ships ranges from 8,000 to 20,000 tons, and the speed is 30 knots.

Due to the fact that standard containers, rather than piece cargo of various sizes and weights, are placed in cargo holds, loading and unloading operations on container ships are performed 10 times faster than on conventional dry cargo ships.

Container ships are distinguished by a large deck opening above the cargo holds, which eliminates such a labor-intensive operation as horizontal movement of cargo in the hold. Rolling gantry cranes with a lifting capacity of 20-25 tons are usually used as cargo equipment on container ships (feeder container ships). On some container ships serving a permanent line, there is no loading device at all. In these cases, cargo operations are performed by terminal means - portal cranes.

A type of container ship is a vessel for transporting floating container barges called. Such barges with a carrying capacity of 250-300 tons are unloaded from the vessel directly onto the water, after which they are towed to the consignee’s pier. Due to the fact that container transportation, especially advantageous for mixed transport (railway - truck - ship), allows you to deliver cargo from the sender to the recipient with minimal costs when transshipping from one type of transport to another and at the same time ensuring good safety of the cargo. Container ships received in last years wide development and are the most promising type of dry cargo vessel.

TRAILER VESSELS are used for transporting goods located in so-called trailers (caravans). Cargo placed in wheeled trailers can be loaded (or unloaded) by rolling the trailers on or off the ship and back in a very short time - in a few hours instead of several days on a conventional bulk carrier. The carrying capacity of trailer ships ranges from 1000 to 10,000 tons, the speed is 20-26 knots. Like container ships, trailer ships have recently become widespread. Some new ships of this type are adapted to simultaneously transport trailers (in the holds) and containers (on the upper deck). Such vessels are called piggyback vessels.

BULK CARGO VESSELS designed for transportation of ore, ore concentrates, coal, mineral fertilizers, building materials, grain, etc. These cargoes make up about 70% of all dry cargo transported by sea, so the number of ships for transporting bulk cargo is growing rapidly and already accounts for more than 20% of the tonnage of the entire world sea transport fleet.

Bulk cargo ships () are divided into ore carriers, ships carrying the heaviest cargo, ships for light cargo and universal ones. Some of these ships may have a dual purpose, for example, transporting bulk cargo in one direction and cars in the other direction, or ore there and oil back (oil carriers).

Vessels of this type are single-deck, with the engine room and superstructure located at the stern. They differ from other dry cargo ships by their large carrying capacity of up to 150,000 tons and relatively low speed of about 14-16 knots.

Cargo holds, as a rule, have inclined walls in the lower and upper parts, ensuring self-distribution of the cargo (self-stowing) both in the longitudinal and transverse directions. The tanks located between these walls and the side are designed to receive ballast water, the amount of which is usually much larger than on general purpose dry cargo ships. Some ships have longitudinal bulkheads in their cargo holds, which reduce heel when cargo is shifted on board, and the second bottom has thickened flooring and reinforcements, allowing cargo operations to be carried out using a grab.

The vast majority of bulk cargo ships do not have cargo handling facilities and are loaded and unloaded by port facilities; the rest use either rotary or rolling gantry cranes. Some ships are equipped with conveyor belts that allow cargo to be automatically unloaded from the hold (self-unloading ships).

TIMBER TRUCKS designed for transportation of timber cargo - round timber and lumber. Timber carriers differ from general-purpose dry cargo vessels in their lower speed (13-15 knots), the presence - regardless of the size of the vessel - of only one deck and reinforced ice reinforcements, allowing them to enter the ports of the Polar Basin, from where timber is mainly exported.

The reinforced upper deck and hatch covers ensure the transportation of a significant amount of cargo (about a third) on the open deck. Timber carriers usually, even when fully loaded, take water ballast (about 10 percent of the load capacity) to ensure stability, so they have large-capacity ballast compartments.

There are also ballastless timber carriers, but when traveling without timber they experience gusty rolling, which is undesirable. Recently, timber has begun to be transported in packages. This method of transportation can more than halve parking for cargo operations. Timber package carriers have large hatches and high-performance loading devices (slewing or rolling gantry cranes, jib cranes).

TYPES OF TANKERS

The type of tankers is divided into: tankers for the transportation of crude oil and petroleum products (fuel oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, etc.), vessels for the transportation of liquefied gases (gas carriers), chemicals (acid, molten sulfur, etc.) - chemical tankers, as well as other liquid cargo (Aquarius, wine carriers, cement tankers).

TANKERS

Tankers are one of the most common types of transport vessels, accounting for about 40% of the world's transport fleet tonnage.

It is a single-deck vessel with the engine room and superstructure located aft. The cargo part of a tanker is divided by transverse and one, two or three longitudinal bulkheads into cargo compartments called cargo tanks. Some of the tanks are set aside for water ballast, which the tanker always takes on the return voyage.

The cargo part in the bow and stern is separated from adjacent rooms by narrow dry compartments, impervious to oil and gases, called cofferdams.

A pump room with cargo pumps is located forward of the engine room to unload the vessel from oil. For communication between the aft superstructure and the forecastle deck, on which the anchor-mooring device is located, a transition bridge is equipped. Some large tankers are built without a walkway; it is replaced with a walkway along the upper deck, and electrical lines, which are usually laid along the walkway, are in this case pulled in metal pipes.

Tankers that are particularly dangerous in terms of fire are equipped with reliable fire protection systems.

The carrying capacity of tankers varies widely from 1,000 tons for distribution tankers to 400,000 tons for giant supertankers, which are the world's largest vessels. The sizes of tankers depend on their carrying capacity. River tankers have a carrying capacity from 150 to 5000 tons and a speed of 10-20 km/h. The carrying capacity of river liquid barges reaches 12,000 tons.

GAS TRUCKS

Gas carriers are designed to transport liquefied natural and petroleum products, i.e. gases released during oil production - methane, propane, butane, ammonia. These gases, which are excellent fuels and valuable raw materials for the chemical industry, are transported in a liquefied state, refrigerated (in insulated tanks) or under pressure.

Unlike tankers, whose cargo tanks form elements of the hull structure, gas carriers have inset cargo tanks - cylindrical (vertical or horizontal), spherical or rectangular. Gas carriers designed to transport liquefied natural gas methane, which is transported in a refrigerated state (up to -161.5 ° C), have only rectangular tanks with reliable insulation.

To perform cargo operations, they are equipped with a cargo system consisting of pumps, compressors, pipelines and an intermediate tank. Since it is prohibited to take water ballast into cargo tanks, gas carriers are equipped with ballast tanks (in the double bottom or on the sides).

Transportation of liquefied gases is associated with increased explosiveness of the cargo. To avoid the formation of explosive gas-air mixtures, gas carriers are equipped with reliable ventilation for compressor compartments located in the bow, and alarms for the formation of dangerous gas concentrations. A carbon dioxide system is usually used to extinguish fires.

Currently, the class of combined vessels is rapidly developing, that is, vessels adapted to transport several certain genera cargo, which is very beneficial for oncoming sea transport, as it eliminates empty ballast runs. This class of cargo ships includes oil ore carriers, cotton carriers and the like.

types of passenger and cargo-passenger ships

The class of passenger ships includes ships designed to carry passengers. Sometimes passenger cabins are provided on regular cargo ships, but a ship is considered a passenger ship if it carries more than 12 passengers. If the cargo accepted on such a vessel is more than 40 percent of the total carrying capacity, then the vessel is called a cargo-passenger vessel.

According to their purpose, they are divided into vessels for servicing regular lines, vessels for tourist travel, vessels for mass transport of people and local communication vessels.

types of vessels for servicing regular passenger lines

These are passenger ships that travel between specified ports according to a specific schedule. Of particular interest here are transoceanic passenger liners, designed for 2000-3000 passengers with a displacement of up to 100,000 tons and a speed of 30 knots.

boats for tourist travel

Passenger ships for tourist travel (cruises), which have become especially widespread recently, have more moderate speeds (18-22 knots) and are large in size.

River passenger ships serving regular lines or used to accommodate up to 600 passengers on board and have a speed of about 27 km/h.

On modern ocean-going passenger ships, all passengers are provided with one-, two-, three-, four-berth cabins or penthouses with all amenities. For relaxation and entertainment of passengers there are lounges, game rooms, gyms, swimming pools, restaurants, cafes, themed clubs, etc.

A distinctive feature of large passenger ships is the presence of several decks and platforms in the hull, and a multi-tiered superstructure. Special attention is paid to ensuring navigation safety - life-saving equipment, fire-fighting measures, ensuring unsinkability. Almost all passenger ships are equipped with pitch stabilizers.

vessels for local services

Vessels for local communications include both small passenger ships and boats, and large vessels designed for 500-600 passengers. Currently, passenger hovercraft with a speed of up to 40 knots, designed for 600 passengers, as well as passenger hovercraft are widely used.

types of special transport vessels

The class of special transport vessels includes various ferries, transport vessels and pusher tugs.

SEA FERRIES There are railway, railway-automobile, automobile-passenger and passenger. They are used to transport railway cars, cars, as well as passengers on ferry crossings connecting overland road arteries. In addition, car-passenger ferries have become widespread for sea travel.

RAIL FERRIES have one cargo deck, and car ferries have one or two. But since cars are usually loaded onto the deck from the shore at the level of one of the decks, an elevator or inclined ramps are used to transfer them to another deck.

On railway ferries, entry to the cargo deck is carried out from the stern, on automobile ferries - from the stern, bow or side. Entrance openings (laptops) are closed with hinged covers. On some car ferries, part of the hull structure is folded down at the bow - the so-called folding bow. Passenger accommodations, including seating and sleeping places depending on the duration of the voyage, as well as lounges, bars, and restaurants on ferry ships are located in the superstructure. Ferries usually have two steering stations (in the bow and stern), stabilizers and thrusters to ensure good maneuverability when mooring.

The carrying capacity of modern ferries ranges from 200 to 60,000 tons. Average CAR AND PASSENGER FERRY accommodates about 200 cars and 1000 passengers, railway - up to 50 cars.

TRANSPORT TUGS AND PUSHERS serve as a propulsion vehicle for self-propelled and non-self-propelled vessels, mainly on inland waterways, where cargo is transported on barges, lighters, sectional trains, etc.

Unlike transport tugs pusher tugs carry out the movement of non-self-propelled vessels by pushing and towing.

types of vessels:

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