Simple one-part noun sentence examples. Types of one-part sentences
Traditionally, many questions are raised about the types of one-part sentences. According to statistics, on a single state exam In compulsory discipline, there are a lot of mistakes in assignments related to this topic. What is this difficulty? How to correctly and quickly determine the desired type? Let's figure it out now.
Types of one-part sentences: features and structures
So, as you know, all proposals are divided into two types. The first is two-part (this is when there are both subjects and predicate), the second type is one-part, when there is only one of the main members. Both sentences of the first type and the second can be complex. As a rule, the main members are not always directly visible; there are moments when they are “disguised” as other parts of speech (rather than the generally accepted ones - noun and verb), while in sentences with one main word, difficulties may not arise.
Types of one-part sentence: general characteristics
In order not to make mistakes on the exam, you need to master the material at school. Traditionally, there are five types of sentences with one member: definitely personal, impersonal, nominative, generalized and indefinitely personal. We will consider only the most basic ones.
- The first type is definitely personal. Here the only member is the predicate, which conveys what a person or thing does/says. As a rule, the verb has the first and second person forms, that is, you can mentally substitute pronouns such as I/we/you/you. For example: I love rain in autumn; go get some coffee.
- The second type is impersonal. One-part sentences (the types of which are discussed in the article) of this kind also have only a subject in their structure. They are most often called state clauses. And here are the main features: here it is impossible to mentally imagine the subject, the verbs express any state of nature or man. For example: gets dark; it was getting warm; there was no snow/no rain.
- The third type is nominative. In another way - nominal sentences. Everything is simple here: the main and only member is the subject. As an example, you can give a lot of proposals: late fall; April '41; wonderful weather.
- Types of one-part sentences include indefinite personal sentences. In such cases, again one member is the predicate. How to distinguish such a proposal? Instead of the subject, you can easily substitute a pronoun such as “they”. Hence similar examples: there was a knock on the house; somewhere far away in the forest they are shooting.
To determine the types of one-part sentences, you need to identify the main members. If it is clearly visible that he is alone, you need to determine the part of speech. After these steps the hardest part begins. As was written above, the type of sentence depends in most cases on the person of the verb. Therefore, after determining the part of speech, you need to substitute pronouns for the verb to determine its person. Further, there is no longer any doubt about the definition the desired type offers.
This is how you can easily and accurately examine such a complex problem Russian language.
One-part sentence and its types
Analysis plan:
1. Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement
2. Type of sentence according to emotional coloring
3. We determine the type of sentence by structure: we find the grammatical basis, indicate whether it is two-part or one-part.
4. Determine the composition of the sentence: widespread / non-common, complete / incomplete. We characterize minor members offers.
5. We indicate how the sentence is complicated (introductory words, plug-in constructions, homogeneous members, separate additions, definitions, circumstances, words of appeal, clarifying members of the sentence).
The fading day is captivating And blushed brightly .
1) Narrative, non-exclamatory.
2) Simple, two-part.
3) Day– subject, expressed by noun. m.r., in the form Im.p., singular; day (what does it do?) blushes– simple verbal predicate, expressed by ch. in the form of past vr., m.r., will express. n., units h.
4) Widespread, complete. Secondary members of the sentence: day (which?) fading– an agreed definition expressed by a participle; blushes (how?) captivating and bright- circumstance of the course of action.
5) The proposal is complicated by similar circumstances captivating and bright.
One-part sentence is a simple sentence with only one main member sentences (subject or predicate). Types of one-part sentences:
1. Name sentences- these are one-part nominal sentences in which there is only a subject expressed by a noun. in the form of Im. n. They have two meanings:
1) Phenomena or objects in the present tense: crossing, crossing ! Shore left, shore right. Snow rough, edge ice. Evening . Sighs wind. Stately exclamation waves
2) Indication of the subject: Here front door entrance . Here's the letter . Letter from my son.
Attention! If denomination sentence starts with particle A, then it is interrogative-exclamation: Do you remember the grove above the river? What kind of sand? What about water?
2. Definitely personal proposals- these are one-part verbal sentences in which there is only a predicate, expressed by ch. 1st person indicative n. or ch. 2nd l. imperative n. units or more h., present or future tense. In a definite personal sentence, you can insert a subject, and then it will become two-part: I'm studying Fine. – I'm studying Fine.
3. Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part verbal sentences in which there is only a predicate expressed by ch. 3rd l., pl. h., past time:
In the door knocked on the door . - Ch. 3rd l., pl. h., past vr.
What's new in newspapers write ? - Ch. 3rd l., pl. hour, present vr.
In the village will build new school- Ch. 3rd l., pl. h., bud. vr.
You can put pronouns in place of the subject they, everyone, etc., then the sentence will become two-part: He believed . – They all) to him believed .
4.In general - personal- these are one-part verbal sentences in which there is only a predicate expressed by ch. 2nd year units h. or ch. 3rd year pl. hours present or bud. time:
Chicks in the fall consider . According to clothes meet - according to the mind see off . Days late autumn scold usually.
4. Impersonal offers- these are one-part verbal sentences in which there is only a predicate expressed by an impersonal verb. Impersonal sentences convey the state of man, nature and environment, the inevitability of something, the absence of something. They do not and cannot have a subject.
Ways to express the predicate in impersonal sentences
| Simple verb predicate | Compound predicate |
| 1. Impersonal verb (chapter 3rd l., singular, present, past or future tense): It's getting light in the distance. Outside evening . Nice smells bird cherry. From the pond pulled cold. Already quite it got dark . 2. Infinitive: Be great thunderstorm! Hey there on the bridge dismount, prepare documents . 3. Status category: In the field quietly-quietly . To me sad . To me can't sleep . 4. With the words NO, IT WAS NOT: Stronger than cats beast No . I have No rulers. Gerasima did not have outside. | 1. Verbal: A) Impersonal auxiliary verb. + infinitive: Above your sentence worth thinking about . Soon it will be dawn . You shouldn't (shouldn't) rush with an answer. B) Condition category ( necessary, necessary, possible, impossible, impossible) + infinitive: It's good to wander in the peace of a gentle country. In a word can be saved . 2. Nominal: Impersonal linking verb + nominal part (state category, short passive participle): In the hut heated hot . Outside it was cold . |
§1. Total information
Let us remember: sentences are divided into two-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of two main members - the subject and the predicate, and one-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of only one main member: the subject or the predicate.
One-part sentences are divided into two groups:
- with the main member - subject
- with the main member - predicate
The latter are divided into four types.
This means that there are five types of one-part sentences in total. Each has its own name:
- nominal
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- generalized-personal
- impersonal
Each type is discussed separately below.
§2. One-part sentences with the main member - subject
Name sentences- These are one-part sentences with the main member - the subject.
In nominal sentences, the existence of an object or phenomenon is reported or an emotional and evaluative attitude towards it is expressed. Examples:
Night.
Silence.
Night!
Sweet raspberries!
What a beauty!
Nominal sentences with particles here, there have demonstrative meaning: There's a village!
Nominal sentences can be uncommon and consist of only one word - the main member, or common, including other members of the sentence:
Blue sky overhead.
Blue sea at your feet.
There is a small table covered with a tablecloth by the window.
Most often, the following are used as subjects in nominative sentences:
- nouns in I.p.: Heat!
- pronouns in I.p.: Here they are!
- numerals or combinations of numerals with nouns in I.p.: Twelve. First of January.
§3. One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate
One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are not the same in the structure of the predicate. There are four types.
Classification of one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate
1. Definitely personal proposals
2. Vaguely personal sentences
3. Generalized personal sentences
4. Impersonal offers
1. Definitely personal proposals
Definitely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by the personal form of the verb in the form of 1 or 2 l. or a verb in the imperative mood. The person is defined: it is always either the speaker or the interlocutor. Examples:
I love meeting with friends.
the action referred to in the sentence is performed by the speaker, verb in the form of 1 l. units
Let's call each other tomorrow!
inducement to joint action of the speaker and interlocutor, verb in the imperative mood)
How are you living?
the action about which information is obtained is performed by the interlocutor, verb in the form of 2 l. plural
In narrative and interrogative sentences the action of the speaker or interlocutor is expressed:
Tomorrow I'm leaving on a business trip. What do you prefer for dessert?
Incentive sentences express the motivation for the interlocutor to act:
Read! Write! Fill in the missing letters.
Such sentences are independent, they do not need a subject, because the idea of a person can be expressed in language by personal endings of verbs.
2. Vaguely personal sentences
Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by a verb in the form of 3 l. plural in the present or future tense or in the plural form. in the past time. Person unspecified: the action is performed by someone unidentified.
unknown, not determined by whom the action is performed
It was reported on TV that...
it is not determined who performed the action
Such sentences do not need a subject, since they express the idea of \u200b\u200bthe uncertainty of the persons performing the action.
3. Generalized personal sentences
Generalized personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 2 l. units or 3 l. plural in the present or future tenses or in the form of 2 l. units or plural imperative mood:
In generalized-personal sentences, the person appears in a generalized form: all, many, and the action is presented as ordinary, always performed. Such proposals express the collective experience of the people as a whole and reflect stable, generally accepted concepts. Examples:
If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
You cannot build your happiness on someone else's misfortune.
The action being spoken of is common and common to all people, conveying the idea of collective experience.)
Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
It does not matter who specifically performs the action, what is more important is that it is performed usually, always, by everyone - the collective experience is reflected, while a specific person is not implied.
In generalized-personal sentences, the idea of a generalized person is important, therefore they express generalizations characteristic of proverbs and sayings, aphorisms, various kinds maxims.
Note:
Not all textbooks highlight generalized personal sentences as a special type. Many authors believe that definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences can have a generalized meaning. Examples:
If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
(considered as a definite personal sentence with a generalized meaning)
Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
(considered as an indefinitely personal sentence having a generalized meaning)
What is the basis for different interpretations?
Authors who distinguish generalized-personal sentences into a separate type pay more attention to the meaning of this group of sentences. And those who do not see a sufficient basis for this put it at the forefront formal signs(forms of verbs).
4. Impersonal offers
Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in the form s.r. past tense. Examples:
The action or state is expressed in them as involuntary, in no way dependent on any person or group of persons.
The predicate in impersonal sentences can be expressed in different ways:
1) impersonal verb: It was getting dark, it was getting dark.
2) a personal verb in impersonal use in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in s.r. units past tense. It's getting dark, it's getting dark.
3) brief passive participle in the form of w.r.: Already sent to the market for fresh products.
4) in a state category word: Are you cold?, I feel good.
In the present tense, the zero copula of the verb be not used. In the past and future tenses, the copula be is in the following forms:
- past tense, singular, middle: I felt good.
- future tense, singular, 3 l.: I will be fine.
5) infinitive: To be a scandal, to be in trouble.
6) impersonal auxiliary verb with infinitive: I wanted to relax.
7) a state category word with an infinitive: Have a good rest!
8) negatives: no (no - colloquial), nor: There is no happiness in life!
Impersonal sentences are also diverse in the meanings they express. They can convey the states of nature, the states of people, and the meaning of the absence of something or someone. In addition, they often convey the meanings of necessity, possibility, desirability, inevitability, etc.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main predicate member?
Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main member - the subject?
What are sentences with one main member - the subject - called?
- incomplete
- nominal
What is the offer: What nonsense!?
- nominative
- definitely personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: Protect the environment!?
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: The newspaper published a weather forecast for the week.?
- vaguely personal
- generalized-personal
- definitely personal
What is the offer: I'm shivering.?
- nominative
- impersonal
- definitely personal
What is the offer: It's getting light.?
- impersonal
- vaguely personal
- generalized-personal
What is the offer: He wanted to sleep.?
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: Do you want some tea?
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal
What criteria should be used to distinguish between types of one-part sentences? Why are one-part sentences called that?
The composition of a sentence can be different: either two grammatical centers (this is the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate), or one center (only one composition with one main member).
That is why such concepts as two-part (without the letter “ha” inside the word) and one-part (connecting vowel “o”) sentences appeared.
Friends invited us to the theater. Snezhnoye field with frozen waves of ice suddenly turned pink from the cold sun.
It is not by chance that students confuse these two two-part sentences with one-part sentences. The subject in the first sentence is not like a noun, and in the second sentence it is very far from the predicate, expressed by a finite verb in the past tense neuter singular form.
Secondary members are grouped around the main members of the sentence: agreed or inconsistent definitions are located next to the subject, circumstances and additions are next to the predicate.
So, one-component sentences have a special structure: there is only one organizing center, the second is absent, and this does not create any incompleteness. They can be common and non-common sentences.
Thick fog. Drizzle. First autumn morning. Monuments of military glory.
These four sentences are nominal (they are also called nominative or subject). The main member - the subject - is expressed by a noun in the Nominative case (singular or plural). The first sentence is covered by the agreed upon definition of THICK. The second one is not widespread. The third is spread by heterogeneous agreed definitions FIRST AUTUMN. The fourth has minor members of MILITARY GLORY.
What is the meaning of nominative sentences? They name objects and phenomena, asserting their existence in the present tense.
Silence . Grey sky . Caravans of geese. Here comes autumn.
Just four short sentences, but it turned out to be a description of autumn nature!
Very similar to two-part sentences with personal pronouns I, WE, YOU, YOU are definitely personal sentences with the main member - the predicate. Compare: I love thunderstorms in early May. I love the storm in early May. In the second example, the focus is on the action and the utterance becomes dynamic. Definitely personal sentences do not require a pronoun, since the verb form already indicates certain PERSON. Using the substitution method, you can remember four already named pronouns.
Example |
Predicate form |
Substitution |
|
Calmly I'm catching rudd after rudd and suddenly feel push. |
A simple verbal predicate is expressed by a verb in the indicative mood, in the 1st person present tense singular |
|
|
We want to go with a radio operator and a guide to the mountains. |
A compound verbal predicate is expressed by a verb in the indicative mood, in the 1st person future tense plural |
|
|
Go go home and take a fishing rod. |
A simple verbal predicate is expressed by a verb in the imperative mood, in the 2nd person singular |
|
|
Guys, urgently return books to the library! |
A simple verbal predicate is expressed by a verb in the imperative mood, in the 2nd person plural |
In no case should you confuse definite personal sentences with incomplete two-part sentences: In the morning got up early and started to kindle bonfire. Remember: past tense forms do not have a FACE!
Indefinite-personal sentences are opposite to definite-personal sentences in their meaning: the action is performed by unidentified PERSONS. What is important here are facts and events, not the individuals themselves. You can substitute the pronoun THEY.
Still a long time in the ward remembered his stories. To me instructed to prepare report on the life and work of K. Paustovsky. Are waiting only the arrival of the head physician. His they'll grab And will be carried away somewhere.
In the first sentence, the simple verbal predicate is represented by a verb in the 3rd person plural past tense. In the second, the compound verbal predicate is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural form of the past tense. In the third, the simple verbal predicate is in the 3rd person plural form of the present tense. And in the fourth, homogeneous simple verbal predicates are in the 3rd person plural form of the future tense.
Proverbs and sayings express general judgments that can be applied to any PERSON. These sentences use the same forms as in definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences.
Bottomless barrel of water you won't fill it. Smart head revered from a young age. After the case for advice don't go. What kind of birds? will not see in the spring forest!
Notice the last example: it makes a broad generalization that applies to everyone's experience. There is no aphorism typical of popular expressions.
The most numerous and widespread type of one-part sentences are impersonal sentences. The predicate denotes an unconscious state or process that occurs without the participation of the PERSON at all. You can't substitute any subject!
The predicate has the forms of an impersonal verb, a personal verb in an impersonal meaning, a category of state, short communion neuter, negative word or infinitive.
Pulled evening coolness. In three weeks It happened I should pass by this creek. Above your offer worth thinking about. It became It's difficult to breathe in the thick of the rain. Not drunk plenty of spring water, not purchased for future use wedding rings. I have No rulers and compasses. Stand on the spot!
The first sentence contains a description of the state of the environment, the second, third and fourth have an indication of an unmotivated action and the state of a person. The result of something happening is the form of the predicate in the fifth sentence. The word NO conveys negation. Finally, the infinitive verb expresses the inevitability of performing some action.
Use examples of one-part sentences for training.
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2. Impersonal (verbal, adverbial, participial, negative constructions with noun and infinitive)
3. Infinitives
4. Nominative
5. Vocative
6. Undivided
In this classification, one-component sentences are contrasted according to the method of expressing the main member and according to grammatical semantics. Personal and impersonal sentences are contrasted based on their connection with the producer of the action (state). In personal one-part sentences, the action (state) is associated with its producer, in impersonal sentences it arises and exists independently of the producer. Impersonal and infinitive sentences are contrasted in terms of the meaning of subjective determinants (additions). In infinitive sentences they express an active figure, in impersonal sentences they express only a passive one or are completely impossible. Nominative sentences are contrasted with all others according to the way they express the main member.
The classification of one-part sentences, presented in a number of school textbooks, is based on the form of the main member. According to the form of the main member, all one-part sentences are divided into two groups: 1) with the main member - the predicate, including definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal sentences; and 2) with the main member - the subject, including denominative sentences. The same classification is adopted in the textbook for pedagogical schools, as well as in some university textbooks, for example: Modern Russian language / R.N. Popov, D.P. Valkova, L.Ya. Malovitsky, A.K. Fedorov. – M., 1978, p. 311.
One-part sentences of verb type
Definitely personal proposal is a articulated, one-part sentence in which the subject is real, but not expressed by a traditional subject, the actualization of the predicative feature of the semantic subject occurs due to the form of the predicate, indicating the speaker or his interlocutor.
Predicate forms – personal verb in the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural present-future indicative mood, personal verb in the imperative mood in singular and plural: I’ll tell you everything when we meet (tell me, tell me, tell me, let’s tell you, tell me, let’s tell you).
These sentences in their semantics and structure are synonymous with personal two-part sentences. Almost always, the information contained in a one-part sentence can be transferred to a two-part sentence by including the appropriate pronominal subjects. The sufficiency of one member of a sentence is due to purely grammatical (formal) reasons, namely, the endings or suffixes of verb forms indicate a very specific person. It follows that the subject of them is informationally redundant. A definite-personal sentence is complete in structure and semantics. One-part sentences and two-part sentences synonymous with them are more often differentiated at the level of functioning.
Thus, in incentive sentences, one-part constructions predominate, since the actualization of the subject of the action occurs in the address, and not in the subject, for example: Mom said: “Well, Vanya, stop crying and sit down to dinner.”
In narrative sentences, the use of one-part constructions is limited, despite their informative sufficiency. Single-component structures are more often used when updating the actions of the speaker rather than the interlocutor. Use of subjects you you is a kind of sign of politeness towards the interlocutor. Example: How do you walk with such dirty hands? – I’m walking okay, I can walk. How do you live?
In general, definitely-personal one-part sentences do not have completely specific models different from two-part sentences, and can be considered as a one-part variant of the latter.
Indefinite-personal sentences are articulated, one-component sentences in which the semantic subject of the action is real, but not defined and not expressed; the actualization of the predicative feature occurs due to the forms of the predicate.
Predicate forms– a personal verb in the 3rd person plural of the present-future indicative mood, in the plural of the imperative and subjunctive moods, for example: He is appointed director (appoint, appoint, appointed, would appoint).
The paradigm of the main member of the sentence in an indefinite-personal sentence affects only changes in the categories of tense and mood; changes in the categories of person and number are excluded.
Indefinite-personal sentences are a completely independent structural-semantic type of sentence. The structural composition is determined by the main feature of their semantics: since an action is designated without regard to its specific performer, an indefinitely personal sentence allows one to focus all attention on the nature of the designated activity, completely abstracting from the question of the actors. Compare: The people in the hall laughed. Several people in the hall laughed. The men in the audience laughed, etc.
Thus, the plural form of the predicate in indefinite sentences matters uncertainty, and not a plurality of subjects. This type of sentence is common in conversational style, but in book, scientific, and business styles, where extreme clarity of expression is necessary, as linguistic sources say, it is almost never used.
Generalized-personal proposals are articulated, one-component sentences in which the semantic subject is real, but not expressed, the actualization of the predicative feature occurs not only due to the forms of the predicate, but also due to the context.
Predicate forms in a generalized-personal sentence coincide with the forms of the predicate in a definite-personal sentence, of which the most common is the personal verb in the 2nd person singular in the present-future indicative mood, other personal forms are noted less frequently.
A feature of the verb forms of the predicate is the absence in them of the meaning of time, mood and person, It is this feature plus the context that allows us to determine the meaning of generalized observations of the facts of reality. It is known that the generalized meaning is a type of indefinite, which allows us to consider these sentences within the framework of indefinite-personal ones. Examples: If you like to ride, you also like to carry a sled. Tears of sorrow will not help. You can’t even take a fish out of a pond without difficulty.
An important feature of generalized-personal sentences is their use when expressing only those observations that seem obligatory and indisputable to the speaker, since they arise from the objective features of the observed phenomena and situations. The main semantic component in generalized-personal sentences is the personal involvement of any person in the observations that make up the content of these sentences; they generalize the life experience of the speaker or the collective experience he has acquired; sometimes personal observations or impressions are recorded, designed for response and understanding on the part of those listening, for example : You read differently in front of a large audience. Sometimes you think...
In generalized personal sentences, the possible form of the predicate is a personal verb in the form of the 3rd person plural of the indicative mood, for example: They don’t carry firewood into the forest. Having taken off the head, one does not cry over the hair; as well as a personal verb in the imperative mood, for example: Live and learn. Don't be hasty with your tongue, be quick with your actions.
The main area of use of this type of sentence is fiction and colloquial speech.
Generalized-personal sentences combine the meanings of generalization and uncertainty of the actor, which is why they are sometimes called vaguely generalized sentences(V.V. Babaytseva. One-part sentences in modern Russian).
And prof. Skoblikova E.S. generally does not consider generalized-personal sentences to be an independent type of one-component sentence; she considers them within the framework of syntactic synonomy with definitely-personal sentences.
Impersonal offers – articulated, one-part sentences in which the semantic subject of an action (state) is real or unreal, but is always not expressed as a subject; the actualization of the predicative feature occurs due to the lexical meaning of the main member and its impersonal form, as well as the possibility of using additions with a subjective meaning.
Impersonal offers different types were formed in different eras. According to D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky and A.M. Peshkovsky, the most ancient type are sentences with an actual impersonal verb, such as It’s getting light, it’s freezing, you’re feverish, you’re feeling sick. In a very ancient era, sentences with such predicates were considered two-part: The frost is freezing, the evening is getting dark, the light is dawning.
Similar tautological constructions have been preserved in modern Russian, but they are rare, for example: Thunder rumbles, the wind blows.
The appearance of impersonal constructions is the result of the development of abstract thinking, since in them there is obvious abstraction from a specific figure who causes or performs certain actions. A.M. Peshkovsky connects the growth of impersonal constructions with the general trend in the language - the displacement of the name by the verb (Russian syntax in scientific coverage, p. 345).
It is worth noting that the question of the typology of some constructions in the linguistic literature is resolved in different ways:
a) sentences like Mass of flowers are considered as one-part subjects (A.A. Shakhmatov), as a special type of nominal one-part sentences (P.A. Lekant, N.S. Valgina), as a type of nominative (V.V. Babaytseva), as impersonal (Grammar-60) , as a special structural diagram (Grammar-70, 80);
b) verbs like imagines, dreams, remembers, imagines, thinks and under. as part of the main part of a complex sentence ( She dreams that she is walking through a snowy meadow) are considered either as verbs with an impersonal meaning (Grammar-60, N.S. Valgina), or as personal verbs (E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, O.B. Sirotinina).
The grammatical basis of an impersonal sentence may include auxiliary, copular verbs in an impersonal form ( It was beginning to get light. It was cloudy), as well as infinitives for predicative adverbs ( It's sad to leave. It was sad to leave. It was decided to rest. It was decided to rest). In school textbooks and in some university manuals, such a main member is characterized as a compound predicate, in contrast to a simple predicate type It's getting light.
It is clearly recognized that the types impersonal offers quite varied:
1) with an impersonal verb;
2) with a personal verb in the meaning of impersonal;
4) with a short passive participle (participial predicative);
5) with a negative word and a noun in the indirect case or infinitive.
Let's look at each type of impersonal sentence in more detail.
Sentences with an impersonal verb likeit’s dawning, freezing, chilling, getting cold, dreaming, feeling hungry, getting dark, dozing, etc.
Such verbs have the 3rd person singular indicative form, and in the past tense - the neuter form. The semantics of these verbs is such that they do not allow the use of a noun or pronoun in the nominative case. The 3rd person and neuter forms of the named verbs do not have a nominative meaning, that is, they are formal.
The general meaning of impersonal sentences of this type is determined by the semantics of impersonal verbs. They can mean:
1) the state of nature, the environment, for example: It was getting more and more freezing; It's already getting cold;
2) the physical and mental state of a living being, for example: The breath stole from my throat with joy; Sweetly dozing in the stroller; His vision grew dim; I was lucky;
3) modal, moral, ethical, emotional assessment of the action, called the infinitive, which is supplemented by the meaning of the state, for example: I once had the opportunity to stay in the Caucasus for more than three months; He doesn't feel like going for a walk; It happened to me to arrive in a strange city; You are not the only one who has trouble sleeping;
4) being, becoming, finding, discovering, for example: It will always be like this, it has always been like this, this is how the white light has been since ancient times; Have you ever stood alone on an empty platform? Anything can happen.
Sentences with a personal verb meaning impersonal. In this case, personal verbs lose their inflectional forms and freeze in the 3rd person or neuter forms. Compare: The air is fresher. - It's getting cooler outside.
There are much more personal verbs that can be used in an impersonal meaning in the Russian language than actual impersonal ones, therefore the meanings of constructions are richer, among which there are the same as those indicated above, and various others, for example, with the meaning of the actions of mythical forces ( I've always been unlucky) sensory perception, sensation, etc. ( There was a whiff of dampness coming from the hut; It smells like bread.)
A personal verb in impersonal use may have the suffix –СЯ, this group is lexically limited: seem, imagine, imagine, dream, etc.
Offers with short passive participle in the role of the main member. Their originality lies in the fact that their main member combines the meaning of the action with the meaning of the result of the state, for example: The room is smoky; The Tushin battery was forgotten.
Participial impersonal sentences stand on the border of verbal and nominal sentences, which is explained by the dual nature of the participle. Semantic groups are determined by the lexical semantics of the main member.
Nominal impersonal sentences in modern Russian are recognized as sentences with impersonal predicative words as the main member. The semantic features of these words are known - this expression various conditions human, nature, environment, etc.: easy, fun, cozy, shameful, sorry, time, hot, stuffy, etc.
Impersonal sentences include sentences with impersonal predicative words that morphologically coincide with the noun: shame, sin, disgrace, time, laziness, sin, hunting, however, in combination with an infinitive, they denote an assessment of an action from the moral and ethical side or some other meaning: It’s a sin to laugh at old age; I want to dance.
Various modal meanings: obligations, necessities, possibilities - are expressed by special impersonal predicative words in combination with an infinitive: I need to go, I can read, I need to take care of my health.
As some researchers testify, for example, V.N. Migirin, V.V. Babaytseva, sentences with impersonal predicative words could arise on the basis of ellipsis of the subject, which, due to generality or uncertainty of meaning, becomes redundant. Compare: Everything is calm outside. - It’s calm outside. Wonderful. - It is wonderful.
Among nominal impersonal sentences, a group of impersonal-genitive sentences stands out (N.S. Valgina), the structural feature of which is the presence of negation in combination with the indirect case of a noun or with an infinitive. The grammatical meaning (semantics of the structural diagram) of these sentences comes down to a statement of the absence or non-existence of the subject. Impersonal-genitive or impersonal sentences with negation include, for example, the following: No time; Not a sound; No acquaintances; Nothing new; No friends; Not a single mistake; No hope; There is no one to work, nothing to argue about, nowhere to go.
The semantic and stylistic possibilities of impersonal sentences of various types are unusually wide, especially common in fiction and in colloquial speech
Infinitive sentences.
The question of the place of infinitive sentences in the system of one-part sentences is resolved in different ways. Some linguists distinguish them into a special structural type on the basis of a specific predicative basis - a structural scheme (independent infinitive), the correlation of an action or state with an active figure and modality, expressed by the infinitive form and intonation (Grammars - 60, 70, 80, V.V. Babaytseva, V.A. Beloshapkova, N.S. Valgina, P.A. Lekant, D.E. Rosenthal, O.B. Sirotinina, E.S. Skoblikova). Other linguists consider them as a special type of impersonal sentences based on the general syntactic feature of incompatibility of the main member with the nominative case (subject) (E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, L.Yu. Maksimov, A.K. Fedorov, etc.). In the school textbook and in the textbook for teacher training colleges, they are also discussed within the framework of impersonal sentences.
The main member of an infinitive sentence is expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action or state as desirable, necessary, possible, inevitable.
In infinitive sentences there cannot be an impersonal verb or an impersonal predicative word, since if they are present, the infinitive takes a dependent position, being an adjacent part of the main member of the impersonal sentence. Compare: I want to go to Crimea. – I would like to go to Crimea.
The semantic specificity of infinitive sentences is their designation of an unreal (potential) action, desirable, undesirable, possible, impossible, necessary, expedient, for example: You will never see such battles! You start. Don't explain it to me.
Quite common in infinitive sentences is the meaning of an inducement to action, a command, an order, for example: Do not lean on the handrails! Don't walk on the lawns! All sleep!
Desirability value can be expressed using particles would, only, at least, only, if which are used with the infinitive, for example: Just to survive the winter; At least I could sleep; If only I knew...
Infinitive sentences are synonymous with impersonal sentences, but differ from them structurally, namely, in an impersonal sentence, various modal meanings are expressed by lexical units like necessary, necessary, impossible, necessary in combination with an infinitive, and in infinitive sentences they are contained in the infinitive itself, sometimes in combination with particles, for example: You need to get down to business. - You should get busy.
Nominative (nominative) sentences – single-component, articulated sentences in which the semantic subject and its predicative attribute express the fact of existence, presence in objective reality.
In nominative sentences, the main member is framed as a subject and denotes an object characteristic of the situation being conveyed. The basic form of the main member and the minimum composition of the sentence is the nominative case of a noun, less often of a pronoun or numeral.
Both the semantic and grammatical features of nominal sentences are characterized by a sharp originality in comparison not only with two-part sentences, but also with one-part sentences of different types. The main feature of nominal sentences is fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name individual details of the situation, but the details are important, designed for the experience and imagination of the listener or reader, such that it is easy to imagine the overall picture of the situation or event being described, for example: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy.
The main member of a one-part sentence has a form that coincides with the subject, but does not denote the bearer of the attribute, as in two-part sentences, but a special kind of attribute. At the same time, notes N.S. Valgina, the main member of denominative sentences does not have the characteristics of a predicate: it is not capable of being used with a copula and being an expressive of modal-temporal meanings; The speaker conveys the relationship of the object or phenomenon he calls to reality only with the help of ascertaining intonation. It is noted that denominative sentences always presuppose real modality and one of the meanings of the present tense, do not allow paradigmatic changes in moods and tenses, and are only affirmative, for example: The tops of the linden trees rustled. Light. Thunderclap.
Thus, N.S. Valgina and a number of other authors, including the authors of school textbooks, adhere to traditional views and proposals like It was night are classified as two-part sentences. However, in Grammar -70 and 80, as well as in the three-part textbook by V.V. Babaytseva, L.Yu. Maksimov, the two-part nature of these sentences is rejected, and the verb be characterized as a service syntactic formant - an indicator of temporal reference.
The question of the composition and boundaries of one-part sentences does not have an unambiguous solution, namely demonstrative sentences, headings and titles, nominative topics, forms of greeting and gratitude, nominatives of an evaluative nature, nominal sentences with determiners receive different interpretations. Some authors, in particular V.V. Babaytseva, include these constructions in nominative sentences, others, for example N.S. Valgina, classify them as special constructions. Let us consider the latter point of view in more detail.
The distinction between nominative sentences and constructions similar in form seems possible by taking into account such a property of a sentence as independent functioning. This approach makes it possible to identify as nominative sentences only those constructions that are able to function independently without context. In this case, the range of nominative sentences becomes quite defined and relatively narrow. They undoubtedly include: Winter. Here is the stream. Well, the weather. Four hours, etc.
Let us list the constructions that coincide in form with nominative sentences:
1) The nominative case in the role of a simple name - names, inscriptions on signs. These constructions have no meaning of existence: Weavers. "Eugene Onegin".
2) The nominative case as a predicate of a two-part sentence can be used in incomplete sentences: Chichikov glanced sideways at him again as they moved into the dining room: Bear! The perfect bear! The guest extended his hand: - Ivanov.(meaning im.p. – sign).
3) Isolated use of the nominative case, nominative. There are prepositive and postpositive nominatives.
Prepositive nominative- nominative representation, or topic, which names the subject of speech (thought) in order to evoke an idea about it in the mind of the interlocutor, the reader: Minority...An age that requires special close attention.
Postpositive nominative located after the message, serves the purpose of revealing the content of the preceding subject, given in a general, non-specific form: What a huge and difficult distance this is - 12 months.
Thus, nominative sentences are one-part sentences of a substantive type, the main member of which has the form of the nominative case and combines the functions of naming an object and the idea of its existence, being. The meaning of beingness is dominant, and this static the existence of an object in contrast to dynamic, where the process of emergence of an object or phenomenon is emphasized, compare: There's a store around the corner; Bad weather again. N.S. Valgina refers to such constructions as elliptical two-part sentences with adverbial words, and V.V. Babaytsev - to the transitional type between one-part and two-part sentences.
In the linguistic literature, there are two classifications of nominative sentences: 1) semantic, 2) structural. Each classification has a number of options, which are also reflected in the educational literature.
Semantic classification.
1) Option 1, presented in the three-part textbook by V.V. Babaytseva, L.Yu. Maksimova, 1987, pp. 105-107:
existential(And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears of corn; And azure and midday heat);
index fingers(Here is the mill. Here is the evening of life);
incentive: a) incentive-desirable(Attention! Good afternoon! Hello!); b) incentive-imperative (situational) (Fire! (situation - combat). Syringe! Probe! (situation - surgery);
evaluative-existential(What frost! What frost! What flowers! What flowers!);
proper-nominal(“First Joys”, “An Extraordinary Summer” (books); “Tehran-43”, “ Russian field"(movies));
"nominative representation" (specific variety)(Moscow! How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart!).
2) Option 2, presented in Modern Russian, edited by E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, M., 1964, part 2, pp. 429-431:
natural phenomena(Sultry afternoon);
environment and setting, indication of the subject(Two-story house. Veranda. Flower beds. Several benches and sun loungers.);
appearance of living things(Correct, gently contoured oval face, fairly regular features, thick, beautiful hair, ordinary home hairstyle, quiet gaze);human psychological state, emotions(Confusion, fainting, haste, anger, fear);emotional assessment in the form of an exclamation(What passions! What a wonderful night, what shadows and shine);
result, generalization, conclusion, reason(-What to do, what to do! - the chairman sighed, leaning back in his chair. - A ruin... an hourglass);
modal meanings: doubt, distrust, affirmation, message-presentation(What is your name? - Natasha. Natasha Chistyakova);
greetings, wishes, calls (Hello! Good afternoon Bon voyage!);incentive.
3) Option 3, presented in the Syntax of the Modern Russian Language by N.S. Valgina. M., 1978, pp. 186-188. This option takes into account the independent functioning of the nominative sentence out of context:
intrinsically existential(Drizzle. Twilight. Road);
objective-existential(Shrub. Moss. Squat spruce);
index fingers(Here is the willow tree. Here it is, stupid happiness with white windows into the garden);
evaluative-existential (with emotional-expressive particles)(What a night! Fear. And boredom, my brother. And what a character!);
desirable-existential(If only there was health! If only not death! If only there was happiness!).
In the version presented in the textbook by D.E. Rosenthal, two semantic varieties are presented: existential and demonstrative.
In Grammar-80, semantic varieties are divided into two groups: not personally-subjective and personally-subjective sentences. The general meaning of the 1st group is the whole situation “an object - its existence, presence” is designated as one that either does not have its own carrier or producer, or is presented in abstraction from it, semantic varieties - the state of nature, the environment; events, situations, objects - persons or non-persons, for example: Winter.Rain. Victory. Noise. Street. Random passers-by.
The general meaning of the sentences of the 2nd group is that the whole situation “an objectively represented action, a state - its existence” has its own carrier, which is indicated with a high degree of regularity by a spreading word form with a subjective or subjective-defining meaning, for example: Whisper. Rave. Shame and shame! The child has the flu. Conversations among those present. He has experience.
Structural classification involves the division of nominative sentences based on prevalence and the way of expressing the main member.
Thus, in Grammar-60, uncommon and common nominative sentences are distinguished. In uncommon sentences, the main member can be expressed by a noun, a personal pronoun or a numeral, quantitative-nominal phrase. A common sentence may include an agreed upon and an inconsistent definition.
In the textbook by P.A. Lekant “Syntax of a simple sentence in the modern Russian language”, M., 1974, pp. 43-53, structural types of nominative sentences are distinguished on the basis of the sign of dismemberment-non-segmentation.
Undivided, unextended, syntactically indecomposable, with conditional extenders, for example: Table. Four chairs. Clear afternoon. Here's the house. Here comes the sun. What silence!
Dissected, common with determinants, for example: There is taiga all around. And six months later - a new miracle. You're hysterical, Vasya.
N.S. Valgina highlights special group nominative sentences in the Russian language, having as the main member the independent genitive case of the name, which not only conveys the meaning of the presence, being of an object, but also characterizes it from the quantitative side - the presence of a plurality of something is asserted. This type of sentence is called genitive. Examples: To the people! Laughter! Colors! Food, food!
Among the structural types of a simple sentence, the following stand out: vocative sentences (VP). VP are appeals complicated by the expression of an undifferentiated thought, feeling, expression of will (V.V. Babaytseva, L.Yu. Maksimov, reference textbook, part 3., p. 113).
The place of VPs in the classification schemes of structural types of a simple sentence is determined in different ways: a special type of one-component sentences, a type of indivisible sentences, a type of nominative sentences, a type standing on the border of one-component and indivisible sentences. A feature that distinguishes them from one-component sentences is the impossibility of identifying sentence members in them. The feature that distinguishes them from indivisible sentences is the presence in them of the nominative-vocal function of the words that form their constructive basis.
EPs have two semantic varieties in terms of the speaker’s reaction: 1) incentive and 2) emotional. Incentive VPs express an appeal, demand, prohibition, warning, request, protest, etc., for example: - “Sentry,” Novikov (Bondarev) shouted sternly; - Comrade Colonel! – the pilot (Simonov) protested, running up.
LECTURE NOTES: SYNTAX. GENERAL ISSUES. 3
Subject of syntax.
System of syntactic units.
Syntactic connections and relationships.
Means of syntactic communication and construction of syntactic units.
Grammatical meaning of syntactic units.
Aspects of the study of syntactic units (logical aspect, structural aspect, communicative aspect, structural-semantic aspect).
