Reference material on social studies Unified State Examination of Rams. Social science

109 113. 128 2. Economics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Thematic content elements: a brief description of. . . . . . . . 133 2.1. Economics and economic science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2.2. Factors of production and factor income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 2.3. Economic systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 2.4. Market and market mechanism. Supply and demand. . . . . . . . . 139 2.5. Permanent and variable costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 2.6. Financial institutions. Banking system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 2.7. Main sources of business financing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 2.8. Securities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 2.9. Labor market. Unemployment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 2.10. Types, causes and consequences of inflation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 2.11. Economic growth and development. The concept of GDP. . . . . . . . . . . . 160 2.12. The role of the state in the economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 2.13. Taxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 2.14. The state budget. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 2.15. World economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 2.16. Rational economic behavior of the owner, employee, consumer, family man, citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

We summarize and systematize: questions and tasks for repetition. . . . . 181 Examples of thematic tasks and algorithms for their implementation. . . . . . . . . 185 Applying knowledge and skills: educational/training tasks. . . . . . . . . 209 3. Social relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

5.13. International humanitarian law(international protection of human rights in peacetime and wartime). . . . 382

5.14. Disputes and the procedure for their consideration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 5.15. Basic rules and principles of civil procedure. . . . . 387 5.16. Features of the criminal process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 5.17. Citizenship of the Russian Federation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 5.18. Conscription, alternative civil service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

5.19. Rights and obligations of the taxpayer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 5.20. Law enforcement agencies. Judicial system. . . . . . . . . . . 405 We summarize and systematize: questions and tasks for repetition. . . . . 409 Examples of thematic tasks and algorithms for their implementation. . . . . . . . . 413 Applying knowledge and skills: educational/training tasks. . . . . . . . . 431

Section IV

LET'S CHECK YOUR READINESS FOR THE USE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

A training version of the examination paper in social studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Let's summarize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

We apply knowledge and skills: educational and training tasks. . . . . . . . . 452 1. Man and society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 2. Economics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 3. Social relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 4. Politics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 5. Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Evaluation system for the training version of the examination paper in social studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Preface

This textbook is not an ordinary textbook on a social studies course for high school, but a guide to preparing for the Unified State Exam (USE) in social knowledge.

The structure of the manual is determined by the objectives of quick and high-quality preparation for the Unified State Exam and consists of four sections: “The role of the textbook in preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies”, “Unified State Exam in social studies: general characteristics”, “Content blocks@ modules tested for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies,” “Let’s check our readiness for the Unified State Exam.” These sections, on the one hand, are logically interconnected, which allows you to organize the process of preparing for the Unified State Exam more productively, and on the other hand, they are to a certain extent autonomous, self-valuable, which expands the boundaries of the possible use of the textbook as a whole with taking into account the educational needs of examinees.

Section I “The role of the textbook in preparing for the Unified State Exam in Social Sciences” is introductory and therefore has a small volume. It reveals a number of approaches to organizing the preparation process for the Unified State Exam, based on educational opportunities and individual characteristics examinee, which increases the educational potential of this textbook.

Section II “Unified State Examination in Social Science: General Description” includes two subsections - “Unified State Examination in Social Science: main goal, form of conduct, objects of testing”, “Characteristics of the tasks of the examination paper in social studies and algorithms for their implementation.” The first subsection presents the features of the Unified State Examination in social studies, its main advantages over other forms of final certification of graduates, the leading principles for selecting test objects, the structure of examination work in social studies, and the basic principles for selecting types of tasks. This makes it possible to familiarize the examinee with the essence of the Unified State Exam in social studies. The second subsection is devoted general characteristics tasks that make up the examination paper and are located in accordance with its structural parts. The subsection includes the specification of each examination task (its content, level of difficulty, skills tested by the task, types of task, time

time allocated for its implementation, assessing the quality of the task), which makes it possible for the examinee to form a complete understanding of the substantive uniqueness of the tasks. What is valuable is that, along with the specification for each task, an algorithm for its implementation is proposed, which strengthens the practical orientation of the textbook, equipping the examinee with the technology for working with tasks different types used as part of the Unified State Examination.

Section III “Content blocks/modules tested on the Unified State Exam in Social Studies” consists of five such blocks/modules: 1. “Man and Society”, 2. “Economy”, 3. “Social Relations””, 4. Politics” , 5. “Law”, each of which includes four subsections - “Thematic elements of content: brief description”, “Summarize and systematize: questions and tasks for repetition”, “Examples of thematic tasks and algorithms for their implementation” , “Applying knowledge and skills: educational@training tasks.” This section combines theoretical material on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled and information related to the technology for their implementation in the context of the content of a particular block/module.

In the first subsections, the thematic elements of the content of the five blocks@modules are presented in a concise, compact and visual form - as a rule, in the form of structural@logical diagrams and tables, which allows you to reflect the essence of the most significant issues of the social science course, and also helps to better understand and assimilate material. In order for the examinee to understand the volume of educational material that makes up the content of one or another thematic element, each of them opens with a list of basic concepts. This list can be used as a guide for subsequent study of the material, as well as to consolidate knowledge of basic social science concepts. The questions and tasks included in the subsections “Summarize and systematize: questions and tasks for repetition” will help determine how fully and deeply the examinee has mastered the thematic elements of the content. The third and fourth subsections are focused on the examinee’s mastering techniques for completing tasks of various types in relation to five content blocks/modules. Next to the designation of the types of thematic tasks and the serial numbers of educational tasks, the codes of thematic content elements that these tasks are aimed at testing are indicated. This allows the examinee, while working on them, if necessary, to substantively refer to the corresponding thematic element.

Section IV “Let's check our readiness for the Unified State Exam” consists of two subsections - “Training version of the examination paper in social studies”, “Let's summarize”, which are aimed at allowing the examinee to independently determine the level of their social studies preparation. Thus, the first subsection is aimed at forming in the examinee a holistic understanding of the structural components of the examination work, the logic of constructing the tasks that make it up, their number, level of complexity and features of the solution. The results of completing the training version of the examination paper in social studies will make it possible to really reveal how well the examinee knows social science material and the leading skills tested on the Unified State Exam. Filling out the questionnaire placed in the subsection “Let’s summarize” will enable the examinee to evaluate his/her general level readiness to take the Unified State Exam in social studies (possession of knowledge, skills, methods of activity).

When working with teaching aid You should pay attention to the boxes in the text that update the presented provisions: “Advice”, “We remind”, which, being quite autonomous, detail, or complement and deepen the main content of the material, and also include important recommendations. Arrows () used in the text of the manual, primarily in diagrams, indicate cause@effect relationships between blocks of information, as a rule, the following dependence: causes, prerequisites - consequences, results of certain social facts, phenomena, processes. It is advisable to remember about footnotes, which not only specify educational material, but also serve as a guide when working with individual thematic elements of the content of blocks@modules, focusing attention on previously studied content units.

At the end of the manual, answers to all the given educational@training tasks for the content blocks@modules and tasks included in the training version of the examination paper in social studies are presented. This allows the examinee to check his answer against the standard, which will help increase the effectiveness of preparation for the Unified State Exam in social studies.

The tutorial can be used in two formats:

Independent systematic preparation for the Unified State Exam in social studies based on all its sections;

The reference book, addressed to high school graduates and applicants, contains the material of the “Social Studies” course in full, which is tested on a single state exam.
The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks - test and measurement tests - are compiled Unified State Exam materials(KIMS).
The directory presents the following content module blocks: “Man and Society”, “Economics”, “Social Relations”, “Politics”, “Law”.
A brief and visual form of presentation - in the form of diagrams and tables - ensures maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge, skills and abilities.

Features of thinking.
Social in nature, despite the fact that it is a process occurring in the human cerebral cortex. After all, to formulate and solve any problem, a person uses laws, rules, concepts that were discovered in human practice.

Inextricably linked with language. A person's thoughts are expressed in language. With its help, a person learns about the objective world. This happens because language somehow corresponds to the objects of reality, their properties and relationships. In other words, there are elements in the language that replace named objects. These elements play the role of representatives of objects of knowledge in thinking; they are signs of objects, properties or relationships.

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• Social studies, New complete reference book for preparing for the Unified State Exam, Baranov P.A., Vorontsov A.V., Shevchenko S.V., 2018
• Unified State Examination, Social Studies, Full Express Tutor, Baranov, Vorontsov, Shevchenko, 2013
• Unified State Exam in Social Studies, Full express tutor, Baranov P.A., Vorontsov A.V., Shevchenko S.V., 2013

The following textbooks and books.

P. A. Baranov, A. V. Vorontsov, S. V. Shevchenko

Social studies: a complete guide to preparing for the Unified State Exam

Preface

The guide includes material school course“Social studies”, which is tested on the unified state exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the Standard of Secondary (Complete) Education in the subject on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled - test and measuring materials (KIM) of the Unified State Examination.

The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “Society”, “Spiritual life of society”, “Man”, “Cognition”, “Politics”, “Economics”, “Social relations”, “Law”, which form the core of the content public education tested as part of the Unified State Examination. This reinforces the practical focus of the book.

Compact and clear form of presentation, a large number of diagrams and tables contribute to better understanding and memorization of theoretical material.

In the process of preparing for an exam in social studies, it is very important not only to master the content of the course, but also to navigate the types of tasks on the basis of which the written work, which is a form of conducting the Unified State Exam, is based. Therefore, after each topic, assignment options with answers and comments are presented. These tasks are designed to form ideas about the form of testing and measuring materials in social studies, their level of complexity, the features of their implementation, and are aimed at developing skills tested within the framework of the Unified State Exam:

– recognize the signs of concepts, characteristic features of a social object, elements of its description;

– compare social objects, identifying them common features and differences;

– correlate social science knowledge with the social realities that reflect them;

– evaluate various judgments about social objects from the point of view social sciences;

– analyze and classify social information presented in various sign systems (diagram, table, diagram);

– recognize concepts and their components: correlate species concepts with the generic and exclude unnecessary things;

– establish correspondences between the essential features and characteristics of social phenomena and social scientific terms and concepts;

– apply knowledge about characteristic features, signs of concepts and phenomena, social objects of a certain class, selecting the necessary items from the proposed list;

– distinguish between facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions in social information;

– name terms and concepts, social phenomena corresponding to the proposed context, and apply social science terms and concepts in the proposed context;

– list the signs of a phenomenon, objects of the same class, etc.;

– reveal, using examples, the most important theoretical positions and concepts of the social sciences and humanities; give examples of certain social phenomena, actions, situations;

– apply social and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive and practical problems that reflect actual problems human life and society;

– carry out a comprehensive search, systematization and interpretation of social information on a specific topic from original non-adapted texts (philosophical, scientific, legal, political, journalistic);

– formulate your own judgments and arguments on certain problems based on acquired social and humanitarian knowledge.

This will allow you to overcome a certain psychological barrier before the exam, associated with the ignorance of the majority of examinees how they should formalize the result of the completed task.

Section 1. Society

Topic 1. Society as a special part of the world. System structure of society

The complexity of defining the concept of “society” is associated primarily with its extreme generality, and in addition, with its enormous significance. This led to the presence of many definitions of this concept.

Concept "society" in a broad sense, the word can be defined as a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes: ways of interaction between people; forms of unification of people.

Society in the narrow sense of the word is:

– a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin(for example, a society of numismatists, a noble assembly);

– individual specific society, country, state, region(for example, modern Russian society, French society);

– historical stage in the development of humanity(For example, feudal society, capitalist society);

Social science. Complete guide to prepare for the Unified State Exam Pyotr Baranov, Sergey Shevchenko, Alexander Vorontsov

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Title: Social studies. A complete guide to preparing for the Unified State Exam
Author: Petr Baranov, Sergey Shevchenko, Alexander Vorontsov
Year: 2009
Genre: Reference books: other, Reference books

About the book “Social Studies. A complete guide for preparing for the Unified State Exam" Petr Baranov, Sergey Shevchenko, Alexander Vorontsov

The reference book, addressed to graduates and applicants, provides the full material of the “Social Studies” course, which is tested on the unified state exam.

The structure of the book corresponds to the codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled - test materials for the Unified State Examination.

The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “Society”, “Spiritual Life of Society”, “Man”, “Cognition”, “Politics”, “Economics”, “Social Relations”, “Law”.

A brief and visual form of presentation – in the form of diagrams and tables – ensures maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge.

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Name: Social studies - Complete reference book for preparing for the Unified State Exam.

The reference book, addressed to graduates and applicants, provides the full material of the “Social Studies” course, which is tested on the unified state exam.
The structure of the book corresponds to the codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks - test materials for the Unified State Examination - are compiled.
The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “Society, Spiritual life of society, Man, Cognition, Politics, Economics, Social relations, Law.
A brief and visual form of presentation - in the form of diagrams and tables - ensures maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge.

CONTENT
Preface. 7
Section 1. SOCIETY
Topic 1. Society as a special part of the world. System structure of society. 9
Topic 2. Society and nature 13
Topic 3. Society and culture. 15
Topic 4. Interrelation of economic, social, political and spiritual spheres of society 16
Topic 5. Social institutions. 18
Topic 6. Multivariate social development. Typology of societies 20
Topic 7. The concept of social progress. thirty
Topic 8. Globalization processes and the formation of a united humanity. 32
Topic 9. Global problems humanity 34
Section 2. SPIRITUAL LIFE OF SOCIETY
Topic 1. Culture and spiritual life 38
Topic 2. Forms and varieties of culture: folk, mass and elite; youth subculture 42
Topic 3. Mass media. 46
Topic 4. Art, its forms, main directions. 48
Topic 5. Science. 52
Topic 6. Social and personal significance of education. 55
Topic 7. Religion. The role of religion in the life of society. World religions 57
Topic 8. Morality. Moral culture 64
Topic 9. Trends in spiritual life modern Russia 71
Section 3. HUMAN
Topic 1. Man as a result of biological and social evolution. 74
Topic 2. Human existence. 77
Topic 3. Human needs and interests. 78
Topic 4. Human activity, its main forms. 80
Topic 5. Thinking and activity 88
Topic 6. The purpose and meaning of human life. 91
Topic 7. Self-realization 93
Topic 8. Individual, individuality, personality. Socialization of the individual 94
Topic 9. Inner world person 97
Topic 10. Conscious and unconscious 99
Topic 11. Self-knowledge 102
Topic 12. Behavior. 104
Topic 13. Freedom and responsibility of the individual. 106
Section 4. COGNITION
Topic 1. Knowledge of the world. 109
Topic 2. Forms of knowledge: sensual and rational, true and false. 110
Topic 3. Truth, its criteria. The Relativity of Truth 113
Topic 4. Types of human knowledge. 115
Topic 5. Scientific knowledge. 117
Topic 6. Social sciences, their classification. 123
Topic 7. Social and humanitarian knowledge. 125
Section 5. POLICY
Topic 1. Power, its origin and types. 131
Topic 2. Political system, its structure and functions 137
Topic 3. Signs, functions, forms of the state. 140
Topic 4. State apparatus. 149
Topic 5. Electoral systems 151
Topic 6. Political parties and movements. The emergence of a multi-party system in Russia. 156
Topic 7. Political ideology 165
Topic 8. Political regime. Types of political regimes 168
Topic 9. Local government 172
Topic 10. Political culture 174
Topic 11. Civil society. 178
Topic 12. Rule of law 183
Topic 13. Man in political life. Political participation 186
Section 6. ECONOMY
Topic 1. Economics: science and economy.195
Topic 2. Economic culture203
Topic 3. Economic content of property205
Topic 4. Economic systems208
Topic 5. Diversity of markets211
Topic 6. Meters economic activity 220
Topic 7. Economic cycle and economic growth.223
Topic 8. Division of labor and specialization. 227
Topic 9. Exchange, trade.229
Topic 10. State budget.230
Topic 11. Public debt233
Topic 12. Monetary policy235
Topic 13. Tax policy.249
Topic 14. World economy: international trade, international financial system.253
Topic 15. Consumer Economics 260
Topic 16. Economics of the manufacturer 263
Topic 17. Labor market.269
Topic 18. Unemployment273
Section 7. SOCIAL RELATIONS
Topic 1. Social interaction and public relations276
Topic 2. Social groups, their classification280
Topic 3. Social status.285
Topic 4, Social role288
Topic 5. Inequality and social stratification291
Topic 6. Social mobility298
Topic 7. Social norms.301
Topic 8. Deviant behavior, its forms and manifestations303
Topic 9. Social control306
Topic 10. Family and marriage as social institutions.309
Topic 11. Demographic and family policy in the Russian Federation314
Topic 12. Youth as a social group, 317
Topic 13. Ethnic communities.319
Topic 14. Interethnic relations323
Topic 15. Social conflict and ways to resolve it. 333
Topic 16. Constitutional foundations national policy in the Russian Federation339
Topic 17. Social processes in modern Russia.342
Section 8. RIGHT
Topic 1. Law in the system of social norms 350
Topic 2. Legal system: main branches, institutions, relations. 360
Topic 3. Sources of law 363
Topic 4. Legal acts. 364
Topic 5. Legal relations 368
Topic 6. Offenses 371
Topic 7. Constitution of the Russian Federation 374
Topic 8. Public and private law 383
Topic 9. Legal responsibility and its types. 384
Topic 10. Basic concepts and norms of state, administrative, civil, labor and criminal law in the Russian Federation 389
Topic 11. Legal basis marriage and family 422
Topic 12. International documents on human rights 430
Topic 13. System of judicial protection of human rights. 433
Topic 14. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. 435
Topic 15. Federation, its subjects 439
Topic 16. Legislative, executive and judicial authorities in the Russian Federation. 444
Topic 17. The Institute of the Presidency 454
Topic 18. Law enforcement agencies 458
Topic 19. International protection of human rights in peacetime and wartime. 463
Topic 20. Legal culture 468
Literature 475

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