Weather signs. How to read weather signs

The concept of “cloudiness” refers to the number of clouds observed in one place. Clouds, in turn, are atmospheric phenomena formed by a suspension of water vapor. The classification of clouds includes many types, divided by size, shape, nature of formation and height of location.

In everyday life, special terms are used to measure cloudiness. Expanded scales for measuring this indicator are used in meteorology, maritime affairs and aviation.

Meteorologists use a cloudiness scale of ten, which is sometimes expressed as a percentage of the visible sky (1 point = 10% coverage). In addition, the height of cloud formation is divided into upper and lower tiers. The same system is used in maritime affairs. Aviation meteorologists use a system of eight octants (parts of the visible sky) with a more detailed indication of the height of the clouds.

A special device is used to determine the lower boundary of the clouds. But only aviation weather stations have an urgent need for it. In other cases it is done visual assessment height.

Cloud types

Cloud cover is playing important role in the formation of weather conditions. Cloud cover prevents heating of the Earth's surface and prolongs its cooling process. Cloud cover significantly reduces daily temperature fluctuations. Depending on the amount of clouds at a certain time, several types of cloudiness are distinguished:

1. “Clear or partly cloudy” corresponds to cloudiness of 3 points in the lower (up to 2 km) and middle tier (2 - 6 km) or any amount of clouds in the upper (above 6 km).
2. “Variable or variable” - 1-3/4-7 points in the lower or middle tier.
3. “With clearing” - up to 7 points of total cloudiness of the lower and middle tier.
4. “Cloudy, cloudy” - 8-10 points in the lower tier or non-transparent clouds in the middle, as well as with precipitation in the form of rain or snow.

Types of clouds

The worldwide classification of clouds identifies many types, each of which has its own Latin name. It takes into account the shape, origin, height of formation and a number of other factors. The classification is based on several types of clouds:

• Cirrus clouds are thin filaments white. They are located at an altitude of 3 to 18 km depending on latitude. Consist of falling ice crystals, to which they owe their appearance. Among cirrus clouds at an altitude of over 7 km, clouds are divided into cirrocumulus, altostratus, which have a low density. Below, at an altitude of about 5 km, there are altocumulus clouds.
• Cumulus clouds are dense formations of white color and considerable height (sometimes reaching more than 5 km). They are most often located in the lower tier with vertical development into the middle. Cumulus clouds at the top of the middle layer are called altocumulus.
• Cumulonimbus, shower and thunderclouds, as a rule, are located low above the Earth's surface 500-2000 meters, characterized by precipitation atmospheric precipitation in the form of rain, snow.
• Stratus clouds represent a layer of suspension of low density. They transmit light from the sun and moon and are located at an altitude of between 30 and 400 meters.

Cirrus, cumulus and stratus types mix to form other types: cirrocumulus, stratocumulus, cirrostratus. In addition to the main types of clouds, there are other, less common ones: silvery and pearlescent, lenticular and moth-like. And clouds formed by fires or volcanoes are called pyrocumulative.

Why is it necessary to keep a diary?

Schoolchildren are required to keep a diary of weather observations. The topic “weather” stands out as one of the main ones in the lesson the world. Observation and recording of air temperature, wind direction, atmospheric pressure, precipitation is the best practical task on this topic.

Why do you need to keep an observation diary?

Keeping an observation journal is a great project activity for a student. It develops numerous skills and abilities. The child learns to navigate in time, attention and observation skills are formed. Systematically filling out a diary develops accuracy and responsibility. For a student, keeping a diary of weather observations helps to notice the repeatability of processes in nature and gives a feeling of stability in the world around them. Plus, keeping a weather diary is just fun. By filling out the diary throughout the year, the results obtained can be analyzed and an appropriate diagram constructed. It will show how the weather has changed, in which direction the wind predominantly blows in our area. Based on this data, it will be possible to subsequently predict the weather. And this is the initial work of meteorological research.

How to prepare a diary?

For the “Diary of Observations”, start a notebook in a cage, sign it, and put on a cover. The notebook page should be drawn into six equal columns, which are given the following names: “Date”, “Air temperature”, “Cloudiness”, “Wind”, “Atmospheric pressure”, “Precipitation”, “Phenomena”. Then the measured data will be recorded in a separate cell. If there is no data (for example, there is no precipitation), then a dash should be placed in the cell.

What actions should a child take if on this day he begins to keep a diary of weather observations for schoolchildren?

1. Look at the thermometer and write down its readings in your diary. This is the air temperature in degrees Celsius. Please note that the thermometer must be in the shade. The device placed in a sunlit area will give incorrect readings.

2. Look out the window and find out if there is cloudiness outside - clear, cloudy or cloudy. Draw a corresponding picture in the cell or write a word.

3. Note the presence of precipitation in your diary. If there is no precipitation, put a dash.

4. Record the wind direction.

What symbols should you use in your diary?

Conventional signs are generally accepted in school teaching of geography and natural history. The wind direction should be indicated with a letter, for example, for the north wind, write C in the corresponding column, for the south – S. The air temperature should be indicated with a sign, for example, +17 0 C or – 17 0 C.

Conventional signs in the observation diary

All entries in the “Weather Observation Diary” must be made carefully, evenly, clearly, using a ruler. It is possible to use colored pencils and colored pens, including gel pens. The table itself can be drawn in pencil. You can use a printed table template or a ready-made observation diary. It is encouraged to decorate the free space around the table with drawings, photographs, pictures corresponding to the time of year, images of animals and plants, and natural phenomena.

Grading norms

"Great"- all entries in the “Weather Observation Diary” are made neatly, evenly, clearly, using a ruler. The weather was recorded daily, there are no discrepancies with real weather data, the results for the month were summed up.

"Fine"- all entries in the “Weather Observation Diary” are made quite accurately, evenly, clearly, along a ruler; there are no obvious discrepancies with real weather data. Individual gaps (1-2 days) in filling in the weather are allowed. Or: - all entries in the “Weather Observation Diary” are made quite accurately, evenly, clearly, along a ruler. The weather was noted daily, but the total for the month was not summed up.

"Satisfactorily"- The “weather observation diary” is kept in violation of the rules, there are gross factual errors in the description of the weather, the weather was not recorded daily, and the results for the month were not summed up. The work was done untidy.

"Unsatisfactory"- “Observation diary” is practically not kept; there is no weather for more than 7 days of the month; there are gross factual errors in the description of the weather; the work was done sloppily, using a pen with purple or blue ink, the table was drawn without a ruler; the month's results have not been summed up; The notebook looks sloppy.

Month year___________________

Results of observations for the month

Weather maps provide a simplified representation of the current or forecast weather in a particular area. The most common weather map is the surface map, which will be discussed in this article. At first glance, analyzing a ground map may seem like quite a difficult task, but with a little practice you can do it in no time.

Steps

Part 1

Clarify general meteorological concepts for yourself. What people care about most is precipitation, which in meteorology (the science of weather) refers to any form of water that falls on earth's surface. Types of precipitation include rain, hail, snow and sleet.

To interpret weather conditions, one of the most important components is the ability to analyze the consequences caused by changes in atmospheric pressure. High pressure implies dry weather, while low pressure usually indicates the presence of moist air or even precipitation.

• Region high pressure is an air mass consisting of denser air that is colder and/or drier than outside. Thus, the heavy air flows down and away from the center of the pressure system - like water spilled on the ground. In areas of high pressure the weather tends to remain clear or clear.
• Region low pressure is an air mass consisting of air that is less dense because it is wetter and/or warmer. The surrounding air is drawn towards the center of the baric system, while light air soars upward, which often leads to increased cloudiness or precipitation, as the moist air cools as it rises. This effect is clearly visible when invisible water vapor contained in the air, as a result of contact with the outside of cold glass, is forced to condense into droplets. But the drops will not begin to form if the glass is not cold enough. Thus, rain formation from rising low-pressure air is only possible if the air is cold enough to condense water vapor into droplets heavy enough to be suspended by the rising air. Clouds are just drops of water that, due to their light weight, are held in place by the rising air current.
• Areas of very low air pressure tend to form hurricanes (if they haven't already). It also results in the formation of cloud cover that moves across the sky. When moist air rises very high, it causes a thundercloud to form. The collision of very high pressure air with warm, moist air very low pressure results in tornadoes.

1. Study the weather map. You may see it on television news, the Internet, or your local newspaper (other sources include magazines and books, but the maps in these may be out of date). Due to their low cost and reliability, newspapers are the most convenient source of weather maps. This map can be cut out and carried with you while you learn to interpret the symbols.

   Analyze small areas of the weather map. It is advisable that you use maps for a small area - they are easier to interpret. Working with a large-scale map can be overwhelming for beginners. As you explore the map, pay attention to locations, lines, arrows, patterns, colors, and numbers. All elements have meaning and are different from each other.

   Consider the movement of a cold front. Such designations indicate possible heavy rains and high wind speed. Blue lines with triangles on one side are used on weather maps to depict cold fronts. The vertices of the triangles indicate the direction in which it is moving cold front.

   Let's consider the movement of a warm front. Typically, as a front approaches, there is a gradual increase in rainfall, followed by a sharp warming and clearing after the front passes. If the warm air mass is unstable, weather may include persistent thunderstorms. A red line with semicircles on one side indicates warm front. The side on which they are located indicates the direction of movement of the warm front.

   Let's consider the front of occlusion. It occurs when a cold front merges with a warm one. The movement of the front is accompanied by various weather phenomena (even thunderstorms), which depend on whether the occlusion front is warm or cold. The passage of an occlusion front usually brings with it drier air (lower dew point). The purple line with semicircles and triangles on one side represents the occlusion front. The side on which semicircles and triangles are located indicates the direction of movement of the front.

   Let's consider a stationary front. Denotes a fixed boundary between two different air masses. Such fronts are characterized by long periods of continuous rain that linger in one area for a long time and move in waves. Semicircles on one side and triangles on the other indicate that the front is not moving in any direction.

WEATHER SIGNS

WEATHER SIGNS

Conventional signs, which in meteorology, for example. on special (synoptic) maps, indicate different meteorological phenomena, For example:

Samoilov K. I. Marine dictionary. - M.-L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941

Meteorological signs

symbols used on synoptic maps to indicate various meteorological conditions.

EdwART. Explanatory Naval Dictionary, 2010

See what "METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS" is in other dictionaries:

Conventional signs that indicate various meteorological phenomena (for example O rain, U frost, O dry fog, etc.). Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Some phenomena closely related to weather cannot be accurate measurement; however, they can sometimes be indicated important feature to characterize and predict the weather. For such phenomena in meteorological journals and printed tables... ...

See weather signs. Samoilov K.I. Marine dictionary. M. L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941 ... Marine Dictionary

meteorological symbols- meteorologiniai sutartiniai ženklai statusas T sritis Gynyba apibrėžtis Sutartiniai ženklai meteorologiniams elementams, apibūdinantiems fizinę atmosferos būseną ir vykstančius joje procesus, žymėti. atitikmenys: engl. meteorological conventional … Artilerijos terminų žodynas

As meteorological networks developed in individual countries, the need grew more and more to achieve, through international agreement, direct comparability of observations and their publications in different countries. First M.... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Cartographic symbols are a system of symbolic graphic symbols used to depict various objects and phenomena, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics on maps. Conventional signs used on the map... ... Wikipedia

Cartographic symbols are a system of symbolic graphic symbols used to depict various objects and phenomena, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics on maps. The symbols used on the map are... ... Wikipedia

Fragment topographic map with horizontal lines (lines of equal heights) and other conventional symbols. Cartographic symbols are a system of symbolic graphic symbols (signs) used for... Wikipedia

Symbolic, line and background designations of terrain objects, combat and meteorological conditions, used on topographic and other geographical maps, as well as on graphic documents. Depending on the purpose, they distinguish... ... Marine Dictionary

Graphic, alphabetic and numerical designations of objects and terrain elements, operational tactical and meteorological conditions, used on topographic and other geographical maps, as well as on graphic documents. Depending on the… … Dictionary of emergency situations

Determining wind direction produced according to a weather vane. The observer stands near the mast under the weather vane, observes the average position of the weather vane for two minutes and determines the side of the horizon from which the wind is blowing. The wind direction is taken to be one of the main 16 directions, to which the average position of the weather vane is closer.

Table 1. Symbols for indicating atmospheric phenomena

Cloud Observation carried out before taking readings from instruments in the meteorological booth. Cloudiness is assessed according to the following criteria: cloudless - clear sky, slightly cloudy - approximately 25% of the sky is covered with clouds; average cloudiness - about half the sky is occupied by clouds; partly cloudy - 75% of the sky is covered with clouds; overcast - the whole sky is covered with clouds.

Atmospheric phenomena(precipitation, fog, dew, etc.) are noted in the log if they occurred half an hour before or after the observation period or continued at the time of observation.

Air temperature measured precisely during observation hours. When working with an emergency thermometer, you should adhere to the following rules:

• regardless of the thermometer scale division, readings are made with an accuracy of 0.1 °C;
• in mercury thermometers, the uppermost position of the meniscus apex is measured, and in alcohol thermometers, the position of the lowest point of the concave surface of the meniscus is measured;
• First, tenths are counted, and then whole degrees;
• due to the high sensitivity of the thermometer, readings must be made as quickly as possible, trying not to breathe on the thermometer;
• if the thermometer readings go beyond the scale, then the limit reading on the scale is recorded, preceded by a sign > (greater than) or< (меньше);
• When reading, the observer's eye should be at the same level with the end of the thermometer's liquid column.

Air humidity determined by a psychrometer or hair hygrometer. The Augusta psychrometer is the main instrument for determining relative air humidity. It can be used at temperatures not lower than -10 °C. It consists of two thermometers. One of them is wrapped in damp cloth. Based on the temperature difference between two thermometers using psychrometric tables, they determine relative humidity air. Hygrometer readings are recorded in whole scale divisions. After the countdown, you need to move the arrow slightly to the left, to smaller divisions of the scale, and check whether it returns to its original position.

Precipitation observations. The amount of precipitation is measured once a day. A few minutes before the observation period, remove the precipitation gauge bucket and close it with a lid, and put an empty bucket in its place. Precipitation is poured into a measuring glass and calculated in whole divisions. If there is precipitation in the bucket in the form of snow or hail, the measurement is made after it has melted at room temperature. To obtain the final result in millimeters of water layer, divide the measured amount by 10 and record the resulting value in a journal.

Measurement produced using an aneroid barometer. At the time of taking readings, he must be in horizontal position. To obtain a more accurate result, lightly tap the aneroid glass with your finger, and then record the position of the end of the arrow with an accuracy of 0.1 mm Hg. Art. When counting, the end of the arrow should be in the center of vision of the observer's eye. The barometric tendency is the difference between the pressure just measured and the previous value. It can be positive (pressure rises) or negative (pressure drops).

Processing of information collected during the observation period:

• Average daily values ​​of temperature, atmospheric pressure and air humidity are calculated.
• Graphs of the course of average daily temperatures, pressure and humidity are constructed.
• The constructed graphs are analyzed. Periods of growth, decline and stability of the main meteorological characteristics are identified. Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to atmospheric phenomena, the cloudiness that corresponded to them.
• Based on the analysis, weather types with characteristic temperatures, pressure and humidity, as well as cloudiness and atmospheric phenomena. Weather types from brief description are written in the output.