Modern trends in world development. The modern world and its development trends What trends characterize the development of the modern world
1. The level of economic development remains the main indicator of the strength and influence of states in the world. This trend has deepened in recent decades thanks to the democratization of the world, the almost universal growth of the influence of the masses on the policies of states. And the first demand of the masses is welfare. The world's two leading powers, the United States and China, are banking on economic strengths. The United States - because of the impossibility of translating military power (even such a gigantic one as the American one) into comparable political influence (the past decade has convincingly proved this). China - because of the relative weakness of other factors of influence and in the spirit of the national culture, which basically does not imply forceful expansion and reliance on "hard power".
2. Economic competition can intensify and become an even more significant part of global competition due to the beginning of a change in the technological order: the development of the digital revolution, a new wave of robotization, almost revolutionary changes in medicine, education, and the energy sector.
3. The technological revolution is likely to exacerbate another cardinal trend - an unpredictable, ultra-rapid redistribution of forces and, for this reason, an increase in the potential for conflict in the world. This time, perhaps, due to a new shift in global GNP away from producers of energy carriers and raw materials, further displacement of mass professions from industries now in the developing world, and exacerbation of inequality within and between countries.
4. It is not known whether the technological revolution will lead to the resumption of sustainable economic growth. In the foreseeable future, we should expect it to slow down, probably, a new crisis of the still unstable international financial system, and economic shocks in the broadest sense.
5. The Old West will not remain the leader in development. But the explosive shift in influence in favor of the “new” that has been observed over the past 15 years is likely to slow down. And the competition will intensify - due to a general decline in rates and accumulated imbalances. New countries will become louder and louder in demanding for themselves a position in the world economic system that would correspond to the level of economic development they have achieved. The old are more desperate to defend their positions.
6. This slowdown, along with technological changes, the "greening" of the thinking of the majority of mankind, is leading to another cyclical drop in demand for traditional energy resources, many types of raw materials and metals. On the other hand, an increase in demand for food and other water-intensive goods is likely.
7. The process of rapid reformatting, if not destruction of the system of global economic regulation, created mainly by the West after the Second World War, began. Seeing that the existing model gives equal advantages to rising competitors, the old West began to retreat from it. The WTO is gradually receding into the shadows, giving way to bilateral and multilateral trade and economic agreements. The IMF-World Bank system is supplemented (and is beginning to be crowded out) by regional structures. A slow erosion of dollar dominance begins. Alternative payment systems are emerging. The almost widespread failure of the "Washington Consensus" policy (which Russia tried, and in part is still trying to follow) has undermined the moral legitimacy of the old rules and institutions.
8. Competition is transferred to the sphere of technical, environmental and other standards. In addition to the regional economic unions that have been created in the last decade, macroblocks are being built. The United States, with a group of countries focused on them, is launching the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). China is working with ASEAN countries to create the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). At the same time, the United States, through the conclusion of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), is striving to consolidate Europe in its orbit, to prevent its rapprochement with the Eurasian space. Since the use of military force, especially in relations between large states, is extremely dangerous, sanctions and the use of other economic instruments without the legitimization of the UN Security Council are becoming a widespread instrument of foreign policy. The situation is reminiscent of past centuries, when blockades and embargoes were commonplace. And they often led to wars.
9. Interdependence, globalization, which until recently were considered predominantly good, are increasingly becoming a factor of vulnerability. Especially when the countries that have created the current system and retain their leading positions in it are ready to use them to extract momentary benefits or to maintain dominance - by extraterritorial application of domestic legislation, restrictive measures, creating obstacles to interdependence where it seems unprofitable to them. (For example, decades of efforts to prevent and then weaken the positive interdependence between the USSR / Russia and Europe in the field of gas trade and the counterflow of goods and services generated by it). The creators of the liberal world economic order are in many ways de facto already working against it. Which sharply raises the question of the relationship between the necessary openness to the world market and protection from it.
10. The community of developed countries will change its configuration. Sooner or later, regions and countries of the former developing world, primarily China, some ASEAN states, and India, will join it. Part of the formerly developed world will lag rapidly behind. Such a fate threatens the countries of southern and eastern Europe, including Russia, if it does not radically change its economic policy.
11. Major trends in economic and technological development exacerbate inequalities within and between countries. Even in relatively wealthy states, the middle class is stratifying and shrinking, and the number of those sliding down the social ladder is growing. This is a powerful source of exacerbation of tensions within countries and in the world, the rise of radical forces and a propensity for radical politics.
12. The catalyst for conflict in the modern and future world is structural destabilization (for many decades) and chaos in the Near and Middle East, parts of Africa and other nearby regions, the growth of Islamic extremism, terrorism, and mass migration.
13. One of the fundamental trends at the beginning of the 21st century was the West's reaction to a sharp weakening in the 2000s of its positions - military-political (due to Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya), economic (after the crisis of 2008-2009), moral and political - due to a decrease in the effectiveness of modern Western democracies as a method of government adequate to the modern world (Europe), its legitimacy in the eyes of its own population (the rise of the right and left), the inconsistency of the proclaimed ideals and values (Guantanamo, Assange, mass surveillance), due to split of elites (USA). Weakening is perceived especially painfully after what seemed to be a final and brilliant victory by the end of the twentieth century. The consequences of this blow have not been overcome, especially in the European Union, where the structural crisis is deepening.
This is an attempt at consolidation and even revenge in the face of the rising non-West. Associated with this are the ideas of the TPP and TTIP, the desire to deploy financial flows from developing countries back to the United States; This is one of the origins of the confrontation around Ukraine, the policy of sanctions, unprecedented since the early Cold War and often beyond the "foul" of political and informational pressure on Russia. It is seen as the “weak link” of the non-West. The position in the world is at stake, an attempt to reverse the process of strengthening new leaders, primarily China. If 10 years ago the focus of world politics was “managing the rise of new ones”, then, probably, in the coming years the slogan could be “managing the decline of the old ones”. And this is on top of all the other problems.
14. Among the factors determining the international agenda, the weight and influence of states, economic and scientific and technological ones continue to prevail. However, politics, including power politics, began to squeeze them out. There are many reasons. The key ones are the growth of instability and turbulence, the “re-nationalization” of international relations (the return of national states as the main players in world politics and economics instead of the predicted dominance of international institutions, TNCs or NPOs). The rise of Asia, the continent of nation states, also played a role. And states, especially new ones, act, as a rule, according to classical rules. They strive to ensure, above all, their security and sovereignty.
Without a doubt, transnational factors (global civil society, giant companies) are extremely influential. However, they influence the conditions in which states exist and operate, pose new challenges to them, but do not replace states (and in principle cannot) as a basic element of the international system. The return of the state to a central position in the world system is also facilitated by an increase in the number of unsolvable global problems, while the old institutions of international governance are unable to cope with them.
15. The rise in the importance of military power in international relations, as noted, is limited. On the upper, global level - between the great powers - direct power is almost inapplicable. The nuclear deterrent factor is at work. Changes in the mentality and values of the majority of humanity, information openness, fears of escalation of conflicts to the nuclear level hinder the massive use of military force "at the average level." And when this happens, it most often leads to political defeat (Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya). Although there are opposite examples - Russia in Chechnya and Georgia. While in Syria. Therefore, the use of force descends to lower levels - destabilization, provoking internal confrontations, civil wars and subregional conflicts and then settling them on conditions favorable to external forces.
16. Perhaps the role of military power will increase due to the long-term destabilization of the Near and Middle East, North and Equatorial Africa. In any case - due to the increased dynamics and unpredictability of international relations, super-fast and multidirectional changes in the balance of power in the world, between regions and within them.
17. This trend is also facilitated by the erosion of previously not always effective international law, especially in the 1990s and 2000s: the illegitimate recognition by the West of the breakaway republics of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s; the bombing at the end of the decade of what is left of Yugoslavia and the rejection of Kosovo; aggression against Iraq, Libya. Russia was mainly committed to the legitimist tradition in foreign policy, but at times responded in the same spirit - in the Transcaucasus, in Ukraine. It is unclear whether a return to the "game by the rules", to the 7th "concert of nations" is possible, or the world is plunging into the chaos of the Westphalian system (or even the pre-Westphalian period), but already at the global level.
18. Military force, coupled with responsible and skillful diplomacy, is becoming the most important factor in maintaining international peace, preventing the escalation of the accumulated structural economic and political contradictions into a global war. The responsibility, role and influence of countries (including Russia) that are able to prevent a slide into such a war and the escalation of conflicts are growing. This is all the more important because for 7-8 years the world has, in fact, been in a pre-war state - because of the accumulated contradictions and imbalances that are not balanced by adequate policies and capable institutions.
As the memory of the terrible twentieth century fades, the fear of a big war weakens. Some of the world's elites even feel a latent desire for it, they see no other way to resolve the overlapping contradictions. The situation in Asia is alarming. Conflict is growing, and experience in preventing collisions and security institutions is lacking. It is very likely that the "security vacuum" around China creates a demand for creative, responsible and constructive Russian diplomacy.
19. In the world of traditional politics, such a rapid redistribution of economic, political forces, moral influence would almost inevitably trigger a series of large-scale wars or even a new world war. But so far they are being prevented by the main structural factor that has been determining the development of the world for seventy years - the presence of nuclear weapons, especially the super-large arsenals of Russia and the United States. They not only prevented the degeneration of the Cold War into a world one. Were it not for the sobering role of the threat of nuclear Armageddon, the "old" world establishment would hardly agree with the explosive growth of the influence of the rising powers, primarily China and India. But the proliferation of nuclear weapons continues. And the level of trust, dialogue, and positive interaction in the military-strategic sphere is extremely low. Together, this increases the likelihood of a nuclear war. International strategic stability has become less stable.
20. In an unstable world that is increasingly less governed, a new understanding of the role of nuclear weapons is needed. Not only as unconditional evil (as the humanistic tradition interprets it), but also as a guarantor of peace and survival of mankind, providing conditions for the free development of states and peoples. The world has seen what happens when tough nuclear deterrence is gone for several years due to Russia's weakness in the 1990s. NATO attacked defenseless Yugoslavia and bombed it for 78 days. Under invented pretexts, a war was unleashed against Iraq, which claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. At the same time, the task of preventing a nuclear catastrophe, which could end the history of mankind, or even a single or limited use of nuclear weapons, is increasingly urgent. The latter will weaken the function of nuclear weapons as a means of maintaining international stability and peace.
21. The primary task is to prevent another big war as a result of a mistake, escalation of tension, any conflict or provocation. The likelihood of provocations is growing. Especially in the Middle East.
22. In addition to the return of power politics, a rapid process of transforming economic relations into an instrument of mutual pressure has begun. Countries and their groups are increasingly resorting to exploiting increased economic interdependence and openness for national purposes. Before our very eyes, the economic sphere is ceasing to be liberal in the previous sense and is becoming a geopolitical weapon. First of all, this is the policy of sanctions, restrictions on access to finance, attempts to dictate technical, economic and sanitary standards, manipulation of payment systems, cross-border proliferation of national rules and laws. More often than others, the United States resorts to such measures, but not only them. The proliferation of such practices will further undermine the old globalization, requiring 8 renationalization or regionalization of many economic regimes. The competition is becoming “seamless” and total, the line between political goals and economic expediency is blurring. TNCs and NGOs are participating in this struggle. But, we repeat, at the forefront are states and their associations.
23. In place of the Cold War model (and most of it was not bipolar, but tripolarity, when the USSR had to confront both the West and China), and then a brief "unipolar moment", the world seems to be moving through multipolarity to a new (soft) bipolarity. With the help of the remaining military-political alliances, TPP, TTIP, the United States is striving to consolidate the old West around itself, to pull part of the newly developed countries. At the same time, prerequisites appeared for the formation of another center - Greater Eurasia. China can play the leading economic role there, but its superiority will be balanced by other powerful partners - Russia, India, Iran. Objectively, the center around which consolidation is possible could be the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
24. It is not yet clear what place Europe will occupy in the new configuration. It is unlikely that it will be able to play the role of an independent center. Perhaps there will be a struggle for it or has already begun.
25. If the current chaotic and unstable multipolarity is replaced by bipolarity, it is important to avoid a new hard split, especially the politico-military, the next round of structural military rivalry.
26. Rapid change with an open result, fraught with a slide into confrontation, requires a responsible and constructive, forward-looking policy of the great powers. Now it is a "triangle" - Russia, China, the United States. In the future, there are also India, Japan, possibly Germany, France, Brazil, South Africa, South Korea, Great Britain. So far, only Russia-China relations are approaching the needs of the new world in the "triangle". But they also lack strategic depth and global reach. Prospects for a new "concert of powers" for the 21st century are not yet visible. The G20 is useful but fails to fill the geostrategic vacuum; it seeks to regulate today's problems rather than work to anticipate future ones. The G7 is in many ways an organization from the past, and in any case, not a global institution, but a club of Western states, reflecting only their interests.
27. The information factor has an increasing influence on world politics. And because of technological changes leading to an explosive increase in the amount of information that falls on people, and because of the democratization of most countries. Under the influence of the information revolution, the psychology of the masses is changing towards a simplified picture of the world, a significant part of political leaders who are more inclined to react to the latest information stimuli. Informatization, ideologization of international, including foreign policy processes is also promoted by the policy of the West, which preserves its dominance in the world media and information networks. They are increasingly being used to promote unilaterally beneficial performances.
28. A new and relatively unexpected factor in world development is the re-ideologization of international relations. 10-15 years ago, it seemed to many that the world had come to a single ideology of liberal democracy. However, the decline in the development efficiency of the countries of the democratic world and the relative success of the states of authoritarian capitalism or illiberal democracies with strong leaders returned the question of who wins and whom to follow on the agenda. In the United States and among some Europeans, who are losing their world positions, defensive democratic messianism has intensified. It is opposed by the emerging ideology of the new conservatism (although not yet conceptually formalized), the rise of nationalism, the cult of sovereignty, and the model of leadership democracy.
29. With the partial departure of traditional values and religions, with the depletion of many natural and, above all, ecological resources, with the retreat of liberal democracy, a moral and ideological vacuum has formed and is deepening in the world. And for filling it out, a new stage of the ideological struggle unfolds, which is superimposed on all other shifts and exacerbates them.
30. Modernization, driven mainly by technological and informational factors, is exacerbating tensions within societies and between states everywhere. In the long term, this tension cannot be relieved by resorting to conservatism and traditional values alone. There is a question about the constant search for a system of values that unites tradition and aspiration for the future. Such an aspiration exists in Western societies, which are leading in the sphere of “greening” consciousness and economics.
31. Ideological and informational sphere is extremely mobile, changeable, plays an important role in everyday politics. But its influence is transient. This poses a dual task for all countries, including Russia: (1) to actively influence it and through it - the world and its own population; but also (2) not to become a hostage of information drafts and storms in real politics. It is real (not virtual) politics that still determines the influence of states, their ability to pursue their interests. So far, Moscow has succeeded in doing this on the whole.
32. In recent years, a number of positive trends have emerged that keep the hope that in the future world cooperation will prevail over competition. Trusting and friendly relations are being built between Russia and China. The same ties are emerging between Russia and India.
The problem of chemical weapons in Syria and Iran's nuclear program has been resolved. At the Paris Climate Summit, a potentially historic agreement was reached primarily due to the interaction of China and the United States, which previously obstructed such agreements. Finally, diplomatic shifts in the seemingly absolutely dead-end and hopeless Syrian conflict (a ceasefire, a political process, the reduction of the Russian contingent after a successful military operation) inspire cautious optimism.
Mankind at all times worried about the mysterious and unexplored flow of time, about the course of evolution of mankind, the world, the Universe. The state, country, civilization - all of them are subject to theories, concepts that determine the type, periodization, and which quite clearly predict the final - extinction or a new round in the development of society.
Currently, the concepts of social revolutions and reforms, as well as social progress, are distinguished.
When considering the issue of social revolutions and reforms, it is necessary to accept as an axiom that the truth is always concrete. Therefore, neither reform nor revolution can be absolutized. Both social revolution and social reform, although different, but interrelated aspects of social development. Both of these forms lose their meaning without each other. Both are known to history. We know great revolutions well, but there were also great, remarkable reforms. For example, the reforms of the ancient ruler Solon, the reforms carried out under the leadership of the American President Roosevelt, the reforms initiated at the beginning of the twentieth century by the Russian minister P.A. Stolypin, reforms implemented in the 1920s and 1930s by Turkish President Ataturk Eisenstadt S. Revolution and transformation in society. M., 1999. 36-37. ...
In a modern democratic state, where there is a civil society, great opportunities open up to prevent social conflicts, to resolve them in time, preventing the disintegration of society and social cataclysm. Revolutionary political, social explosions are most often the result of the inability of power structures, socio-political forces to carry out the urgent radical reforms, social transformations A.S. Akhiezer. Russia: Criticism of Historical Experience (Sociocultural Dynamics of Russia). T. 1, from the past to the future. Novosibirsk, 1997. 112-114 ..
As for the theory of social progress, the classical ideas about it regard it as a gradual movement of mankind to ever higher levels of civilization. Moreover, the movement is inevitable, continues despite all the twists and turns of history, deviations, accidents. The complete prosperity of society, the achievement of this state in all structures of society - this is the goal of the progressive movement Eisenstadt S. Revolution and transformation in society. M., 1999. 63-67 ..
The social sciences criticized the optimistic idea of the linear-progressive development of mankind, which underlies the paradigm of sociocultural progress. The twentieth century, with its unprecedented disasters - political, environmental, military, gave rise to doubts and disappointment in the theory of progress. The idea of a crisis that has gripped the minds of millions of people, which has become the leitmotif of public opinion, contributes to the consolidation of pessimistic forecasts of the future of humanity. If earlier the situation of the crisis was considered as a temporary phenomenon, now they speak and write about the crisis processes as the norm. Crises are "normalized", sociologists, political scientists, and cultural scientists find crises everywhere and in everything. Faith in progress is lost, optimistic reasoning about social evolution and reasoning by S.G. Kirdin is not justified. Social change. Sociological encyclopedia, vol. 2, 2003, p. 68 ..
But can it be argued that the idea of progress, the only alternative to which can only be universal despair, has exhausted its purpose, because “no idea was important or as important as the theory of progress” (R. Nisbet) for three millennia? What arguments do critics of linear, progressive theories of development have? First, facts contradict existence. Any universal and eternal linear tendencies, universal stages of evolution, relating to all of humanity, to any communities and countries. Indeed, research by historians, archaeologists, and ethnographers has shown that most human societies existed and disappeared at the initial stages of development. And today there are societies that still remain at the earliest stages of evolution. Only a few peoples were able to create great civilizations. Secondly, the simplified scheme was criticized: the ancient world - the Middle Ages - the New time. In the same way, the Marxist theory of "socio-economic formations" was rethought, which sought to accommodate the complex, contradictory rhythm of different cultures within the framework of a single scheme. In addition, in the twentieth century, there came a full realization that the events that were decisive for Europe were not at all the same for other peoples. For example, the fall of the Roman Empire, which signified the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages for European peoples, did not make such sense for the population of Japan, India, China. The same can be said about the Battle of Kulikovo, which was important primarily for the peoples of Russia. The stages of the history of different civilizations, as you can see, do not fit into the concept of Eurocentrism, which emphasizes the presence of different historical periods and cultures, the presence of cultural pluralism in the world Shtompka P. Sociology of social change. M., 1996. p. 43 ..
So, the very concept of progress has changed. "The progress of mankind," as N. Danilevsky wrote, "does not consist in going in one direction, but in the fact that the entire field, which constitutes the field of historical activity, proceeds in different directions."
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Russia and the challenges of the modern world
Moscow, 2011
CONTENT
Introduction
Theme. 1. The main trends in the development of the modern world and Russia
Topic 2. World political system
Topic 3. World economic system
Topic 4. World socio-demographic trends
Topic 5. World culture
Introduction
The modern world is changing before our eyes. This can be treated in different ways. You can pretend like an ostrich that nothing is happening. You can fight against changes, strive to isolate yourself from them. It is possible, "riding the wave" of changes, to try to get ahead.
This course is for those choosing the latter strategy.
Every young man in our country constantly makes a choice, determining his life course.
The purpose of the course is to create an integral system of ideas about the role and place of Russia in the system of international relations
The course forms ideas about
The main trends in world development,
Competitive struggle between the leading world powers in the geopolitical, geo-economic, socio-demographic and cultural-civilizational space,
Strengths and weaknesses of Russia in the world system,
External threats and challenges,
Competitive advantages of Russia,
Possible scenarios and prospects for its development.
The developers of this course will be sincerely happy if its listener eventually asks himself a simple question: how do I see my future in Russia, taking into account all that I have learned from this course?
Topic 1.
The main development trends of the modern world and Russia
As a result of studying this topic, you will get acquainted with:
The main political, economic, socio-demographic, cultural, civilizational and trends that characterize world development;
- the main contradictions and conflicts of world development;
- the main spaces of global competition;
Russia's position in the global economic, political, socio-demographic and cultural competition, the level of its competitiveness;
- the basic principles of the functioning of the political system of Russia;
- the role of the President, parliament, government and judiciary in the political system of Russia;
- the foundations for the development of the political system of Russia as a sovereign democracy.
The main trends in the development of the modern world
The modern world is a world of global competition in various forms. It is necessary to highlight four main areas of competition: geopolitical, geoeconomic, socio-demographic and geocultural. Every country that claims to be a great power must be competitive in every area. The leading trend in the development of international relations is the strengthening of the economic component of competition in the context of globalization, expressed, first of all, in the rivalry of national economies.
The domestic education system has been developing over the past ten years in line with the continuous education reform carried out in accordance with the requirements of such fundamental documents as the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", "Federal Program for the Development of Education for 2000-2005", "National Doctrine of Education in the Russian Federation ", Federal Law" On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education ", etc.
The main goal of the reform is not only to reorganize the existing education system, but also to preserve and develop its positive aspects.
The results of work in line with the implementation of the fundamental reform 'for a certain period of its implementation were reflected both in the official documents of the Russian Federation, in the reports and speeches of the ministers of education, and in the works of Russian philosophers, sociologists, teachers, psychologists devoted to this problem (A.P. Balitskaya, B. S. Gershunsky, M. I. Makhmutov and others).
In general, each of the above stages of the reform is characterized by certain achievements in the development of the Russian education system; they also have certain factors that restrain this process, which requires scientific, theoretical and methodological comprehension. Thus, the state-political and socio-economic transformations of the late 80s - early 90s had a significant impact on Russian education: the autonomy of higher educational institutions was realized, the diversity of educational institutions was ensured, the variability of educational programs, the development of a multinational Russian school and the non-state education sector. ...
The leading trends in the development of education are the democratization and humanization of the school. The implementation of these trends means the formation of a new school with a different social role of teacher and student. The school loses its former authoritarian style and becomes a democratic institution. Parents and children are given the opportunity to freely choose their schooling. Alternative schools of various forms of ownership appear. The school and its teachers acquire the right to independence in teaching and upbringing, to self-government, financial independence and self-financing.
Humanization of the school also presupposes the implementation of a wide range of measures: changing the content of education in the aspect of increasing the share of humanitarian knowledge and values of global culture in it; democratization of pedagogical communication and creation of a favorable moral and psychological climate in every institution; the need to take into account the individual characteristics of the child, etc.
At the same time, the development of education is taking place today in a difficult situation. The activities of educational institutions have a destabilizing effect, as noted in the "Federal Program for the Development of Education", such factors as
social and economic instability in society; incompleteness of the regulatory legal framework in the field of education, etc.
The foregoing allows us to conclude that problems have emerged in the development of the modern education system, without the resolution of which its further improvement is impossible. These include the following: the problem of "school - market", in the center of which is the solution of the problem of competent entry of the school into market relations; development of specialized education; the need for a qualitative change in the teaching staff, improving the theoretical and methodological training of a modern teacher; determination of new theoretical, methodological and methodological approaches to organizational forms of education and to all educational work in general, ways of implementing modern innovative pedagogical technologies in educational practice in conditions of lifelong education, taking into account both the interests of the forming personality and the cultural needs of individual peoples of the regions Russia.
Some of the above-mentioned problems require an immediate solution, are associated with a radical revision of the existing attitude of the state to education, other problems are designed for the future.
Let's consider the features and specifics of these problems.
First of all, this is the problem of "school - market", that is, the problem of competent entry of the school into market relations.
A market economy is defined as a consumer-oriented economy. At the center of the market is the consumer. In the scientific literature, both positive and negative aspects of the market economy are highlighted, but in general it is assessed as an achievement of human civilization, as the most effective of all existing forms of organization of social production, as a universal value.
The main path of the school to the market, according to modern sociologists, psychologists, teachers, is to ensure a high quality of education. Thus, modern foreign sociologists have given the following characteristics of modern civilization: “During the period of classical industrialization, the role of physical work decreases, knowledge increases somewhat, and capital increases significantly. In the postindustrial period, which is characterized as information and innovation, the ratio is 368
the three named factors are changing. Knowledge is becoming the most significant factor, less significant is capital, physical work is a very insignificant factor. " In the West, firms, concerns, companies are quite generous in funding education. For example, in Japan, firms, seeking the favor of talented students, regularly send them greeting cards, souvenirs, gifts, organize free tourist trips for them around the country and abroad. For every dollar invested in higher education, developed countries receive six dollars in profits. An increase in the US gross national product by one third is provided by an increase in the level of education, by 50% - by technical and technological innovations, and only by 15% - by an increase in production equipment.
In a market economy, knowledge becomes the capital and the main resource of the economy. Therefore, new stringent requirements are imposed on the school (general and professional), and there is also a need to clarify such pedagogical concepts as "professionalism", "education", "competence". When they talk about professionalism, then in this case they mean, first of all, a person's possession of certain technologies (technology of processing materials, growing cultivated plants or construction work).
In addition to technological training, competence is understood as a whole range of components, which are mainly non-professional or non-professional in nature, but at the same time are necessary today in one way or another for each specialist. These include personality traits such as flexibility of thinking, independence, the ability to make responsible decisions, a creative approach to any business, the ability to bring it to completion, the ability to constantly learn, the presence of abstract, systemic and experimental thinking.
Thus, the foregoing allows us to conclude that education (general and professional) should become fundamentally different, become a commodity in high demand.
Making education a commodity in high demand is a complex and long-term process. It is precisely on the solution of this problem that today domestic specialists in the educational sphere are guided by the "Concept of modernization of Russian education for the period up to
2010 ", in which one of the leading goals and objectives of the modernization of education named such as" achieving a new modern quality of preschool, general and vocational education. "
Another problem is significant today. Serious qualitative changes are needed in the teaching staff. The modern school needs broadly educated, socially protected teachers who are capable of active professional activity in market conditions.
According to the results of sociological research, school teachers are subdivided according to their orientation towards professional activity into the following four types: educators-innovators, creators of original schools and corresponding high-efficiency methods; teachers of the middle level, who are distinguished by professional mobility, a willingness to deepen their knowledge, introduce new things into the content and methodology of their courses; teachers at a crossroads, unsure of their abilities, in need of professional help from outside, but still capable of meeting modern requirements; teachers who are incapable of changing their activities in accordance with the new order and do not meet the needs of society in the development of schools and the education system as a whole1.
These data show a significant variation in culture and professionalism among teachers and educators: from innovators, talents to sometimes profound ignorance. The teacher's professional competence and his attitude to work will also change in the course of his teaching activities. So, in the first, tenth, twentieth and fortieth year of work, the teacher's capabilities differ sharply. Teachers acquire both professional pedagogical skills and negative experiences; for some, over time, the phenomenon of professional depreciation develops, some are consistently moving towards their apogee, others exhaust their mental and physical capabilities, become incapable of perceiving innovations. Innovative activity, as a rule, is associated with overcoming a number of psychological
geological barriers. Creativity barriers are recognized and come out on top in terms of their importance among teachers who have worked at school for 11 to 20 years. At this time, high procedural and effective indicators of the teacher's work are achieved. At this age, they develop dissatisfaction with themselves, with routine ways of working, which often leads to a professional crisis. The teacher, as it were, faces a professional choice: to continue acting "as always" or to change his professional behavior, which cannot but affect the state of the motivational sphere.
The data presented indicate the need for the development of the pedagogical orientation of the teacher's personality already at the stage of his professional training in the higher pedagogical school and the formation of professional interest in future activities. It was found that less than 50% of students of pedagogical educational institutions choose their profession deliberately. The rest - on the advice of friends, parents, or because of a small competition, because it is easier to get a diploma. Only 20 - 25% of students by the last year consider teaching their vocation (AM Lushnikov). Among future teachers, current students of pedagogical universities, there are still few young men (less than 20%). This leads to an increasing number of female teachers. If in 1939 women accounted for 48.8% of teachers in grades V-X in schools of the RSFSR, now they make up more than 80%; This means that feminization will continue in the school in the near future. It is not easy for female students to get married; many girls try to use their student years for this. As a result, studies are relegated to the background; according to many female students, it interferes with their personal lives. This is how dissatisfaction with one's fate develops. Often, students of a teacher training college are first-generation intellectuals, therefore, they lack deep cultural traditions. Favorite activities of female students at home in their free time - watching TV, reading fiction, many like to knit and sew; less often - meeting with friends. Outside the house, the first place is a cinema, discos; but exhibitions, theaters, philharmonic society do not enjoy success. About every thirteenth future teacher is engaged in research activities. The social disorder of recent years has increased the negative aspects of the teaching profession.
If we judge the real status of the teaching profession by its popularity among school graduates, then it is not among the preferred ones. It is noteworthy that female applicants from rural
localities put the profession of a teacher in 2nd place, girls from the city - in 24th, and young men-citizens - in 33 - 39th places. This situation does not correspond to the objective processes taking place in Russian society today, the role that the teacher plays in the conditions of the development of new socio-economic relations. Therefore, one of the urgent problems of education today is, on the one hand, an increase in the social status of the teacher's profession, an improvement in his financial situation, on the other hand, the improvement of his professional training.
Another problem is very significant today - the development and implementation of new theoretical, methodological, methodological and technological approaches to the educational process. The main task is to correlate the entire educational process at school with those conceptual principles of humanization and democratization, on the basis and in the mainstream of which the modernization of the modern Russian education system is carried out. Now the truth is more and more realized that the basis of the progressive development of each country and of all mankind as a whole is the Man himself, his moral position, multifaceted nature-oriented activities, his culture, education, professional competence.
In the lesson and in teaching and educational work, the main principle should be: Man is the highest value in society. The cult of Man and personality is required. It is important for a teacher and a student to have the conviction that a person is not a means, but an end, “not a cog”, but a “crown of creation”. The teacher's focus should be on the student's personality, its uniqueness and integrity. One of the main tasks of the teaching staff of the school is to contribute to the formation and improvement of the personality of each student, to contribute to the creation of conditions in which the student's awareness and realization of his needs and interests is achieved. The implementation of the principle of humanization orients the teacher towards accepting the child as he is, the ability to penetrate his feelings and prospects, the manifestation of sincerity and openness, as well as the organization of the educational process based on the pedagogy of cooperation, co-creation of the teacher and the student.
The principles of humanization and democratization of education are closely related to another fundamental principle of the functioning of the modern education system - the principle of humanization. The implementation of this principle presupposes the priority development of general cultural components in the content of education 372
and thus the formation of the personal maturity of the trainees. In this case, the system of mass education orients students not only and not so much on the assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities, but above all on the upbringing of the ability to improve oneself, to be oneself, to associate self-knowledge with self-determination, the development of the research interest of students and the formation of their worldview.
These are some of the problems of education that need to be solved by the pedagogical intelligentsia today.
Questions and tasks for self-control What are the main principles of the educational policy of the Russian Federation? What is the essence of the concept of "education system"? What are the main elements of the education system in the Russian Federation? What are educational programs? What educational programs are there? When can an institution be called educational? What are the types of educational institutions? What types of educational institutions are there? What is the principle underlying the construction of education management? Expand the main trends in the development of the modern education system.
Literature
Law of the Russian Federation "On Education". M., 1992.
The concept of modernization of Russian education for the period up to 2010 / / Bulletin of education: Sat. orders and instructions of the Ministry of Education of Russia. 2002. No. 6.
The concept of profile education at the senior level of general education // Didact. 2002. No. 5.
Klarin M.V. Innovative teaching models in foreign pedagogical searches. M., 1994.
Maksimova V.N. Acmeology of school education. St. Petersburg, 2000.
Makhmutov M.I. Intellectual potential of Russians: reasons for weakening // Pedagogy. 2001. No. 10.
Novikov A.M. Professional education in Russia / Development prospects. M., 1997.
Report of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation E.V. Tkachenko at an expanded meeting of the Board of the Ministry "On the results of the education system in 1995 and the tasks of the industry development for 1996
(January 26, 1996) "// Education Bulletin: Sat. orders and instructions of the Ministry of Education of Russia. 1996. No. 3.
Education quality management: Practice-oriented monograph and methodological manual / Ed. MM. Potashnik., M., 2000.
Kharlamov I.F. Pedagogy. M., 1997.
Ford publishes a report annually that analyzes key trends in consumer sentiment and behavior. The report is based on data from surveys conducted by the company among thousands of residents of different countries.
Rusbase got acquainted with the global research and chose 5 main trends that are now defining our world.
Five trends that are now defining our world
Victoria KravchenkoTrend 1: New format of the good life
In the modern world, "more" now does not always mean "better", and wealth is no longer synonymous with happiness. Consumers have learned to enjoy not the very fact of owning something, but how this or that item affects their lives. Those who continue to flaunt their wealth are only irritating.
“Wealth is no longer synonymous with happiness”:
- India - 82%
- Germany - 78%
- China - 77%
- Australia - 71%
- Canada - 71%
- USA - 70%
- Spain - 69%
- Brazil - 67%
- UK - 64%
I am annoyed by people who flaunt their wealth.»:
- 77% - of respondents aged 18-29
- 80% of respondents aged 30-44
- 84% - of respondents aged 45+
Real life examples confirming the growing popularity of this trend:
1. Benefit from labor results is more important than profit
Example 1:
Rustam Sengupta for a significant part of his life went to success in the traditional way. He earned a degree from one of the leading business schools and took a high-paying job in consulting. And so, once returning to his native village in India, he realized that the locals lack the most basic things, suffering from problems with electricity and lack of clean drinking water.
Seeking to help people, he founded Boond, a non-profit company dedicated to the development of alternative energy sources in northern India.
Example 2:
When New York lawyer Zen Kaufman began working part-time at her brother's burger shop on weekends, trying to diversify the monotony of office work, she could not imagine that this case could change her life so much. After moving to London a year later, instead of sending resumes to law firms, she bought herself a truck to sell street food, starting her own company, Bleecker Street Burger.
2. Free time is the best medicine
Millennials (ages 18–34) are increasingly looking to escape the hustle and bustle of the city and addiction to social media, choosing a vacation that is more unusual and interesting than lying on the beach at an All Inclusive hotel. Instead, they want to take advantage of their vacation health, favoring yoga clubs and culinary tours in Italy.
The total volume of the world industry of such extraordinary travels today is estimated at 563 billion dollars. In 2015 alone, more than 690 million wellness tours were organized worldwide.
Trend 2: the value of time is now measured differently
Time is no longer a valuable resource: in the modern world, punctuality loses its attractiveness, and the tendency to postpone everything for later is considered absolutely normal.
72% of respondents around the world agreed with the statement “Z Anias, which I used to consider a waste of time, no longer seem useless to me».
Over time, the emphasis shifted and people began to recognize the need for the simplest things. For example, to the question “ What do you think is the most productive pastime? " the answers were as follows:
- sleep - 57%,
- surfing the Internet - 54%,
- reading - 43%,
- watching TV - 36%,
- communication in social networks - 24%
- dreams - 19%
British students have a long tradition of taking a gap year after leaving school and before entering university in order to better understand which path to take in their future life. A similar phenomenon is gaining more and more popularity among American students. According to the American Gap Association, over the past few years, the number of students who decided to take a one-year break has grown by 22%.
According to a Ford survey, 98% young people who decided to take a year off after school said that this break helped them decide on their path in life.
Instead of "now" or "later" people now prefer to use the word "someday", which does not reflect a specific time frame for a particular task. In psychology, there is a term "procrastination" - a person's tendency to constantly transfer important matters to later.
The number of respondents around the world who agreed with the statement “ Procrastination helps me develop my creativity.»:
- India - 63%
- Spain - 48%
- UK - 38%
- Brazil - 35%
- Australia - 34%
- USA - 34%
- Germany - 31%
- Canada - 31%
- China - 26%
1. We do not know how not to be distracted by trifles
Have you ever faced a situation when after a few hours of searching for the necessary information on the Internet, you find yourself reading completely useless, but extremely exciting articles? We all have experienced something similar.
In this regard, the success of the Pocket application is interesting, which postpones the study of fascinating publications found in the search process for later and helps to focus on what is really important right now, but without the risk of losing sight of something interesting.
At the moment, 22 million users have already used the service, and the amount of postponed publications is equal to two billion.
2. Meditation instead of punishment
Guilty Baltimore Elementary Students should no longer stay after school. Instead, the school has developed a special program, Holistic Me, which invites students to practice yoga or meditation to learn how to manage their emotions. Since the program launched in 2014, the school has not had to expel a single student.
3. If you want employees to work efficiently - prohibit overtime
The working day of the advertising agency Heldergroen in the suburbs of Amsterdam always ends at exactly 18:00 and not a second later. At the end of the day, steel cables forcibly lift all desktops and laptops into the air, and employees can use the vacant floor space for dancing and yoga to work less and enjoy life more.
“It has become a kind of ritual for us, dividing the line between work and personal life,” explains Sander Veenendaal, the company's creative director.
Trend 3: the problem of choice has never been more urgent
Modern stores offer consumers an incredibly wide range of choices, which complicates the final decision-making process, and as a result, shoppers simply refuse to buy. This diversity leads to the fact that people now prefer to try many different options without buying anything.
Number of people surveyed around the world who agreed with the statement "The Internet offers many more options than I really need.":
- China - 99%
- India - 90%
- Brazil - 74%
- Australia - 70%
- Canada - 68%
- Germany - 68%
- Spain - 67%
- UK - 66%
- USA - 57%
With the advent of the selection process, it becomes unclear. The sheer number of special offers misleads buyers.
The number of respondents who agreed with the statement “After I buy something, I start to doubt whether I made the right choice?”:
- 60% of respondents aged 18-29
- 51% of respondents aged 30-44
- 34% of respondents aged 45+
With approval “Last month, I was unable to choose one single thing from a variety of options. In the end, I decided not to buy anything at all " agreed:
- 49% of respondents aged 18-29
- 39% aged 30-44
- 27% aged 45+
This can be explained by the fact that with age, purchases occur more consciously and more rationally, so this kind of question arises much less often.
Real life examples confirming the growing popularity of the trend:
1. Consumers want to try everything
Consumers' desire to try a product before buying has an impact on the electronics market. An example is the short-term rental service for gadgets Lumoid.
- For only $ 60 a week, you can take a test to finally understand if you need this $ 550 gadget.
- For $ 5 a day, you can also rent a quadcopter to determine which model you need.
2. The burden of credit kills the joy of using the gadget
Expensive equipment, taken on a loan, more and more often ceases to please millennials, even before the loan is repaid.
In this case, the Flip startup comes to the rescue, created so that people can transfer the annoying purchase to other owners, along with obligations to further repay the loan. According to statistics, popular products find new owners within 30 days from the date of the announcement.
And the Roam service began working on the real estate market, which allows you to conclude just one long-term rental agreement, and then at least every week to choose a new place of residence for yourself on any of the three continents covered by the service. All residential properties Roam works with are equipped with high-speed Wi-Fi and state-of-the-art kitchen facilities.
Trend 4: the downside of technical progress
Does technology improve our daily lives, or only complicate it? Technology has truly made people's lives more convenient and efficient. However, consumers are beginning to feel that there is a negative side to technological progress.
- 77% of those surveyed around the world agree with the statement “ The technology craze has led to an increase in obesity among people»
- 67% of respondents aged 18-29 confirmed that they know a person who broke up with their other half via SMS
- The use of technology leads not only to sleep disturbance, noted by 78% of women and 69% of men, but also makes us stupider, according to 47% of respondents, and less polite (63%)
Real life examples confirming the growing popularity of the trend:
1. There is a dependence on technology
The recent successes of the company's projects have shown that people become addicted to watching new TV shows in the shortest possible time. According to a global survey, 2015 series such as House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black kept viewers eagerly awaiting each episode in the first three to five episodes. At the same time, new series, such as "Stranger Things" and "Annealing", managed to hook viewers after watching only the first two episodes.
Modern smartphones have become an important part of the lives of children, who can no longer do without them for a day. American researchers have shown that the time spent on smartphones negatively affects the performance of schoolchildren. Children who daily “sit” on mobile devices for 2-4 hours after school are 23% more likely to fail to complete their homework than their peers who are not so dependent on gadgets.
3. Cars save pedestrians
According to the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the country is hit by a pedestrian every eight minutes. Most often, such accidents occur due to the fact that pedestrians send messages on the go and do not follow the road.
To improve the safety of all road users, develops innovative technology that can predict human behavior, thereby reducing the severity of the consequences of road accidents and even, in some cases, preventing them.
Twelve experimental Ford vehicles traveled more than 800 thousand kilometers on the roads of Europe, China and the United States, having accumulated an array of data, with a total volume of more than a year - 473 days.
Trend 5: Change of leaders, now it's not they who decide everything, but we
Who today has the most significant influence on our lives, the ecological situation in the world, the social sphere and health care? For decades, cash flows have predominantly moved between individuals and organizations, be they government structures or businesses.
Today we are more we begin to feel responsible for the correctness of decisions made by society as a whole.
To the question “ What is the main driving force that can change society for the better? " the respondents answered as follows:
- 47% - Consumers
- 28% - State
- 17% - Companies
- 8% - refrained from answering
Real life examples confirming the growing popularity of the trend:
1. Business must be honest with consumers
The American online store Everlane, specializing in the sale of clothing, builds its business on the principles of maximum transparency in relations with suppliers and customers. The creators of Everlane have abandoned the exorbitant markups for which the fashion industry is famous and openly show on their website what the final price of each item is based on - the website displays the cost of material, labor and transportation.
2. Prices must be affordable for consumers
The international humanitarian organization Médecins Sans Frontières is actively fighting the high cost of vaccines. She recently refused to accept a donation of one million doses of pneumonia vaccine, as the formulation was protected by a patent, which negatively affects the price of the final product and makes it inaccessible to residents in many parts of the world. With this move, the organization wants to emphasize the importance of addressing drug availability in the long term.
3. More and more services should appear for the convenience of users
To raise awareness of the service l and reduce the number of cars on the road, Uber launched drones with advertising posters into the sky of Mexico City. Signs on the posters urged drivers stuck in traffic to think about the need to use their own car for commuting.
One of the posters read: “Are you driving alone in the car? That is why you will never be able to admire the mountains around. " Thus, the company wanted to draw the attention of drivers to the problem of dense smog over the city. The caption on another poster: "The city was built for you, not for 5.5 million cars."
What does it mean?
These are already part of our life. They show what is going on in the minds of consumers: what they think about, how they make decisions about the purchase of a particular product. Businesses need to be careful about their customer behavior and be very responsive to change.
