Scientific style of speech, what do you know about it? Scientific style of speech.

The main features of the scientific style of speech

The most common a specific feature of this style of speech is the logic of presentation .

Any coherent statement must have this quality. But the scientific text is distinguished by its emphasized, strict logic. All parts in it are strictly connected in meaning and are arranged strictly sequentially; conclusions follow from the facts presented in the text. This is done by means typical of scientific speech: connecting sentences using repeated nouns, often in combination with a demonstrative pronoun.

Adverbs also indicate the sequence of thought development: first, first of all, then, then, next; as well as introductory words: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, vice versa; unions: since, because, so that, therefore. The predominance of the union connection emphasizes great connection between sentences.

Another typical feature of a scientific style of speech is accuracy. .

Semantic accuracy (unambiguity) is achieved by careful selection of words, the use of words in their direct meaning, wide use of terms and special vocabulary. In scientific style, repetition of keywords is considered the norm.

Distraction And generality necessarily permeate every scientific text.

Therefore, abstract concepts that are difficult to imagine, see, and feel are widely used here. In such texts there are often words with an abstract meaning, for example: emptiness, speed, time, force, quantity, quality, law, number, limit; formulas, symbols, symbols, graphs, tables, diagrams, diagrams, drawings.

It is characteristic that even specific vocabulary here acts to denote general concepts .

For example: The philologist must carefully, that is, a philologist in general; Birch tolerates frost well, i.e. not a single object, but a tree species - general concept. This is clearly manifested when comparing the features of the use of the same word in scientific and artistic speech. In artistic speech, a word is not a term; it contains not only a concept, but also a verbal artistic image(comparison, personification, etc.).

The word of science is unambiguous and terminological.

Compare:

The scientific style of speech is characterized by plural from abstract and real nouns: length, magnitude, frequency; frequent use of neuter words: education, property, meaning.

Not only nouns, but also verbs are usually used in the context of scientific speech not in their main and specific values, but in a generalized abstract meaning.

Words: go, follow, lead, compose, indicateь and others do not denote movement itself, etc., but something else, abstract:

In scientific literature, especially mathematical literature, the form of the future tense is often devoid of its grammatical meaning: instead of a word will are used is, is.

Present tense verbs also do not always receive the meaning of concreteness: regularly used; always indicate. Imperfective forms are widely used.

Scientific speech is characterized by: the predominance of 1st and 3rd person pronouns, while the meaning of the person is weakened; frequent use of short adjectives.

However, the generality and abstractness of texts in the scientific style of speech do not mean that they lack emotionality and expressiveness. In this case, they would not have achieved their goal.

The expressiveness of scientific speech differs from the expressiveness of artistic speech in that it is associated primarily with the accuracy of the use of words, the logic of presentation, and its persuasiveness. Most often, figurative means are used in popular science literature.

Do not mix terms that are established in science and formed according to the type of metaphor (in biology - tongue, pestle, umbrella; in technology - clutch, paw, shoulder, trunk; in geography - base (mountains), ridge) using terms for figurative and expressive purposes in journalistic or artistic style speech when these words cease to be terms ( pulse of life, political barometer, negotiations are stalled etc.).

To enhance expressiveness in a scientific style of speech , especially in popular science literature, in works of a polemical nature, in discussion articles, are used :

1) intensifying particles, pronouns, adverbs: only, absolutely, only;

2) adjectives like: colossal, most advantageous, one of the greatest, most difficult;

3) “problematic” questions: in fact, what kind of bodies does... the cell in environment?, what is the reason for this?

Objectivity- another sign of a scientific style of speech. Scientific theories and laws scientific facts, phenomena, experiments and their results - all this is presented in texts related to the scientific style of speech.

And all this requires quantitative and qualitative characteristics, objective and reliable. That's why exclamation sentences are used very rarely. In a scientific text, a personal, subjective opinion is unacceptable; it is not customary to use the pronoun I and verbs in the first person singular. Here, indefinite personal sentences are used more often ( think that...), impersonal ( it is known that...), definitely personal ( let's look at the problem....).

In the scientific style of speech, several substyles or varieties can be distinguished:

a) actually scientific (academic) - the most strict, accurate; he writes dissertations, monographs, articles in scientific journals, instructions, GOST standards, encyclopedias;

b) popular science (scientific journalistic) he writes scientific articles in newspapers, popular science magazines, popular science books; this includes public performance on radio, television scientific topics, speeches by scientists and specialists before mass audiences;

c) scientific and educational (educational literature on various subjects for different types educational institutions; reference books, manuals).

Lexical features of scientific style of speech

The main purpose of a scientific text and its vocabulary is to designate phenomena, objects, name them and explain them, and for this we need, first of all, nouns.

Most common features scientific style vocabulary are:

a) the use of words in their literal meaning;

b) lack of figurative means: epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, poetic symbols, hyperboles;

c) widespread use of abstract vocabulary and terms.

In scientific speech there are three layers of words:

The words are stylistically neutral, i.e. commonly used in different styles.

For example: he, five, ten; in, on, for; black, white, large; goes, happens etc.;

General scientific words, i.e. occurring in the language of different sciences, and not of any one science.

For example: center, force, degree, magnitude, speed, detail, energy, analogy etc.

This can be confirmed by examples of phrases taken from texts of various sciences: administrative center, center of the European part of Russia, city center; center of gravity, center of movement; center of the circle.

Terms of any science, i.e. highly specialized vocabulary. You already know that the main thing in the term is accuracy and its unambiguity.

Morphological features of the scientific style of speech

Verbs in the 1st and 2nd person singular are practically not used in scientific texts. They are often used in literary texts.

Verbs in the present tense with a “timeless” meaning are very close to verbal nouns: splashes down - splashdown, rewinds - rewinding; and vice versa: fill - fills.

Verbal nouns convey objective processes and phenomena well, which is why they are often used in scientific texts.

There are few adjectives in a scientific text, and many of them are used as part of terms and have a precise, highly specialized meaning. In a literary text, there are more adjectives in percentage terms, and epithets and artistic definitions predominate here.

In scientific style parts of speech and their grammatical forms are used differently than in other styles.

To identify these features, let's do a little research.

Syntactic features of the scientific style of speech

Typical scientific speeches are:

a) special revolutions like: according to Mendeleev, from experience;

c) use of words: given, known, appropriate as a means of communication;

d) use of a chain of genitive cases: Establishing the dependence of the wavelength of X-rays of an atom.(Kapitsa.)

In scientific speech more than in other styles, they are used complex sentences, especially complex ones.

Compounds with explanatory clauses express a generalization, reveal a typical phenomenon, one or another pattern.

Words as is known, scientists believe, it is clear etc. indicate when referring to a source, to any facts or provisions.

Complex sentences with subordinate reasons are widely used in scientific speech, since science reveals the causal relationships of the phenomena of reality. In these sentences they are used as common conjunctions ( because, since, because, since), and book ( due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, for).

In scientific speech, comparisons help to deeper reveal the essence of a phenomenon, to discover its connections with other phenomena, while in work of art their main purpose is to vividly and emotionally reveal the images, the picture, the words depicted by the artist.

Often the use of participles and participial phrases.

Using expressive means

The generality and abstractness of scientific speech does not exclude expressiveness. Scientists use figurative language to highlight the most important semantic points and to convince the audience.

Comparison - one of the forms of logical thinking.

Ugly (devoid of imagery), for example: Borofluorides are similar to chlorides.

Expanded comparison

…In history new Russia we are met with an “excess” of factual material. It becomes impossible to include it entirely in the research system, since then we will get what is called “noise” in cybernetics. Let's imagine the following: several people are sitting in a room, and suddenly everyone starts talking about their own things at the same time. family matters. In the end, we won't know anything. The abundance of facts requires selectivity. And just as acousticians select the sound that interests them, we must select those facts that are needed to illuminate the chosen topic - ethnic history our country. (L.N. Gumilev. From Rus' to Russia).

Figurative comparison

Human society is like a turbulent sea, in which individual people, like waves, surrounded by their own kind, constantly collide with each other, arise, grow and disappear, and the sea - society - is forever seething, agitated and never silent...

Problematic issues

The first question that confronts us is: What kind of science is sociology? What is the subject of its study? Finally, what are the main departments of this discipline?

(P. Sorokin. General sociology)

Limitations on the use of language in a scientific style

– Inadmissibility of extraliterary vocabulary.

– There are practically no 2nd person forms of verbs and pronouns you, you.

– Limited use incomplete sentences.

– The use of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology is limited.

All of the above can be presented in a table

Features of the scientific style of speech

Example of scientific style

Spelling reform 1918 brought writing closer to living speech (i.e., it abolished a whole series of traditional, rather than phonemic, orthograms). The approach of spelling to living speech usually causes a movement in the other direction: the desire to bring pronunciation closer to spelling...

However, the influence of writing was controlled by the development of internal phonetic tendencies. Only those orthographic features had a strong influence on literary pronunciation. Which helped to develop the Russian phonetic system according to the law of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay or contributed to the elimination of phraseological units in this system...

At the same time, it must be emphasized that, firstly, these features were known at the end of the 19th century. and that, secondly, even now they cannot be considered completely victorious in modern Russian literary pronunciation. Old literary norms compete with them.

The Russian language uses several styles: official business, colloquial, journalistic, artistic, and scientific. Today we'll talk about scientific style. What is the scientific style, how to apply it correctly in life?

Scientific style- this is the current style of speech literary language, it has several features: accuracy and unambiguity of statements, direct word order in a sentence, the use of scientific terminology, the nature of speech - monologue, normalization, logic, clarity.

Textbooks, reference books, dictionaries, abstracts, reports, coursework, dissertations, and tests are written in a scientific style. The scientific style of speech is divided into several substyles, such as scientific (scientific article, diploma), educational (recommendations, all kinds of reference books), popular substyle (article in a scientific publication, scientific essay).

Features of the scientific style in Russian

Scientific style of speech is used in a number of different disciplines and sciences. It also has various genres (monograph, report, article, scientific book, textbook, dissertation).

In the scientific style, logic and a consistent presentation of the author’s thoughts, a clear and orderly connection between sentences are encouraged. This style does not accept omissions, excessive “water” in the text, or expressions of emotions. Everything must be described accurately, concisely, concisely, and the content must be rich. What is logic in scientific style? This is the presence of semantic connections between sentences, paragraphs and paragraphs in the text.

A text that has a consistent presentation of thoughts suggests conclusions arising from its content. Often scientific text is divided into separate blocks for better understanding. The thought in each of them must be clearly visible either deductively or inductively. This style should be clear, understandable and accessible.

Vocabulary of scientific style of speech

Also in the scientific style there are such lexical units as terms. They usually make up fifteen to twenty percent of the total content in a text written in a scientific style. An example of a text in a scientific style with the content of the term: “Bulimia is a mental illness caused by a perverted perception of one’s own appearance, inherent a large number people living in developed countries". Often terms are words that are understandable in other languages, since they are international.

Morphology of scientific style

The scientific style involves an economy of words in favor of brevity and precision, so it uses certain grammatical forms. For example, this is the use of words in the masculine gender instead of the feminine: “cuff” (m. r.) instead of “cuff” (f. r.).

In scientific style, the names of concepts take precedence over the names of actions, thus using fewer verbs.

Every schoolchild could notice that in scientific style the singular form implies the plural. For example, this happens when a definition of a particular concept is written in a textbook: “a word is...”, “a frog is...”, “an atom is...”. The concept is used in the singular, although the definition itself refers not only to this one concept, but to all the same ones. “An atom is...” - the definition refers not to one atom, but to all atoms in the world. It turns out that the terms in the definitions are used in a generalized form.

As for verbs in the scientific style, they are used with weak meanings of person, number and tense: instead of “the calculation is made” - “the calculation is made by...”; instead of “the answer is found” - “the answer is found with the help of...”, etc.

Most often, for the scientific style, verbs are taken in the timeless present of the imperfect form: “percentage is”, “population lives”, “molecule is divided”, etc.

For the scientific style, pronouns you, you, and 2nd person forms are practically not typical; verbs in the 1st person form are rarely used. The most commonly used pronouns are “we” and the 3rd person form.

Syntax and scientific style

We all know that a text written in a scientific style is very difficult to understand and is overloaded with terms and definitions. The sentences are constructed in a complex manner and sometimes take up an entire paragraph. Usually, for the scientific style, sentences with homogeneous members of the sentence and generalization words for them are used. Subordinating conjunctions, introductory words and combinations, and cliche words are also used. Examples of units inherent in the scientific style in the text: “Consider the given option”; “It’s worth comparing the current offer”; "The text is presented as follows"…

Substyles of scientific style

• Scientific identifies and describes modern facts, new discoveries and patterns. It is used to write scientific reports, articles, and reviews.
• Scientific and educational. Typically, textbooks and reference books for students in various educational institutions are written in this style.
• Scientific and technical. This style is used to write various materials for technical specialists.

Genres of scientific style

In this style, one can note such genres as journal article, monograph, textbook, review, textbook, lecture, oral presentation, scientific report. All of the above are primary genres, as they are presented by the author for the first time.

There are also secondary genres, such as abstract (already processed information), synopsis, annotation, etc. Genres of the educational and scientific style are report, lecture, coursework. In a word, everything that relates to the educational process.

In our country, we first heard about the peculiarities of the scientific style in the eighteenth century, when science began to develop. Then both terms and books containing them became necessary. Articles written in a scientific style began to appear. Special thanks should be expressed to M.V. Lomonosov for his enormous contribution to the development of science in our country.

When writing scientific article, diploma or course work, must be adhered to a certain style speech - scientific. The scientific style of speech has its own characteristics and specifics. Authors of scientific papers must adhere to certain rules and avoid certain language techniques.

The scientific style of speech is intended for one single purpose - the transmission of structured, logically constructed information with arguments for its truth. Scientific style implies a complete absence of emotional coloring of the text. The ability to write in a scientific style will be useful when writing a scientific article.

Subtypes of scientific style of speech

Based on discipline or topic, the following subtypes are distinguished:

• scientific and technical
• scientific-natural
• scientific and humanitarian

Depending on the scope and form of presentation, subtypes are distinguished

• strictly scientific – used in monographs, articles, reports, etc.
• scientific and informative – used in abstracts, textbooks, textbooks etc.
• popular science – used in essays, books, lectures, etc.

Features and aspects of the scientific style of speech

Despite the differences, the subtypes of scientific style are united by one important property - dominant. The dominant of the scientific style is logical speech, dry facts, precision of definitions.

The accuracy of scientific speech is understood as the use of linguistic means that are unambiguous and capable of in the best possible way convey the essence of a definition or concept (in other words, a logically complete thought about a phenomenon, an object).

Examples of scientific style of speech

The scientific style avoids using (but still sometimes uses) various figurative means, for example, metaphors. It is important to understand that metaphor terms do not fall into this category.

Examples:

• In physics - atomic mass
• In biology - the pistil of a flower
• In anatomy - the auricle

The abstractness and abstractness of scientific language is set apart by the specifics of scientific knowledge. Any field of science expresses a generalized thought that requires specification and proof.

For example, in the definition: “Coordination is a method of communication in which the dependent word is put in the same forms as the main one,” any word in the definition can be decomposed into a separate definition.

By the way, failure to adhere to the scientific style of speech is one of the most...

What should not be used in scientific style of speech

Scientific work is carried out in a strict presentation structure and requires adherence to the logic of the narrative. It is necessary to think through the general concept in advance and split it into smaller definitions, building a complete chain.

Target scientific work- search existing problem and offering an up-to-date solution with the necessary evidence base. The author’s “I” and other pronouns are inappropriate here: “we”, “you”, “they”. The presentation should be conducted in one tense (mostly “past tense” is used).

The emotional coloring of the text is also unacceptable. The text should be presented clearly, dryly, clearly, objectively. Agree, it is difficult to imagine such a text in a scientific work among formulas and proofs:

“I struggled for a long time to solve this complex problem and finally found a way out"

Use neutral language without any reference to the reader. Before writing your own scientific work, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the works of others and adopt their presentation style - this will significantly simplify the process of writing a text for you and, in addition, will develop your vocabulary.

Total information

Style-forming features of the scientific style

Scientific style is a style that serves the scientific field social activities. It is intended to convey scientific information to a prepared and interested audience.

The scientific style has a number of common features, general operating conditions and linguistic features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanities) and genre differences (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. To such general features include: 1) preliminary consideration of the statement; 2) monological nature of the statement; 3) strict selection of linguistic means; 4) attraction to standardized speech.

Stages of scientific activity. Forms of existence of scientific speech

Science is one of the most effective ways of obtaining new knowledge about the world, one of the most advanced forms of accumulation and systematization of knowledge and experience.

In scientific activity, a person faces two main tasks: to obtain new knowledge about the world (i.e., to make a discovery) and ‚ to make this knowledge available to society (i.e., to communicate one’s discovery). Accordingly, two stages in human scientific activity should be distinguished: 1) stage making a discovery and 2) stage opening registration.

The scientific style of speech refers to the second stage of scientific activity - the stage of verbal presentation of the acquired new knowledge.

The content side makes its demands on the form of existence of scientific speech. Primordial form existence of scientific speech written, and this is no coincidence. Firstly, the written form records information for a long time (and this is exactly what science requires, reflecting the stable connections of the world). Secondly, it is more convenient and reliable for detecting the slightest information inaccuracies and logical violations (which are irrelevant in everyday communication, but in scientific communication can lead to the most serious distortions of the truth). Third, written form economical, as it gives the recipient the opportunity to set his own personal pace of perception. So, for example, a scientific report, which takes 40 minutes orally, can be perceived in written form by an addressee well prepared in this field in 5 minutes (reading “diagonally”). Finally, fourthly, the written form allows you to access information repeatedly and at any time, which is also very important in scientific work.

Of course, and oral form is also often used in scientific communication, but this form is secondary in scientific communication: a scientific work is often written first, working out an adequate form of transmission scientific information, and then in one form or another (in a report, lecture, speech) reproduced in oral speech. The primacy of the written form leaves a noticeable imprint on the structure of scientific speech.

Terminological systems of each science

Each branch of science has its terminology system. Term (lat. terminus- “border, limit”) is a word or phrase that is the name of the concept of any sphere of production, science, art). In the terminology of each science, several levels can be distinguished depending on the scope of use and the nature of the content of the concept. TO first level include the most general concepts that are equally relevant for all or a significant number of sciences. For example: system, function, value, element, process, set, part, value, condition, movement, property, speed, result, quantity, quality. They constitute the general conceptual foundation of science as a whole.

Co. second level include concepts common to a number of related sciences that have common objects of research. For example: vacuum, vector, generator, integral, matrix, neuron, ordinate, radical, thermal, electrolyte etc. Such concepts usually serve as a link between sciences of one more or less broad profile (natural, technical, physical and mathematical, biological, sociological, aesthetic, etc.), and they can be defined as specialized.

TO third level One should include highly specialized concepts that are characteristic of one science (sometimes two or three close ones) and reflect the specificity of the subject of research, for example: phoneme, morpheme, inflection, lexeme, derivative and other linguistic terms.

Language of symbols. Scientific graphics

A specific property of the language of science is that scientific information can be presented not only in the form of text. It happens and graphic– these are the so-called artificial (auxiliary) languages: 1) graphs, drawings, drawings, 2) mathematical, physical symbols, 3) names of chemical elements, mathematical symbols, etc. For example: ¥ – infinity, – integral, S – sum, Ö – root, etc.

Symbol language– one of the most informative languages ​​of science.

Text, on the one hand, and formulas, symbols, graphic illustrations and photographs, on the other, are in a certain relationship in different fields of science.

Scientific style of speech

Scientific style of speech - functional style, which serves the field of science and technology, ensures the educational process in higher educational institutions.

The specific features of this style are determined by the purpose of scientific texts to convey objective information about nature, man and society. He receives new knowledge, stores and transmits it. The language of science is a natural language with elements of artificial languages ​​(calculations, graphs, symbols)

Substyles:

1) strictly scientific, the addressee is scientists, and the goal is to obtain new knowledge about nature, man, society; (its genres are monograph, article, report),

2) scientific and educational, addressee - new generations, goal - assimilation of the scientific picture of the world; (genres - textbook, teaching aid, lecture),

3) scientific and technical, addressee - technical and technological specialists, goal - application of the achievements of fundamental science in practice; (genres - abstract, abstract, patent description, dictionary, reference book, catalog)

4) popular science, the addressee is the general population, the goal is to increase the general cultural level of the people ( feature article and etc.).

Specific features of the scientific style in all its varieties:

1) precise and unambiguous expression of thoughts

2) abstract generalization

3) emphasized logic of presentation

4) clarity, reasoning

Signs of substyles:

The proper scientific substyle is an academic presentation addressed to specialists, the accuracy of the information conveyed, the persuasiveness of the argument, the logical sequence of presentation, conciseness.

The popular science sub-style is addressed to a wide readership, so scientific data should be presented in an accessible and entertaining way. He does not strive for brevity or laconism, but uses linguistic means close to journalism. Terminology is also used here.

The scientific and educational substyle is addressed to future specialists, so it contains a lot of illustrative material, examples, and explanations.

Linguistic features of scientific style

Abstraction and generalization- almost every word appears in a scientific text as a designation of an abstract concept or abstract object - “speed”, “time”, “quantity”, “quality”, “regularity”, “development”.

Often similar words are used in plural. including: “magnitude”, “frequency”, “strength”, “latitude”, “emptiness”, “speed”. “Let us accept the definition given by chemists of molecules as the smallest particles of matter from which larger objects are built, and give some reasoning.” In a statement, each of the words expresses either a general concept (“definition”, “reasoning”), or an abstract object (“molecule”, “particle”, “substance”). Even specific vocabulary (“chemists”) acts to denote a general concept - These are not people known to us, but chemists as representatives of this field of knowledge, chemists in general.

Main features vocabulary scientific style:

1 uniformity,

2 there is no vocabulary: colloquial, evaluative, emotionally expressive,

3 many words of the neuter gender: phenomenon, property, development,

4 a lot of abstract vocabulary - system, period, case,

5 compound words, abbreviations: PS (software), Life Cycle (life cycle);

The syntax uses complex sentences with participles, adverbial and participial phrases, temporal connections (in connection with something), simple sentences like what is what(hydrogen is a gas), impersonal sentences. Mainly declarative sentences are used, interrogative ones - in order to draw attention to the problem.

In scientific style the pronoun is not accepted "I", it is replaced by “we” (“from our point of view”, “it seems obvious to us”).

Logicality of scientific speech- another specific feature of it. Logic is present at all language levels: in a phrase, a sentence in a paragraph and between paragraphs, in the text as a whole.

The principle of logic is implemented:

1) connecting sentences using repeated nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns;

2) the use of adverbs - “first”, “first of all”, “further”, “then”,

3) the use of introductory words expressing the relationship between the parts of the statement - “therefore”, “secondly”, “so”, “thus”;

4) the use of conjunctions - “since”, “because”, “so that”;

5) use of constructions - “Now let’s focus on the properties....”, “Let’s move on to consider the issue....”, “Next, let’s note...”

6) the predominance of complex sentences with a conjunction, especially complex sentences.

The specificity of the style of scientific literature is associated with the specificity of technical theories. Technical theories describe objects that have yet to be created. Linguistic means: the use of verbs in the future tense, in the imperative mood.

Various kinds of technological instructions, instructions, recipe requirements use a large set of standard expressions, verbal cliches, cliches (“after which it is necessary to produce the following...”, “the specified sequence must be followed...”).

Forms of implementation of the scientific style, its genres: monographs, scientific articles, dissertations, abstracts, theses, reports at scientific conferences, technical documentation that is used in production, lectures, textbooks and teaching aids.

The language of the scientific style is supplemented by drawings, diagrams, graphs, symbols, formulas, and diagrams.

Ways to create genres of scientific literature: description and reasoning.

Scientific description does not contain events, there is no plot and characters. The goal is to reveal the characteristics of an object, phenomenon, to establish connections and relationships. Descriptions are usually short in length. There are descriptions that are detailed, detailed and concise, brief. The center of this type of speech may be one object, process, phenomenon or comparison. IN scientific descriptions often resort to grouping objects, comparing and generalizing their characteristics. Description is present in almost all genres of scientific style of speech.

Reasoning- the most common type of scientific speech. Its purpose is to verify the truth or falsity of any statement (thesis) with the help of such arguments that are not questioned. Reasoning is constructed as a chain of conclusions based on evidence and refutations. An example of the most rigorous reasoning: proving theorems in mathematics, deriving physical and chemical formulas.

Methods of logical organization of scientific text: deduction, induction, problem presentation, analogy.

Deduction(Latin - inference) is the movement of thought from the general to the particular, from general provisions and laws to particular provisions and laws. The deductive method of reasoning is actively used in scientific discussions, theoretical articles on controversial issues, and at university seminars.

The composition of deductive reasoning consists of three stages:

1) a thesis is put forward (from Greek - a position whose truth must be proven), or hypothesis (from Greek - basis, assumption).

2) the main part of the argument is the development of the thesis, proof of truth or refutation. Various types of arguments are used here - logical arguments

3) conclusions and suggestions.

Inductive method(Latin - guidance) is the movement of thought from the particular to the general, the movement from knowledge of individual facts to knowledge of a general rule, to generalization.

Induction composition:

1) the introduction does not put forward a thesis, but defines the purpose of the research undertaken.

2) the main part - the accumulated facts are presented, the technology for their production is described, and the obtained material is analyzed, compared and synthesized.

3) on the basis of this, conclusions can be drawn, a pattern can be established, and the properties of the material can be determined. Scientific reports at conferences, monographs, reports on (research and development) research work are constructed as inductive reasoning.

Problem Statement involves the activation of mental activity by posing problematic questions, solving which, one can approach theoretical generalizations, the formulation of rules and patterns. This method has a long history and originates from the famous “Socratic conversations”, when, with the help of skillfully posed questions and answers, the famous sage led his listeners to true knowledge. At this moment, one of the main advantages of a problematic presentation appears: the listener realizes that he is walking along the path of knowledge of the truth, he is capable of discovery, he is involved in the researcher. This activates mental and emotional capabilities, raises the level of self-esteem and promotes personal development.

Analogy- in the presentation it goes back to the logical operation “inference by analogy”. Its essence can be formulated as follows: if two phenomena are similar in one or more respects, then they are probably similar in other respects. Inferences by analogy are approximate in nature, so many consider analogy less acceptable for the genres of scientific style of speech. However, analogy is a very effective means of visual explanation, so its use in scientific literature is especially important.