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Filmstrips we watched as children. Filmstrips – wonderful childhood memories

Not everyone knows what a filmstrip is in our time, which is not surprising at a time of rapid development. information technologies. The younger generation begins to become familiar with the world in which they live, immediately by watching programs and films on TV. Today it is easier to buy a DVD or download a movie from the Internet than to read a book.

A filmstrip is a positive photographic film, the frames of which are thematically related to each other and represent a consistent illustration.

A significant number of filmstrips, mainly in color, were produced for preschool, primary and secondary children school age. These are story tapes folk tales, by works fiction, films.

In addition to artistic filmstrips, films were produced that were used as visual aids for schools, universities and other educational institutions. In the early 1990s, household video recorders almost completely replaced filmstrips from everyday use.

Filmstrips were produced by the “Diafilm” studio founded in 1930, “Ukrkinokhronika”, and film studios in Tbilisi and Leningrad. The earliest filmstrip on our site dates back to the year.

Filmstrips were produced on positive film 35 mm wide. The number of frames in such a film was greater than on ordinary photographic films. As a rule, each filmstrip consisted of 38-56 frames. There are filmstrips in which the number of frames exceeds 100 pieces; these are usually two serial filmstrips on one film.

Creating a filmstrip is not an easy task, requiring the careful participation of people from the most different professions. The author, screenwriter, artist, editor, art editor, director, and cameraman work on the creation of a filmstrip. The screenwriter will write a script that takes into account the specifics of the genre and will break down the text frame by frame. Artist under supervision art editor will draw an image of each frame, and they will make sure that the drawing looks good not only on film, but also in projection. Filmstrips are also of particular value because they were drawn by professional artists. Back then they painted without computer processing, putting his soul into every stroke of his drawing. It is the artist’s work, his unique style and manner of drawing that enlivens the plot of the story, filling it with beautiful, recognizable and beloved images.
Some craftsmen manage to make their own, at home. homemade filmstrips by printing them on a sheet of transparent film.

Digitizing filmstrips is also a rather complex and painstaking process. There are two main ways to convert film strips into digital form: and. In the first case, any suitable scanner is used; both professional devices with automatic film feeders and inexpensive home scanners with slide adapters can be used here. For the second option you do not need a scanner. Enough to have digital camera and skillful hands.

Filmstrips are most often viewed using or, the image in which is enlarged and projected onto a special screen. Typically, a white sheet, wall or door is used to view filmstrips.

The film is loaded into a special holder, inserted into the slide projector and scrolled using a special handle.

Voice-over filmstrips were also produced, which, in addition to photographic film, included a gramophone record or magnetic tape with a recording of sound (narrator's text and music). When viewing soundtracked filmstrips, a gramophone record or magnetic tape was played simultaneously, and the transfer of frames had to be carried out after the sound signal.

Filmstrips have been extremely popular in our country for more than half a century. Since the fifties, the Diafilm studio has produced more than three hundred new filmstrips every year.

In addition to their entertainment function, filmstrips promote a child’s independent creativity much more than television or computer games, especially at an early age.

The dynamics of a modern cartoon or computer game sometimes do not leave the child time to comprehend what is happening on the screen. Leaves the role of a passive observer or “pusher” of computer buttons in order to complete the next level.

But watching a filmstrip with one of the parents increases personal communication. There is a wonderful and pleasant reason to spend more time together. Discuss what you saw the next day. The filmstrip stimulates the child to quickly learn to read on his own - mom or dad may be busy, but you really want to watch the fairy tale again!

When a child begins to learn to read, filmstrips will help them quickly get acquainted and fall in love with the world of literature. The filmstrip's fascinating illustrations help you better understand and comprehend both the text and the plot. In addition, the filmstrip stimulates and expands independent figurative and verbal creativity.

It is difficult to imagine our present life without televisions, DVD players, computers and other wonders of technology, but they will not be able to displace from your heart this pure childish joy from a colorful fairy tale drawn with a ray of light on a white sheet.

And even though so many years have passed, we invite you to try to relive those indescribable sensations. You will be surprised how easily these forgotten childhood feelings can take over you, returning you to a seemingly irretrievably gone past.

P.S. Dear friends! All filmstrips posted on the site were independently scanned by the authors of this project. A lot of time and effort was spent. After all, film digitization is not such a simple process. It takes at least an hour to convert one film with filmstrips into digital. Plus its further processing. Therefore, we kindly ask you not to copy entire films or individual frames onto your websites and blogs. To place filmstrips on your resources, use special HTML code.
Hope for your understanding.

Each of us has childhood memories in our hearts. Tired of the worries and bustle of today, already adult life, sometimes we lift the curtain of our souls and mentally return to carefree childhood everyday life. At such moments, when nostalgia for a long-gone childhood takes over, each person awakens his own, most cherished and vivid memories. Many of us who are now over 30 remember quiet and happy evenings of watching filmstrips. The whole family got together. The filmoscope projector hummed quietly, a magic screen lit up on a white sheet hung on the wall, and within a few seconds, the first frame appeared... Children's delight and the quiet whisper of a mother in the dark - this is what is forever etched in the memory of almost every child who grew up in THE USSR.

What is a filmstrip

What is a filmstrip? What's its story? The name of the word itself comes from the Greek “dia”, which means the transition from beginning to end, as well as from English word film - photo (cinema) film on a roll. A filmstrip is several dozen positive images (transparencies) that are combined into a short film. The filmstrip usually consisted of 20-60 frames.
Each frame is arranged in a certain order. The captions that accompanied each such image turned the film into an illustrated story. Each filmstrip featured reproductions of drawings created by the artists.

Filmstrip is, first of all, friendly communication. Watching a filmstrip is like reading picture books together. All frames were moved manually, so the filmstrip could be interrupted, discussed with friends or relatives about some plot, or come closer to get a better look.

History of filmstrips

Filmstrips were viewed using a filmoscope and overhead projector. “Magic lanterns,” as the very first devices were called, arose in the first half of the 16th century. One of the first in the union was the IZBACH unit, which was designed by P. Mershinov. In Moscow, in 1930, the Diafilm studio was created. This studio was engaged in the production and distribution of such films. First, the production of black and white films was launched, and then color filmstrips. In 1934, the very first children's filmstrips were produced. They carried out their work in the Diafilm studio, both as authors and consultants, famous writers: S. Mikhalkov, A. Tolstoy, K. Chukovsky, V. Bianki, L. Kassil, S. Marshak and others. Such famous artists as A. Brey, K. Rotov, E. Evgan, V. Suteev, V. Radlov and many others participated in the creation of filmstrips.

Already in 1950, the production of filmstrips became widespread. About 400-500 titles of filmstrips were produced by the Diafilm studio per year. The production of already dubbed filmstrips also began. For educational films, the text was released separately in the form of a booklet. The soundtrack was also recorded on gramophone records. Due to the fact that filmoscopes were relatively inexpensive (5 - 30 rubles), viewing filmstrips was common in many Soviet families. The price for the filmstrip itself without a phonogram was 20 - 30 kopecks for black and white and color versions, respectively.

Educational films, literary works and, of course, fairy tales were produced.

Any Soviet family, in which children grew up, could be like “Dunno on the Moon”, “The Adventures of Munchausen”, “The Brave Tailor”, “Uncle Styopa”, “Moidodyr”, “Pippi Longstocking”, “Malachite Box”, “Ryaba Hen”, “ Kolobok", "Thumbelina", " The Bremen Town Musicians", "Morozko", "The Scarlet Flower", "Teremok" and many other children's fairy tales.

In the 70s of the 20th century, more modern projectors appeared. They made it possible to watch both old filmstrips and modern professional and amateur films.
Now there are digitized filmstrips. They can be recorded on a portable storage medium or simply played back using a projector. Nowadays filmstrips can be watched online on special websites.

However, even new technologies will never be able to replace the miracle of the “magic lantern.” After all, the filmstrip is a world of fairy tales and magic. Turn off the lights in the room, point the beam of the projector at the wall and meet your favorite characters - all this means forgetting for a while about plasma panels, multi-channel modern acoustics and home theaters and simply plunging into your long-forgotten Soviet past... The Past , which someone now calls the word “retro”.

Indeed, 23 years have passed since the last Soviet filmoscope was produced. But no modern technology can dislodge from the heart the memories of childhood joy from a fairy tale, which was painted by a beam of bright light on a white sheet.

February 25th, 2014

Each of us carefully keeps childhood memories in our hearts. Joyful or sad, bright or full of bitterness, they serve as a bridge that connects us today, adults and respectable, with those little children we once were. Sometimes, feeling nostalgic for a bygone childhood, we pull out these memories from the depths of our memory in order to return, at least for a second, to that carefree time, free from our current problems and worries.

For many of us, such vivid memories can be the filmstrips we watched as children. Let's remember their story...

The quiet hum of a film projector and a bright beam that turns a white sheet on the wall into a magical screen on which color pictures replace each other... All this remains forever in the child’s memory. Do you remember your mood at that moment? Joy and impatience while the elders adjust the lens and load the film and filmstrip into the projector, your delight at the second when the first frame appears on the wall and the fairy tale begins...

Film-strip is a series of positive images (transparencies), united by a common theme into a short film, usually consisting of 20-50 frames. Filmstrip is related to comics, cartoons, book illustrations, but also differs from them. The name itself comes from the Greek δια, which in this context means “transition from beginning to end”; and English film - roll photo (cinema) film.

A slide film is based on a change of static frames (unlike cinematography). Its frame is closer to easel painting or graphics, which is why some artists classify filmstrip as fine art.

There is movement and expression in the frame of the filmstrip, as in any work visual arts. At the same time, the issue of transition from frame to frame, their coupling and combination, as well as the problem of matching the text with the image, is acute.

The word “strip” and the object it denotes are well known to all adults who grew up as Soviet children. The number of people who do not know what a “strip film” is is increasing every day. Explaining what a filmstrip is is not so easy. Because a filmstrip is not only a story told through text and images divided into frames. This is also a unique technique for presenting a story to the viewer, in which each frame is viewed separately.

Filmstrip is also a pastime organized by manually moving frames, reading captions out loud, and collectively looking at images projected on a screen in the dark.

In the second half of the twentieth century, filmstrips were widely used in the USSR, they were common in everyday life, in particular, numerous filmstrips were created - illustrated fairy tales, historical and literary works. Technical filmstrips were intended to organize the educational process.

Filmstrips are viewed using a filmoscope or overhead projector, projecting the image onto a screen, in the simplest case it was a white wall or a sheet.

Overhead projector FD-2

In countries Western Europe and in America, simultaneously with filmstrips, there were some types of home screen entertainment for children and adults, but only in our country the practice of viewing feature filmstrips was widespread. The popularization of artistic filmstrips was facilitated by the love of the audience and the support of the state.

But it began Soviet filmstrip, like the cartoon, by enthusiasts. Filmstrips were a new technological advance that allowed images to be viewed using inexpensive equipment.

Magic lantern

It is interesting to note that the filmstrip appeared much earlier than cinematography and even photography. The earliest devices, magic lanterns, the design principles of which did not differ significantly from slide projectors of the 20th century, date back to the first half of the 16th century.

By the end of the 19th century, filmstrip had already taken a strong place in people's lives. Transparencies were produced both on film and glass. Mass screenings were organized mainly for educational purposes, and less often for entertainment purposes. IN pre-revolutionary Russia there were filmstrips on natural science, geography, most of the “foggy pictures” were dedicated to the history of the Russian state (“25th anniversary of the reign of Emperor Alexander II”, “St. Cyril and Methodius”), there were also dramatizations literary works (« Ice house", "Masquerade"). The display of paintings was accompanied by reading aloud the brochure that accompanied each painting.

One of the first Soviet overhead projectors was a unit called “IZBACH”, designed by P. Mershin, an employee of the Main Political Education Department. The built-in dynamo and rheostat made it possible to use it where there was no electricity.

The technology for making filmstrips as an illustrative material has replaced the previous technology for using individual glass transparencies. Transparencies were not very convenient, since they were heavy (they were made on glass photographic plates), and a lot of space was needed to store them.

“It would be interesting to launch this projector,” says Anna Kotomina, senior lecturer at the Department of History and Theory of Culture at the Russian State University for the Humanities. – There’s such a rhythm here – we really miss this in modern world insane speeds, eternal information overload - such slow reading.”

Anna Kotomina, historian, teacher of multimedia technologies, studies filmstrip from a scientific point of view. She has collected a collection of more than 300 films, starting from the 30s. Her children enjoy watching magic films. Anna is sure: the filmstrip as a huge layer of visual culture has not died - it has simply faded into the background. Her opinion is shared by many professionals.

“The filmstrip was to some extent limitless,” notes director, teacher at the Department of Animation and Multimedia at VGIK Olga Gornostaeva. – As such an initial educator and teacher of the young viewer. The picture could be stopped, repeated, and one could learn to read the inscriptions. This, unfortunately, is a lost culture. This place has not yet been fully replaced by anyone or anything.”

The great-grandfather of the filmstrip is considered to be the magic lantern - Laterna magica, which appeared in Europe back in the 17th century. The light - first oil, then kerosene and electric - fell on the hand-painted glass and created the magic of a picture come to life.

WITH late XIX century, in addition to entertaining and charming, the filmstrip also had an educational function. With the support first of zemstvos, and later of Soviet agitprop, filmstrips covered literally all aspects of life: in an accessible form they introduced people to the classics of literature, taught the rules of personal hygiene, and behavior in dangerous situations.

At the end of the 20s, the production of filmstrips became widespread. In the early 30s, the Filmstrip studio appeared. Small projectors and cheaply available film penetrated every corner of the country. Millions of people spent cozy family evenings watching it - it’s hard to imagine a happy Soviet childhood without a filmstrip. By the way, in addition to fabulous, educational and propaganda tasks, he also had unexpected ones - strategic tasks.

“A huge number of filmstrips with secret content were produced,” says the last director of the Diafilm studio, Sergei Skripkin. – That is, let’s say, filmstrips that taught how to use weapons, some serious techniques for conducting searches. When producing such filmstrips, there was always a Red Army soldier with a weapon at the entrance and at the exit, where no one was allowed, and the artists worked right there, left their originals right there, took photographs there and took them away.

We are talking with the last director of Filmstrip, Sergei Skripkin, in the courtyard of the Lutheran Cathedral of Peter and Paul in Starosadsky Lane, where Soviet time the Studio was located. The last frame of almost every film contained the output and the final line - the end of the filmstrip. Skripkin jokes sadly: the phrase turned out to be prophetic. The end of the filmstrip began with the eviction of the Studio from the cathedral building.

“It happened so quickly and unexpectedly,” recalls Sergei Skripkin. “Everything began to collapse instantly, production stopped, and these already produced filmstrips were sent somewhere en masse. There were huge piles of original filmstrips, including sometimes simply brilliantly drawn ones, real masterpieces.”

During the sudden collapse of the studio, some of the unique equipment was fatally damaged, and some simply disappeared. Through the efforts of the staff, it was possible to preserve more than 20 thousand original sketches for filmstrips. After all, the best artists of their time worked on the filmstrip - the same ones who made Soviet animation and children's illustration famous - Avrutis, Repkin, Migunov, Shevchenko, Savchenko. Now these sketches are kept in the collections of the Cinema Museum.

“The oldest filmstrips that we have in our collection are “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” and “The Little Humpbacked Horse,” says Pavel Shvedov, an employee of the Cinema Museum.

In 1930, a studio was founded in Moscow "Film-strip", which first produced black and white and then color filmstrips. Filmstrips were considered as a means of propaganda; they were used for educational, school, lecture and propaganda work; they did not require complex equipment, and in terms of their effectiveness they were close to films.

In 1934, the first filmstrips for children were produced: “Baggage” and “Fire” (after S. Marshak), “The Roaring Girl” (after A. Barto) and a number of others. Later, filmstrips based on films appeared (“New Guliver” 1940, “Battleship Potemkin”, “The Cranes Are Flying”, etc.).

Many famous writers worked as authors and consultants in the “DIAFFILM” judge: A. Tolstoy, L. Kassil, K. Chukovsky, S. Marshak, S. Mikhalkov, V. Bianki and others. The following artists participated in the creation of filmstrips: E. Evgan, Kukryniksy, V. Suteev, K. Rotov, V. Radlov, A. Brey and others.

From the 60s - 70s. In the 20th century, with the advent of more advanced projectors, epidiascopes, filming and film projection devices for narrow films (16 mm and 8 mm), which made it possible to view both old filmstrips and color professional and amateur slides and films, the decline of the “era of filmstrips” began.

Now there are digitized filmstrips, which can be written to a flash drive or HDD and play back using a regular projector. Some filmstrips can even watch online on thematic sites (we will share links at the end of the publication).

But, perhaps, even new technologies are not able to completely replace the cozy miracle of the “magic lantern.” It cannot be otherwise, because the world of filmstrip is extraordinary world. Turning off the lights in the room, directing the projector beam at a white wall and meeting your favorite characters means temporarily forgetting about multi-channel acoustics, plasma panels and home theaters; it's like driving an expensive car to your old apartment and suddenly finding there a teddy bear that once was best friend childhood...

For many of us, such vivid memories can be the filmstrips we watched as children. Let's remember their story...

A slide film is based on a change of static frames (unlike cinematography). Its frame is closer to easel painting or graphics, which is why some artists classify filmstrip as fine art.

There is movement and expression in the frame of the filmstrip, as in any work of fine art. At the same time, the issue of transition from frame to frame, their coupling and combination, as well as the problem of matching the text with the image, is acute.

Filmstrip is also a pastime organized by manually moving frames, reading captions out loud, and collectively looking at images projected on a screen in the dark.

Filmstrips are viewed using a filmoscope or overhead projector, projecting the image onto a screen, in the simplest case it was a white wall or a sheet.

Overhead projector FD-2

In Western Europe and America, simultaneously with filmstrips, there were some types of home screen entertainment for children and adults, but only in our country the practice of viewing feature filmstrips was widespread. The popularization of artistic filmstrips was facilitated by the love of the audience and the support of the state.

But the Soviet filmstrip, like the cartoon, began with the help of enthusiasts. Filmstrips were a new technological advance that allowed images to be viewed using inexpensive equipment.

Magic lantern

By the end of the 19th century, filmstrip had already taken a strong place in people's lives. Transparencies were produced both on film and glass. Mass screenings were organized mainly for educational purposes, and less often for entertainment purposes. In pre-revolutionary Russia there were filmstrips on natural science and geography, most of the “foggy pictures” were dedicated to the history of the Russian state (“25th anniversary of the reign of Emperor Alexander II”, “St. Cyril and Methodius”), there were also dramatizations of literary works (“Ice House”, "Masquerade"). The display of paintings was accompanied by reading aloud the brochure that accompanied each painting.

“It would be interesting to launch this projector,” says Anna Kotomina, senior lecturer at the Department of History and Theory of Culture at the Russian State University for the Humanities. “There’s such a rhythm here - we really miss this in the modern world of insane speeds, eternal information overload - this kind of slow reading.”

“The filmstrip was to some extent limitless,” notes director, teacher at the Department of Animation and Multimedia at VGIK Olga Gornostaeva. - As such an initial educator and teacher of the young viewer. The picture could be stopped, repeated, and one could learn to read the inscriptions. This, unfortunately, is a lost culture. This place has not yet been fully replaced by anyone or anything.”

The great-grandfather of the filmstrip is considered to be the magic lantern - Laterna magica, which appeared in Europe back in the 17th century. Light - first oil, then kerosene and electric - fell on hand-painted glass and created the magic of a picture come to life.

Since the end of the 19th century, in addition to entertaining and charming, the filmstrip also had an educational function. With the support first of zemstvos, and later of Soviet agitprop, filmstrips covered literally all aspects of life: in an accessible form they introduced people to the classics of literature, taught the rules of personal hygiene, and behavior in dangerous situations.

“A huge number of filmstrips with secret content were produced,” says the last director of the Diafilm studio, Sergei Skripkin. - That is, let's say, filmstrips that taught how to use weapons, some serious techniques for conducting searches. When producing such filmstrips, there was always a Red Army soldier with a weapon at the entrance and at the exit, where no one was allowed, and the artists worked right there, left their originals right there, took photographs there and took them away.

We are talking with the last director of Filmstrip, Sergei Skripkin, in the courtyard of the Lutheran Cathedral of Peter and Paul in Starosadsky Lane, where the Studio was located in Soviet times. The last frame of almost every film contained the output and the final line - the end of the filmstrip. Skripkin jokes sadly: the phrase turned out to be prophetic. The end of the filmstrip began with the eviction of the Studio from the cathedral building.

“The oldest filmstrips that we have in our collection are “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” and “The Little Humpbacked Horse,” says Pavel Shvedov, an employee of the Cinema Museum.

Now there are digitized filmstrips, which can be recorded on a flash drive or hard drive and played back using a regular projector. Some filmstrips can even watch online on thematic sites (we will share links at the end of the publication).

In today's post, I would like to remember with you about filmoscope and filmstrips, about how we watched cartoons, fairy tales and different stories on the wall, hung with a white sheet, the so-called screen, and some of us fell asleep to the voice of our mother, who voiced these filmstrips, reading the titles under the slides. True, in a number of cases, the filmstrip was accompanied by sound on a gramophone record; the signal to change frames was given by a “squeak” recorded on the record. Frames, of course, were changed manually, using a roller pen.

Personally, I remember saying: “Mom, wait, I want black bread with sprat in it.” tomato sauce" What delicious bread and what sprat...

By the way, my favorite filmstrips are “The Three Little Pigs”, “Ludwig the Fourteenth”, “Krylov’s Fables”, “The Crocodile War”, “A Pot of Porridge”, etc. I will post them at the end of the article for free downloading.

The cost of children's filmstrips at that time was about 50 kopecks.

So what is a filmoscope?

Filmoscope- the name adopted in the USSR for optical instruments of different classes.

The device with which we viewed filmstrips with you is called - slide projector, although people called it a filmoscope.

Overhead projector (filmoscope, slide projector, frame projector) - a type of projection apparatus for displaying transparencies, filmstrips and other media on a transparent basis. It gained the greatest popularity in the 20th century.

Some filmoscopes (for example, “Chaika”, “FED-Mikron”, “Agat-18”) could accept individual frames of film for display, which were inserted into slide frames. Although it was much easier not to cut the film, but simply play it on a regular children's filmoscope.

In addition to filmstrips for children, there were sets of transparencies on certain topics on sale. Most often these were art, museums, history, geography.

Educational filmstrips and transparencies were widely used in schools, secondary special and higher education institutions. educational institutions. Sometimes, these educational filmstrips and transparencies were independently produced by amateur photography students (student scientific work at departments, student scientific society, electives). Such creativity was mutually beneficial: on the one hand, the university received an educational filmstrip at its disposal, on the other hand, the student could be given the opportunity to take an exam easier (by agreement with the department).

In organizations and enterprises, workers and employees were shown filmstrips on civil defense and occupational safety.

What else can we add? Let’s remember what kind of filmoscopes we had, and some of them may still have them.

Filmoscopes (overhead projectors) USSR

A very good slide projector, awarded with a quality mark. Produced in Kyiv. This slide projector model has a time relay, which is very convenient for changing frames if the display time of each slide is the same. Right time Slide demonstrations can be set between 7 and 45 seconds. The Alpha overhead projector also uses a KGM 24-150 lamp. The lens has a focal length of 80 mm and an aperture ratio of 1:2.8. There is a remote control with which you can control the feed of slides in forward and reverse directions, as well as subfocus the lens. The overhead projector does not have autofocus. The lifting device is also interestingly made. When you press a key, the spring-loaded front leg extends itself. Having selected the desired angle of inclination of the overhead projector, release the key and the overhead projector will remain in a stable position.

The Diana overhead projector replaced the Alpha. This device was produced in 1996. Unlike other overhead projectors, “Diana” has, in addition to an autofocus system and a time relay, a smooth adjustment of the light flux, which increases the service life of the lamps. The Diana overhead projector also uses a KGM 24-150 lamp, and the lens has a focal length of 80 mm and an aperture ratio of 1: 2.8. The overhead projector has three knobs - turning on the power and adjusting the light flux, a time relay and turning on autofocus. The overhead projector is equipped with a touch remote control with four control buttons. Has 2 adjustable legs at the front for greater stability.

Distinctive feature This model has a high-power 300 W film projection lamp and, as a result, forced cooling using a fan. Otherwise, the slide projector is very similar to the “Svet” model, but somewhat bigger size. Despite the size of the device, it is relatively light in weight, since it does not have a transformer. I think this is one of the best and very rare devices. Possessing a high luminous flux, low weight and dimensions, the DP slide projector combines simplicity and reliability with the functionality (forced cooling) of expensive devices.

"Zarnitsa" is one of the inexpensive filmoscopes. The model is made in a metal case, and is very reminiscent of the FD-2 filmoscope, as in appearance, and in terms of characteristics. Lens with plastic glasses. The device uses a 6 volt lamp with a power of 30 watts. There are no height-adjustable front legs. Its price was 8 rubles 50 kopecks.

The filmoscope is quite rare and advanced, although it is very similar to the FD-2 slide projector. The case has been slightly modified for better cooling, and because of this, the adapter for filmstrips has also undergone a change. The lens is exactly the same as that of the Zarnitsa and FD-2. The cost of the device was 12 rubles. Common disadvantages include the inability to demonstrate slides and the film being pulled under the bottom of the device, which contributes to additional wear on the filmstrip (the film gets scratched).

This model is also rare. Produced at PO “Zakarpatpribor”, Uzhgorod, Ukraine. The device combines the advantages of “Fairy Tales” - simplified charging, at the same time, the adapter can be removed and cleaned without disassembling the entire overhead projector, and also includes a special adapter for viewing slides. Film scroll handles on both sides, which is also more convenient. Adjusting the lamp also does not cause problems; the lens does not completely pull out (you can if you wish) and does not fall out like with the FD-2. But the lamp is standard, 6V 30W, which is almost impossible to get at present. Cost 10 rubles.

The “Kyiv 66” slide projector is intended only for displaying slides, but can display both regular transparencies and wide-film slides (medium format, film with a frame of 6x6 cm). The model has 2 lenses with different focal lengths and a replaceable condenser - one for each slide format. Standard halogen lamp KGM 24-250. The slides are changed manually using a reciprocating pusher movement. Magazines are used for narrow film, standard for 50 frames (such as “Peleng”), or special for wide film for 30 frames.

The Lektor-600 slide projector is designed for static projection of color and black-and-white filmstrips with a frame format of 50x50 mm.

The LETI slide projector is intended only for displaying filmstrips. Has remote control. Unlike other slide projectors, LETI has the most powerful luminous flux, a 500 W halogen lamp, due to which it is very bright, and it is not even necessary to darken the room to view filmstrips. In the LETI overhead projector the lens has a focal length of 91.7 mm and an aperture ratio of 1:2. The model has a leather case with a zipper. But the most important advantage of a slide projector, in my opinion, is its extremely careful handling of filmstrips. They do not scratch or fade (there is a heat filter), so the films will last a very long time.

An inexpensive filmoscope costs about 8 rubles. Manufacturer UPP-1 UTOG, Kharkov. The case is metal, small dimensions. The standard lamp used is A6 21. The focal length of the lens is 63 mm.

12. Overhead projector (filmoscope) - “Peleng 500”. Very good, but expensive devices (about 250 rubles). The Peleng 500 slide projector is designed for displaying color and black-and-white transparencies (slides), as well as filmstrips (using an attachment installed in the socket of the top cover). I should note that all these projectors are “sharpened” to display slides. Several modifications of projectors were produced in the Bearing 500 series. All modifications have a halogen lamp, 150 W, luminous flux 500 lm. Most have a remote control remote control(except Peleng 500K), but it is intended only for controlling the slide show. In addition, for these devices, cases with two slide magazines with 50 frames each were produced. Such projectors do not damage the film, because... have forced cooling. A kind of domestic HiFi.

— with the ability to view filmstrips, without autofocus. A very convenient set-top box for viewing filmstrips with protective glass, filmstrips do not deteriorate or fade. In my opinion, there is only one drawback: the focal length of the lens is 100 mm. It’s too big for a filmstrip, although it’s just right to watch the slides.

- a modern slide projector with automatic focusing, designed for demonstrating transparencies (slides) mounted in standard frames measuring 50x50 mm. A device that ensures that the image on the screen remains sharp (automatic focusing) makes servicing the overhead projector easier and easier. This was the flagship model of bearings, although it was not possible to demonstrate filmstrips on it.

Very rare and by far the best slide projector available. Only 3-4 thousand of these overhead projectors were produced. Comes with a wired one (very long) remote and 3 interchangeable lenses, with focal lengths of 78, 100 and 150mm. and aperture ratio 1:2.8. The lamp in the overhead projector is halogen, 250 W, the luminous flux reaches 700 lm. There is a timer (time relay) for automatically showing slides at a specified (up to 30 seconds) time interval. The Peleng-700 AF overhead projector has a switchable automatic focus. Plus, if you have slides with different frame sizes (like 18x24 and 24x36), then this is the only slide projector you need! Thanks to the interchangeable lenses, the size of the projected image can be easily adjusted to fit the frame size. The design of the slide projector “Peleng 700” does not provide for the demonstration of filmstrips.

15. Overhead projector (filmoscope) - “Peleng-800”. This model had a 250 W halogen lamp and a 1:1.8 coated lens, thanks to which the luminous flux reached 800 lm! This slide projector allows you to view slides, biological drugs in a frame, and, unlike its younger brothers, you can view filmstrips on it, and it can be controlled from the remote control. The filmstrip is shown smoothly, because the film is placed between the glasses and is illuminated using a lamp and a two-lens condenser. A special drive of the tape transport mechanism allows you to control the display of the filmstrip both manually and using the control panel (forward and reverse direction) or from a tape recorder (forward direction). This is a professional HiEnd class slide projector.

This model is a device high class. Designed to demonstrate slides both in automatic mode with different shutter speeds (display time), and using the remote control. It is also possible to work with sound from a tape recorder with automatic frame change. Cassette type “Svityaz” for 36 frames. By special order, the device is produced with a programming device in the form of a typing field on a cassette (for programming the display time of each slide). Lens focal length 75 mm. Light source projection lamp K 220-300-2 (300 W). The device was produced in the 1970s.

Another universal device with several modifications and configurations. The figure shows a modification with a transformer and a voltage switch on the lamp (K12-90) for 12V and 13V. In terms of completeness: it could show either slides or filmstrips or both. Two types of slide adapters were produced: for one slide (inconvenient) and for 2 slides (similar to “F75”). The main advantage is that they are the brightest devices without forced cooling. Lens 78 mm with relative aperture 2.8. Lamp 90 W. Luminous flux is about 100lm. (stated 140, I think this is at 13 volts). The general disadvantages of overhead projectors of the “Light” and “Screen” types include: 1 - significant heating due to the high power of the lamps. 2 - relatively inconvenient loading of the filmstrip into the cassette. However, the filmstrip in such a cassette is practically not scratched. 3 - extraneous lighting of the room.

This is a transformerless model. It uses a 220V 100W film projection lamp. More modern design, low weight and dimensions, high luminous flux of 100 lm and silent operation - these are the characteristic features of this model. In addition, a replaceable frame appears in the film strip cassette for a standard 24×36 frame, which allows you to view negatives, uncut slides, and even use the device as an enlarger to obtain large photos. At the same time, DF-3T overhead projectors were produced - with a transformer and a 12 V 90 W lamp. The price of the overhead projector was 30 rubles, complete with such a cassette and a single adapter for slides.

19. Overhead projector (filmoscope) - “Light DM-4”. This is also a transformerless model. It also uses a 220V 100W film projection lamp. DF-4T overhead projectors were produced similarly - with a transformer and a 12 V 90 W lamp. An improved projector model, but mostly only in the design area. It already cost 35 rubles. Indeed, the slide projector is pleasant to pick up, the body seems expensive, it opens easily and smoothly, the lens also looks more solid, but has the same specifications, as with previous models.

This model was produced in the same way as the Peleng in Belarus. The “Svityaz” model has a different design than the “Peleng” overhead projectors and is designed not for 50, but only for 36 frames (slides). Unlike the “Svityaz” model, “Svityaz-M” slide projectors have an adapter for demonstrating filmstrips. By the way, it is quite convenient; it does not require securing the beginning of the filmstrip under a spring, like the Peleng adapters. The filmstrip itself is wound into a special container with springs, which is then removed from the adapter to remove the filmstrip. Slides are shown manually using a pusher, while the cassette (diamagazine) moves automatically. There is a switch for moving the magazine back and forth. There is no remote control provided. The Svityaz overhead projector also uses a KGM 24-150 lamp. Focusing is accomplished by rotating the knob. The device cost 80 rubles.

The filmoscope “Fairy Tale” was produced in the city of Azov. A distinctive feature of this model is the absence of a removable adapter for filmstrips. In it, the film is loaded directly into the filmoscope. He is often praised on forums. Indeed, charging the filmoscope is very simple, as long as the film does not become warped. However, it is very difficult to adjust the lamp in this filmoscope, because The lens guides are removed along with the plastic housing. Its price was 14 rubles 50 kopecks.

This is also a transformerless filmoscope model. It also uses a 220V 100W film projection lamp. DF-4T overhead projectors were produced similarly - with a transformer and a 12 V 90 W lamp. An improved projector model, but mainly only in the design area. It already cost 35 rubles. Indeed, the slide projector is pleasant to hold in your hands, the body seems expensive, it opens easily and smoothly, the lens also looks more solid, but has the same technical characteristics as previous models.

The manufacturer of the model is NPO “Analitpribor”, Kiev. The body is metal, the dimensions are small. The A6 21 lamp is used as standard. The focal length of the lens is 62.4 mm. The cost of this filmoscope was 8 rubles.

The body is plastic, made in the shape of a cannon. A distinctive feature of the F-7 filmoscope is the absence of a removable adapter for filmstrips; the film is loaded directly into the filmoscope. The standard A6 21 lamp is used. The focal length of the lens is 62.4 mm. The cost of the device was 10 rubles. By the way, I had just such a filmoscope, green. My neighbor also had the same one, only in blue.

The case is plastic. A distinctive feature of the F-9 filmoscope is the absence of a removable adapter for filmstrips; the film is loaded directly into the filmoscope, as in the F-7 model. The standard lamp used is A6 21. The focal length of the lens is 65 mm. The cost of the device was 10 rubles.

This filmoscope was produced in Minsk. It worked from a 220 V network. People usually call this model “Tanchik” for its appearance. Easy to use. The case is metal, the dimensions are small, the price was low.

This model is made in a metal case, and was produced at the Zagorsk school instrument making plant. It has a very convenient loading of filmstrips - the adapter for filmstrips has guides before engaging with the rubber drive rollers. Lens focal length 77 mm, coated glass, aperture ratio 1:4.8. The A6 21 lamp is used as standard, but it is better to replace it with a K6-30-1, which is quite acceptable. Various modifications of this filmoscope were also produced: different in size (smaller model), without a switch in the front, and different in appearance of the case. The overhead projector cost only 10 rubles. 85 kopecks

This model was produced in Zagorsk (now Sergiev Posad). The main difference from all previous ones is its versatility. An overhead projector allows you to view both filmstrips and slides. In addition, the body of the device is metal and rigid. The workmanship is beyond praise, all parts fit well, the lens fits tightly in the frame. Filmstrips are shown smoothly, the filmstrip scrolling handle is double-sided, very comfortable and does not become loose. The slide adapter is designed for two slides: while demonstrating one frame, you have the opportunity to insert the next slide into it. Works great with cardboard slide frames. Its only disadvantage is that the film is pulled under the bottom of the device. Cost 13 rubles.

This filmoscope was produced in Zagorsk, at the School Instrument Manufacturing plant. It worked from a 120, 220 V network or from 6-8 V batteries. All parts and components of the filmoscope are mounted on a metal base. The lighting chamber with a hinged lid contains: a light source (6V car lamp) and a mirror reflector. The body contains a three-lens condenser and a “Periscope” type lens with focal length 77 mm. For ease of carrying and storage, the device is placed in an easily removable wooden case with a carrying handle. This model It is considered an antique and is worth quite a bit in good condition.

The FD-2 filmoscope, unlike many other models, has a nice design, a normal luminous flux for a well-darkened room and operates silently, therefore, it has gained universal respect. The main disadvantages are: the inability to demonstrate slides and the film being pulled under the bottom of the device, which contributes to additional wear and tear on the filmstrip. Cost 9 rubles. 50 kopecks

This model is a modified version of the FD-2 filmoscope. The body is no longer so angular, the cooling holes are round, and the lens is exactly the same. General disadvantages also include plastic objective lenses, which is typical for inexpensive filmoscopes of the FD-2, Zarnitsa, Znayka, etc. line. Its cost was 12 rubles.

34. Overhead projector (filmoscope) - “FD-3”. The model is similar to the previous “FD-2”, only it is made in a metal case.

A very compact, neat slide projector, similar to “Light”. It uses the same 220V 100W film projection lamp. However, the slide projector has a solid, non-folding body. Instead of legs, the angle of inclination is adjusted using the sole. At the bottom there is a place for winding up the electrical cord. The price was 25 rubles. By the way, “folding” models were also produced.

The three main blocks of the device - the projector, the screen-set-top box and the slide-top box interact with each other and with an additional device (film set-top box). This allows you to project filmstrips and slides both on the built-in translucent screen (25x25 cm) and on a regular reflective one. When working with a slide attachment, standard slide magazines for 50 frames are used. Two magazines are included. The slides are changed by a reciprocating movement of the pusher (manually). The Ekran-3 slide projector has forced cooling.

This model is designed for viewing filmstrips and slides on a built-in translucent or reflective screen. The attachment screen is a protective casing with a handle in which the projector is mounted for transportation and storage. The size of the built-in screen is 14x14 cm. The device has a power button on the body. The design of the overhead projector allows the film attachment to be rotated 90°, which is convenient when alternating horizontal and vertical frames on film. Standard spare lamps K220-100. One is included. The price of the overhead projector was as much as 65 rubles!

One of the cheapest filmoscopes produced. Its price was only 5 rubles. 70 kopecks To reduce the cost of the model, manufacturers designed it in a small, simple housing, and also left it without a mirror behind the bulb for directional light output. There are also no legs on the body. The lamp used was a 12V car lamp with a power of 15W.

The overhead projector “Etude” was produced by the Kharkov Machine-Building Plant named after. F.E. Dzerzhinsky. This model is very similar to the “Light”, it uses the same 220V 100W film projection lamp. However, it differs fundamentally from slide projectors “Svet” in the attachment for viewing filmstrips. It is more convenient and easier to load film into, although it was not included in the kit and had to be purchased separately, for 1 ruble. 40 kopecks In addition, there is a 3/8" tripod thread at the bottom of the overhead projector, which allows you to mount the overhead projector on a regular tripod. The model is very compact and neat. The price was 20 rubles.

Several filmstrips

— Fables of Grandfather Krylov (1986) — download ;
— Crocodile War (1985) — download ;
— Ludwig the fourteenth (1988) — download ;
— Moidodyr (1988) — download ;
— The Three Little Pigs (1988) — download .

Well, that's all for today. I hope each of you, dear reader, has found something to your liking.

See you soon on the pages of “Good IS!”!

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