Parse a complex sentence online. The order of parsing a simple sentence

Today we continue to study a complex sentence, in this lesson we will learn how to parse it.

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement ( narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Determine the type of sentence by intonation ( exclamation, non-exclamation).

3. Identify simple sentences within complex ones and determine their bases.

4. Determine the means of communication of simple sentences in a complex one ( allied, non-union).

5. Select minor members in each part of a complex sentence, indicate whether it is common or uncommon.

6. Note the presence of homogeneous members or appeals.

Proposition 1 (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Sentence 1

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex (has two grammatical stems), conjunctive (connected by the conjunction And), both the first and second parts are not widespread (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Analysis of sentence 1

Proposition 2 (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Proposition 2

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, non-conjunctive. The first part is common (there is a definition), the second is not common (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Analysis of sentence 2

Parse the sentence (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Offer

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, conjunction. The first part is common, complicated by homogeneous predicates. The second part is common.

Rice. 6. Analysis of the proposal

Bibliography

1. Russian language. 5th grade. In 3 parts Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. 9th ed., revised. - M.: 2012 Part 1 - 182 p., Part 2 - 167 p., Part 3 - 63 p.

2. Russian language. 5th grade. Textbook in 2 parts. Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Baranov M.T., Trostentsova L.A. and others - M.: Education, 2012. - Part 1 - 192 pp.; Part 2 - 176 p.

3. Russian language. 5th grade. Textbook / Ed. Razumovskoy M.M., Lekanta P.A. - M.: 2012 - 318 p.

4. Russian language. 5th grade. Textbook in 2 parts Rybchenkova L.M. and others - M.: Education, 2014. - Part 1 - 127 p., Part 2 - 160 p.

1. Website of the festival of pedagogical ideas “Open Lesson” ()

Homework

1. What is the procedure for parsing a complex sentence?

2. What are complex sentences for the means of communication between parts?

3. Underline the grammatical basics in the sentence:

The hasty dawn was approaching, the heights of heaven brightened.

Syntax is the most complex section of the modern Russian language. At school, syntactic analysis of a sentence almost always causes serious difficulties, since when analyzing it is necessary to use previously acquired knowledge in a comprehensive manner: be able to distinguish parts of speech, refer to information from the vocabulary, be well versed in the semantic load and functions of different members of a sentence, correctly indicate simple sentences in the composition complex and determine their role.

At school and university there are different requirements for the syntactic parsing of sentences. Schoolchildren usually identify parts of speech and comment on each word during analysis. The requirement is due to the fact that for correct parsing it is necessary to know morphology well; the concepts of syntax and morphology should not be confused (there is a common mistake when parts of speech and parts of a sentence are mixed). At philological faculties of various higher education institutions educational institutions syntactic parsing schemes are individual: it depends on what educational complex is being taught, what are available methodological developments at the department. When preparing for admission, an applicant will need to find out the requirements of a particular university, otherwise the analysis may be considered incorrect.

To correctly parse a sentence, you need to master a large amount of theory, be able to use terms accurately, and gain practical skills. Practice plays a particularly important role, so it is advisable to practice regularly, analyzing sentences of different levels of complexity.

There are strict requirements for parsing: it can only be done according to a clear scheme, without deviating from a given algorithm. Often you also need to draw a graphic diagram of a sentence, reflecting in it the levels of division and the dependence of simple sentences on each other. Also, the members of the sentence are graphically highlighted different signs directly in the text (several types of subscripts).

General scheme for parsing a sentence
Exists general scheme, which is used to parse the sentence. It varies depending on the specific requirements, but the basic basis remains the same.

1. The purpose of the statement is indicated: narrative, incentive, interrogative sentence.
   
2. At this stage, you should write what kind of intonation the sentence is: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
   
3. The type of sentence is determined: simple or complex, consisting of several simple ones.
   
4. For complex sentences, you need to indicate the type of construction: simple (of the same type), complex ( different types connections between simple sentences within a complex sentence).
   
5. The type of connection between sentences is indicated: union, non-union.
   
6. Conjunctive sentences have two types: complex and complex.
   
7. For a complex sentence, the type of subordinate clause is determined: attributive, explanatory, adverbial, adjunctive;
   
8. It is necessary to indicate the type of adverbial subordinate clause:
   • mode of action;
     
   • places;
     
   • time;
     
   • conditions;
     
   • measures and degrees;
     
   • comparisons;
     
   • concessions;
     
   • consequences;
     
   • goals;
     
   • causes.
     
9. If the sentence is complex, a description of the connection between the parts within the complex is performed. The parts are numbered, all types of connections are indicated (non-union and allied, subordinating and coordinating), and if necessary, division into levels is made.
   
10. Then move on to the characteristics of each simple sentence, indicating its number.
    
11. The analysis of a simple sentence continues to indicate the presence of main members: one-part or two-part.
    
12. U one-part sentence determine its type: nominative, generalized-personal, impersonal, definite-personal or indefinite-personal.
    
13. At this stage you need to write the type of predicate: PGS (simple verbal predicate), CGS (compound verbal predicate) or SIS (compound nominal predicate).
    
14. Now you should determine the presence of minor members: widespread (there are minor members), non-widespread (there are no minor members).
    
15. At this point of analysis, they indicate whether the sentence is complicated, and what exactly it is complicated by.
    
16. At the end of the analysis, it is necessary to determine the type of sentence in terms of completeness: complete or incomplete. Sentences in which major or minor members are omitted are called incomplete, but they can be easily restored from the context.
    

You will also need to graphically indicate the members and boundaries of sentences in the text, draw diagrams, indicating sentence numbers, conjunctions, and asking questions to subordinate clauses from the main ones.

Ways of expressing sentence members
Knowing how to express the members of a sentence will help you parse the sentence correctly, without confusing its parts. Often, schoolchildren have difficulty identifying even the main members of a sentence, since there are a number of difficulties, and generally accepted stereotypes prevent them from correctly finding the basis and accurately analyzing the minor members.

It must be remembered that different parts of speech have almost unlimited possibilities and can be almost any part of a sentence, with rare exceptions. Often, schoolchildren get used to the fact that the subject is a noun, and the predicate is a verb. Without seeing the appropriate parts of speech in a sentence, they find themselves in a difficult situation and do not know how to parse it according to its composition. In fact, analysis cannot be confined to such a framework.

Subject answers questions in the nominative case and expresses in different parts speech: nouns, pronouns, numerals. The subject can also be expressed:

• adjective (red is my favorite color);
  
• a participle that turned into a noun (the people around fell silent);
  
• union (and – connecting union);
  
• indefinite form of the verb (for example, indefinite form of the verb with a noun in the accusative case: having a doctor in the house is a serious advantage).
  

Predicate answers the questions: what does the object do? what happens to the item? what is the subject? what is he?

To distinguish different types predicates, it is important to remember the lexical and grammatical meaning of words. The lexical meaning reflects the meaning of the word, and the grammatical meaning contains grammatical categories(for example, mood, tense, number and gender of the verb). Types of predicates:

• PGS: the predicate is expressed by the personal form of the verb, in which the GZ and LZ coincide. Sometimes PGS is expressed by a phraseological unit containing a conjugated verb form.
  
• GHS: must consist of at least two words. Each word has its own meaning: the infinitive of the verb ( lexical meaning) and modal or phase copula ( grammatical meaning). The phase connective indicates the phase of the action, and the modal connective reflects the attitude towards the action. The link can be expressed in words reflecting the assessment of the action, desirability, necessity, or short adjectives.
  
• SIS: must consist of at least two words. The nominal part (LP) and the formal or semi-nominal copula (GZ). A more common formal connective is the verb to be. The role of the nominal part is played by all nominal parts of speech, adverbs, and phrases. Semi-nominal connectives include the verbs do, become, appear, seem, and others; verbs of state, movement.
  

Definitions answer what questions? whose? They are divided into coordinated and non-coordinated.

• The agreed definition is easy to recognize, it is expressed by an adjective pronoun, adjective, participle, ordinal number. The main thing is not to confuse it with the nominal part of the SIS.
  
• An inconsistent definition is usually expressed by nouns in indirect cases, but sometimes it becomes adverbs, phrases, infinitives, adjectives comparative degrees. There are also inconsistent application definitions.
  

Addition answers questions about indirect cases. More often expressed as a noun.

Circumstance answers to general question How? Expressed by adverbs and nouns. Circumstances are divided into categories:

• circumstance of time;
  
• places;
  
• mode of action;
  
• causes;
  
• comparisons;
  
• concessions;
  
• conditions;
  
• goals;
  
• measures and degrees.
  

It is necessary to take into account the nuances of expressing the members of a sentence in different parts of speech in order to correctly parse the sentence.

Types of subordinate clauses
Analyzing complex sentence, it is important to correctly determine the type of subordinate clause. It can be adverbial, explanatory and definitive.

1. Subordinate clauses explanatory sentences answer questions about indirect cases. Unions and allied words act as means of communication.
   
2. Subordinate clauses refer to a noun, are joined with the help of allied words, sometimes conjunctions, answer the questions whose? Which?
   
3. Subordinate adverbial clauses differ depending on the category:
   • PO places answer questions where? where? Where? joined with the help of allied words;
     
   • How long will it take to answer questions? how long? When? for how long? Joining with the help of conjunctions is common: only when, while, as soon as, etc.;
     
   • By measures and degrees answer the questions to what extent? how much?, refer to a word expressing a concept that can have a degree of manifestation;
     
   • Mode of action software answers the question how?, in main part you can insert words like this, like this;
     
   • PO conditions answer the question under what condition?, connecting conjunctions - when, if, how soon;
     
   • By reasons reveal the question why?, conjunctions due to the fact that, since, because, due to the fact that;
     
   • By purpose: questions for what purpose? For what? etc. Unions just so that, in order to;
     
   • By consequence: the consequence follows from the first part, the union so that;
     
   • Software concessions: questions in spite of what? no matter what? Unions may be for nothing, despite the fact that;
     
   • Comparative software: questions like what? like what? Unions as if, as if, exactly like;
     
4. Subordinate clauses do not answer questions, do not express semantic relations of the circumstance, but give Additional information to the main part. Means of communication: allied words (relative pronouns what, where, where, when, how, why, why, why).
   

In polynomial sentences, the type of subordination must be indicated. It can be sequential: the first subordinate clause is subordinate to the main one, the second subordinate clause is subordinate to the first, etc. With parallel subordination, subordinate clauses depend on the main clause, but answer different questions. When the subordination is homogeneous, the subordinate clauses depend on one main word and answer one question.
Universities mainly deal with polynomial sentences, therefore, they highlight the levels of division, the connections between them, indicate all the blocks and the features of their relationships with each other, and draw complex diagrams. At school they usually limit themselves to sentences consisting of two to four simple ones.

Analysis plan:

• Complex.

  The number of parts in a complex complex, their boundaries (highlight grammatical bases in simple sentences).

  Means of communication between parts (indicate conjunctions and determine the meaning of a complex sentence).

  Proposal outline.

Sample parsing:

Was winter, but that's all last days stood thaw. (I. Bunin).

(Narrative, non-exclamative, complex, conjunction, compound, consists of two parts, opposition is expressed between the first and second parts, the parts are connected by an adversative conjunction But.)

Offer outline:

1 but 2.

The order of syntactic parsing of a complex sentence

Analysis plan:

Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative or motivating).

Type of sentence according to emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

• Complex.

  Main and subordinate parts.

  What does the subordinate clause spread?

  What is the subordinate clause attached to?

  Location of the subordinate part.

  Type of subordinate part.

  Complex sentence diagram.

Sample parsing:

When she played downstairs on the piano 1, I got up And listened 2 . (A.P. Chekhov)

(Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, conjunction, complex, consists of two parts. The 2nd part is the main one, the 1st is the subordinate part, the subordinate part extends the main part and joins it with a conjunction When, the subordinate part is located before the main one, the type of subordinate part is the subordinate clause).

Offer outline:

(union when...) 1, [...] 2.

subordinate clause

Noun.. verb. union of places Verb. ex. adj. noun

Travelers saw, What They are on small clearing. (Narrative, non-vocal, complex, SPP with explanatory adjective, 1) non-distributive, two-part, complete. 2) distribution, two-part, full).

[ ____ ], (What…).

The order of syntactic parsing of a non-conjunctive complex sentence

Analysis plan:

Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative or motivating).

Type of sentence according to emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

• Non-Union.

  Number of parts (highlight grammatical basics in simple sentences).

  Proposal outline.

Sample parsing:

The song ended 1 - the usual applause was heard 2. (I.S. Turgenev)

(Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, non-union, consists of two parts, the first part indicates the time of action of what is said in the second part, a dash is placed between the parts.)

Offer outline:

Words and phrases are the components of every sentence in writing and in oral speech. To construct it, you must clearly understand what the connection should be between them in order to construct a grammatically correct statement. That is why one of the important and complex topics in school curriculum Russian language is the syntactic analysis of sentences. In this analysis it is carried out full analysis all components of the utterance and the connection between them is established. In addition, determining the structure of a sentence allows you to correctly place punctuation marks in it, which is quite important for every literate person. Usually, this topic begins with the analysis of simple phrases, and after that children are taught to conduct syntactic analysis of sentences.

Rules for parsing phrases

Analyzing a specific phrase taken from context is relatively simple in the Russian syntax section. In order to produce it, they determine which of the words is the main word and which is the dependent one, and determine which part of speech each of them belongs to. Next, it is necessary to determine the syntactic relationship between these words. There are three of them in total:

• Agreement is a kind of subordinating relationship in which the gender, number and case for all elements of the phrase are determined by the main word. For example: a moving train, a flying comet, a shining sun.
• Control is also one of the types of subordinating connections; it can be strong (when the case connection of words is necessary) and weak (when the case of the dependent word is not predetermined). For example: watering flowers - watering from a watering can; liberation of the city - liberation by the army.
• Adjunction is also a subordinating type of connection, but it applies only to words that are unchangeable and not inflected by case. Such words express dependence only by meaning. For example: riding a horse, unusually sad, very scared.

An example of syntactic parsing of phrases

The syntactic analysis of the phrase should look something like this: “speaks beautifully”; the main word is “speaks”, the dependent word is “beautiful”. This connection is determined through the question: speaks (how?) beautifully. The word “says” is used in the present tense in the singular and third person. The word “beautifully” is an adverb, and therefore this phrase expresses a syntactic connection - adjacency.

Parsing diagram for a simple sentence

Parsing a sentence is a bit like parsing a phrase. It consists of several stages that will allow you to study the structure and relationship of all its components:

1. First of all, the purpose of uttering a single sentence is determined; they are all divided into three types: narrative, interrogative and exclamatory, or incentive. Each of them has its own sign. So, at the end of a narrative sentence telling about an event, there is a period; after the question, naturally, there is a question mark, and at the end of the incentive - an exclamation mark.
2. Next, you should highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence - subject and predicate.
3. The next stage is a description of the structure of the sentence. It can be one-part with one of the main members or two-part with a complete grammatical basis. In the first case, you additionally need to indicate what kind of sentence the nature of the grammatical basis is: verbal or denominative. And then determine whether there are secondary members in the structure of the statement, and indicate whether it is common or not. At this stage you should also indicate whether the sentence is complicated. Complications include homogeneous members, addresses, phrases and introductory words.
4. Further, the syntactic analysis of the sentence involves the analysis of all words according to their belonging to parts of speech, gender, number and case.
5. The final stage is an explanation of the punctuation marks in the sentence.

Example of parsing a simple sentence

Theory is theory, but without practice you cannot consolidate a single topic. That is why the school curriculum spends a lot of time on syntactic analysis of phrases and sentences. And for training you can take the simplest sentences. For example: “The girl was lying on the beach and listening to the surf.”

1. The sentence is declarative and non-exclamatory.
2. The main parts of the sentence: girl - subject, lay, listened - predicates.
3. This proposal is two-part, complete and widespread. Homogeneous predicates act as complications.
4. Parsing all the words of the sentence:

• “girl” - acts as the subject and is a noun female in the singular and nominative case;
• “lay” - in a sentence it is a predicate, refers to verbs, has a feminine gender, singular number and past tense;
• “na” is a preposition, used to connect words;
• “beach” - answers the question “where?” and is a circumstance in a sentence expressed by a masculine noun in prepositional case and singular;
• “and” is a conjunction used to connect words;
• “listened” is the second predicate, a feminine verb in the past tense and singular;
• “surf” - in a sentence it is an addition, refers to a noun, has masculine, singular and used in the accusative case.

Identification of sentence parts in writing

When parsing phrases and sentences, conditional underscores are used to indicate that words belong to one or another member of the sentence. So, for example, the subject is underlined with one line, the predicate with two, the definition is indicated with a wavy line, the complement with a dotted line, the circumstance with a dotted line. In order to correctly determine which member of the sentence is in front of us, we should pose a question to it from one of the parts of the grammatical basis. For example, the definition answers the questions of the adjective, the complement is determined by the questions of indirect cases, the circumstance indicates the place, time and reason and answers the questions: “where?” "where?" and why?"

Parsing a complex sentence

The procedure for parsing a complex sentence is slightly different from the above examples, and therefore should not cause any particular difficulties. However, everything must be in order, and therefore the teacher complicates the task only after the children have learned to parse simple sentences. To carry out the analysis, a complex statement is proposed that has several grammatical bases. And here you should adhere to the following scheme:

1. First, the purpose of the statement and the emotional coloring are determined.
2. Next, the grammatical bases in the sentence are highlighted.
3. The next step is to define the connection, which can be done with or without a conjunction.
4. Next, you should indicate by what connection the two grammatical bases in the sentence are connected. These can be intonation, as well as coordinating or subordinating conjunctions. And immediately conclude what the sentence is: complex, complex or non-union.
5. The next stage of parsing is the syntactic analysis of the sentence into its parts. It is produced according to the scheme for a simple sentence.
6. At the end of the analysis, you should construct a diagram of the sentence, on which the connection of all its parts will be visible.

Connecting parts of a complex sentence

As a rule, to connect parts in complex sentences, conjunctions and allied words are used, which must be preceded by a comma. Such proposals are called allied. They are divided into two types:

• Compound sentences joined by conjunctions a, and, or, then, but. As a rule, both parts in such a statement are equal. For example: “The sun was shining and the clouds were floating.”
• Complex sentences that use the following conjunctions and allied words: so that, how, if, where, whither, since, although and others. In such sentences, one part always depends on the other. For example: " Sun rays will fill the room as soon as the cloud passes."

§1. What is syntactic parsing, what are its specifics?

Parsing- this is a complete grammatical characteristic of a syntactic unit:

• phrases
• simple sentence
• complex sentence

When performing syntactic analysis, it is important to be able to distinguish between units of syntax and to realize that these are units different levels, and understand what features characterize each of them. Syntactic analysis requires not to confuse a phrase and a simple sentence, as well as a simple and complex sentence, and to know how to parse each of them.

§2. What you need to know and be able to do

Parsing requires knowledge and skills.

Need to know:

• what is the difference between a phrase and a sentence
• what is the difference between a simple and complex sentence
• how a phrase is constructed, and what they are like (type by main word)
• syntactic connections of words in a phrase: agreement, control, adjacency
• what features characterize a sentence: the purpose of the utterance, semantic and intonation completeness, the presence of a grammatical basis
• what are the sentences based on the number of grammatical bases: simple, complex
• What are the types of simple sentences in their structure: two-part, one-part (nominal, definite-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal)
• what are the types of complex sentences: according to the nature of the syntactic connection of their parts: allied, non-union; allied: complex and complex)
• what is the syntactic role of words in a sentence (analysis by sentence members)

You need to be able to:

• determine which syntactic units the unit given for analysis belongs to
• highlight phrases in a sentence
• find the main and dependent word in a phrase
• determine the type of syntactic connection
• determine the grammatical basis of a sentence
• determine the type of sentence by its grammatical basis (two-part - one-part) and by the nature of the main member (for one-part sentences)
• define sentence members
• identify complicating components: homogeneous members, isolations, introductory elements (introductory words and sentences, inserted structures), addresses, direct speech and citation
• determine the number of parts in a complex sentence
• determine the type of syntactic connection and the type of complex sentence

§3. The order of parsing syntactic units

Collocation

1. Determine the main and dependent words, highlight the main thing, and from it raise a question to the dependent one.
2. Determine the type of phrase based on the main word: noun, verb, adverb.
3. Determine the type of syntactic connection: coordination, control, adjacency.

Simple sentence

1. Perform an analysis of the members of the sentence: underline all the members of the sentence, determine by what (word, what part of speech) they are expressed.
2. Give a description of the purpose of the statement:

• narrative
• interrogative
• incentive

3. Describe the emotions and intonation expressed:

• non-exclamatory
• exclamation point

4. Determine the number of grammatical bases and determine the type of sentence by their number:

• simple
• complex

5. Describe the presence of main members:

• two-part
• one-piece

a) one-part with the main member subject: nominative
b) one-part with the main member predicate: definite-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal

6. Describe the presence of minor members:

• common
• not widespread

7. Characterize it in terms of completeness (the presence of sentence members necessary in meaning):

• complete
• incomplete

8. Determine the presence of complicating components:

• uncomplicated
• complicated:

a) homogeneous members of the sentence
b) separate members: definition (agreed - uncoordinated), addition, circumstance
c) introductory words, introductory sentences and plug-in constructions
d) appeal
e) constructions with direct speech or quotation

Note:

When expressing distinctions by participles and participial phrases, as well as comparative constructions, to characterize how exactly the isolation is expressed

Difficult sentence

1. As in a simple sentence, identify the members of the sentence.
2. As in a simple sentence, characterize the purpose of the statement:

• narrative
• interrogative
• incentive

3. As in a simple sentence, describe the emotions and intonation expressed:

• non-exclamatory
• exclamation point

4. Based on the number of grammatical stems (more than one), determine that the sentence is complex.
5. Determine the type of syntactic connection between the parts of a complex sentence:

• with union connection
• with non-union connection
• with a combination of union and non-union connections

6. Determine the type of complex sentence and means of communication:

• compound (: connective, disjunctive, adversative, connecting, explanatory or gradational)
• complex (: temporary, causal, conditional, target, consequence, concessive, comparative and explanatory, as well as allied words)
• non-union (connection in meaning, expressed intonation)

7. Determine the type of complex sentence (for example: a complex sentence with an explanatory clause).
8. Next, each part of a complex sentence is characterized (according to the scheme of a simple sentence - see the scheme for parsing a simple sentence, paragraphs 5-8)
9. Create a diagram of a complex sentence that reflects