Iskander tactical specifications. Iskander missile system
High-precision missile system ground forces"Iskander" Designed for covert preparation and delivery of effective missile strikes against particularly important small-sized and area targets.
It was created as a result collaboration groups of research institutes, design bureaus and factories under the leadership of the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau (KBM), known as the company that created the Tochka and Oka missile systems.
Under the conditions of the 1987 INF Treaty and the renunciation of the use of nuclear weapons in theaters of modern tactical complexes a number of fundamentally new requirements are presented:
- the use of only non-nuclear weapons;
- ensuring precision shooting accuracy;
- control along the entire flight path;
- wide range of effective combat equipment;
- the presence in the complex of a combat control automation system and an information support system, including the preparation of reference information for correction and final guidance systems;
- possibility of integration with global systems satellite navigation(GSSN - “GLONASS”, “NAVSTAR”);
- the ability to hit heavily protected targets;
- increased fire performance;
- the ability to effectively overcome the effects of air defense and missile defense systems;
- the ability to hit moving targets.
To meet the above requirements, the missile system was created “ Iskander", which incorporates the best scientific, technical and design achievements in the field of operational-tactical missile systems and, in total, implemented technical solutions, high combat effectiveness is a weapon of a completely new generation, superior in its tactical and technical characteristics existing RK "Scud-B", "Tochka-U", "Lance", "ATASMS", "Pluton", etc.
Iskander is designed to destroy:
- enemy fire weapons (air defense missile systems, missile defense batteries);
- airplanes and helicopters at airfield parking lots;
- air defense and missile defense facilities;
- command posts and communication centers;
- critical civil infrastructure facilities.
Thanks to the implementation of terminal control and guidance methods, control along the entire flight path, a wide range of powerful combat units and ensuring the integration of on-board control systems with various correction and homing systems, as well as a high probability of completing a combat mission in conditions of active enemy opposition typical goals are hit by the launch of only 1-2 Iskander missiles, which is equivalent in effectiveness to the use of nuclear weapons.
For the first time in the world, a missile system with a firing range not exceeding 300 km is capable of solving all combat missions using non-nuclear warheads and has two missiles on the launcher, which significantly increases the fire performance of missile formations.
Main features of the Iskander rocket launcher:
- highly accurate and effective destruction various types goals;
- the possibility of covert training, combat duty and effective missile strikes;
- automatic calculation and input of missile flight missions using launcher means;
- high probability of completing a combat mission in the face of active enemy opposition;
- high probability of trouble-free functioning of the rocket during preparation for launch, as well as in flight;
- high tactical maneuverability due to the high maneuverability of combat vehicles mounted on all-wheel drive chassis,
- strategic mobility due to the transportability of vehicles by all modes of transport, including transport aviation;
- automation of combat control of missile units,
- prompt processing and communication of intelligence information to the appropriate management levels;
- long term service and ease of use.
The Iskander, in its tactical and technical characteristics, fully complies with the provisions of the Missile Technology Non-Proliferation Control Regime. This is a “weapon of deterrence” in local conflicts, and for countries with limited living space - a strategic weapon.
According to NATO classification, the complex received the designation SS-26.
The complex includes:
- rocket;
- self-propelled launcher;
- transport-charging machine;
- command and control vehicle;
- moving point preparation of information;
- mobile units of technical and household support, as well as sets of arsenal and training equipment.
The Iskander can be equipped with cluster (with 54 combat elements), penetrating, high-explosive fragmentation, and in the future other warheads.
The rocket itself is single-stage, has a solid-fuel engine with one nozzle, and is controlled along the entire flight path using aerodynamic and gas-dynamic rudders. The designers included in the Iskander the potential to overcome missile defense, comparable today only to the Topol-M. Calculated data show that the promising American Patriot air defense system PAC-3 Iskander will be too tough for itself.
The flight path of the Iskander is not ballistic, but controlled. The missile constantly changes its trajectory plane, which dictates the need for air defense system developers to invent new interception methods. It maneuvers especially actively during its acceleration and approach to the target - with an overload of 20 to 30 g. In order to intercept an Iskander, the anti-missile missile must move along a trajectory with an overload two to three times higher, and this is practically impossible. In addition, the rocket is made using the technology " stealth"and has a minimal reflective surface.
The missile is launched directly at the target using an inertial control system, and then captured by an autonomous optical homing head. A similar homing principle is implemented in the most modern American cruise missiles. Tomahawk" And CALCM, capable of identifying the terrain in the target area based on previously entered photographic data. The effectiveness of such guidance systems was confirmed during US military operations in Iraq and Yugoslavia.
Similar equipment for the Iskander was created by the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics, the leading domestic developer of guidance and control systems for tactical and operational-tactical missiles. Moreover, the homing head created at TsNIIAG can also be used on ballistic and cruise missiles of various classes and types. The head has already passed flight tests and showed accuracy no worse than that achieved by the Americans on their Tomahawks.
The operating principle of the Iskander homing system is that optical equipment forms an image of the terrain in the target area, which is compared by the on-board computer with a standard entered during the preparation of the missile for launch. All existing active agents are powerless against the optical head. electronic warfare. It is so sensitive that it allows successful launches missiles even on moonless nights, when there is no additional natural illumination of the target, hitting a moving target with an error of plus or minus two meters. No other tactical system in the world can solve such a problem, except for Iskander.
In addition, optical systems do not require signals from space radio navigation systems, such as the American NAVSTAR, which in crisis situations can be turned off by its owners or disabled by radio interference. At the same time, the integration of inertial control with satellite navigation equipment and an optical seeker makes it possible to create a missile that can hit a given target in almost any imaginable conditions.
The practice of wars of recent decades shows that no matter how effective a weapon is, it cannot make a significant contribution to victory if it is not integrated with intelligence and control systems. "Iskander" was created taking into account this pattern. Information about the target is transmitted from a satellite, reconnaissance aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicle aircraft to the information preparation point (IPP). It calculates the flight mission for the missile, which is then transmitted via radio channels to the command and staff vehicles (CSVs) of the division and battery commanders, and from there to the launchers. Commands to launch missiles can be generated either in the command post or from the control centers of senior artillery commanders. The PPI and KShM equipment is built on local networks of Russian computers, and functional purpose set of controls depends only on software and can be easily upgraded to control a variety of fire weapons.
The most important feature of the launcher was the placement of more than one on it (as in “ Point" And " Oke"), but two missiles. One minute after the first one is launched, the second one can start. The fire crew does not leave the cabin. The launcher itself was developed by the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" and, in addition to missiles, carries a full set of equipment for preparation and launch.
The long firing range, allowing the complex to be used from the depths of friendly troops, and the short time spent at the starting position make the complex practically invulnerable to conventional means defeats.
Research conducted by specialists from leading Russian military research centers has shown that, according to the “effectiveness-cost” criterion, the Iskander missile system is 5–8 times superior to the best foreign analogues.
The structure of the complex, its control systems, automated combat control and information support make it possible to quickly respond to new requirements without significant modification of its combat assets and, as a result, guarantee it a long life cycle.
DATA FOR 2017 (standard update, v.2)
SPU 9P78-1 with 9M723 ballistic missiles of the 9K720 Iskander-M missile system of the first production brigade set on the day of transfer of equipment to the 107th RBR. Kapustin Yar, 06.28.2013 (http://i-korotchenko.livejournal.com).
Composition and staffing structure of the Iskander-M complex:
The complex includes:
- SPU 9P78-1 for 2 missiles;
SPU 9P78-1 of the Iskander-M complex on display military equipment within the framework of the Ural Arms Exhibition, Nizhny Tagil, 2000 (http://militaryphotos.net).
SPU 9P78-1 with a mock-up of the 9M723 missile. 26th Neman Red Banner Missile Brigade. 10/20/2011 (http://www.mil.ru).
TZM 9T250 / 9T250E for 2 missiles, equipped with a jib crane; according to some unconfirmed data, in an extreme situation the TZM of the complex can launch missiles - probably we're talking about about launching from some kind of launch pad in the back of a TZM.
Chassis - MZKT-7930
Calculation - 2 people
Weight - 40000 kg
Crane lifting capacity - 5800 kg
Highway speed - 70 km/h
Fuel range - 1000 km
Overload time for one rocket - 16 minutes
TZM 9T250 (photo and drawing "KBM", drawing - photo from MVSV-2010 from Denis KA, http://forums.airbase.ru)
Loading the SPU of the Iskander-M 9P78-1 complex with the 9T250 TZM with a 9M723 training rocket. The first photo shows TZM 9T250. Demonstration exercises of the 26th Neman Red Banner Missile Brigade. October 20, 2011 (http://www.mil.ru).
Rigging equipment TZM 9T250 of the Iskander-M complex. Kubinka, Army 2015 forum, 06/17/2015 (photo - Sergey Karpukhin, Reuters).
Command and staff vehicle 9S552 / 9S552E on a KamAZ chassis - provides control of fire weapons of a battery or division; provides communication between departments, receiving target designation from external and higher structures;
Calculation - 4 people
Automated workstations - 4
Radio communication range - 50 km (on the move), 350 km (while parked).
Number of communication channels - up to 16
Data transmission and reception speed - up to 16 kbit/s (radio modem, radio stations)
Time standard for calculating a combat mission - 10 s
Time standard for transmitting commands to the PPI - 15 s
Temporary standard for complete deployment and collapse of external antennas - 30 min
Information preparation point 9S920 / 9S920E on the KamAZ-43101 chassis - ensures the preparation of information for striking, prepares information for the correlation type seeker;
Calculation - 4 people
Automated workstations - 2
Number of communication channels - up to 16
Information transmission and reception speed - up to 16 kbit/s (radio modem, radio stations R-168-100KAE "Aqueduct" produced by the Yaroslavl Radio Plant )
Time standard for determining the coordinates of the target point - 30-120 s
The time standard for issuing target designation commands to the SPU is 60 s
Continuous operation time - 48 hours
Vehicle information preparation point 9С920 on the KamAZ-43101 chassis (photo by KBM)
The regulatory and maintenance vehicle on the KamAZ-43101 chassis is used to carry out routine and inspection work on missiles with and without removing them from the container. A study of the missile design shows that routine maintenance on 9M723 type missiles can be carried out in any position - on the launcher, in the TZM, on carts arsenal equipment. Plug connectors for missile testing are located on the front bonding ring.
Calculation - 2 people
Weight - 13500 kg
Deployment time on the move - 20 min
Rocket check time - 18 minutes
Regulatory and maintenance vehicle on KamAZ-43101 chassis (photo by KBM)
Life support vehicle 9T248 on KamAZ-5350 chassis
Life support machine 2T248 (photo by KBM)
Life support machine 2T248 (photo Melnikov A.E., 2015, )
A set of arsenal equipment - containers for transporting and storing warheads and missile units, traverses, carts and cradles.
Standard structure of units with Iskander-M complexes:
The Iskander complexes have been consolidated into missile brigades of 2-3 divisions. it is possible to form a separate missile division. The division includes 2-3 missile batteries, KShM and PPI. The missile battery includes 2-3 complexes (2-3 SPU + 1 TZM), KShM. As of 2009, the 2-battery composition of divisions in the Russian Armed Forces was announced. According to our assessment, the most likely is a 2-divisional composition of the RBR - in this case, one RBR should contain 8 SPU of the complex, which allows the desired number of RBR to be deployed as quickly as possible in conditions of minimal growth in the production of missiles and systems of the complex.
The first military missile brigade was fully equipped with complexes in 2010. According to the equipment program new technology and the armament of the Russian Armed Forces by 2020, it is planned to equip missile brigades with 12 Iskander-M complexes. This means that a full-fledged brigade includes three missile divisions of 2 batteries, 2 complexes each ().
Brigade kit model 2014-2015 includes:
- 12 launchers
- 12 transport-charging vehicles
- 11 command and staff vehicles
- 14 life support machines
- 1 regulation car and Maintenance
- 1 point of information preparation.
A total of 51 units of equipment. The brigade is also equipped with missile ammunition, an arsenal kit, and training equipment (,).
Status: Russia:
1996 May 10 - the missile and SPU of the complex were shown to Russian President B.N. Yeltsin during his visit to the 4th State Central Test Site of the Russian Defense Ministry Kapustin Yar.
1998 December 25 - The FSB arrested two private entrepreneurs from Kolomna and a KBM employee for attempting to transfer secret documentation on the 9M723 product to Western intelligence services.
2000 July 11 - the Iskander-E complex (on the MZKT-7930 chassis) was presented at the Ural Expo ARMZ-2000 exhibition in Nizhny Tagil. At the exhibition, information was announced that a total of 2 Iskander complexes had been produced by industry and were being tested.
2004 - a contract was concluded for the supply of 18 Iskander-E complexes to Syria, later canceled under pressure from the United States and Israel. It was assumed that delivery would be made in 2007-2008. The plan for the supply of Iskander complexes to the Russian Armed Forces for 2004 is 4 units (division, no confirmation of implementation). A plan for 2005 has been announced - it is planned to put into service 2 Iskander-M complexes.
March 2005 - the first 9K720 complexes entered service with the 630th separate missile division of the 60th Combat Use Center (Kapustin Yar, apparently 2 units, according to media reports it was planned to deliver 3 units in 2005). The full complement of a separate missile division was completed by January 2007. It is planned to begin arming missile brigade complexes: composition - 3 missile divisions, each with three batteries - each with 3 launchers and support equipment - in total, the missile brigade includes 27 complexes and 100 missiles for them . Incl. it is planned to equip the 103rd ORBR of the Siberian Military District and the 107th ORBR of the Far Eastern Military District with the complexes (as of 2009, the re-equipment of these brigades has not begun or is not reported).
July 2006 - Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov stated that in 2007-1015. The Russian Armed Forces will receive 60 Iskander-M complexes and 120 missiles for them (5 missile brigades). Consequently, the composition of the brigade is 2-3 divisions, 2 batteries each, 2 SPUs per battery = most likely, 12 SPUs per RBR.
2006 - the Iskander-M complex was adopted by the Russian Armed Forces. By 2015, it is planned to equip 5 RBRs (individual missile brigades) with the complex and complete the deployment of the group (60 SPU). According to media reports, 4 complexes were delivered to the Russian Armed Forces during the year. Total - maximum, 7 complexes in the Russian Armed Forces (doubtful).
January 2007 - the 630th ORDN was equipped with Iskander-M complexes produced by Barrikady PA - 2 batteries of 2 complexes each (total - 4 complexes in the ORDN and, probably, in the Russian Armed Forces).
May 29, 2007 - Iskander and R-500 missiles were launched at the Kapustin Yar test site (the latter was the first launch). Information appeared in the media about the completion of tests of the Iskander-K complex with the R-500 cruise missile at the Kapustin Yar test site. Range - 500 km, cruising speed - 230-260 m/s, flight duration - 24 minutes, warhead weight 500 kg, CEP - about 1 m, engine - economical turbofan engine, expected to be put into service in 2009. State tests of R- missiles 500 is planned to start in 2008.
SPU 9P78-1 of the 9K720 Iskander-M complex of the 630th missile division. Probably an SPU with a 9M723K5 missile, Kapustin Yar training ground, 08/22/2007 (photo by Vadim Savitsky, http://twower.livejournal.com).
2007 - the media stated that the 92nd separate missile brigade of the Volga-Ural Military District and the 107th separate missile brigade of the Far Eastern Military District began to arm themselves with 9K720 systems. The brigade is expected to be completed by 2011. According to media reports, 4 complexes were delivered to the Russian Armed Forces during the year (the figure 3 units is also found). Total - probably, 7-8 complexes in the Russian Armed Forces.
2008 May 9 - took part in the parade on Red Square in Moscow missile division SPU and TZM of the Iskander complexes, probably the 630th ORND North Caucasus Military District.
SPU of the Iskander-M complex at the parade on May 9, 2008 in Moscow (photo by Andrey Kuzmin, taken from the website http://militaryparitet.com)
- 2008 August 12 - there is information, unconfirmed by the Russian side, about the use of the Iskander OTR with a cluster warhead in the Georgian-Ossetian conflict Russian troops(against the tank battalion base in Gori, Georgia). Perhaps the complexes were used by the 630th ORDN of the North Caucasus Military District.
November 5, 2008 - Russian President Dmitry Medvedev made a statement that it is planned to deploy an Iskander missile brigade in the Kaliningrad region to neutralize US missile defense systems that were supposed to be deployed in Poland.
December 2008 - production plans for 2009-2011 were announced. - it is planned to supply 30 Iskander missiles to the Russian Armed Forces (and probably 4 complexes per year).
2008 - according to media reports, 4 complexes were delivered to the Russian Armed Forces during the year (the figure 3 units is also found). Total - probably, 10-12 complexes in the Russian Armed Forces (630th ORDN, and probably ORDN of district training centers and 1-2 incomplete RBR).
2009 May 9 - the 630th ORDN of the North Caucasus Military District with a full set of SPU and TZM complexes "Iskander-M" took part in the parade on Red Square in Moscow.
2009 June 17 - Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces Nikolai Makarov stated that the rearmament of units of the North Caucasus Military District and the Kaliningrad Special Region will be completed by 2012.
September 19, 2009 - Deputy Minister of Defense of Russia Vladimir Popovkin in an interview with the Ekho Moskvy radio station stated that after the United States refused to deploy a missile defense system in Europe, a decision was made not to deploy Iskander missile systems in the Kaliningrad region.
September 29, 2009 - Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces, Army General Vladimir Boldyrev, announced that Iskander missile brigades would arrive in all military districts of Russia. The first brigade will be fully staffed in 2010.
2009 October 20 - a notice of an open competition for the right to conclude an agreement to carry out work on the development of design documentation was published: "Reconstruction and technical re-equipment of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Votkinsk Plant", Votkinsk, Udmurt republic, to ensure serial production of Iskander-M products. The estimated cost of re-equipment of production is 308 million rubles, the completion date of the re-equipment according to the plan is 2012.
November 6, 2009 - the head of the missile forces and artillery of the Russian Armed Forces, Lieutenant General Sergei Bogatinov, announced that one of the missile brigades of the Russian ground forces by the end of 2010 will be completely re-equipped with Iskander-M operational-tactical missile systems.
2009 November 12 - in the annual message Federal Assembly President D. Medvedev stated that in 2010 the Russian Armed Forces will receive 5 Iskander complexes. Previously officials stated that in 2010 they plan to purchase 3 complexes and 13 missiles for them.
2009 end of the year - according to media reports, during the year 4 complexes were delivered to the Russian Armed Forces (at least 3 units according to our estimate). Total - probably 8-9-16 complexes in the Russian Armed Forces (taking into account possible failures to fulfill plans in previous years).
- 2010 February 25 - Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, Colonel General Alexander Postnikov, stated that during 2010 the missile brigade of the Leningrad Military District (meaning the 26th RBR) will be armed with Iskander complexes.
July 17, 2010 - Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, Colonel General Alexander Postnikov, announced that the missile brigade of the Leningrad Military District received the first Iskander OTR complex.
December 14, 2010 - Commander of the Western Military District Arkady Bakhin announced that the Western Military District had adopted Iskander missile systems. Later () information appeared that in 2010 the armament of 12 Iskander-M complexes of the first military missile brigade was completed.
Probably the 630th ORDN is preparing for the parade on Red Square in Moscow, 05/09/2011 (montage of photographs by Renat Dunyashov, http://taek.livejournal.com).
- 2011 August 01 - Deputy Minister of Defense of Russia D. Bulgakov stated that in total it is planned to accept 120 Iskander complexes (12 per brigade) into service with the Russian Armed Forces. It also became known that the 26th RBR is fully equipped with Iskander complexes, and also that in 2010, 6 Iskander complexes were delivered to the Russian Armed Forces.
2011 August 4 - signing of contract Z/3/1/24-11-DGOZ for the supply of Iskander-M missile systems in brigade sets of two sets per year ()
2011 September 22 - during the command and staff exercises "Center-2011", held including at the 4th Main Central Interspecific Test Site Kapustin Yar, group launches of the Iskander-M, " " and MLRS "Smerch" were carried out. A total of two missiles similar to the 9M723K5 missiles were launched.
Operation of the SPU 9P78-1 battery during a group launch of the OTR type 9M723K5 or similar 9K720 Iskander-M complex during the Tsentr-2011 exercises, Kapustin YaR training ground, 09/22/2011 (http://www.mil.ru ).
Launches from SPU 9P78-1 of the 9K720 Iskander-M complex, Kapustin Yar training ground, 08/22/2011 (photo by Vadim Savitsky, http://twower.livejournal.com).
Group launch of OTR type 9M723K5 or similar complexes 9K720 "Iskander-M" and OTR 9M79 complexes 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" during the exercises "Center-2011", Kapustin Yar training ground, 08/22/2011 (http://www .mil.ru).
- 2011 October 5 - a photo of the SPU 9P78-1 from the 26th Missile Brigade appeared on the Internet.
- 2011 October 11 - at the Kapustin Yar test site, a test launch of a missile with a new type of combat equipment was carried out with one of the experimental SPU 9P78-1 of the 9K720 Iskander-M complex. Over the entire period of its operation, 27 missile launches were carried out from this SPU.
October 21, 2011 - Information appeared in the media that the 26th Missile Brigade (Luga, Western Military District) was re-equipped with 9K720 Iskander-M systems. Several media reports say that the first brigade of the Russian Armed Forces is armed with Iskander-M complexes.
November 14, 2011 - the media reported a successful test of the 9M723 missile with a correlation optical seeker. KVO is called at the level of 5 meters. In 2012, the tested complex with a new type of missile will be transferred from the 60th combat use center in Kapustin Yar to the 26th Neman Missile Brigade (Luga).
July 3, 2012 - RIA Novosti, citing the Russian President, reports that by 2020, as part of the State Armament Program, 10 Iskander-M “brigade missile systems” will be delivered to the ground forces. We are probably talking about brigade kits. According to media reports, one brigade set includes 12 SPU complexes.
2012 September 17-23 - the Caucasus-2012 maneuvers are planned to be held at the Prudboy, Kapustin Yar, Ashuluk and Raevskoye training grounds, within the framework of which it is planned, incl. carrying out firing of combat missiles of the Iskander complex ().
November 22, 2012 - on the official website of the Ministry of Defense it is reported that Iskander missile systems were delivered to parts of the Southern Military District in the Volgograd Region and Krasnodar Territory during 2012.
February 9, 2013 - Commander of the 20th Army of the Western Military District, Major General Alexander Lapin, told the media that the Iskander-M complexes () will soon enter service with the army.
February 12, 2013 - Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces, Colonel General Vladimir Chirkin, inspected the Mikhailovsky Military Artillery Academy, where specialists are trained to work on the Iskander missile systems ().
SPU 9P78-1 of the Iskander-M missile system, Moscow, preparation for the parade, May 7, 2013 (photo - pfc-joker, http://pfc-joker.livejournal.com).
- 2013 May 15 - information appeared in the media with reference to a representative of the Ministry of Defense about plans to deploy Iskander-M missile systems at the 102nd Russian military base in Gyumri (Armenia).
2013 June 24 - Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Yuri Borisov announced that in 2013 the delivery of the “first brigade sets of complexes” will begin. Previously, manufacturers of various elements of the Iskander complex supplied their products to the troops independently: command and staff vehicles, launchers, as well as missile warheads and launch vehicles were supplied separately. “In 2013, it is planned to deliver the first brigade sets (Iskander OTRK),” Borisov told RIA Novosti.
- 2013 September 22 - the missile brigade of the Western Military District (probably the 26th Neman Red Banner Missile Brigade, Luga) carried out successful training firing of the Iskander-M missile system ().
RK "Iskander-M" at shooting in Luga, Leningrad region. The second frame shows cloudy conditions from shooting the rope clip. 09.22.2013 (footage from the Zvezda TV channel, http://function.mil.ru).
- 2013 October 07 - The Ministry of Defense reports that by the end of the year the Iskander-M missile launchers will arrive in parts of the Southern Military District.
November 14, 2013 - at the Kapustin Yar training ground, a brigade set of Iskander-M missile systems () was handed over to the personnel of one of the missile brigades of the Russian Ground Forces. The brigade kit was transferred to the brigade of the Southern Military District. In general, starting from 2013, it is planned to transfer two brigade sets per year to the armed forces ().
SPU 9P78-1 with 9M723 ballistic missiles and R-500 cruise missiles of the 9K720 Iskander-M missile system of the second serial brigade set on the day of transfer of equipment to the 1st RBR. Kapustin Yar, November 14, 2013 (http://vk34.ru/).
SPU 9P78-1 with R-500 cruise missiles of the 9K720 Iskander-M missile system of the second serial brigade set on the day of transfer of equipment to the 1st RBR. Kapustin Yar, November 14, 2013 (http://vk34.ru/, video report).
- 2013 November 14 - KBM General Designer V.M. Kashin at the ceremony of handing over the brigade set of Iskander-M complexes in Kapustin Yar said that today 5 types of missiles have been created for the complex and 3 more types of missiles are in development () .
December 15, 2013 - the German weekly Bild, with reference to satellite images, reports the deployment of at least 10 Iskander-M missile systems in the Kaliningrad region - in Kaliningrad, as well as along the borders with the Baltic states (). On December 16, in a statement, the Russian Ministry of Defense said: “The deployment areas of Iskander missile divisions on the territory of the Western Military District (WMD) do not contradict international agreements” (). Thus, the fact of missile deployment has not been refuted, but it has not been confirmed either.
2013 December 18 - the first division of the brigade set of Iskander-M complexes arrived in Krasnodar at the location of the 1st Guard. rocket Orsha orders of Suvorov and Kutuzov brigade (formerly 114th RBR,).
December 19, 2013 - at a press conference it was stated that the decision on the deployment of Iskander-M missile systems in Kaliningrad has not yet been made. Thus, it is likely that there were either no missile systems at all or they were temporarily located in the Kaliningrad region.
February 11, 2014 - The media report on the ongoing development of a new missile for the Iskander-M complex by the KBM without specifying the specifications of the missile ().
July 8, 2014 - a brigade set of Iskander-M missile systems (12 SPU, ) was handed over to the missilemen of the Western Military District in Kapustin Yar.
May 20, 2015 - The leadership of Ukraine states in the media that 10 Iskander-M missile systems are deployed in Crimea (the area of the village of Shchelkovo - Cape Kazantip and the city of Krasnoperekopsk). The first mention of the deployment in the Ukrainian media dates back to December 2014. According to media reports, a total of 3 missile divisions are planned to be deployed. Additional deployment points are the city of Dzhankoy and the village of Chernomorskoye ().
2015, end of July - a missile brigade stationed in the Krasnodar Territory (probably the 1st Guards Missile Brigade) will conduct exercises at the Karustin Yar training ground with combat launches of Iskander-M missiles at a range of up to 300 km ().
2015 September 15 - at the Kapustin Yar training ground, the crew of the missile formation of the Southern Military District carried out combat launches of Iskander-M missiles at targets 300 km away ().
October 30, 2015 - the R-500 cruise missile of the Iskander-M complex was launched at the Kapustin Yar training ground. The launch was carried out as part of an exercise for the strategic forces control system of the Russian Armed Forces (http://mil.ru).
Launch of the R-500 cruise missile of the Iskander-M complex from the Kapustin Yar training ground as part of the exercise of the strategic forces control system of the Russian Armed Forces, 10.30.2015 (video footage from the Russian Ministry of Defense, http://mil.ru).
Still from the TV show “Serving Russia!” TV channel "Zvezda" dated March 27, 2016, which depicts an object similar to SPU 9P78-1 of the 9K720 Iskander-M complex on the territory of the Khmeimim airbase, Syria.
- 2016 April 19 - as part of military exercises at the Kapustin Yar training ground, the Iskander-M OTRK cruise missile was launched. The missile hit the target at a distance of 200 km from the launch point. The military camp training took about a month. The launch of Iskander-M was the final point in a large-scale training, in which more than 400 military personnel and 70 pieces of military equipment took part ().
2016 June 28 - another brigade set of Iskander-M complexes (51 vehicles) was transferred to the missile forces of the ground forces of the Eastern District (5th Combined Arms Army) at the Kapustin Yar training ground ().
Receipt of complexes"Iskander" / "Iskander-M" in the Russian Armed Forces* (version dated June 28, 2016):
| Year | Admission | Total | Source of information, note |
| 2004 | plan 4 fact 0 | 0 | |
| 2005 | plan 2-3 fact 3 | 3 | March 2005, entered service with the 630th separate missile division of the 60th Combat Use Center (Kapustin Yar) |
| 2006 | plan - 4? | 4 ? | according to media reports, the data is questionable |
| 2007 | plan - 3-4 fact - 0? | 4 | in January, the installation of 4 Iskander-M complexes of the 630th order was completed, |
| 2008 | plan - 3-4 fact - 3 | 7 | data on supplies of complexes from the media |
| 2009 | plan - 3-4 fact - 3 | 10 | data on supplies of complexes from the media |
| 2010 | plan 3 fact 6 | 16 | Statement by Deputy Minister of Defense of Russia D. Bulgakov 08/01/2011. Perhaps 6 complexes - total supply 2009-2010. |
| 2011 | plan 6? fact - 0 | 16 | Analysis and serial production were not carried out at JSC Votkinsk Plant. Perhaps there were no supplies. |
| 2012 | plan 6? fact - 0 | 16 | Analysis, serial production at Votkinsk Plant OJSC is planned for the amount of 2.4 billion rubles, the complexes are expected to be delivered to the 20th Army of the Western Military District. Perhaps there were no supplies. |
| 2013 | plan - 24 fact - 24 | 40 | - 06/28/2013 the first of two (in 2013) brigade sets of the missile system was transferred to the ground forces - 12 SPU (3 divisions of 2 batteries and 2 SPU each) - 107 ORB (Birobidzhan). It is stated that the delivery of “brigade sets of complexes” will begin in 2013 and that the completion of the armament program for 10 missile brigades is possible before 2018. - 11/14/2013 - the second brigade set of complexes produced in 2013 was transferred to the Kapustin Yar missile brigade of the Southern Military District - the 1st Guards Orsha Missile Order of Suvorov and Kutuzov brigade (Krasnodar). |
| 2014 | plan - 24 fact - 24 (11/18/2014) | 64 | On July 8, a brigade set of Iskander-M complexes (112th Guards Missile Brigade (Shuya)) was transferred to the Western Military District. |
| 2015 | plan - 24 fact - 24 (11/18/2015) | 88 | Assumption according to the statement of the management of KBM dated June 28, 2013. July 15 - a brigade set of Iskander-M complexes was transferred to the 103rd separate missile Red Banner Order of Kutuzov and Bogdan Khmelnitsky brigade of the 36th combined arms army of the Eastern Military District, stationed in Ulan-Ude. The transfer took place in Kapustin Yar. |
| 2016 | plan - 24 fact - 12 (06/28/2016) | 112 | Assumption according to the statement of the management of KBM dated June 28, 2013. June 28 - the brigade set was transferred to the brigade of the 5th Combined Arms Army of the Eastern District. |
| 2017 | plan - 12? | 124 | Assumption according to the statement of the management of KBM dated June 28, 2013. |
| 2018 | 120 | Possible implementation of plans for 2011 according to the statement of the KBM management dated June 28, 2013. | |
| 2020 | plan +40? | 120 | by the specified date, according to the statement dated 07/03/2012. |
As part of the Russian Armed Forces According to our data, they are armed with Iskander / Iskander-M complexes (data as of 11/09/2016, incomplete):
| Military unit | Military district | Number of SPU | Start acquisition | Completion acquisition | Explanations |
| 630th separate missile division of the 60th Combat Use Center (Znamensk-6, Kapustin Yar training ground) | Southern District (formerly North Caucasian), subordination of the part - central | 4 | March 2005 | January 2007 | the first part armed with 9K720 complexes July 2014 is the planned commissioning date for park equipment storage facilities in Znamensk 13017 and 13021 (Spetsstroy of Russia, reference report). |
| 26th Neman Red Banner Missile Brigade of the 6th Army (Luga), military unit 54006 | Western district(formerly Leningradsky) | 12 | 2008/2009 (plan 2007) really - July 2010 | plan - 2012 (based on indirect evidence, 2009-2010) July 2011 (fact) 10/21/2011 (announced in the media) | 2009 - according to media reports, it is completed, 2010 is planned to be completely re-equipped. The brigade was fully equipped with Iskander systems in July 2011. On August 22, 2011, brigade personnel and possibly 2 or 4 SPU took part in training launches at the Kapustin Yar training ground as part of the Center-2011 exercise. in 2012, complexes with 9M723 missiles with optical correlation seekers will be transferred to the brigade (not confirmed). July 2014 is the planned commissioning date for the park equipment storage facility 1/L-25 (Spetsstroy of Russia, reference report). |
| 107th separate missile brigade of the 35th Army (Birobidzhan / Semistochny village) | Eastern (formerly Far Eastern) | 12 | 2007 (2005 plans) | 2011 (plan) 06/28/2013 (fact) | It was announced that recruitment would begin in March 2005. On June 28, 2013, the transfer of the first complete brigade set of Iskander-M complexes to the brigade was completed. July 2014 is the planned commissioning date for the park storage facility for equipment P-3/11 (Spetsstroy of Russia, reference report). |
| 1st Guards Rocket Orsha Order of Suvorov and Kutuzov Brigade of the 49th Army (formerly 114th RBR, Krasnodar) | Southern District (formerly North Caucasian) | 12 | 2012 | 2012 (plan) November 14, 2013 (fact) | 2011 - the missile brigade was reassigned to the 49th Combined Arms Army () RBR of the 2nd division composition, according to our assessment, on November 22, 2012, the website of the Ministry of Defense reported that in 2012, deliveries of the Iskander missile system began to parts of the Southern Military District The first division (out of three) arrived at the place of deployment in the village of Molkino on December 17, 2013 () July 2014 is the planned date for commissioning the park equipment storage facility in the villages of Molkino 13009 and Mozdok 13011 (Spetsstroy of Russia, reference report). |
| 112th Guards Missile Brigade (Shuya) 1st tank army | Western District (formerly Moscow) | 12 | 2014 | 07/08/2014 (fact) | The re-equipment of the unit was planned for 2009. 07/08/2014 A brigade set of Iskander-M complexes was transferred to the missile unit of the Western Military District in Kapustin Yar. February 2015 is the planned commissioning date for the park storage facility for equipment 107/603 (Spetsstroy of Russia, reference report). |
| 92nd Missile Brigade (Totskoye-2, Orenburg, formerly Kamenka near Penza) of the 2nd Combined Arms Army | Privolzhsko-Uralsky | 12 | It was planned to begin recruitment in 2007 | 2011 (2010 plan) 11/18/2014 (fact) | Deliveries were planned in 2010 November 18, 2014 A brigade set of Iskander-M complexes was transferred to the missile unit in Kapustin Yar July 2014 is the planned commissioning date for the park equipment storage facility in the village of Totskoye-2 TC-ISK (Spetsstroy of Russia, reference report). |
| 103rd separate rocket Red Banner orders of Kutuzov and Bogdan Khmelnitsky brigade of the 36th combined arms army (Drovyanaya settlement, Ulan-Ude) | Eastern (formerly Siberian) | 12 | no data | plan - 2015 until the end of the year () 07/15/2015 | It was announced that recruitment would begin in March 2005. On July 15, 2015, a brigade set of Iskander-M complexes was transferred to the missile unit in Kapustin Yar - 51 units. technology |
| 12th (new) missile brigade as part of the 58th combined arms army (Mozdok, ) | Southern | 12 | no data | until the end of 2015 Kuwait - as of 2008, negotiations are underway on possible supplies (Rosoboronexport, interview with N. Dimidyuk); Malaysia - according to Rosoboronexport (interview with N. Dimidyuk) is interested in supplying the Iskander-E OTR. United United Arab Emirates- according to Rosoboronexport (interview with N. Dimidyuk), they are interested in supplying the Iskander-E OTR. Saudi Arabia: Singapore - as of 2008, negotiations are underway on possible supplies (Rosoboronexport, interview with N. Dimidyuk); Syria - 2004 - a contract was concluded for the supply of Iskander-E to Syria, later canceled by President Vladimir Putin under pressure from the United States and Israel. It was assumed that delivery would be made in 2007-2008. In February 2007, information appeared about a likely supply starting in 2007 through Belarus Http://www.gosniimash.ru http://test.rosb.ru, 2010 Shunkov V.N., Missile weapons. Minsk, Potpourri, 2003 GlobalSecurity.org. Website http://www.globalsecurity.org, 2010 Zaloga Steven J., Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955-2005. Osprey Publishing. 2006 |
The high-precision operational-tactical missile system of the ground forces 9K720 "Iskander" is designed for covert preparation and delivery of effective missile strikes against particularly important small-sized and area targets deep in the operational formation of enemy troops: fire weapons (missile systems, MLRS, long-range artillery), airplanes and helicopters at airfields, command posts and communication centers, the most important civil infrastructure facilities.
OTRK 9K720 was created as a result of the joint work of a group of research institutes, design bureaus and factories under the leadership of the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau (KBM Kolomna), known as the company that created the Tochka and Oka missile systems. The launcher was developed by the Titan Design Bureau (Volgograd), the homing system was developed by the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics (Moscow).
Under the conditions of the 1987 INF Treaty and the cessation of the use of nuclear weapons in theaters of operations, a number of fundamentally new requirements are imposed on modern tactical systems:
the use of only non-nuclear weapons;
ensuring precision shooting accuracy;
control along the entire flight path;
a wide range of effective combat equipment;
the presence in the complex of a combat control automation system and an information support system, including the preparation of reference information for correction and final guidance systems;
possibility of integration with global satellite navigation systems (GSSN - "GLONASS", "NAVSTAR");
the ability to hit heavily protected targets;
increased fire performance;
the ability to effectively overcome the effects of air defense and missile defense systems;
the ability to hit moving targets.
To meet the above requirements, an export version of the OTRK 9K720 was created, which received the designation "Iskander-E." "Iskander-E" absorbed the best scientific, technical and design achievements in the field of operational-tactical missile systems and, in terms of the totality of implemented technical solutions, high combat effectiveness is a weapon of a completely new generation, superior in its tactical and technical characteristics to the existing RK 9K72 "Elbrus", "Tochka-U", "Lance", "ATASMS", "Pluton", etc.
Main features of the RK 9K720 Iskander:
highly accurate and effective destruction of various types of targets;
the possibility of covert training, combat duty and effective missile strikes;
automatic calculation and input of missile flight missions using launcher means;
high probability of completing a combat mission in the face of active enemy opposition;
high probability of trouble-free functioning of the rocket during preparation for launch, as well as in flight;
high tactical maneuverability due to the high maneuverability of combat vehicles mounted on all-wheel drive chassis,
strategic mobility due to the transportability of vehicles by all modes of transport, including transport aviation;
automation of combat control of missile units,
prompt processing and communication of intelligence information to the appropriate management levels;
long service life and ease of use.
In terms of its tactical and technical characteristics, Iskander-E fully complies with the provisions of the Missile Technology Non-Proliferation Control Regime. This is a “weapon of deterrence” in local conflicts, and for countries with limited living space - a strategic weapon. The structure of the complex, its control systems, automated combat control and information support make it possible to quickly respond to new requirements without significant modification of its combat assets and, as a result, guarantee it a long life cycle.
For weapons Russian army a version of the Iskander-M missile system with an increased flight range (more than 450 km) has been developed, as well as an Iskander-K equipped with the R-500 high-precision cruise missile (range up to 2600 km) of the Caliber system developed by the Yekaterinburg OKB Novator JSC "The complex was successfully tested in 2007 at the Kapustin Yar training ground.
In 2007, the training division in Kapustin Yar, which took part in the war with Georgia in August 2008, was equipped with Iskander-M complexes (four combat vehicles).
In the west the complex received the designation SS-26.
Compound
The complex includes:
9M723 rocket;
self-propelled launcher 9P78 (SPU);
transport-loading machine 9T250 (TZM);
command and staff vehicle 9S552 (KShM);
mobile information preparation station 9S920 (PPI);
regulation and maintenance machine (MRTO);
life support machine;
sets of arsenal and training equipment.
The 9M723 rocket is a solid-fuel, single-stage missile with a warhead that cannot be separated in flight. The rocket is controlled throughout its flight path using aerodynamic and gas-dynamic rudders. The flight path of the 9M723 is not ballistic, but controlled. The rocket constantly changes its trajectory plane. It maneuvers especially actively during its acceleration and approach to the target - with an overload of 20 to 30g. In order to intercept a 9M723 missile, the antimissile must move along a trajectory with an overload two to three times higher, and this is practically impossible. Most of the flight path of a missile made using Stealth technology and having a small reflective surface passes at an altitude of 50 km, which also significantly reduces the likelihood of it being hit by the enemy. The effect of "invisibility" is achieved due to the combination design features and treating the rocket with special coatings.
The missile is launched directly at the target using an inertial control system, and then captured by an autonomous correlation-extreme optical homing head (see photo). The principle of operation of the OTR 9M723 homing system is that optical equipment forms an image of the terrain in the target area, which is compared by the on-board computer with the standard entered during the preparation of the missile for launch. The optical head has increased resistance to existing electronic warfare systems and allows successful missile launches even on moonless nights, when there is no additional natural target illumination, hitting the target with an error of plus or minus two meters. No other tactical system in the world can solve such a problem, except for the Iskander. In addition, optical systems do not require signals from space radio navigation systems, which in crisis situations can be turned off or disabled by radio interference. Integrating inertial control with satellite navigation equipment and an optical seeker makes it possible to create a missile that can hit a given target in almost any imaginable conditions. The homing head can also be used on ballistic and cruise missiles of various classes and types.
The missile can be equipped with various warheads (10 types in total), including:
a cluster warhead with fragmentation warheads for non-contact detonation;
cluster warhead with cumulative fragmentation warheads;
cluster warhead with self-aiming combat elements;
cluster warhead with volumetric detonating action;
high-explosive fragmentation warhead (HFW);
high-explosive incendiary warhead;
penetrating warhead (PBC).
The cluster warhead ensures deployment at an altitude of 0.9-1.4 km with further separation and stabilization of the combat elements. Combat elements equipped with radio sensors, the detonation of combat elements is carried out at a height of 6-10m above the target.
Thanks to the implementation of terminal control and guidance methods, control along the entire flight path, a wide range of powerful combat units and the integration of onboard control systems with various correction and homing systems, as well as the high probability of completing a combat mission in conditions of active enemy counteraction, typical targets are hit by the launch of only 1- 2 Iskander-E missiles, which is equivalent in effectiveness to the use of nuclear weapons.
The fully autonomous SPU is placed on an 8x8 all-terrain wheeled chassis (MZKT-7930) and is designed for storing and transporting missiles, preparing for launch and launching within the firing sector ±90° relative to the direction of entry of the SPU. SPU provides: automatic determination of its coordinates, data exchange with all control levels, combat duty and preparation for launch with the missile in horizontal position, single and salvo missile launches, storage and testing of missiles. The most important feature of the launcher was the placement on it not of one (as in Tochka and Oka), but of two missiles. The time the launcher spends at the launch position is minimal and is up to 20 minutes, while the interval between the launches of the 1st and 2nd missiles is no more than one minute. Missile launches do not require launch positions that are specially prepared in terms of engineering and geodesy, which can lead to their discovery by the enemy. Launches can be carried out from the so-called “ready from the march”, i.e. the launcher drives onto any site (except for swampy areas and shifting sands) and its crew prepares and launches the rocket in an automated cycle, without leaving the cabin. After which the launcher moves to the reloading point and, after loading the missiles, is ready to fire again missile strike from any starting position.
The TZM is also located on the MZKT-7930 chassis and is equipped with a jib crane. Full combat weight - 40,000 kg, TZM crew - 2 people.
The automated control system is built on the basis of a command and staff vehicle, unified for all levels of management, built on a KAMAZ family chassis. Setting to a certain management level (brigade, division, starting battery) is carried out programmatically during operation. To ensure information exchange, the launcher houses combat control and communications equipment. Information exchange can be carried out both through open and closed communication channels.
Iskander-E is integrated with various reconnaissance and control systems. Information about the target is transmitted from a satellite, reconnaissance aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicle (type "Flight-D") to the information preparation point (PPI). It calculates the flight mission for the missile and prepares reference information for missiles with OGSN. This information is then transmitted via radio channels to the command post vehicles (CSVs) of the division and battery commanders, and from there to the launchers. Commands to launch missiles can be generated either in the command post or from the control centers of senior artillery commanders.
The regulation and maintenance vehicle (MRTO) is located on the chassis of the Kamaz family and is intended for routine checks of on-board equipment of missiles placed on TZM (as well as in containers), checks of instruments included in group sets of spare parts for complex elements and routine repair of missiles by forces MRT calculation. Vehicle weight - 13500 kg, deployment time - 20 minutes, time of the automated cycle of routine check of the rocket's on-board equipment - 18 minutes, crew - 2 people.
The life support vehicle is designed to accommodate combat crews (up to 8 people) for rest and food.
Performance characteristics
| Firing range, km: - minimum - maximum |
50 280 (400) |
| Firing accuracy (CAO), m: - without homing system - with homing system |
30-70 5-7 |
| Number of missiles: - at SPU - on TZM |
2 2 |
| First rocket launch time, min: - from highest readiness - from the march |
no more than 4 no more than 16 |
| Interval between starts, min | up to 1 |
| Designated service life, years | 10 (of which 3 years in field conditions) |
| Temperature range of application, °C | up to ± 50 |
| Altitude above sea level, m | up to 3000 |
| Rocket | |
| Rocket launch weight, kg | 3800 |
| Weight of warhead, kg | 480 |
| Length, mm | 7200 |
| Maximum diameter, mm: - on yoke clips - by engine |
950 920 |
| SPU | |
| Gross weight, t | 42 |
| Placed load mass, t | 19 |
|
Maximum speed, km/h: - along the highway - on a dirt road |
70 40 |
| Cruising range based on control fuel consumption, km | 1000 |
| Calculation, persons | 3 |
| KShM | |
| 4 | |
|
Maximum range radio communications, km - in the parking lot - on the march |
350 50 |
| Combat mission calculation time, s | to 10 |
| Maximum command transmission time, s | 15 |
| Number of communication channels | up to 16 |
| Data transmission (reception) speed, kbit/s | 16 |
| Deployment/collapse time (with antenna deployment/collapse), min | up to 30 |
| 48 | |
| PPI | |
| Number of automated workstations, pcs. | 2 |
| Time to determine target point coordinates, min | from 0.5 to 2 |
| Time to bring target designation to SPU, min | 1 |
| Continuous operation time, h | 16 |
The Elusive Rocket Avenger
In world politics there is magic words, causing entire governments to tremble. For example, the phrase " chemical weapon in Syria" or "Iran's nuclear weapons" raises concerns political elite countries are in a state of extreme military-diplomatic excitement. However, in terms of the speed of reaction of the progressive public to such phrases, our “” has no equal. Mention of OTRK "Iskander-M", especially in the context of its placement near someone’s borders, inevitably entails a reaction close to hysteria from the media, military and politicians of border countries and their Western overlords. Let's figure out what the secret is of our neighbors who are so frightening magical properties this operational-tactical missile system.
The problem of the missile system "Iskander" thing is it is impossible to “catch” him. Firstly, because during the flight the missile maneuvers with enormous overloads, which are still unattainable for any interceptor missile in service with the countries of the world. Secondly, she flies very low - up to 6 m from the surface at a speed Mach 4, so it is almost impossible to detect it using standard radar equipment. Thirdly, it throws out false targets to deceive the enemy’s radar, sets up active radio interference and “jammes” all the emitters by which missile defense systems navigate in space.
The principle of operation of homing systems, which have the scientific name of correlation-extreme, is that optical equipment forms an image of the terrain in the target area, which is compared in the on-board computer with a reference one, after which corrective signals are issued to the missile controls.
Optical seeker is universal and imposes only one requirement on the inertial control system of the rocket: to bring the latter to the point at which the optics begin to see the target. Existing active means, which very effectively counteract radar homing systems, are powerless against such a head. The high sensitivity of the seeker allows work even on a moonless night, which distinguishes the new system from existing analogues. In addition, optical systems do not need signals from space radio navigation systems, such as the American NAVSTAR, which in crisis situations can be turned off by its owners or disabled by radio interference. By the way, many potential customers of Iskander-E put forward demands for independence from satellite navigation. At the same time, integrating inertial control with satellite navigation equipment and an optical seeker makes it possible to create a missile that hits a given target almost in any conceivable conditions.
Information about the target is transmitted from a satellite, reconnaissance aircraft or to an information preparation point (IPP). It calculates the flight mission for the missile, which is then transmitted via radio channels to the command and staff vehicles (CSVs) of the division and battery commanders, and from there to the launchers. Commands to launch missiles can be generated either in the command post or from the control centers of senior artillery commanders. PPI and KShM equipment is built on local networks Russian computers, and the functional purpose of the control set depends only on and can be easily upgraded to control various fire weapons.
On October 11, 2011, it was announced that the first stage of testing of the updated missile system had been completed "Iskander-M" with new combat equipment - with a new electronic warfare system, which provides missile cover during the final flight phase. This system includes means of passive and active jamming of enemy air and missile defense surveillance and firing radars through noise and the release of false targets. Since 2013, new missiles began to be supplied to the Russian army.
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The 9K720 operational-tactical missile system (according to NATO classification - SS-26Stone) appeared on paper as a concept back in the early 80s of the last century. Its creation was timed to coincide with one of the stages of the Cold War, when the superpowers decided to limit its use for military purposes. nuclear weapons. To maintain the combat effectiveness of missiles, a significant increase in accuracy was required, which the inertial control system could not provide.
In addition, the following aspects were expected to be achieved:
- the ability to maintain control over the projectile along the entire trajectory of movement to the target or most of it;
- automate the bulk of calculation tasks, including data exchange;
- use the missile as a carrier for various warheads (total this moment 10 of them are known).
The history of the creation of the Iskander missile system
Several design bureaus and institutes took part in the development of Iskander, but the leading enterprise was the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering (Kolomna). At that time, the organization had many missile systems, and previously the institution was developing most of the mortar systems that entered service as Soviet period, and for the needs of the Russian army.
The development of Iskander was undertaken by S.P. Invincible, a designer who had gained enormous experience in creating similar systems using the example of the Oka complex. According to experts, the predecessor of the vehicle in question was the first in history capable of passing through means of destroying an enemy threat from the air with a probability almost equal to 100%. Thanks to this property, it was implied that high percentage hits on intended targets. However, the equipment was destroyed according to an agreement between the main participants cold war, concluded in 1987. But a small number of vehicles were in service with the Russian army until 2003.
Development baton unique car accepted by Valery Kashin, who to this day is the general designer and head of the design bureau.
The KBM received a difficult task: the missile must destroy stationary targets and those in motion. It was important to guarantee a high probability of overcoming defense systems and getting hit. A serious difference from its predecessor was the fact that the warhead should not carry a nuclear warhead. It was supposed to compensate for the weakening scale of destruction through minimal deviation from the target.
The ability to pass by unnoticed anti-aircraft systems and missile defense is based on the following technical solutions:
- The surface of the case was created as smooth as possible, which made it invisible;
- Protection from radar equipment was achieved by applying a special coating;
- A unique feature was the maneuvering of the missile in flight, which made it impossible to calculate the meeting point and, therefore, to shoot it down.
Achieving ideal smoothness of the rocket was not easy, since during operation it is necessary to perform logistics operations, dock equipment, etc. All this is realized through integrated fastening elements, but at the moment of the shot all irregularities are smoothed out. To do this, several clips of two half-rings are installed, which are connected by locks that detonate upon startup and activate automatic covers. Thus, the places of detachable connections are closed when the rocket leaves the guides. Tricky, isn't it?
This set of capabilities made the rocket unique: so far no foreign development can compare with it. Experts say that any analogues are an order of magnitude inferior Russian system and are unable to solve such complex problems. During the development phase, all these aspects required numerous modifications, which made the car unique in comparison with the original sketches.
The product “Iskander M complex” has been developed since 1993, when the corresponding decree of the country’s president appeared. The technical specification issued by the design bureau required an integrated and innovative approach. The design used and tested all the advanced achievements of science within the country itself and abroad.
The tests that were carried out within three types deserve special attention: bench, flight and climatic. The testing ground for them was Kapustin Yar, where at one time many missile innovations of the USSR and the Russian Federation were tested. Some tests were conducted in other regions of the state.
The process was completed in 2011, when the vehicle was equipped with a missile with the 9M723 index, which performed well during testing. In addition, it was integrated new system guidance - correlation.
The system was adopted by the Russian Army in 2006. The complexes began to enter service in the Western Military District 4 years after being put into service. The first batch of cars consisted of 6 units. Government program expects to put 120 complexes into operation by 2020. In 2019, 7 brigades will be formed in the Russian army, in which Iskander-M vehicles will be used. In the same year, two vehicles will be transferred to the formations of the Eastern and Southern districts.
The purpose of the Iskander complex
According to the assignment, the reconnaissance and strike complex was supposed to hit from 20 to 40 targets in an hour, which required large quantity ammunition. That is why it was decided to place 2 missiles on one chassis at once.
The increased weight had to be compensated by the development of a new chassis. If for previous generations (Tochka, Oka) the base was designed by the Bryansk plant, the new four-axle chassis was developed by the Minsk plant. As a result, it was possible to place the entire complex of weapons and launch control on one base.
The main task of the complex is to defeat the targets of the following objects:
- small targets performing storage and supply functions;
- strikes against targets behind potential enemy lines;
- enemy tactical means of destruction - MLRS (missile systems volley fire), artillery with a long firing range, similar to the RK;
- aviation during parking and maintenance;
- strategically important objects, communication points;
- key points of civil infrastructure.
The listed tasks are solved using various warheads that can be equipped with a missile. Most often it is a cassette with 54 damaging components, or a high-explosive fragmentation, penetrating one. At the same time, the vehicle has enormous potential, so more advanced parts are expected to appear in accordance with more complex combat missions.
The practice of modern wars shows that the weapon itself does not guarantee victory, regardless of characteristics, lethality and accuracy. If equipment is not included in a coordinated intelligence system or there is no possibility of prompt exchange of information, its effectiveness tends to zero.
Taking into account the trend, the work of the complex is carried out based on information from various sources: satellites, drones and reconnaissance aircraft. The data arrives at the preparation point, where it is converted into a calculation task that is transmitted to the division's command and staff vehicles. After this, the task is set directly for execution. The system is controlled by local networks based on Russian computers, which can be easily upgraded and replaced with more advanced ones in the future.
Composition of the Iskander missile system
Of course, without support, the installation is not able to complete the entire range of tasks, which is why the support/supply group includes many pieces of equipment.
In addition to the self-propelled missile launcher (MZKT-7930 chassis), there is:
- command and staff vehicle, for which KAMAZ became the base;
- transport-loading - on a chassis identical to the launcher itself;
- mobile information preparation point at the KAMAZ base;
- regulations and maintenance vehicle, crew life support vehicle, sets of equipment (training and arsenal), for which KAMAZ trucks became the basis.
Taken together, the equipment is capable of performing a wide range of combat missions almost autonomously, taking up positions.
Rocket
The 9M723K1 rocket used is single-stage and runs on a solid propellant engine. The trajectory of movement is quasi-ballistic, that is, it cannot be predicted. During flight, active maneuvering is carried out, and gas-dynamic and aerodynamic rudders are used to control movement to the target.
The projectile has unique characteristics. Manufactured using various advanced techniques to reduce radar signature, in particular, “stealth technologies” are used: the body has special coatings, the dispersion surface is minimal, protruding parts are minimized in size, and in the air the rocket becomes almost perfectly smooth.
The main trajectory of movement is at an altitude of 50 km, but at the peak the values can reach twice as high. At the initial and final stages of the flight, active maneuvering is carried out, when the probability of hitting the missile is greatest, and the equipment is subject to overloads of up to 20-30 units. Guidance until the final section (immediately after the salvo and at the main interval of the trajectory) is inertial, and at the final interval it is optical, that is, a combined method is used, due to which it is possible to achieve maximum accuracy with an error of 5-7 meters.
To operate the first type of guidance system, it is possible to use GPS/GLONASS. Since 2013, electronic warfare devices have been integrated into the design, which allows the projectile to be protected from air defense immediately before a target encounter.
The process is implemented by setting up two types of interference:
- active;
- passive - at the level of surveillance/firing radars, which includes the release of noise and false targets.
Self-propelled launcher
This is the main means of the group, which transports, stores and launches missiles. The product chassis received the MZKT-7930 index.
The vehicle was developed specifically to perform tasks in this complex, capable of carrying a load of 19 tons, while developing 70 km/h on the highway and up to 40 over rough terrain. The combat crew includes three people. The fuel range reaches thousands of kilometers.
Transport-charging machine
On a similar basis, another vehicle of the group was created, carrying two missiles on board.
To load the main installation, a crane is used, integrated into the design and crew of two people. The total weight of the vehicle is 40 tons.
Command and staff vehicle
An important decision was the use of a command post vehicle for automated control.
Created on the basis of KAMAZ. The equipment is unified for each link. To coordinate actions, a chain has been formed: launch battery – missile division – missile brigade. Interaction is supported in open and closed mode, the communication range on the march is 50 km, in a stationary position - 350, transmitting a command takes no more than 15 seconds, the task is calculated in 10 seconds.
A crew of 4 people can deploy/collapse the installation in half an hour, after which it operates continuously for two days.
Regulation and maintenance machine
The abbreviation of this unit of the complex is MRTO. It is necessary to assess the performance of systems and devices, as well as on-board equipment in the field.
On board there is everything necessary for emergency repairs. Deployment by two people takes up to 20 minutes; checking missile systems does not exceed a third of an hour.
Rocket complex life support machine
In the MJO, people servicing systems and equipment can eat and sleep while on duty.
For this purpose, two compartments are equipped, including 6 berths, a 300-liter water tank, and two lockers in each block.
Performance characteristics of the Iskander missile system
The Iskander complex fully complies with the main provisions of the agreement between the countries aimed at limiting the use and sale of missile technologies.
According to the classification, theses are as follows:
- It is prohibited to sell missiles with a range of more than 300 km (the Iskander has 20 kilometers less);
- The payload should be less than 0.5 tons (domestic development is capable of carrying 480 kg).
In addition, the carriers used run on solid fuel, which means that upgrading them to increase their range is difficult.
| Shortest distance to target, km | 50 |
| The largest varies depending on the modification of the machine: under the index E/M/K, km |
280/500/2000 (cruise missile R-500) |
| Maximum permissible warhead weight, kg | 480 |
| Weight of the vehicle with equipped missiles, t | 42,3 |
| rocket engine | Solid propellant rocket motor; |
| Number of missiles: | on the loading machine - 2 on the launcher itself two more |
| Calculation, persons | 3 |
| Operating temperature range, degrees | -50 - +50 |
| Operating life/including under conditions of intended use, years | 10/3 |
| Hit error, m | 5-30 |
| Projectile mass at launch, t | 3,8 |
| Height, mm | 7200 |
| Caliber, mm | 920 |
| Cruising speed, m/s | 2100 |
| Ceiling on ballistic trajectory, km | More than 100 |
| Required time to fire a shot, min | 4-16 |
| Period before launch of the second rocket, min | 1 |
No similar weapon system can boast of such parameters, which makes the vehicle unique means waging wars. Not only its functionality and multitasking are noted, but also the potential for deep modernization, which will extend the service life of the troops.
Combat characteristics of the complex
During development, the machine has great potential, thanks to the use of advanced technical solutions and achievements from the field of science. In fact, this is the latest generation of missile systems, with the potential for modernization in accordance with the realities of the future. The combat effectiveness of the vehicle makes it a leader among all existing Russian and foreign analogues. For example, some experts compare the complex with a United States destroyer fourth generation"Donald Cook."
To obtain up-to-date intelligence and information on targets, it is possible to interact with various means. It is used to process information about the location, number of the enemy and other data necessary for an accurate strike. To set a combat mission, command and staff vehicles equipped with Russian computers are used, in addition, orders can come from artillery control points.
Depending on the purpose, several modifications were created. Among them, there is an export option aimed at supplying weapons abroad:
- "Iskander - M" - for the Russian army;
- Modification K uses cruise missiles;
- A complex with index E is an option for sale that fully complies with the MTCR.
Experts say that no other modern missile defense system can oppose the tandem of the M and K modifications. In the future, the vehicles will become the basis of the Russian Federation's land-based missile forces. By 2020, 120 units will be delivered to the army.
Combat use
Irrefutable evidence regarding practical application no, but there is some evidence that iskandar participated in the 2008 conflict between Georgia and Ossetia. A statement about the use of the installation was made by Shota Utiashvili, who then held the post of head of the information and analytical department of the Georgian police. According to his statement, the Russian armed forces used vehicles at facilities in Poti, Gori, as well as along the Baku-Supsa oil pipeline.
