The suffix ing in English nouns. Suffixes in English: suffixes in English

Any language, including English, is never “pure”, that is, consisting only of English words. IN English language, as in any other language, there are many borrowed words, suffixes and prefixes from other languages. Perhaps the most common languages, words from which are found in almost all languages, are Greek and Latin. Everyone knows that the foundations of many sciences were laid by the ancient Greeks, including the foundations of grammar. They say that the Greeks gave the world a lot. Words with the endings “IST” and “ISM” also entered the Russian language.

For example: ECONOMY IST, SPECIAL IST, OPTIM IST, PIAN IST, PAROD IST or PATRIOT MEASURE, MODERN MEASURE, REAL MEASURE, TOUR MEASURE, EGO MEASURE, DRAMA MEASURE. The meanings of these words are clear to everyone, and in English they will sound approximately the same and have the same meanings. All these words are international.

The suffixes “IST” and “ISM” should be considered together, since they have the same semantic basis, but form nouns belonging to different groups.

The suffixes “-ISM” and “-IST” reflect areas of human activity that can be classified as “mental” and “creative”, that is, we're talking about about science and art. Physical activity can be thought of as exercise.

The suffix “ISM” forms nouns that indicate the names of various theories and teachings and are abstract.

The suffix "IST" forms nouns that indicate a person who is engaged in these areas of activity and is specific.

We can conditionally divide the areas of human activity that are determined by “Greek” suffixes into two groups.

1. Theories, dogmas, teachings relating to all sciences, starting with philosophy and continuing social concepts, political trends and human behavior.

2. Literature and art.

Let's take a closer look at several groups of nouns with the suffixes “-ISM” and “-IST”.

There are pairs of words with the suffixes “ISM” and “IST” that are practically inseparable. The suffix "-ISM" indicates a field of activity, and the suffix "-IST" indicates a person who is a follower of some teachings of theory or dogma, is engaged in art or literature of a certain direction, or is engaged in certain types of physical exercise. But these nouns have a "source", that is, a root word that has the same meaning. Sometimes the base (root) is an independent word, and sometimes it loses its independent meaning. Such nouns have the same sound as similar Russian translations.

I will write pairs of well-known nouns with the suffixes “-ISM” and “-IST”.

SOCIAL ISM—> SOCIAL IST= socialism -> socialist;

CAPITAL ISM—> CAPITAL IST= capitalism -> capitalist;

COMMUN ISM—> COMMUN IST= communism -> communist;

IMPERIAL ISM—> IMPERIAL IST= imperialism -> imperialist

FASC ISM—> FASC IST= fascism -> fascist;

DARVIN ISM—> DARVI NIST= Darwinism -> Darwinist;

MARX ISM—> MARX IST= Marxism -> Marxist;

NATIONAL ISM—> NATIONAL IST= nationalism -> nationalist;

OPPORTUN ISM—>OPPORTUN IST= opportunism -> opportunist;

OPTIM ISM—> OPTIM IST= optimism -> optimist;

PESSIM ISM—> PESSIM IST= pessimism -> pessimism;

EGO ISM—> EGO IST= egoism -> egoist;

ALTRU ISM—> ALTRUI IST= altruism -> altruist;

S.A.D. ISM—> SAD IST= sadism -> sadist;

IMPRESSION ISM—> IMPRESSION IST= impressionism - impressionist;

PACIF ISM—> PACIF IST= pacifism -> pacifist;

FATAL ISM—> FATAL IST= fatalism -> fatalist;

REAL ISM—> REAL IST= realism -> realist;

There are nouns with the suffix “-IST”, which indicate a person’s occupation, his profession, but there is no “paired” noun with the suffix “-ISM”. There is a root word, which is an independent unit, and nouns with the suffixes “-IST” do not always sound the same as their Russian counterparts.

For example:

TOUR —> TOUR IST= travel, trip, tour, excursion -> tourist. traveler;

SCIENCE —> SCIENT IST= science -> scientist;

HUMOUR —> HUMOUR IST= humor, joke -> humorist, joker;

ART -> ART IST= art - artist, master of his craft, artist;

PHILOLOGY —> PHILOLOGY IST= philology -> philologist;

DRAMATICS —> DRAMAT IST= dramatic art -> playwright;

CHEMISTRY —> CHEM IST= chemistry -> chemist;

ECONOMICS —> ECONO MIST= economics -> economist;

BIOLOGY —> BIOLOG IST= biology -> biologist;

BOTANY —> BOTAN IST= botany -> botanist;

GEOLOGY —> GEOLOG IST= geology -> geologist;

PHYSICS —> PHYSIC IST= physics -> physicist;

PSYCOLOGY —> PSYCOLOG IST= psychology -> psychologist;

PSYCHIATRY —> PSYCHIATR IST= psychiatry -> psychiatrist;

ECOLOGY —> ECOLOG IST= ecology -> ecologist;

MINERALOGY —> MINERALOGY IST= mineralogy -> mineralogist;

CARTOON —> CARTOON IST= cartooncartoonist;

AGRONOMY —> AGRONOM IST= agronomy -> agronomist;

PIANO —> PIAN IST= piano, grand piano -> pianist;

VIOLIN —> VIOLIN IST= violin -> violinist

VIOLONCELLO —> VIOLONCELLO IST= cello —> cellist

There is a group of nouns with the suffix “-ISM”, but they are paired with nouns with other suffixes or no suffixes at all.

For example:

DESPOT ISM—> DESPOT = despotism —> despot;

PATRIOT ISM—> PATRIOT = patriotism —> patriot;

DEMOCRAT ISM—> DEMOCRAT = democracy —> democrat;

RADICAL ISM—> RADICAL = radicalism —> radical;

PROFESSIONAL ISM—> PROFESSIONAL = professionalism —> professional;

SCEPTIC ISM—> SCEPTIC = skepticism —> skeptic;

PARLIAMENTAR ISM—> PARLIAMENTARIAN = parliamentarism —> parliamentarian;

HERO ISM—> HERO = heroism —> hero;

PROVINCIAL ISM—> PROVINCIAL = provincialism —> provincial;

LIBERAL ISM—> LIBERAL = liberalism —> liberal;

CONSERVAT ISM—> CONSERVATIVE = conservatism —> conservative;

1 .Suffix -er (-or ).

1) This suffix is ​​used to form nouns from verbs (infinitive without to + -er ,-or ). A noun with this ending denotes either a device that performs the action expressed by the verb from which it is derived, or a person who performs this action. When reading such derived words, you should remember that suffixes -er And -or the stress never falls, and therefore they are pronounced as a neutral sound [ə], for example:

to play (play) - a player [ə"pleɪə] player

to mix (mix) - a mixer [ə"mɪksə] mixer.

If the verb ends in e , then only the letter is added r ,For example:

to make (produce) - a maker [ə"meɪkə] producer

to use (use) - a user [ə"ju:zə] user.

It should be remembered that you often have to resort to descriptive translation of nouns with the suffix -er ,-or ,For example:

to lift (to lift) - a lifter [ə"lɪftə] lifting device

to time (assign time, calculate by time) - a timer [ə"taɪmə] a device that calculates time.

2) End letter r in words with such a suffix, it is pronounced as a connecting sound [r] only if it is followed by a word starting with a vowel, for example:

a reader of the book [ə"ri:də rəf ðə"buk] the reader of this book.

In this regard, you should pay attention to the reading of the conjunction and [ənd] - And ,A .This conjunction is pronounced very briefly, without stress and together, as if in one breath, with the words that it connects, for example:

a reader and a writer [ə"ri:də r ənd ə"raɪtə].

Exercise 1

A collector [əkə"lektə], a selector [əsə"lektə], a collector and a selector; a container [əkən"teɪnə], a protector [əprə"tektə], a container and a protector; an inventor [ənɪn"ventə], a reporter [ərɪ"pɔ:tə], an inventor and a reporter; a composer [əkəm"pəuzə], a producer [əprə"dju:sə], a composer and a producer.

2 .Suffix -ist .This is a very common suffix that forms nouns denoting professionals, supporters of a social or scientific direction. It can be attached to nouns and adjectives.

Task 2. Read and give Russian equivalents.

A specialist [ə"speʃəlɪst], a naturalist [ə"nætʃrəlɪst], a scientist [ə"saɪəntɪst], a chemist [ə"kemɪst], an economist, a "botanist, a "moralist.

3 .Suffix - ian .Nouns with this suffix denote nationality or title and profession, for example: Russian ["rʌʃən] - Russian, academician [ə,kædə"mɪʃən] - academician, musician musician. Darwinian - Darwinist.

Words formed by adding a suffix -ian, can also be translated by adjectives, for example:

the Russian language ["læŋɡwɪdʒ] Russian language

Neo-Darwinian interpretation of evolution [,nɪə dɑ:"wɪnɪən ɪn,tə:prɪ"teɪʃən əv,i:və"lu:ʃən] neo-Darwinian interpretation of evolution.

Note: Please note that nouns and adjectives denoting nationality are always capitalized: English, Russian, Polish, American.

4 .Suffix -ity (spelling options -ety ,-iety )forms abstract nouns with the meaning of state, quality, condition. Suffix -ity matches the suffix -ness , for example: able (capable) - ability [ə"bɪlɪtɪ] ability; active (active) - activity [æk"tɪvɪtɪ] activity, activity; valid (valid, justified, effective) - validity, effectiveness, fairness, legality, validity.

5 . Suffix -ing forms nouns from verbs (§ 85), for example: to meet (meet) - meeting ["mi:tɪŋ] meeting, to proceed (continue) - proceeding practice, proceedings, notes (of a scientific society).

6 .Suffix -hood forms nouns with the meaning “state, position, quality”, for example: child (child) - childhood ["tʃaɪldhud] childhood, man (man) - manhood ["mænhud] masculinity.

7 . Suffix -ment forms nouns denoting action, for example: to move (to move) - movement ["mu:vmənt] - movement.

Some words with this suffix take on the meaning of a collection of objects, for example: equipment [ɪ"kwɪpmənt] equipment.

8 . Suffix -ness forms nouns with the meaning “state, quality”, for example: dark (dark) - darkness ["dɑ:knɪs] darkness, good (good) - goodness ["ɡudnɪs] kindness, great (great) - greatness ["ɡreɪtnɪs] greatness.

9 .Suffix -y forms abstract nouns from verbs, for example: to discover (open) - discovery discovery; to inquire (ask, find out) - inquiry [ɪn"kwaɪərɪ] question, request.

10 .Suffix -th forms nouns with the meaning of quality, for example: true (true, truthful) - truth, health - health.

By adding a suffix -th nouns are formed from adjectives, and the root vowel often changes, for example: long (long) - length length, deep (deep) - depth depth, strong (strong) - strength strength.

11 .Suffix -ant forms nouns with the meaning of person and substance, for example: to assist (help) - assistant [ə"sɪstənt] assistant, to serve (serve) - servant ["sə:vənt] servant, an oxidant oxidizer, solvent solvent.

12 .Suffix -age forms nouns with different meanings, for example: to break (break) - breakage ["breɪkɪdʒ] breakdown; to marry (marry) - marriage ["mæ-rɪdʒ] wedding; courage ["kʌrɪdʒ] - courage, boldness, courage.

13 .Suffix -ism is characteristic of many languages, for example: Darwinism ["dɑ:wɪnɪzm], romanticism, capitalism ["kæpɪtəlɪzm], vandalism ["vændəlɪzm].

14 .Suffix -ire (-ture ,-sure ).

1) First of all, you should pay attention to the pronunciation of letter combinations ture And sure .As a result of certain phonetic changes in the English language, the combination ture began to be perceived as a symbol. For example: culture ["kʌltʃə], future ["fju:tʃə], lecture ["lektʃə], temperature ["temprɪtʃə].

Letter combination sure conveyed by the sound combination [ʃə]. For example: pressure ["preʃə], tonsure ["tɔnʃə].

If before the letter combination sure there is a vowel, then it is conveyed by the sound combination [ʒə]. For example: exposure [ɪks"pouʒə], measure ["meʒə], treasure ["treʒə", pleasure ["pleʒə].

2) Suffix -ire (-ture ,-sure )forms nouns denoting a process, for example: to press (press) - pressure ["preʃə] pressure, to mix (mix) - mixture ["mɪkstʃə] mixing.

Many nouns formed with the help of these suffixes can mean the result of an action in the form of an object, a substance, for example: mixture - medicine, mixture; fixture - fastening (part).

15 .Suffix -ship forms nouns with the meaning of state, position or property, for example: friend (friend) - friendship ["frendʃɪp] friendship, member (member) - membership ["membəʃɪp] membership.

Task 3. Based on the given verbs, form nouns using suffixes -er ,-or , and translate.

Example: to tell - a teller [ə"telə] narrator.

Suffix -er: to absorb - absorb, absorb; to advise - advise, advise; to compute - calculate; to point - to indicate; to produce - produce, cause; to report - to report, report; to design - to design, construct; to restore - restore, restore; to run - to run; to test - check, test.

Note: Be aware that the verb to inform [ɪn"fɔ:m] produces two nouns: informer -informant,informer And informant -informant("reporter").

Suffix -or: to act - to act; to correct - to correct; to inspect - to inspect; to invent - to invent; to operate - work, act, manage; to select - select, sort.

Task 4. Connect the given pairs of nouns with a conjunction and .Remember to use the connecting sound [r] before the conjunction and if the word before it ends with a letter r .Translate into Russian.

Sample: a reader, a writer - a reader and a writer - reader and writer.

An actor, a reporter; an artist, a proofreader; a designer, an inspector; a naturalist, an inventor; an adviser, an informer; a specialist, an adviser; an absorber, a selector; an operator, and separator; a chemist, a runner; a restorer, a tester; an informant, an inspector; a computer, an operator; a pointer, a selector; a scientist, a designer; a checker, a producer.

Task 5. Read and translate into Russian.

Suffix - (i )an: historian, arithmetician [ə,rɪθmə"tɪʃən], statistician [,stætɪs"tɪʃən], politician [,pɔlɪ"tɪʃən], phonetician [,fəunə"tɪʃən], librarian (library), tragedian (tragedy - tragedy), comedian (comedy - comedy).

Note: Please note that physician means doctor,doctor,a physicist ["fɪzɪsɪst] - physicist.

Suffix -ity: simplicity (simple - simple), similarity [,sɪmɪ"lærɪtɪ] (similar - similar), selectivity (to select - select), complexity (complex - complex), certainty ["sə:təntɪ] (certain - certain), relativity [ ,relə"tɪvɪtɪ] (relative - relative), conductivity [,kɔndʌk"tɪvɪtɪ] (to conduct - to conduct).

Suffix -ing: writings ["raɪtɪŋz] (to write - to write), finding ["faɪndɪŋ] (to find - to find), coming ["kʌmɪŋ] (to come - to come), going ["ɡouɪŋ] (to go - to walk), planning [ "plænɪŋ] (to plan - plan).

Suffix -hood: fatherhood ["fɑ:ðəhud] (father - father), brotherhood ["brʌðəhud] (brother - brother), serfhood ["sə:fhud] (serf - serf, slave), neighborhood ["neɪbəhud] (neighbor - neighbor).

Suffix -menu movement ["mu:vmənt] (to move - move), equipment [ɪ"kwɪpmənt] (to equip - equip), requirement (to require - demand), agreement [ə"ɡri:mənt] (to agree - agree), measurement ["meʒəmənt] (to measure - to measure), development (to develop - to develop), improvement [ɪm"pru:vmənt] (to improve - to improve), treatment ["tri:tmənt] (to treat - to interpret, process) .

Suffix -ness (basic Russian equivalent -ness ): emptiness ["emptɪnɪs] (empty - empty), weakness ["wi:knɪs] (weak - weak), usefulness ["ju:sfulnɪs] (useful - useful), readiness ["redɪnɪs] (ready - ready), effectiveness [ ɪ"fektɪvnɪs] (effective - effective).

Suffixes -y; -th; -ant; -ist; -ure: discovery (to discover - open), strength (strong - strong), truth (true - true), growth ["ɡrouθ] (to grow - grow), chemist ["kemɪst], physicist ["fɪzɪsɪst", capitalist ["kæpɪtəlɪst ], economist [ɪ"kɔnəmɪst], scientist ["saɪəntɪst] (science - science), meteorologist [,mi:tjə"rɔlədʒɪst], assistant [ə"sɪstənt], servant ["sə:vənt] (to serve - to serve) , exposure (ɪks "pouʒə] (to expose - withstand (in the light), expose).

Suffix -ship: leadership ["li:dəʃɪp] (to lead), citizenship ["sɪ(:)tɪzənʃɪp] (citizen - citizen), dictatorship (dictator - dictator).

Exercise 1.Translate by paying Special attention nouns that are formed different ways(§ 31).

Memo: words possible And feasible["fɪ:zəbl] can be translated the same way - possible .However, know the difference: possible - possible ,likely; feasible - (physically) executable ,feasible ,possible .

1. Beggars cannot be choosers. 2.The impossibility of such a simplification is obvious. 3. Clearliness is next to godliness. 4.Death is the great leveller. 5. Idleness is the mother of all evil. 6. Overdocumentation has two dangers. 7. There are times when the weak can help the strong. 8. Two wrongs do not make a right. 9. They have the same likes and the same dislikes. 10. The capacity to select the important from the many is also necessary. 11. The difficult we can do at once the impossible may take a little time. 12. The wheres and whens are important.

In this lesson from the section we will continue talking about noun suffixes. We have already covered These are five suffixes.

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Now let's look at the remaining suffixes to get a complete picture of how nouns are formed in English. If you are preparing for an English language exam in the form of the Unified State Exam, then knowing them is simply necessary.

Total at English noun 16 suffixes:

• -er/or, -tion, -ing, -ness, -ence/ance (main list - 9th grade),
• -hood, -ship, -dom, -th, -t, -(i)ty, -ment, -age, -ure, -ee, -ist (extended list - 11th grade).

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Word formation of nouns

Noun suffixes in English

1.Suffixes -hood, -ship, -dom, with the help of which nouns are formed from other nouns and adjectives.

noun/adj + Ʌ =noun

1. hood
   child - childhood (child - childhood)
   neighbor - neighborhood (neighbor - neighborhood)
2. ship
   friend - friendship (friend - friendship)
   champion - championship (champion - championship)
   partner - partnership (partner - partnership)
3. dom
   king - kingdom (king - kingdom)
   free - freedom (free - freedom)
   wise - wisdom (wise - wisdom)

2. Suffixes -th, -t, -(i)ty, with the help of which nouns are formed from adjectives.

adj + Ʌ =noun

1. th(possibly alternating a vowel at the root of a word)
   warm - warmth (warm - warmth)
   long - length
   strong - strength
   wide - width
   deep - depth
   young - youth
2. t: high - height (high - height)
3. (i)ty
   electric - electricity (electric - electricity)
   possible - possibility
   probable - probability

3. Suffixes -ment, -age, -ure, with the help of which nouns are formed from verbs.

verb + Ʌ =noun

1. ment
   state - statement (state - statement)
   develop - development
2. age
   marry - marriage (marry - marriage, marriage)
   break - breakage
3. ure
   press - pressure (press - pressure)
   please - pleasure
   depart - departure

4. And we will separately consider the suffixes of the profession — ist and suffix -ee.

1. ist
   biology - biologist (biology - biologist)
   psychology - psychologist (psychology - psychologist)
2. ee
   address - addressee (address - addressee/recipient)
   employer - employee (employer - employee)

Total turned out 11 suffixes. To remember them, I recommend learning 11 words (the simplest ones) with these suffixes in the form of mnemonic phrases. For example, these:

1.In my childhood I made a friendship with a king of a kingdom. He had good strength and great height. — As a child, I made friends with the king of one kingdom. He had great strength and enormous height.

2.Electricity resulted from the development of science. — Electricity was the result of the development of science.

3.The breakage was because of high pressure.— The breakdown was due to high pressure.

Suffixes of nouns in English. Exercises

Exercise 1. Read the noun and indicate the suffix with which it is formed.

EXAMPLE. performance - The noun performance e is formed with the help of the suffix -ance.

silence, biologist, employment, humanity, modesty, settlement, feeling

Exercise 2. Find a noun in each line and translate it.

Exercise 3. Form nouns with the indicated suffixes from the stems of the highlighted words and write them.

- ment:
1.The child was greatly excited when he received a big bear as a birthday present.
The child’s ____________was very great.

2. My English has improved very little for the last two months.
There is very little ___________ in my English, I am afraid.

3. The children enjoyed entertaining the guests.
They enjoyed giving an _____________ for their guests.

—tion
4. He collected a good library of books.
He had a good __________ of books.

5. The machines exhibited in the hall were very interesting to us.
The machines at the ___________ are very interesting.

6. He said he wanted to continue studying after he graduated from the institute.
He said he wanted to continue studying after….

— ance
7. The scientists had difficulty explaining how the star had disappeared.
They had difficulty in explaining the____________.of the star.

—ence
8. We were surprised to find out how different her speech had become.
We were surprised at the ________________in her speech.

Exercise 4. Fill in the spaces with verbs formed from the nouns given in brackets.

1. He said good bye and ____________ (departure)
2. Your pronunciation has _____________ wonderfully. (improvement)
3. The doctor ______________the boy’s arm carefully. (examination)

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets.

1. This rare book is the first _____________ of Pushkin’s poems. (to edit)
2. The sixth-form pupils’ English ___________was much better this year. (to perform)
3. The dancer’s__________became slower and slower (to move).

Exercise 6. Form nouns from adjectives.

1. thirsty
2. hungry
3. shady

To test yourself, use the DICTIONARY dictionary in the lower right corner. If you click on the arrows, a dictionary window will appear and you need to enter a word that will be the answer.

For example, 1. thirsty (thirsty) - ? your option(thirst).

Enter the word thirst into the dictionary and check if it matches your option t with the one the dictionary suggests.

Exercise 7.Do It right choice. Translate the sentence.
1. What is the (long, length) of the corridor?
2. How (long, length) is the street?
3. He is not (strong, strength) enough to fight with John?
4. My brother can lift the box because of his (strong, strength).
5. Nelly’s skirt is too (wide, width).
6. We can’t get the piano through the door because of its (wide, width).
7. Is spring a (warmth, warm) season?
8. We felt the (warm, warmth) of the sun on out faces and hands.
9. We were surprised at your formal (polite, politeness).
10. We were not struck by the (white, whiteness) of the snow.

Exercise 8. Rewrite the phrases, indicating in brackets the word from which the noun is formed. Translate them.

EXAMPLE. whole-hearted devotion (devote) - devotion with all your heart

whole-hearted devotion, gloomy silence, an outstanding novelist, gathering darkness, limitless possibilities, an important addition, a noticeable improvement, complete understanding, widespread popularity, a gymnastic competition, a new acquaintance, a small settlement, an important announcement.

Exercise 9. Form nouns from these verbs using suffixes: -er/-or -ment -(a)tion -ion -age -ure -th.

to construct, to equip, to divide, to inform, to mix, to observe, to move, to break, to direct, to compete, to grow, to press, to radiate, to develop, to protect, to transport, to solve , to recognize , to measure, to fail, to vibrate, to reflect, to treat, to improve, to elect, to educate, to manage, to govern, to achieve, to imagine, to attract

Exercise 10. B put in the spaces abstract nouns formed from the words given in brackets.

1. Suvorov always showed great courage and __________. (wise)
2. The traveler had to overcome many __________. (difficult)
3. He sat resting, enjoying the ___________ of the fire. (warm)
4. He suffered from his own __________. (fool)
5. This man has extraordinary __________. (strong)
6. The balloon floated at the _________of one mile. (high)
7. She remembered the happy days of her __________. (young)
8. The __________ of the canal is seventy kilometers. (long)
9. Its _________ is one hundred meters. (wide)
10. When he came round he felt a strange ____________and could not stand up (weak).

So, I hope that by completing a cycle of exercises on topic “Word formation of nouns in English” did you remember 16 basic noun suffixes. But if you still have questions, write in the comments. Author, Tatyana Nabeeva

If you determine that you have a noun with the endings “-ER” and “-OR”, then this is a specific noun indicating a person (profession, occupation, place of residence) or an object (tool, device, mechanism, device).

Suffix "-ER" comes from Old English and is productive. The suffix “-ER” gives the following meanings to the noun.

1. Attached to a verb and denotes a person, engaged in the type of activity indicated by the stem of the verb. This may be the name of a profession, position, rank or craft.

For example:

to BUILD = build + ER = BUILD ER= builder;

to DRIVE = drive a car, car + ER = DRIV ER= driver, driver;

to BAKE = bake bread + ER = BAK ER= baker;

to WELD = weld (metal) + ER = WELD ER= welder;

to DANCE = dance + ER = DANC ER= dancer;

to SELL = sell + ER = SELL ER= seller;

to DESIGN = to design, make sketches (clothes, shoes) + ER = DESIGN ER= designer; designer;

to COMMAND = command + ER = COMMAND ER= commander;

to PAINT = paint, paint + ER = PAINT ER= painter, artist;

to TEACH = teach, teach + ER = TEACH ER= teacher, teacher;

to WEAVE = weave + ER = WEAV ER= weaver;

to TURN = rotate, twirl + ER = TURN ER= turner;

to WEIGH = weigh + ER = WEIGH ER= weigher;

2. Attached to a verb and denotes a person, performing an action expressed by a verb. But this is not a profession, but simply an activity. Sometimes such nouns cannot be translated literally, then the translation is expressed in phrases.

For example:

to BEGIN = start + ER = BEGINN ER= beginner, beginner;

to OWN = own, possess + ER = OWN ER= owner;

to SLEEP = sleep + ER = SLEEP ER= sleeping, sleepyhead;

to EAT = eat, absorb + ER = EAT ER= eater;

Compound nouns are common.

For example:

CINEMA-GO ER= someone who often goes to the cinema, a movie lover, a moviegoer;

THEATER-GO ER= one who often goes to the theater, theatergoer, theatergoer;

NEW-COM ER= stranger, newcomer, newcomer;

EARLY-RIS ER= one who wakes up early, a “lark”.

LATE-RIS ER= one who wakes up late, “night owl”;

SCHOOL-LEAV ER= one who graduates from school, school graduate, applicant.

CHESS-PLAY ER= chess player, chess player.

STORY-TELL ER= storyteller, storyteller, inventor

WATCH-MAK ER= watchmaker;

BOOK-LOV ER= book lover;

TIME-WAST ER= someone who wastes time;

PLEASURE-SEEK ER= seeker of entertainment, seeker of pleasure;

RIGHT - HAND ER= right-handed;

LEFT - HAND ER= left-handed;

3. Points to a person living in a certain area or town.

For example:

LONDON —> LONDON ER= resident of London;

NEW-YORK —> NEW-YORK ER= New Yorker;

ISLAND —> ISLAND ER= islander, islander;

VILLAGE —> VILLAG ER= resident of a village, village;

COTTAGE —> COTTAG ER= resident of a country house;

RANCH —> RANCH ER= rancher;

SOUTHERN —> COUTHERN ER= southerner;

FOREIGN —> FOREIGN ER= foreigner;

STRANGE —> STRANG ER= stranger, foreigner;

HIGHLAND —> HIGHLAND ER= mountain dweller, mountaineer;

4. Denotes objects, with the help of which the action expressed by the verb is performed. These can be tools, devices, devices, mechanisms or equipment.

For example:

to CONTAIN = contain + ER = CONTAIN ER= container;

to CONTROL = regulate, control + ER = CONTROLL ER= regulator;

to BOIL = boil, heat + ER = BOIL ER= heater, boiler;

to MIX = mix + ER = MIX ER= mixer; mixer;

to BURN = burn, burn + ER = BURN ER= burner;

to CUT = cut + ER = CUTT ER= cutter, cutting tool;

to RACE = compete in speed + ER = RAC ER= racing car;

to GRIND = grind, grind + ER = GRIND ER= coffee mill, crusher;

to EXTINGUISH = extinguish, extinguish + ER = EXTINGUISH ER= extinguisher, fire extinguisher;

to PROPEL = to actuate + ER = PROPELL ER= propeller;

to RECTIFY = correct, clear + ER = RECTIFI ER= cleaner, straightener;

to MAGNIFY = increase + ER = MAGNIFI ER= magnifying glass, magnifying glass;

The suffix “-OR” comes from Latin and is unproductive. It mainly refers to nouns related to science and technology. The suffix "-OR" gives nouns the same meaning as the suffix "-ER", except to designate a person living in a particular area.

1. Denotes a profession, craft, rank, position person.

to ACT = play theater + OR = ACT OR= actor;

to DOCTOR = to treat, to practice medicine = DOCT OR= doctor, doctor;

to DIRECT = direct + OR = DIRECT OR= manager, director;

to TRANSLATE = translate from one language to another + OR = TRANSLAT OR= translator;

to CONDUCT = accompany, lead; conduct an orchestra + OR = CONDUCT OR= conductor, conductor; the conductor of orchestra;

to PROFESS = train, teach + OR = PROFESS OR= teacher, professor;

to CONSTRUCT = construct, build + OR = CONSTRUCT OR designer, builder;

to EDIT = edit + OR = EDIT OR= editor;

to INSPECT = inspect, examine + OR = INSPECT OR= inspector, auditor;

to SAIL = sail on a ship, sail + OR = SAIL OR= sailor, sailor;

to INVENT = invent, invent + OR = INVENT OR= inventor, inventor;

to GOVERN = manage, rule + OR = GOVERN OR= manager; governor;

2. Indicates a person’s occupation expressed by a verb. But this is not related to profession or craft.

For example:

to VISIT = to visit, visit, pay a visit + OR = VISIT OR= visitor, visitor;

to NARRATE = tell, narrate + OR = NARRAT OR= narrator;

to DEMONSTRATE = demonstrate + OR = DEMONSTRAT OR= demonstrator, demonstration participant;

to CREATE = create, create + OR = CREAT OR= creator, originator, author;

to SPECULATE = reflect, speculate + OR = SPECULAT OR= thinker, speculator; one who plays on the stock exchange;

3. Denotes objects with the help of which the action expressed by the verb is performed. These can be tools, devices, mechanisms, devices.

For example:

to GENERATE = generate, generate + OR = GENERAT OR= generator;

to ELEVATE = raise + OR = ELEVAT OR= elevator;

to INDICATE = indicate, show + OR = INDICAT OR= indicator, pointer;

to PERFORATE = drill + OR = PERFORAT OR= hammer drill;

to VENTILATE = ventilate, ventilate + OR = VENTILAT OR= fan;

to PROTECT = protect + OR = PROTECT OR= protector;

to SEPARATE = separate + OR = SEPARAT OR= separator;

to CALCULATE = carry out calculations + OR = CALCULAT OR= calculator;

to RADIATE = radiate + OR = RADIAT OR= radiator;

to COMPRESS = compress + OR = COMPRESS OR= compressor;

REVERSE. By the sound of words in Russian, you can guess from which English verb they originated. There are a lot of such words in our everyday life and it would be stupid to look for them in the dictionary. Everyone knows the meaning of words such as LEADER, MANAGER, DIRECTOR, RADIATOR, BATTERY, DECORATOR, INSPECTOR, INDICATOR, CALCULATOR, SEPARATOR, MIXER, COMPUTER, PROTECTOR. Each of these words corresponds to an English verb, the meaning of which is clear without translation.

Hello friends. Confusion can arise between suffixes and endings in English (both are often called word endings, “word endings”), and besides, English terminology in this matter is slightly different from Russian. So let's start with the basic concepts.

The ending is an inflectional morpheme. It changes the form of the word, but not its meaning, and at the same time carries a grammatical load:

• pencil - pencil s(the ending indicates the plural)
• work - work ed(the ending indicates the past tense)

The suffix, in turn, is a word-forming morpheme. Suffixes in English create new words, either changing the meaning of the original, or transforming one part of speech into another:

• red-redd ish(red - reddish)
• teach - teach er(teach - teacher)

There are very few endings in English - these are -s (-es), -ed and -ing. There are a huge number of suffixes in English. In this article we will consider only the most common ones.

Noun suffixes

1. Suffix -er (-or)

1) This suffix is ​​used to form nouns from verbs (infinitive without to + -er, -or). A noun with this ending denotes either a device that performs the action expressed by the verb from which it is derived, or a person who performs this action.

• to play (play) - a player player
• to read (read) - a reader reader
• to mix (mix) - a mixer mixer

If the verb ends in e, then only the letter r is added, for example:

• to make (produce) - a maker producer
• to use - a user user

It should be remembered that you often have to resort to descriptive translation of nouns with the suffix -er, -or, for example:

• to lift (to lift) - a lifter lifting device
• to read (read) - a reader reading device
• to time (assign time, calculate by time) - and timer is a device that calculates time.

2. Suffix -ist

This is a very common suffix forming nouns denoting professionals, supporters of a social or scientific direction. It can be attached to nouns and adjectives.

3. Suffix -ian

Nouns with this suffix denote nationality or rank and profession, for example:
Russian - Russian, academician - academician, musician - musician, Darwinian - Darwinist.

Words formed by adding the suffix -ian can also be translated by adjectives, for example:
the Russian language - Russian language
Neo-Darwinian interpretation of evolution - neo-Darwinian interpretation of evolution.

Note! Nouns and adjectives denoting nationality are always capitalized: Ukrainian, English, Russian, Polish, American.

4. Suffix -ity (spelling variants -ety, -iety)

forms abstract nouns with the meaning of state, quality, condition. The suffix -ity corresponds to the suffix -ost, for example:

• able (capable) - ability (ability)
• active (active) - activity (activity, activity)
• valid (valid, justified, effective) - validity (effectiveness, fairness, legality, validity)

5. The suffix -ing forms nouns from verbs, for example:

• to meet (meet) - meeting (meeting)
• to proceed (continue) - proceeding (practice, proceedings, notes (of a scientific society)

Note! Don't confuse nouns ending -ing with participles and gerunds

6. The suffix -hood forms nouns with meaning“condition, position, quality”, for example:

• child (child) - childhood (childhood)
• man (man) - manhood (masculinity)

7. Suffix -ment forms nouns denoting action, for example:

• to move (to move) - movement (movement)

Some words with this suffix take on the meaning of a collection of objects, for example:

• equipment

8. The suffix -ness forms nouns with the meaning “state, quality”, for example:

• dark (dark) - darkness (darkness)
• good (good) - goodness (kindness)
• great (great) - greatness (greatness)

9. The suffix -у forms abstract nouns from verbs, for example:

• to discover (open) - discovery (opening)
• to inquire (ask, find out) - inquiry (question, request)

10. The suffix -th forms nouns with the meaning of quality, for example:

• true (true, truthful) - truth (truth)
• health - (health)

By adding the suffix -th, nouns are formed from adjectives, often changing the root vowel, for example:

• long (long) - length (length)
• deep (deep) - depth (depth)
• strong (strong) - strength (strength)

11. The suffix -ant forms nouns with the meaning of person and substance, for example:

• to assist (help) - assistant assistant
• to serve (serve) - servant (servant)
• an oxidant (oxidizer), solvent (solvent)

12. The suffix -age forms nouns with different meanings, for example:

• to break (break) - breakage (breakage)
• to marry (marry) - marriage (wedding)
• courage (courage, boldness, courage)

13. The suffix -ism is characteristic of many languages, for example:

• Darwinism
• romanticism
• capitalism
• vandalism

14. The suffix -ure (-ture, -sure) forms nouns denoting a process, for example:

• to press (pressure) - pressure (pressure)
• to mix (mix) - mixture (mixing)

Many nouns formed with the help of these suffixes can mean the result of an action in the form of an object or substance, for example:

• mixture - medicine, mixture;
• fixture - fastening (part).

15. The suffix -ship forms nouns with the meaning of state, position or property, for example:

• friend (friend) - friendship (friendship)
• member (member) - membership (membership)

Table of noun suffixes

Suffix meaning	Suffix	Examples
The meaning of a person’s belonging to a political movement, profession or nationality	-ist	specialist (specialist), socialist (socialist), artist (artist) historian (historian), librarian (librarian), Italian (Italian) musician (musician), Iranian (Iranian), Brazilian (Brazilian) European (European)
The meaning of following a doctrine, theory, political movement	-ism	capitalism (capitalism), heroism (heroism), socialism (socialism)
The meaning of the occupation or position of the actor	-eg	teacher (teacher), driver (driver), writer (writer) inventor (inventor), actor (actor) employee (employee), referee (sports referee) auctioneer (auctioneer), mountaineer (climber) servant (servant), assistant (assistant), student (student) beggar (beggar, beggar) drunkard (drunkard, alcoholic) financier (financier)
Action Result Value	-ment	achievement (achievement), arrangement (agreement) decade (decade), blockade (blockade)
Meaning a certain state, mode, degree of relationship	-hood	brotherhood (brotherhood), childhood (childhood) leadership (management), partnership (partnership) policy (policy), accuracy (accuracy), infancy (infancy) supremacy (superiority)
The meaning of an action, state, process, result	-age	shortage, leakage, marriage hunting (hunting), painting (painting) silence (silence), difference (difference) importance, resistance collection (meeting, collection), dictation (dictation, dictation) competition preparation (preparation), hesitation (doubt, hesitation) decision (decision), division (division) removal, arrival, refusal
Meaning of quality or condition	-dom	freedom (freedom), kingdom (kingdom), wisdom (wisdom) readiness (readiness), darkness (darkness), kindness (kindness) activity, safety possibility (opportunity), nationality (nationality) brilliancy (brilliance, splendor), constancy (constancy) fluency (fluency), dependency (dependence) perjury (perjury), modesty (modesty)
Meaning of place of action, occupation or state	-ry	bakery (bakery), surgery (surgeon's office), cookery (cooking) factory (factory), laboratory (laboratory)
Designation of a particular branch of science	-ics	physics (physics), politics (politics), mathematics (mathematics)
Designation of female persons	-ess	waitress (waitress), actress (actress), poetess (poetess) usherette (ticket attendant)
Nationality designation	-ese	Chinese (Chinese), Japanese (Japanese)
Expression diminutive or a hint of disdain	-ie	birdie (birdie) cloudlet (cloud), kinglet (kinglet)
Designation of various measures	-th	length (length), growth (height), depth (depth)
Designation of various scientific concepts	-ture	mixture (mixture) failure (error, miss) measure pressure
Designation of general or abstract concepts, associations, groups	-ty	safety (security), royalty (monarchy) popularity honesty
Suffix of Latin origin	-sis	analysis (analysis), diagnosis (diagnosis)

Suffixes in English: ly ful er ment