Everything about landmines in World of Tanks. Equipment: high-explosive fragmentation shells
Every schoolchild today knows about the existence of landmines. Projectiles of the corresponding type are present in many computer games dedicated to military topics. However, explain what a land mine is and what its distinctive features, few can. To answer this question, you need to study the classification of projectiles according to various criteria, taking into account the nuances of their use and design. The article discusses their varieties, which are most often used these days.
Features of a high-explosive projectile
In order to understand the specifics of a particular ammunition, you need to pay attention to its classification and definition. So, what is a land mine? This is a charge that can be placed in the ground or under water. Used to inflict sudden damage on the enemy. Ignition occurs in the following ways:
People without special training confuse a landmine and a mine. Meanwhile, these are completely different concepts that should be clearly distinguished. If we are talking about the type of ammunition hiddenly installed on enemy territory, then this is a mine. A land mine is a type of ammunition that is used to create a corresponding explosive projectile. The mine explodes after a certain period of time or during physical impact.
Features of an incendiary projectile
The type of ammunition depends largely on what it is intended for. Incendiary shells are mainly used to create a fire. The reagents contained in them have increased resistance to extinguishing. In addition, they are endowed with high incendiary properties and can burn for a very long time.
Features of an armor-piercing projectile
Some ammunition is designed specifically to penetrate the defenses of enemy fortifications. Such projectiles are called armor-piercing. When detonated, their fragments damage protective devices. An armor-piercing shell can cause considerable damage to fortifications. It is often used to destroy
Features of a fragmentation projectile
This type of ammunition is intended primarily to destroy living targets. It is used in guns whose calibers are small or medium. A fragmentation projectile may have a ready-made additional destructive element. It usually uses cubes, balls, needles and other objects that cause additional damage to the enemy. This type of projectile is most often used specifically to destroy manpower. The main requirement for such ammunition is the effectiveness of the destructive power of the fragments contained in them. In addition to their number, the range over which they can fly apart during an explosion is also taken into account. This type of projectile is significantly inferior to a high-explosive projectile in terms of filling coefficient and the size of the explosive charge.
Mixed Ammo Types
Today, the number of ammunition that only uses a land mine is used to load it has significantly decreased. Projectile mixed type has much higher damaging characteristics and better efficiency. Thanks to this, such ammunition is widespread. When talking about what a land mine is, it should be borne in mind that there are several types of projectiles that use this type of charge to create them. Some of them are mixed. These, for example, include high-explosive fragmentation and armor-piercing high-explosive.
The first ones are the most universal and frequently used. They have high-explosive, fragmentation and delayed action types. The advantages of such shells include their relatively low cost. They are often used in active army when organizing However, due to their versatility, such ammunition is significantly inferior to shells that are designed for only one type of target destruction, in terms of destructive power. As for armor-piercing high-explosive shells, their purpose is to defeat various fortifications and armored vehicles. They became widespread in Great Britain, where they were invented. Currently, interest in them has noticeably decreased due to their low destructive power.
A few words about shrapnel
When a standard high-explosive fragmentation projectile ruptures, it is difficult to ensure an even distribution of fragments. To solve this problem, British soldier Henry Shrapnel invented special kind this ammunition, which was later named after him. This type of high-explosive fragmentation projectile is additionally equipped with a ready-made set of striking elements and connections. Shrapnel is most effective at low altitudes. IN modern versions the striking element is given the shape of a feathered pyramid. In this form, shrapnel successfully hits even targets that are protected by light armor.
Fuzes for high-explosive projectiles
Initially, a regular wick was used to power the ammunition. It was set on fire by a cannon shot. However, when rifled guns came into fashion and cone-shaped projectiles began to be fired, impact fuses were invented. They provided a significant advantage in battle, since the projectile was fired immediately after sharp contact with any obstacle. Thus, he ended up on enemy territory, which greatly contributed to increasing the effectiveness of such strikes. If a landmine with a similar body is additionally equipped with high-thickness walls, then such a projectile can even penetrate concrete.
The most popular modern type of fuse is the remote one. The use of a detonator of this type makes it possible to fire at almost any object with equal success.
The use of high-explosive projectiles in combat conditions
The type of ammunition in question is the most used in the active army. High-explosive fragmentation shells are widely used for a wide variety of purposes. With their help, fortifications are destroyed, equipment is seriously damaged, and manpower at the enemy’s disposal is destroyed. They can also help in creating a passage in an engineering defensive structure. It was the use of such shells that made it possible to destroy many pieces of German equipment during the final stage of the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War. To some extent, this ammunition contributed to the victory over the Nazis. The basis of the most powerful modern weapons, which lacks nuclear technology, consists of land mines. Salvo firing of such shells is equivalent to using
It is possible to fully understand what a land mine is only in real battle. I would like knowledge of this kind to be possessed by as few people as possible throughout the world.
The projectile is the main element of an artillery shot, the main purpose of which is to hit all kinds of targets, as well as special projectiles lighting, smoke, etc. are produced. Main purpose projectiles consist of an internal cavity - a chamber, which is supplied with an explosive charge and striking elements, for example balls, needles. It is used to destroy open manpower and military equipment at a distance within the sighting range of the gun; in case of hitting a target near the gun, the projectile used is called grapeshot. The caliber of a projectile is determined by the diameter of the projectile based on its largest cross section.
Since ancient times, shells have been used to defeat the enemy or any specific target; at first they were just stones, then the manufacture and improvement of weapons led to the creation by man of various devices, simple and complex, which had great destructive force. The first projectiles include stones, sticks, and bones. To hit a target at a long distance, the sling was created, which was the first throwing weapon. It was a rope or belt loop attached to a stick with a stone embedded in it. The sling's firing range was approximately 200 steps, and when hit by it, the enemy received a powerful blow.
The stones used for projectiles were round or oval shape; then the shells were made from baked clay; Then came the era of metal shells: bronze, iron, lead. For the first throwing machines, the projectiles were large stones and spears, logs, pots with incendiary mixture, tied bundles of arrows, pots with lime powder were used to blind the enemy, which were thrown using the elastic force of some solid bodies or gravity. With the invention of gunpowder, shells began to be filled with them. Improvements to the projectile led to the use of incendiary, high-explosive, and fragmentation projectiles in ceramic or cast iron casings by stone-throwing artillery. Projectiles are divided into small caliber projectiles - not exceeding 76 mm, medium caliber - from 76 to 152 mm, large caliber - over 152 mm.
The shells were determined by the method of their purpose: main, special, auxiliary purpose. The main purpose shells were used to suppress, destroy, and destroy various types of targets. The high strength of the body, the quantity and qualitative composition of the explosive determine the impact and high-explosive capabilities of the projectile.
To obtain an effective result when detonating a projectile, constant improvement and development of new fuses and spacer tubes are required, which are devices that promote the detonation, explosion, of projectile ammunition charges when interacting with the target, in the area of this target and in the established coordinates of the projectile flight path.
Main purpose projectiles: fragmentation; high explosive; high-explosive fragmentation; armor-piercing caliber; armor-piercing sub-caliber; shrapnel; cumulative; concrete-breaking; incendiary; chemical, fragmentation-chemical.
Shells special purpose: lighting, smoke, propaganda.
Propaganda projectile- type of projectile used to carry out the task of transporting propaganda literature.
Active rocket projectile- a projectile used in guns; it is characterized by the way it is fired from the barrel of a gun like a regular projectile. When driving along given trajectory The installed jet engine is running.
Concrete-piercing projectile- a type of projectile with a high-explosive and impact effect, used to hit targets from large-caliber guns, the targets consist of reinforced concrete structures and structures of a long-term construction method, it can also be used to destroy armored targets.
The action produced by the projectile is to pierce or penetrate a solid reinforced concrete barrier to cause its destruction using the force of gases obtained from the explosion of the explosive charge. This type of projectile must have powerful impact and high-explosive properties, high accuracy, and good range.
High explosive shell. The name comes from the French word brisant - “crushing”. It is a fragmentation or high-explosive fragmentation projectile containing remote fuse, used as a projectile fuse in the air at a given height.
High explosive shells were filled with melinite, an explosive created by the French engineer Turnin; melinite was patented by the developer in 1877.
Armor-piercing sub-caliber projectile- an impact projectile with an active part called a core, the diameter of which differs from the caliber of the gun by three times. It has the property of penetrating armor that is several times greater than the caliber of the projectile itself.
Armor-piercing high-explosive projectile- a high-explosive projectile, used to destroy armored targets, it is characterized by an explosion with armor spalling from the rear side, which hits an armored object, causing damaging power to the equipment and crew.
Armor-piercing projectile- a percussion projectile, used to hit armored targets from small and medium caliber guns. The first such projectile was made of hardened cast iron, created according to the method of D.K. Chernov, and equipped with special tips made of viscous steel by S.O. Makarov. Over time, they switched to making such shells from puddling steel.
In 1897, a shell from a 152-mm cannon penetrated a slab 254 mm thick. At the end of the 19th century. armor-piercing shells with Makarov tips were put into service with the armies of all European countries. Initially they were made solid, then explosives and a bursting charge were placed in armor-piercing shells. Armor-piercing caliber shells, when exploded, create punctures, breaks, knocking out plugs from the armor, shifts, tears of armor plates, jamming of hatches and turrets.
Behind the armor, shells and armor produce a damaging effect with fragments, which also creates detonation of ammunition, fuels and lubricants located at the target or at a close distance from it.
Smoke shells designed to set up smoke screens and as a means of indicating the location of the target.
Incendiary projectile. It is used to create lesions from medium-caliber guns in order to destroy manpower and military equipment, such as tractors and vehicles. During military operations, armor-piercing incendiary-tracer shells were widely used.
Caliber projectile has a diameter of centering bulges or body that corresponds to the caliber of the gun.
Cluster shell. The name comes from the French cassette, which translates as “box”; is a thin-walled projectile filled with mines or other combat elements.
HEAT projectile- a projectile with the characteristics of a main purpose projectile, with a charge of cumulative action.
A cumulative projectile penetrates armor with the directed action of the explosion energy of the explosive charge and produces a damaging effect behind the armor.
The effect of such a charge is as follows. When the projectile hits the armor, the instantaneous fuse is triggered; the explosive impulse is transmitted from the fuse using a central tube to the detonator capsule and the detonator installed in the bottom of the shaped charge. The explosion of the detonator leads to the detonation of the explosive charge, the movement of which is directed from the bottom to the cumulative recess, along with this the destruction of the head of the projectile is created. The base of the cumulative recess approaches the armor; when a sharp compression occurs with the help of a recess in the explosive, a thin cumulative jet is formed from the lining material, in which 10-20% of the lining metal is collected. The rest of the cladding metal, compressed, forms a pestle. The trajectory of the jet is directed along the axis of the recess; due to the very high compression speed, the metal is heated to a temperature of 200-600 ° C, preserving all the properties of the lining metal.
When an obstacle meets a jet moving with a speed at the top of 10-15 m/s, the jet generates high pressure - up to 2,000,000 kg/cm2, thereby head part The cumulative jet is destroyed, destroying the armor of the barrier and squeezing the metal of the armor to the side and outward; when subsequent particles penetrate the armor, the barrier is penetrated.
Behind the armor, the damaging effect is accompanied by the general effect of the cumulative jet, metal elements of the armor, and detonation products of the explosive charge. Properties cumulative projectile depend on the explosive, its quality and quantity, the shape of the cumulative recess, and the material of its lining. They are used to destroy armored targets from medium-caliber guns, capable of penetrating an armored target 2-4 times larger than the caliber of the gun. Rotating cumulative projectiles penetrate armor up to 2 calibers, non-rotating cumulative projectiles - up to 4 calibers.
HEAT shells first supplied with ammunition for regimental 76-mm caliber guns of the 1927 model, then for guns of the 1943 model, also by them in the 1930s. equipped with 122 mm caliber howitzers. In 1940, the world's first multi-charge multiple rocket launcher M-132, used in cumulative projectiles, was tested. The M-132 was put into service as the BM-13-16; the guide mounts carried 16 132 mm caliber rockets.
Cumulative fragmentation, or multi-purpose projectile. Refers to artillery shells that produce fragmentation and cumulative effects, used to destroy manpower and armored obstacles.
Lighting projectile. These projectiles are used to illuminate the expected location of the target to be hit, to illuminate the enemy’s terrain in order to observe his activities, to carry out sighting and track the results of shooting to kill, to blind the enemy’s observation points.
High-explosive fragmentation projectile. Refers to projectiles of the main type used to destroy enemy personnel, military equipment, field defensive structures, as well as to create passages in minefields and barrier structures, from medium-caliber guns. The installed type of fuse determines the action of the projectile. A contact fuse is installed for high-explosive action when destroying light field structures, a fragmentation fuse is installed to destroy manpower, for the slow production of destructive force on buried field structures.
Inclusion of diversity different types action reduced its qualitative characteristics in front of projectiles of only clearly directed action, only fragmentation and only high-explosive.
Fragmentation projectile- a projectile used as a damaging factor against manpower, unarmored and lightly armored military equipment, the damaging effect is caused by fragments produced during the explosion, formed when the grenade shell ruptures.
Sub-caliber projectile. A characteristic feature of such a projectile is the diameter of the active part, which is smaller than the caliber of the weapon intended for it.
The difference between the mass of a sabot projectile and a caliber one, when considering the same caliber, made it possible to obtain high initial velocities of a sabot projectile. Introduced into the ammunition load for 45-mm guns in 1942, and in 1943 for 57-mm and 76-mm guns. The initial speed of the sub-caliber projectile for the 57-mm cannon was 1270 m/s, which was a record speed for projectiles of that time. To increase the power of anti-tank fire, an 85-mm sub-caliber projectile was developed in 1944.
This type of projectile acts by piercing armor, as a result of the core coming out of the armor; with a sudden release of tension, the core is destroyed into fragments. Behind the armor, the damaging effect is created by fragments from the core and armor.
Over-caliber projectile - a projectile in which the diameter of the active part is created
Dan bigger size, rather than the caliber of the weapon used, this ratio increases the power of this ammunition.
Explosive projectiles. Based on their weight category, they were divided into bombs, which were projectiles weighing more than 16.38 kg, and grenades, which were projectiles weighing less than 16.38 kg. These types of projectiles were developed to equip howitzers with ammunition. Explosive shells were used to fire shots that hit openly located living targets and defense structures.
The result of the explosion of this projectile is fragments that scatter in large quantities over an approximately intended radius of destructive action.
Explosive shells are perfect for use as a damaging factor for enemy guns. However, a defect in the projectile tubes resulted in the inoperability of a number of explosive projectiles, so it was noted that only four out of five projectiles exploded. For about three centuries such shells dominated among artillery shells, which are in service with almost all armies of the world.
Missile equipped with a warhead and a propulsion system. In the 40s XX century, during the Second World War, various types of rockets were developed: the German troops put into service turbojet high-explosive fragmentation projectiles, Soviet troops jet and turbojet high-explosive fragmentation shells.
In 1940, the world's first multi-charge multiple rocket launcher, the M-132, was tested. It was put into service as the BM-13-16, with 16 132 mm caliber rockets mounted on the guide mounts, and a firing range of 8470 m. The BM-82-43 was also put into service, with 48 82 mm caliber rockets mounted on the guide mounts. , firing range - 5500 m in 1942.
The developed powerful M-20 132-mm caliber rockets, the firing range of these projectiles is 5000 m, and the M-30 are supplied into service. M-30 were projectiles with a very powerful high-explosive effect; they were used on special frame-type machines, into which four M-30 projectiles were installed in a special closure. In 1944, the BM-31-12 was put into service, 12 M-31 305-mm caliber rockets were installed on the guides, the firing range was determined to be 2800 m. The introduction of this weapon made it possible to solve the problem of maneuvering the fire of heavy rocket artillery units.
In the operation of this design, the salvo time was reduced from 1.5-2 hours to 10-15 minutes. M-13 UK and M-31 UK are rockets with improved accuracy, which had the ability to rotate in flight, achieving a firing range of up to 7900 and 4000 m, respectively, the density of fire in one salvo increased by 3 and 6 times.
Fire capabilities with a projectile of improved accuracy made it possible to replace a regimental or brigade salvo with the production of a salvo of one division. For the M-13 UK, the BM-13 rocket artillery combat vehicle, equipped with screw guides, was developed in 1944.
Guided projectile- a projectile equipped with flight controls, such projectiles are fired in the usual mode, during the passage of the flight path the projectiles react to energy that is reflected or emitted from the target, autonomous on-board devices begin to generate signals transmitted to the controls that make adjustments and direction trajectories to effectively hit a target. Used to destroy moving small-sized strategic targets.
High explosive projectile. Such a projectile is characterized by a powerful explosive charge, a contact fuse, head or bottom, with a high-explosive action setting, with one or two delays, a very strong body that perfectly penetrates the barrier. It is used as a damaging factor against hidden manpower and is capable of destroying non-concrete structures.
Shrapnel shells are used to destroy openly located enemy personnel and equipment with shrapnel and bullets.
Chemical and chemical fragmentation shells. This type of shell hit enemy personnel and contaminated areas and engineering structures.
For the first time chemical artillery shells were used by the German army on October 27, 1914 in the battles of the First World War, these shells were equipped with shrapnel mixed with an irritant powder.
In 1917, gas launchers were developed that fired mainly phosgene, liquid diphosgene, and chloropicrin; were a type of mortar that fired projectiles that included 9-28 kg of toxic substance.
In 1916, artillery weapons based on toxic substances were actively created; it was noted that on June 22, 1916, for seven hours, artillery German army fired 125,000 shells, the total number of asphyxiating toxic substances in them was 100,000 liters.
Projectile duration. The amount of time elapsed, calculated from the moment the projectile collides with an obstacle until it explodes.
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Possessing immeasurably higher combat properties. However, at present, some types of conventional weapons, based on the latest achievements of science and technology, are very close in their effectiveness to weapons of mass destruction.
Conventional weapons comprise all fire and strike weapons using artillery, anti-aircraft, aviation, small arms and engineering ammunition and missiles in conventional ammunition, incendiary ammunition and mixtures.
Conventional weapons can be used independently and in combination with nuclear weapons to destroy enemy personnel and equipment, as well as to destroy and destroy various particularly important objects.
The best means for destroying small-sized and dispersed targets in combat conditions using conventional weapons are fragmentation, high-explosive, cumulative, concrete-piercing and incendiary ammunition, as well as volumetric explosion ammunition.
Fragmentation projectile
Fragmentation ammunition designed primarily to kill people. The most effective ammunition of this type are ball bombs, which are dropped from aircraft in cassettes containing from 96 to 640 bombs. Above the ground, such a cassette opens, and the bombs scatter and explode over an area of up to 250 thousand m 2. destructive force destructive elements (metal balls with a diameter of 2-3 mm) of each bomb are stored within a radius of up to 15 m. Cluster bombs can be equipped, in addition to balls, with cubes, shrapnel, etc.
High explosive projectile
Main purpose high explosive ammunition— destruction of industrial, residential and administrative buildings, railways and highways. Defeat of equipment and people. The main damaging factor of high-explosive ammunition is the air shock wave that occurs during the explosion of a conventional explosive with which these ammunition is loaded. They are characterized by a high filling factor (the ratio of explosive mass to the total mass of ammunition), reaching 55%, and have calibers ranging from tens to hundreds and thousands of pounds. Shelters, shelters of various types, and blocked crevices effectively protect against shock waves and fragments of high-explosive and fragmentation ammunition. You can hide from ball bombs in buildings, trenches, terrain folds, and sewer wells.
HEAT projectile
Cumulative ammunition designed to destroy armored targets. Their principle of operation is based on burning through an obstacle with a powerful jet of explosive detonation products with a temperature of 6 - 7 thousand degrees and a pressure of 5 * 10 5 - 6 * 10 5 kPa (5 - 6 thousand kgf / cm 2). The formation of a cumulative jet is achieved due to the cumulative recess of a parabolic shape in the explosive charge. Focused detonation products can burn several tens of centimeters and cause fires. To protect against cumulative ammunition you can use screens from various materials, located at a distance of 15 - 20 cm from the main structure.
Concrete-piercing projectile
Concrete-piercing ammunition designed to destroy high-strength reinforced concrete structures, as well as to destroy airfield runways. The ammunition body contains two charges - cumulative and high-explosive and two detonators. When encountering an obstacle, an instantaneous detonator is triggered, which detonates the shaped charge. With some delay (after the ammunition passes through the ceiling), the second detonator is triggered, detonating the high-explosive charge, which causes the main destruction of the object.
Incendiary projectile
Incendiary ammunition are intended to destroy people, destroy by fire buildings and structures of industrial facilities and populated areas, rolling stock and various warehouses. The basis of incendiary ammunition is made up of incendiary substances and mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm); metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels); thermite and thermite compounds; ordinary and plasticized phosphorus.
From the family napalm Napalm B is considered the most effective. In addition to petroleum products, napalm B includes polystyrene and salts of naphthenic and palmitic acids. By appearance it is a gel that adheres well even to wet surfaces. Pieces of napalm burn for 5-10 minutes, developing a temperature of 1200 ° C and releasing toxic gases. Burning napalm is capable of penetrating through holes and cracks and causing damage to people in shelters and equipment.
Pyrogels- thickened metallized fire mixtures based on petroleum products, containing magnesium or aluminum shavings (powder), therefore they burn with flashes, developing temperatures up to 1600 ° C and higher. The slag formed during combustion can burn through thin sheets of metal.
Mixtures
Thermite compounds are mechanical mixtures consisting of powdered metals (for example, aluminum) and metal oxides (for example, ferrous oxide). When thermite compositions burn, temperatures reach 3000 °C. Since as a result of the ongoing chemical reaction Oxygen is released from metal oxides; thermite compositions can burn without access to air.
White phosphorus spontaneously ignites in air, developing a combustion temperature of up to 900 °C. This produces a large amount of white poisonous smoke(phosphorus oxide), which, along with burns, can cause severe injuries to people.
The basis of incendiary ammunition of various types are aviation incendiary bombs and tanks. In addition, it is possible to use incendiary weapons with barrel and rocket artillery, with the help of incendiary landmines, grenades and bullets.
To protect wooden structures and surfaces from incendiary weapons, they can be coated with damp earth, clay, lime or cement, and in winter, a layer of ice can be frozen on them. The most effective protection of people from incendiary weapons is provided by protective structures. Temporary protection can be outerwear, individual protection means.
Volumetric explosion ammunition (BON)
The principle of operation of such ammunition is as follows: liquid fuel, having high thermal conductivity (ethylene oxide, diborane, acetic acid peroxide, propyl nitrate), placed in a special shell. During the explosion, it sprays, evaporates and mixes with oxygen in the air, forming a spherical cloud of fuel-air mixture with a radius of about 15 m and a layer thickness of 2-3 m. The resulting mixture is detonated in several places by special detonators. In the detonation zone, a temperature of 2500-3000 °C develops in a few tens of microseconds. At the moment of explosion, a relative void is formed inside the shell from the fuel-air mixture. Something similar to an explosion of the shell of a ball with evacuated air occurs (“vacuum bomb”).
The main damaging factor of a BW is the shock wave. In terms of their power, volumetric explosion ammunition occupies an intermediate position between nuclear and conventional (high-explosive) ammunition. Excess pressure in the shock wave front of the explosive explosive device, even at a distance of 100 m from the center of the explosion, can reach 100 kPa (1 kgf/cm2).
Precision guided weapons
One of the most important directions of the new stage in the development of conventional weapons is the creation high-precision guided weapons. Its distinguishing feature is the high probability of hitting a target with the first shot at any time of the day and under any circumstances. meteorological conditions. The stationary location of economic objects allows the enemy to establish in advance their coordinates and the most vulnerable places in technological complex. One of the goals of creating high-precision guided weapons is to eliminate casualties among civilians during military conflicts. But, as the experience of its use by American troops in Yugoslavia, Iraq, and Afghanistan has shown, these casualties cannot be avoided.
TO precision weapons include reconnaissance and strike complexes (RUK) and guided aerial bombs (UAB).
RUKs are designed for guaranteed destruction of well-protected, durable and small-sized objects with minimal means. They combine two elements: destructive weapons (aircraft, missiles equipped with homing warheads) and technical means that ensure their combat use (reconnaissance, communications, navigation systems, control systems, processing and displaying information, generating commands).
UABs resemble conventional bombs, but differ from them in their control system and small wings. Aimed at hitting small targets. Depending on the type and nature of the latter, bombs can be concrete-piercing, armor-piercing, anti-tank, cluster, etc.
Destruction of buildings, fortifications and fortifications, making passages in minefields, etc.
When it hits the armor, it does not transmit kinetic force, but explodes, causing superficial damage (scattering fragments at great speed, additionally causing damage to armored vehicles, contusion, wounding or killing the crew and infantry accompanying the equipment), disabling tracks (caterpillars), damaging triplex - observation devices, produces armor damage, deflections and microcracks
It is used to shell the site of a proposed attack, to facilitate the breakthrough of enemy defenses by attacking tank and motorized infantry units. Among all ammunition, it is the most explosive.
As a tank ammunition, it is included in the main ammunition load of the T-64 / / /84U / T-90 tanks and usually accounts for up to 50% of the total number of shells in the ammunition stowage.
Fuse
For a long time, the only fuse used was the impact fuse, which was triggered when the projectile hit the target.
Impact fuses are the simplest and most reliable. Most fuses of this type can be set to contact or delayed mode. In the first case, the explosion occurs upon first contact with an obstacle and is intended to destroy objects around the obstacle. In the second case, the projectile is buried into the target and only there detonation occurs - this makes it possible to effectively destroy fortifications and buildings.
In case of a direct hit in vulnerable areas (turret hatches, engine compartment radiator, ejection screens of the aft ammunition rack, etc.), the OFS can disable a modern tank. Also, the shock wave and fragments, with a high degree of probability, disable surveillance and communications devices, weapons located outside the armor volume, and other systems installed in large quantities on modern armored vehicles.
Flaws
The main disadvantage of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile is its low armor penetration. Modern tanks, from the point of view of penetrating armor and damaging the crew, are practically invulnerable to high-explosive fragmentation shells of most used calibers. Nevertheless, large-caliber OFS still remain effective against lightly armored vehicles.
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An excerpt characterizing a high-explosive fragmentation projectile
“Mom, isn’t it a shame that he’s a widower?”- That's enough, Natasha. Pray to God. Les Marieiages se font dans les cieux. [Marriages are made in heaven.]
- Darling, mother, how I love you, how good it makes me feel! – Natasha shouted, crying tears of happiness and excitement and hugging her mother.
At the same time, Prince Andrei was sitting with Pierre and telling him about his love for Natasha and his firm intention to marry her.
On this day, Countess Elena Vasilyevna had a reception, there was a French envoy, there was a prince, who had recently become a frequent visitor to the countess’s house, and many brilliant ladies and men. Pierre was downstairs, walked through the halls, and amazed all the guests with his concentrated, absent-minded and gloomy appearance.
Since the time of the ball, Pierre had felt the approaching attacks of hypochondria and with desperate effort tried to fight against them. From the time the prince became close to his wife, Pierre was unexpectedly granted a chamberlain, and from that time on he began to feel heaviness and shame in large society, and more often the old gloomy thoughts about the futility of everything human began to come to him. At the same time, the feeling he noticed between Natasha, whom he protected, and Prince Andrei, the contrast between his position and the position of his friend, further intensified this gloomy mood. He equally tried to avoid thoughts about his wife and about Natasha and Prince Andrei. Again everything seemed insignificant to him in comparison with eternity, again the question presented itself: “why?” And he forced himself to work day and night on Masonic works, hoping to ward off the approach evil spirit. Pierre, at 12 o'clock, having left the countess's chambers, was sitting upstairs in a smoky, low room, in a worn dressing gown in front of the table, copying out authentic Scottish acts, when someone entered his room. It was Prince Andrei.
“Oh, it’s you,” said Pierre with an absent-minded and dissatisfied look. “And I’m working,” he said, pointing to a notebook with that look of salvation from the hardships of life with which unhappy people look at their work.
Prince Andrei, with a radiant, enthusiastic face and renewed life, stopped in front of Pierre and, not noticing his sad face, smiled at him with the egoism of happiness.
“Well, my soul,” he said, “yesterday I wanted to tell you and today I came to you for this.” I've never experienced anything like it. I'm in love, my friend.
Pierre suddenly sighed heavily and collapsed with his heavy body on the sofa, next to Prince Andrei.
- To Natasha Rostova, right? - he said.
- Yes, yes, who? I would never believe it, but this feeling is stronger than me. Yesterday I suffered, I suffered, but I wouldn’t give up this torment for anything in the world. I haven't lived before. Now only I live, but I cannot live without her. But can she love me?... I'm too old for her... What aren't you saying?...
- I? I? “What did I tell you,” Pierre suddenly said, getting up and starting to walk around the room. - I always thought this... This girl is such a treasure, such... This is a rare girl... Dear friend, I ask you, don’t get smart, don’t doubt, get married, get married and get married... And I’m sure that there will be no happier person than you.
- But she!
- She loves you.
“Don’t talk nonsense...” said Prince Andrei, smiling and looking into Pierre’s eyes.
“He loves me, I know,” Pierre shouted angrily.
“No, listen,” said Prince Andrei, stopping him by the hand. – Do you know what situation I’m in? I need to tell everything to someone.
“Well, well, say, I’m very glad,” said Pierre, and indeed his face changed, the wrinkles smoothed out, and he joyfully listened to Prince Andrei. Prince Andrei seemed and was a completely different, new person. Where was his melancholy, his contempt for life, his disappointment? Pierre was the only person to whom he dared to speak; but he expressed to him everything that was in his soul. Either he easily and boldly made plans for a long future, talked about how he could not sacrifice his happiness for the whim of his father, how he would force his father to agree to this marriage and love her or do without his consent, then he was surprised how something strange, alien, independent of him, influenced by the feeling that possessed him.
“I wouldn’t believe anyone who told me that I could love like that,” said Prince Andrei. “This is not at all the feeling that I had before.” The whole world is divided for me into two halves: one - she and there is all the happiness of hope, light; the other half is everything where she is not there, there is all despondency and darkness...
“Darkness and gloom,” Pierre repeated, “yes, yes, I understand that.”
– I can’t help but love the world, it’s not my fault. And I'm very happy. You understand me? I know you're happy for me.
“Yes, yes,” Pierre confirmed, looking at his friend with tender and sad eyes. The brighter the fate of Prince Andrei seemed to him, the darker his own seemed.
To get married, the consent of the father was needed, and for this, the next day, Prince Andrei went to his father.
The father, with outward calm but inner anger, accepted his son’s message. He could not understand that anyone would want to change life, to introduce something new into it, when life was already ending for him. “If only they would let me live the way I want, and then we would do what we wanted,” the old man said to himself. With his son, however, he used the diplomacy that he used on important occasions. Taking a calm tone, he discussed the whole matter.
Firstly, the marriage was not brilliant in terms of kinship, wealth and nobility. Secondly, Prince Andrei was not in his first youth and was in poor health (the old man was especially careful about this), and she was very young. Thirdly, there was a son whom it was a pity to give to the girl. Fourthly, finally,” said the father, looking mockingly at his son, “I ask you, postpone the matter for a year, go abroad, get treatment, find, as you want, a German for Prince Nikolai, and then, if it’s love, passion, stubbornness, whatever you want, so great, then get married.
“And this is my last word, you know, my last...” the prince finished in a tone that showed that nothing would force him to change his decision.
Prince Andrei clearly saw that the old man hoped that the feeling of him or his future bride would not withstand the test of the year, or that he himself, the old prince, would die by this time, and decided to fulfill his father’s will: to propose and postpone the wedding for a year.
Three weeks after his last evening at the Rostovs, Prince Andrei returned to St. Petersburg.
The next day after her explanation with her mother, Natasha waited the whole day for Bolkonsky, but he did not come. The next, third day the same thing happened. Pierre also did not come, and Natasha, not knowing that Prince Andrei had gone to his father, could not explain his absence.
Three weeks passed like this. Natasha did not want to go anywhere and, like a shadow, idle and sad, she walked from room to room, cried secretly from everyone in the evening and did not appear to her mother in the evenings. She was constantly blushing and irritated. It seemed to her that everyone knew about her disappointment, laughed and felt sorry for her. With all the strength of her inner grief, this vain grief intensified her misfortune.
Armor-piercing shells- the main type of projectile that can be fired by almost any weapon. This projectile deals damage only if the armor is broken enemy (accompanied by the messages “Breakthrough” and “There is a penetration”). He can also damage modules or crew, if it hits the right place (accompanied by the messages “Hit” and “There is a hit”). If the penetrating power of the projectile is not enough, it will not penetrate the armor and will not cause damage (accompanied by the message “Did not penetrate”). If a projectile hits the armor at too sharp an angle, it will ricochet and also cause no damage (accompanied by the message “Ricochet”).
High Explosive (HE) shells
High-explosive fragmentation shells- have greatest potential damage, But insignificant armor penetration. If a shell penetrates the armor, it explodes inside the tank, causing maximum damage and additional damage to modules or crew from the explosion. A high-explosive fragmentation projectile does not need to penetrate the target's armor - if it does not penetrate, it will explode on the tank's armor, causing less damage than if it penetrates. The damage in this case depends on the thickness of the armor - the thicker the armor, the more damage from the explosion it absorbs. In addition, tank screens also absorb damage from explosions of high-explosive shells. High-explosive fragmentation shells can also damage several tanks at the same time, since the explosion has a certain radius of action. Tank shells have a smaller high-explosive radius, while self-propelled gun shells have a maximum radius. It is also worth noting that only when shooting high explosive shells There is an opportunity to receive the Bombardier award!
Sub-caliber (AP) shells
Sub-caliber shells- These are the most common premium shells in the game, installed in almost any weapon. The operating principle is similar to armor-piercing ones. They are distinguished by increased armor penetration, but they lose more penetration with distance and have less normalization (they lose more effectiveness when firing at an angle to the armor).
Cumulative (CS) projectiles
HEAT shells- premium shells for self-propelled guns and many other tanks in the game. Their penetration is noticeably higher than that of standard armor-piercing shells, and the damage they cause is at the level of armor-piercing shells for the same weapon. The penetration effect is achieved not due to the kinetic energy of the projectile (as with an AP or BP), but due to the energy of the cumulative jet formed when an explosive of a certain shape is detonated at a certain distance from the armor. Hence the differences from BB and BP - cumulative shells do not ricochet, they are not subject to the normalization rule, three calibers, and they do not lose armor penetration with distance.
Penetration rules for cumulative projectiles
Update 0.8.6 introduces new penetration rules for cumulative projectiles:
- The cumulative projectile can now ricochet when the projectile hits armor at an angle of 85 degrees or more. During a ricochet, the armor penetration of the ricocheted cumulative projectile does not decrease.
- After the first penetration of the armor, the ricochet can no longer work (due to the formation of a cumulative jet).
- After the first penetration of the armor, the projectile begins to lose armor penetration at the following rate: 5% of the armor penetration remaining after penetration - per 10 cm of space traversed by the projectile (50% - per 1 meter of free space from the screen to the armor).
- After each penetration of the armor, the armor penetration of the projectile is reduced by an amount equal to the thickness of the armor, taking into account the angle of inclination of the armor relative to the flight path of the projectile.
- Now the tracks also serve as a screen for cumulative projectiles.
Changes to ricochet in update 0.9.3
- Now, when a projectile ricochets, it does not disappear, but continues its movement along a new trajectory, and 25% of the armor penetration is lost for an armor-piercing and sub-caliber projectile, while the armor penetration of a cumulative projectile does not change.
What type of projectile should I use?
Basic rules when choosing between armor-piercing and high-explosive fragmentation shells:
- Use armor-piercing shells against tanks of your level; high-explosive fragmentation shells against tanks with weak armor or self-propelled guns with open deckhouses.
- Use armor-piercing shells in long-barreled and small-caliber guns; high-explosive fragmentation - in short-barreled and large-caliber. The use of small-caliber HE shells is pointless - they often do not penetrate, and therefore do not cause damage.
- Use high-explosive fragmentation shells at any angle, do not fire armor-piercing shells at an acute angle to the enemy's armor.
- Targeting vulnerable areas and shooting at right angles to the armor are also useful for HE - this increases the likelihood of breaking through the armor and taking full damage.
- High-explosive fragmentation shells have a high chance of inflicting small but guaranteed damage even if they do not penetrate armor, so they can be effectively used to knock down a grapple from the base and finish off opponents with a small margin of safety.
For example, the 152mm M-10 gun on the KV-2 tank is large-caliber and short-barreled. How larger caliber projectile, the greater the amount of explosive it contains and the more damage it causes. But due to the short length of the gun barrel, the projectile flies out with a very small initial speed, which leads to low penetration, accuracy and range. In such conditions, an armor-piercing projectile, which requires an accurate hit, becomes ineffective, and a high-explosive fragmentation one should be used.
Classifications of modern conventional weapons
Characteristic modern means defeats.
Fire and strike weapons (ammunition)
Fragmentation ammunition - designed to kill people. The peculiarity of ammunition with ready-made or semi-finished lethal elements is a huge number (up to several thousand) of elements (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing from fractions of a gram to several grams. The radius of scattering of fragments is up to 300m.
Ball bombs - come in sizes from a tennis ball to a soccer ball and contain up to 200 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5 mm. The radius of destruction of such a bomb, based on the caliber, is 1.5-15 m. Ball bombs are dropped from aircraft in cassettes containing 96-640 bombs. Expanding ball bombs explode over an area of up to 250,000 square meters.
High-explosive ammunition - designed to destroy large ground objects (industrial and administrative buildings, railway junctions, etc.) with a shock wave and fragments. Bomb mass from 50 to 10000kᴦ.
Cumulative ammunition — designed to destroy armored targets.
The principle of operation is based on burning an obstacle with a powerful jet of high-density gases with
temperature 6000-7000 0 C. Focused detonation products are capable of burning holes in armored floors several tens of centimeters thick and causing fires.
Concrete-piercing ammunition - designed to destroy airfield runways and other objects with a concrete surface. The Durandal concrete-piercing bomb weighs 195 kg and is 2.7 m long and has a warhead mass of 100 kᴦ. It is capable of piercing a concrete coating 70 cm thick; after breaking through the concrete, the bomb explodes (sometimes with a delay), forming a crater 2 m deep and 5 m in diameter.
Volumetric explosion ammunition - designed to destroy people, buildings, structures and equipment with an air shock wave and fire.
What is a land mine? What types of high-explosive shells are there?
The principle of operation is to spray gas-air mixtures in the air, followed by detonation of the resulting cloud of aerosols. The explosion results in enormous pressure.
Incendiary ammunition has a damaging effect on people, equipment, etc.
objects are based on direct exposure to high temperatures.
Incendiary substances are divided into:
● Compositions based on petroleum products (napalm)
● Metallized incendiary mixtures
● Termites and termite compounds
● White phosphorus
Characteristics of incendiary ammunition:
● Compositions based on petroleum products. NAPALM- a mixture of gasoline and thickener powder (90-97: 10-3). It ignites well even on wet surfaces and is capable of creating a high-temperature fire (1000 - 1200°C) with a burning duration of 5-10 minutes. Lighter than water.
● Metallized incendiary mixtures. ELECTRON - an alloy of magnesium, aluminum and other elements (96:3:1). It ignites at 600 0 C and burns with a dazzling white or bluish flame, reaching a temperature of 2800 ° C.
● Thermite compositions are compressed powder of aluminum and oxides of refractory metals. Burning thermite heats up to 3000˚C.
● White phosphorus is a translucent wax-like solid. Capable of self-ignition when combining with oxygen in the air. Flame temperature 900-1200˚С. It is most often used as a napalm igniter and smoke-generating agent.
Precision weapons:
Reconnaissance and strike complexes (RUK) - RUK combines two elements: destructive weapons (aircraft, missiles equipped with homing warheads capable of selecting the desired targets among other objects and local objects) and technical means that ensure their combat use (reconnaissance means, communications, navigation, control systems, processing and display, information, command generation).
Guided aerial bombs are designed to destroy small targets that require high precision. Taking into account the dependence on the type and nature of targets, UABs can be concrete-piercing, armor-piercing, anti-tank, cassette, etc.
The probability of hitting a UAB is not lower than 05.
Nuclear weapon. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Characteristics of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the use of fission energy of heavy nuclei of certain isotopes of uranium and plutonium or on thermonuclear reactions of synthesis of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes of deuterium and tritium.
Nuclear weapons are divided according to their power: (Ultra-small (less than 1 kt), Small (1-10 kt), Medium (10-100 kt), Large (100-1000 kg), Extra-large (more than 1000 kt))
DAMAGED FACTORS
Shock wave (direct or indirect effect on the body)
Light radiation – thermal burns of the skin and eyes.
Penetrating radiation is a stream of neurons and gamma rays.
Radioactive contamination terrain.
Electromagnetic pulse
Feature: combined lesions.
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125MM HIGH EXPLOSIVE AND SPECIAL AMMUNITION
GENERAL INFORMATION
Unlike a number of Western countries, which are continuously increasing the emphasis of tank weapons on fighting tanks at the expense of reducing the tank's ability to fight enemy manpower, in accordance with the traditional Soviet worldview, tanks are the most effective means of combating enemy manpower and fortifications on the battlefield, and this is reflected in the range of anti-personnel ammunition developed for the 125 mm gun, and the proportion of such ammunition in a typical ammunition load (about 40% high-explosive fragmentation ammunition, in addition to approximately 45% cumulative, also suitable for combating enemy personnel; this the share may be even greater depending on the combat mission).
The most common type of ammunition is the fin-stabilized multi-purpose high-explosive fragmentation projectile. Its scope of application was further expanded with the introduction of the Ainet system for remote electronic detonation of ammunition. There are also other specialized projectiles, such as SGPE and incendiary, but these are less common.
125-mm OFS have good accuracy (normative dispersion: 0.23 etc.) and are similar in lethality to 122-mm artillery ammunition.
The suitability of these ammunition for combating tanks is limited, however, tests in a number of countries have shown that a direct hit of OFS on armored vehicles can cause loss of mobility, and with a high probability - loss or significant reduction in firepower. Light armored vehicles are highly likely to be completely destroyed.
AMMUNITION DIAGRAM
Soviet OFS have the following structure: the explosive charge is placed in a housing (3), equipped with two driving belts (4). In the nose of the projectile there is a fuse (2) with a protective cap (1). The tail contains 4 folded stabilizers (6), attached to the base (7) and held in the folded position by stoppers (5) and a plastic ring (8). The latter is destroyed during the firing process and releases the stabilizers, which open along the axes of rotation (9) and ensure the stability of the projectile along the trajectory.
The required operation mode (high-explosive, high-explosive fragmentation or fragmentation) is set by installing the fuse valve in one of two positions and the presence or absence of a protective cap:
OF mode : fuse valve in position “O” (open), cap installed. Response time - 0.01 sec. This is a standard operation mode, ensuring the correct functioning of the projectile in most cases, and does not require any special preparatory actions by the crew.
High-explosive shells: standard designs and promising developments
F mode : tap in position “Z” (closed), cap installed. Response time - 0.1 sec. This special mode is designed to increase the depth of the projectile before detonation, to destroy fortifications and destroy manpower and equipment covered with earthen parapets. To use a projectile in this mode, you need to turn the fuse tap with a special key before loading the projectile.
Mode O : fuse valve in position “O” (open), cap missing. Response time - 0.001 sec. This special mode is mainly intended for the correct firing of the projectile on soft soil and marshy soils at distances less than 3000 m. Due to the extreme sensitivity of the projectile in this mode, it is prohibited to use it while moving, through the protective cover of the gun, or during rain or hail .
OFS shells use a standard propellant charge (4Zh-40 or 4Zh-52) and have a n.s. 850 m/s.
Incendiary weapons are weapons whose action is based on the use damaging properties incendiary substances. Incendiary weapons (IW) are designed to destroy enemy personnel, destroy their weapons, military equipment, material reserves and to create fires in combat areas. The main damaging factors of ZZH are those released during its use thermal energy and combustion products toxic to humans.
Incendiary weapons have damaging factors that operate in time and space. They are divided into primary and secondary. Primary damaging factors (thermal energy, smoke and toxic combustion products) manifest themselves on the target from several seconds to several minutes during the use of incendiary weapons. Secondary damaging factors, as a consequence of emerging fires, manifest themselves from several minutes and hours to days and weeks.
The damaging effect of incendiary weapons on people is manifested:
- in the form of primary and secondary burns of the skin and mucous tissues due to direct contact of burning incendiary substances with the skin of the body or uniform;
- in the form of damage (burns) to the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, followed by the development of swelling and suffocation when inhaling highly heated air, smoke and other combustion products;
- in the form of heat stroke, as a result of body overheating;
- exposure to toxic products of incomplete combustion of incendiary substances and combustible materials;
- the inability to continue the respiratory function due to partial burnout of oxygen from the air, especially in closed buildings, basements, dugouts and other shelters;
- in the mechanical impact on humans of fire storms and whirlwinds during massive fires.
Often these factors appear simultaneously, and their severity depends on the type of incendiary substance used and its quantity, the nature of the target and the conditions of use. In addition, incendiary weapons have a strong moral and psychological impact on a person, reducing his ability to actively resist fire.
An incendiary substance or an incendiary mixture of substances capable of igniting, burning steadily and releasing a large amount of thermal energy. Figure 7 shows the main groups of incendiary substances and mixtures.
Rice. 7. Main groups of incendiary substances and mixtures
According to combustion conditions, incendiary substances and mixtures can be divided into two main groups:
- burning in the presence of atmospheric oxygen (napalm, white phosphorus);
- burning without access to air oxygen (thermite and thermite compounds).
Incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products can be unthickened or thickened (viscous). This is the most common type of mixture, capable of infecting manpower and igniting flammable materials.
Unthickened mixtures are prepared from gasoline, diesel fuel and lubricating oils. They are highly flammable and are used in backpack flamethrowers for a short flamethrowing range.
Thickened mixtures (napalms) are viscous, jelly-like, sticky masses consisting of gasoline or other liquid hydrocarbon fuel mixed in a certain ratio with various thickeners. Thickeners are substances that, when dissolved in a flammable base, impart a certain viscosity to mixtures. Aluminum salts of organic acids, synthetic rubber, polystyrene and other polymeric substances are used as thickeners.
The self-igniting incendiary mixture is triethylaluminum thickened with polyisobutylene.
The damaging effect of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile
The appearance of the mixture resembles napalm. The mixture has the ability to spontaneously ignite in air. The mixture is also capable of self-ignition on wet surfaces and on snow due to the addition of sodium, potassium, magnesium or phosphorus.
Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels) consist of petroleum products with the addition of powdered or shavings of magnesium or aluminum, oxidizing agents, liquid asphalt and heavy oils. The introduction of combustible materials into the composition of pyrogels increases the combustion temperature and gives these mixtures a burning ability. Unlike ordinary napalm, pyrogens are heavier than water and burn for 1-3 minutes.
Napalms, self-igniting incendiary mixtures and pyrogens adhere well to various surfaces of weapons, military equipment, and human uniforms.
They are highly flammable and difficult to remove and extinguish. When burning, napalms develop a temperature of about 1000-120000C, pirogels - up to 1600-200000C. Self-igniting incendiary mixtures are difficult to extinguish with water. When burning, they develop a temperature of 1100-130000C. Napalms are used for flamethrowing from tanks and backpack flamethrowers, for equipping aircraft bombs and tanks, various types of fire mines.
Self-igniting incendiary mixtures and pyrogens are capable of causing severe burns to personnel, setting fire to weapons and military equipment, and also creating fires in the area, in buildings and structures. Pyrogels are also capable of burning through thin sheets of metal.
Termite– a compressed mixture of powdered iron oxides with granulated aluminum. Thermite compositions, in addition to the listed components, contain oxidizing agents and binders (magnesium, sulfur, lead peroxide, barium nitrate). When thermites and thermite compositions burn, thermal energy is released as a result of the interaction of the oxide of one metal with another metal, forming liquid molten slag with a temperature of about 300,000C. Burning thermite compounds can burn through iron and steel. Thermite and thermite compositions are used to equip incendiary mines, shells, small-caliber aircraft bombs, hand-held incendiary grenades and checkers.
White phosphorus- a solid, waxy, toxic substance. It dissolves well in liquid organic solvents and is stored under a layer of water. In air, phosphorus spontaneously ignites and burns, releasing a large amount of acrid white smoke, developing a temperature of 100,000C.
Plasticized white phosphorus It is a plastic mass made of synthetic rubber and particles of white phosphorus; it is more stable during storage; when used, it is crushed into large, slowly burning pieces, and is capable of sticking to vertical surfaces and burning through them.
Burning phosphorus causes severe, painful burns that take a long time to heal. It is used in incendiary and smoke-generating artillery shells, mines, aircraft bombs and hand grenades, and also as an igniter for napalm and pyrogel.
Electron– an alloy of magnesium (96%), aluminum (3%) and other elements (1%). It ignites at a temperature of 60,000C and burns with a dazzling white or bluish flame, developing a temperature of up to 280,000C. Used for the manufacture of casings for small-sized aviation incendiary bombs.
Alkali metals, especially potassium and sodium, have the property of reacting with water and igniting. They are dangerous to handle, so they are not used independently, but are used as a rule, to ignite napalm or as part of self-igniting mixtures.
For effective application incendiary substances and mixtures, special means are used. Combat weapons - specific design combat device or ammunition, ensuring delivery to the target and effective transfer of the incendiary substance or mixture into a combat state.
Combat weapons include: aviation and artillery incendiary ammunition, grenade launchers, flamethrowers, fire mines, grenades, cartridges, checkers. Means and methods of protection against incendiary weapons. To protect personnel from the damaging effects of incendiary weapons, use:
- closed fortifications;
- weapons and military equipment;
- natural shelters, as well as various local materials;
- personal protective equipment for skin and respiratory organs;
- overcoats, pea coats, padded jackets, short fur coats, raincoats, etc.
To protect weapons and military equipment from incendiary weapons, use:
- trenches and shelters equipped with ceilings;
- natural shelters;
- tarpaulins, awnings and covers;
- coverings made from local materials;
- standard and local fire extinguishing agents.
Protection of troops from incendiary weapons is organized with the goal of preventing or maximally weakening their impact on troops, maintaining their combat effectiveness and ensuring that they carry out their assigned combat missions, as well as preventing the occurrence and spread of massive fires and, if necessary, ensuring their localization and extinguishing.
The organization of protection of troops from incendiary weapons is carried out by commanders and staffs of all levels in all types of combat activities of troops simultaneously with the organization of protection from other means of mass destruction. The general management of the organization of protection against incendiary weapons is carried out by the commander. It determines the most important activities and the timing of their implementation.
On the basis of the commander, the headquarters, together with the chiefs of services, develops measures to protect units (units) from incendiary weapons and monitors the implementation of these measures.
- The main measures to protect against incendiary weapons are:
- forecasting the occurrence and spread of fires;
- conducting continuous reconnaissance and surveillance, timely detection of enemy preparations for the use of incendiary weapons;
- timely warning of troops about the threat and the beginning of the use of incendiary weapons;
- dispersal of troops and periodic change of areas where they are located;
- engineering equipment for troop deployment areas;
- use of protective and camouflage properties of the terrain, protective properties weapons and military equipment, personal protective equipment;
- providing troops with the necessary forces and means of fire extinguishing and fire-fighting measures;
- ensuring the safety and protection of troops when operating in the zone of massive fires;
- identifying and eliminating the consequences of the enemy’s use of incendiary weapons.
Conventional means of destruction(OSP) is a complex of small arms, artillery, engineering, naval, missile and aviation weapons or ammunition that use the energy of impact and explosion of explosives and their mixtures.
Conventional weapons are classified according to the method of delivery, caliber, type of warheads, and the principle of action on obstacles.
The most common conventional ammunition that can be used to strike cities and settlements, there may be fragmentation bombs, high-explosive bombs, ball bombs, volumetric explosion ammunition, incendiary weapons. Let's get acquainted with some types of conventional weapon ammunition and their damaging factors.
Fragmentation bombs used to kill people and animals. When a bomb explodes, a large number of fragments are formed, which fly in different directions at a distance of up to 300 m from the explosion site. Splinters do not penetrate brick and wooden walls.
High explosive bombs designed to destroy all kinds of structures. Compared to nuclear weapons, their destructive power is small. Unexploded aerial bombs pose a great danger. Most often they have delayed fuses that go off automatically some time after the bomb is dropped.
Ball bombs equipped with a huge amount (from several hundred to several thousand) fragments (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing up to several grams. Ball bombs, ranging in size from a tennis ball to a soccer ball, can contain 300 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5-6 mm.
Fragmentation and high-explosive fragmentation warheads
The radius of the bomb's destructive effect is up to 15 m.
Volumetric explosion ammunition dropped from an aircraft in the form of cassettes. The cartridge contains three rounds of ammunition each containing approximately 35 kg of liquid ethylene oxide. Ammunition is separated in the air. When they hit the ground, a fuse is triggered, which ensures the dispersion of liquid and the formation of a gas cloud with a diameter of 15 m and a height of 2.5 m. This cloud is undermined by a special delayed-action device.
The main damaging factor of volumetric explosion ammunition is a shock wave propagating at supersonic speed, the power of which is 4-6 times higher than the explosion energy of a conventional explosive.
Incendiary weapon Depending on the composition, it is divided into: incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm), metallized incendiary mixtures, thermite compositions, white phosphorus.
The means of using incendiary weapons can be aerial bombs, cassettes, artillery incendiary ammunition, flamethrowers, etc.
The thermal effect of incendiary weapons on the human body leads primarily to burns.
Incendiaries used in the form of aerial bombs pose a serious danger to people. When they get on exposed skin or clothing, they cause very severe burns and burnouts. During the combustion of these products, the air quickly heats up, which leads to burns of the respiratory tract. The use of incendiary agents causes massive fires.
Mines – one of the most insidious types of weapons. They cause untold suffering to the civilian population for a long time after they end fighting. The exact number of mines left after wars and armed conflicts on the territory of more than 70 countries is unknown, but even according to approximate data International Committee The Red Cross and the UN Department of Mine Action currently put it at 100 million. Millions of them have not yet been neutralized and are still waiting for their victims in different parts of the planet; Every year, mines claim more than 25,000 innocent lives. Every week around the globe, about 500 people are killed or disabled as a result of mine explosions, in other words, every 20 minutes, someone is killed or maimed by mines.
Nuclear weapon- a type of explosive weapon of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during fusion reactions of light nuclei such as deuterium, tritium (hydrogen isotopes) and lithium.
Nuclear weapons include: various nuclear weapons; means of their delivery to the target (carriers); controls. Nuclear munitions include nuclear warheads of missiles and torpedoes, nuclear bombs, artillery shells, depth charges, and mines (land mines). Aircraft, surface ships and submarines, equipped with nuclear weapons and delivering them to the launch (firing) site. There are also carriers of nuclear charges (missiles, torpedoes, shells, aircraft and depth charges), which deliver them directly to targets. They can be launched (shot) from stationary installations or from moving objects. (A nuclear charge is a component of a nuclear weapon.).
Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:
1. Shock wave- the main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion, since most of the destruction and damage to structures, buildings, as well as injuries to people are, as a rule, caused by the impact of a shock wave. It is an area of sharp compression of the medium, spreading in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the shock wave front. The damaging effect of a shock wave is characterized by the magnitude of excess pressure, i.e., the magnitude of the difference between the maximum pressure in the shock wave front and normal atmospheric pressure.
2. Light radiation- a stream of radiant energy, including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause burns to the skin (skin), damage (permanent or temporary) to people’s organs of vision and fire of flammable materials and objects.
3. Ionizing radiation (penetrating radiation) there is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts 10-15 s. Passing through living tissue, gamma radiation and neutrons ionize the molecules that make up the cells. Under the influence of ionization, changes in biological processes occur in the body, leading to disruption of the vital functions of the body.
4. Radioactive contamination is the result of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion both in the area of the explosion and far beyond it, at a distance of several hundred and even thousands of kilometers. Radioactive substances are a source of radiation harmful to living organisms. Radioactive damage resulting from external irradiation and the entry of radioactive substances into the body causes radiation sickness.
5. Electromagnetic pulse occurs as a result of the interaction of radiation emanating from the zone of a nuclear explosion with atoms of the environment. As a result, short-term electrical and magnetic fields, which represent an electromagnetic pulse.
As a result of its impact, wire and cable lines and radio equipment are damaged.
Chemical weapon- weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of chemicals.
Chemical weapons include toxic substances (CAS) and means of their use. Missiles, aircraft bombs, and artillery shells are equipped with toxic substances.
Based on their effect on the human body, agents are divided into nerve agents, blister agents, asphyxiating agents, general toxic agents, irritants and psychochemical agents.
Bacteriological (biological) weapons- a type of weapon of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms and their metabolic products.
Bacteriological (biological) weapons (BW) are special ammunition and combat devices with delivery vehicles, equipped with biological agents and intended for mass destruction of enemy personnel, farm animals, and crops.
Along with nuclear and chemical weapons bacteriological weapon refers to weapons of mass destruction.
The damaging effect of BO is based primarily on the use of the pathogenic properties of microbes and toxic products of their vital activity. The basis of the destructive effect of biological weapons are biological agents, specially selected for combat use and capable of causing massive severe diseases in people, animals, and plants.
Precision Weapons (HTO) is a controlled weapon, the effectiveness of which is based on high accuracy of hitting the target.
Precision-precision weapons (HPT) include: combat missiles for various purposes; guided missiles; guided aerial bombs, etc.
With the help of high-tech weapons with conventional, non-nuclear weapons, it is possible to inflict defeats comparable in their consequences to defeat from low-yield tactical nuclear weapons. Further development of the WTO goes in the direction of its “intellectualization, i.e.
the ability to recognize targets, including on the battlefield and in jammed conditions, and when targeting large targets, select the most vulnerable element to hit.
