What is pressure in geography definition. High atmospheric pressure is cause for panic

From what pressure in the atmosphere on this moment, sometimes a person’s well-being depends very much, because the atmosphere of our planet puts pressure on everything that is inside it. Atmospheric pressure affects the health and well-being of a person, so scientists of various specialties identify these changes and monitor atmospheric pressure, which is subject to constant fluctuations. In our material, we will tell you what is the normal atmospheric pressure for a person in mm mercury column and pascals.

What does atmospheric pressure depend on?

First, let's look at what atmospheric pressure is. This is the pressure force of the air column on a certain unit of surface area.

Ideal conditions for measurement atmospheric pressure is a latitude of 45 degrees and an air temperature of 0°C. The measurement must also be taken at sea level.

But it is worth noting that due to changes in the height of the terrain above sea level, atmospheric pressure will also change. But at the same time, it will also be considered the norm, so each locality has its own normal atmospheric pressure.

Atmospheric pressure also depends on the time of day: at night, atmospheric pressure is always higher, as the air temperature is lower. But a person does not notice this, since the difference is 1-2 mm Hg. In addition, in areas that are close to the poles of the earth, fluctuations in atmospheric pressure become more noticeable. But there are no fluctuations at the equator.

What is normal atmospheric pressure for a person

It is generally accepted that normal atmospheric pressure in mmHg is 760 mmHg. That is, a column of air presses on 1 square centimeter of area with such force as a column of mercury 760 mm high. This is the norm of the Earth's atmospheric pressure, which does not negative influence on the human body.

A person does not feel normal atmospheric pressure due to dissolved air gases in tissue fluids, which balance everything. But at the same time, it still exerts pressure on us, equal to 1.033 kg per 1 square centimeter of the body.

But each person must individually understand what atmospheric pressure is considered normal for health, since this largely depends on the adaptation of the person. For example, many people can safely climb the top of a mountain without feeling the change in barometric pressure, while others faint from rapid changes in barometric pressure.

Only a sharp fluctuation in blood pressure can significantly affect a person’s well-being if atmospheric pressure rises or falls faster than 1 mm Hg. pillar for 3 hours.

Note also that millimeters of mercury is not a standard unit of change in blood pressure. In the world it is customary to recognize the norm of atmospheric pressure in pascals. 100 kPa - normal atmospheric pressure for a person in pascals. A 760 mm Hg. column is 101.3 kPa.

Normal atmospheric pressure for Moscow

Capital Russian Federation located on the Central Russian Upland. There is always low pressure in Moscow, because the city is located above sea level (the maximum point above sea level is 255 meters in Teply Stan, and the average is 130-150 meters above the sea surface).

The norm of atmospheric pressure in Moscow is 746-749 mmHg. It is very difficult to give an accurate result, since the relief in the capital of Russia is uneven. Also, the normal atmospheric pressure per person in Moscow is affected by the time of year. The norm of atmospheric pressure always rises slightly in spring and summer, and decreases in winter and autumn. If you constantly live in Moscow, then you will feel comfortable with blood pressure in Moscow from 745 to 755 mm Hg. pillar.

Normal pressure in St. Petersburg

Height northern capital above sea level is less than the height of Moscow. So Therefore, the norm of blood pressure is slightly higher here. Normal atmospheric pressure in St. Petersburg ranges from 753 to 755 mm Hg.

The most low-lying districts of St. Petersburg are characterized by the "classic" norm of blood pressure. The maximum pressure in St. Petersburg can approach 780 mm Hg - such an increase can lead to a powerful anticyclone.

Atmospheric pressure norm by region

It is known that each specific area corresponds to certain normal indicators of atmospheric pressure. The indicator changes according to the height of the object above sea level. The change in indicators occurs due to the movement air masses between areas with different pressures. Atmospheric pressure changes due to uneven heating of air above the surface of our planet. A number of factors influence:

• Landscape Features
• Planet rotation
• The difference in heat capacity of water and the earth's surface
• Differences in the reflectivity of water and earth

As a result, cyclones and anticyclones are formed, which form the weather conditions of the area. Cyclone means fast-moving eddies with a low level of blood pressure. The summer cyclone is rainy and cool weather, in winter it is warming and snowing. The anticyclone is characterized by high atmospheric pressure; in summer they bring dry and hot weather, in winter - frosty and clear.

The lowest atmospheric pressure is at the equator, and the lowest in the North and south poles. The value of atmospheric pressure fluctuates and depending on the time of day - the highest at 9-10 and 21-22 hours.

Even within a small area, atmospheric pressure measurements can vary. For example, for Central Asia, normal blood pressure is 715-730 mm Hg. And for Central Russia, fluctuations in blood pressure at the level of 730-770 millimeters of mercury. In Mexico City, the capital of Mexico, the atmospheric pressure can drop to 580 mm Hg, since the city is located over 2000 meters above sea level. And the atmospheric pressure in China is even lower: for example, in the Tibetan city of Lhasa, the average annual blood pressure is approximately 487 mm Hg. pillar. The city is located 3500 meters above sea level.

Normal atmospheric pressure for Russian regions in mmHg

V winter months over most of the territory of the Russian Federation there is elevated level atmospheric pressure. The highest blood pressure during this period is observed over Mongolian Altai and Yakutia - about 772 mm Hg. The lowest pressure in the areas over the Barents, Bering and Okhotsk seas is 753 mm Hg. For Vladivostok, normal blood pressure is 761 mm Hg

As we have already said, atmospheric pressure can vary significantly within the same region. Even the indicators of Moscow and the Moscow region may differ, since they have slightly different heights above sea level. Therefore, we provide data on normal atmospheric pressure for Russian cities. But it should be remembered: even within the same city, the data may vary slightly, depending on the elevation of the area.

Norm of atmospheric pressure in Russian cities: table
	Atmospheric pressure is normal (mm Hg)
Rostov on Don
Saint Petersburg
Yekaterinburg
Chelyabinsk
Yaroslavl
Vladivostok

How to measure atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure in a particular area is measured either with the help of special instruments: a mercury barometer, an aneroid barometer, a liquid and electronic barograph, or by a special formula, if the height of the area and the pressure at sea level are known.

The formula for determining pressure is as follows: P=P0 * e^(-Mgh/RT)

• PO - pressure at sea level in Pascals
• M - molar mass of air -0.029 kg / mol
• g - Earth's free fall acceleration, approximately 9.81 m/s²
• R - universal gas constant - 8.31 J/mol K
• T is the air temperature in Kelvin. Measured by the formula: t Celsius + 273
• h - height above sea level in meters

A mercury barometer is a glass tube, approximately 80 cm long, containing mercury. This tube is sealed on one side and open on the other, the open end is immersed in a bowl of mercury. The height of the column of liquid, starting from the level of the cup, will report on the atmospheric pressure at the moment. It is not safe to use such devices, therefore they are used mainly in laboratory conditions, on meteorological stations and in industrial facilities, where measurement accuracy is very important. Electronic barometers are often used in everyday life, digital weather stations can be used even in camping and home conditions, and they are inexpensive.

All bodies in the universe have the property of being attracted to each other. Large and massive have more high strength attraction compared to small ones. This law is also inherent in our planet.


The earth attracts to itself any objects that are on it, including the gas shell surrounding it -. Although the air is much lighter than the planet, it has a lot of weight and presses on everything that is on the earth's surface. This creates atmospheric pressure.

What is atmospheric pressure?

By atmospheric pressure is meant hydrostatic pressure gas envelope to the Earth and objects located on it. At different heights and in different corners the globe it has various indicators, but at sea level 760 mmHg is considered standard.

This means that an air column of mass 1.033 kg exerts pressure on a square centimeter of any surface. Accordingly, there is a pressure of more than 10 tons per square meter.

People learned about the existence of atmospheric pressure only in the 17th century. In 1638, the Duke of Tuscany decided to embellish his gardens in Florence with beautiful fountains, but he suddenly discovered that the water in the constructed structures did not rise above 10.3 meters.

Deciding to find out the reason for this phenomenon, he turned to the Italian mathematician Torricelli for help, who, through experiments and analysis, determined that air has weight.

How is atmospheric pressure measured?

Atmospheric pressure is one of the most important parameters of the Earth's gaseous envelope. Because in different places it differs; for its measurements, a special device is used - a barometer. An ordinary household appliance is a metal box with a corrugated base, in which there is no air at all.

When the pressure increases, this box contracts, and when the pressure decreases, on the contrary, it expands. Along with the movement of the barometer, a spring attached to it moves, which affects the arrow on the scale.

Weather stations use liquid barometers. In them, pressure is measured by the height of a mercury column enclosed in a glass tube.

Why does atmospheric pressure change?

Since the atmospheric pressure is created by the overlying layers of the gaseous envelope, as the height increases, it changes. It can be influenced by both the density of the air and the height of the air column itself. In addition, the pressure varies depending on the place on our planet, since different areas The lands are located at different heights above sea level.


From time to time over earth's surface slowly moving areas of increased or reduced pressure. In the first case, they are called anticyclones, in the second - cyclones. On average, pressure at sea level ranges from 641 to 816 mm Hg, although inside it can drop to 560 mm.

How does atmospheric pressure affect the weather?

The distribution of atmospheric pressure over the Earth is uneven, which is primarily due to the movement of air and its ability to create the so-called baric vortices.

In the northern hemisphere, clockwise rotation of air leads to the formation of descending air currents (anticyclones), which bring clear or slightly cloudy weather to a particular area with a complete absence of rain and wind.

If the air rotates counterclockwise, then ascending vortices are formed above the ground, characteristic of cyclones, with heavy precipitation, heavy winds, and thunderstorms. V southern hemisphere cyclones move clockwise, anticyclones move against it.

What effect does atmospheric pressure have on humans?

An air column weighing from 15 to 18 tons presses on each person. In other situations, such a weight could crush all living things, but the pressure inside our body is equal to atmospheric pressure, therefore, at normal rates of 760 mm Hg, we do not experience any discomfort.

If the atmospheric pressure is higher or lower than normal, some people (especially the elderly or sick) feel unwell, have a headache, and notice an exacerbation of chronic diseases.

Most often, a person experiences unpleasant sensations on high altitudes(for example, in the mountains), because in such areas the air pressure is lower than at sea level.

Approximately one third of the population of our planet is sensitive to changes environment. Most of all, human well-being is affected by atmospheric pressure - the attraction of air masses to the Earth. What atmospheric pressure is considered normal for a person depends on the area in which he stays most of the time. Everyone will feel comfortable in the conditions familiar to him.

What is atmospheric pressure

The planet is surrounded by an air mass, which, under the influence of gravity, presses on any object, including the human body. The force is called atmospheric pressure. A column of air weighing approximately 100,000 kg presses on each square meter. Atmospheric pressure is measured with a special device - a barometer. It is measured in pascals, millimeters of mercury, millibars, hectopascals, atmospheres.

The normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Art., or 101 325 Pa. The discovery of the phenomenon belongs to the famous physicist Blaise Pascal. The scientist formulated the law: at the same distance from the center of the earth (does not matter, in the air, at the bottom of the reservoir), the absolute pressure will be the same. He was the first to propose measuring heights by barometric equalization.

Atmospheric pressure norms by region

It is impossible to find out what atmospheric pressure is considered normal for a healthy person - there is no definite answer. By different regions the globe, the impact is not the same. Within a relatively small area, this value can vary markedly. For example, in Central Asia, slightly elevated figures are considered standard (average 715-730 mm Hg). For middle lane Russia's normal atmospheric pressure is 730-770 mm Hg. Art.

The indicators are related to the elevation of the surface above sea level, wind direction, humidity and ambient temperature. Warm air weighs less than cold. over the area with elevated temperature or moisture, the compression of the atmosphere is always less. People living in high mountain areas are not sensitive to such barometer readings. Their body was formed in these conditions, and all organs underwent appropriate adaptation.

How pressure affects people

The ideal value is 760 mm Hg. Art. What awaits when the mercury column fluctuates:

1. A change in optimal performance (up to 10 mm/h) already leads to a deterioration in well-being.
2. With a sharp increase, decrease (on average by 1 mm / h), even in healthy people, there is a significant deterioration in well-being. Appears headache, nausea, loss of working capacity.

Meteorological dependence

Human sensitivity to weather conditions - wind changes, geomagnetic storms - is called meteorological dependence. The influence of atmospheric pressure on is not yet fully understood. It is known that when changing weather conditions internal tension is created inside the vessels and cavities of the body. Meteorological dependence can be expressed:

• irritability;
• pains of various localization;
• exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• general deterioration of well-being;
• vascular problems.

In most cases, weather dependence affects people with the following diseases:

• respiratory diseases;
• metabolic disorders;
• hypo- and hypertension.

Response to high blood pressure

A decrease in barometer readings by at least 10 units (770 mm Hg and below) has Negative influence on health. Particularly affected by weather changes are people with long-standing diseases of the cardiovascular and digestive system. Doctors on such days recommend reducing physical activity, being less on the street, and not abusing junk food and alcohol. Among the main reactions:

• feeling of congestion in the ear canals;
• decrease in the number of leukocytes in the blood;
• decreased activity of intestinal motility;
• functionality violation of cardio-vascular system;
• poor ability to concentrate.

Man is far from being the king of nature, but rather her child, an integral part of the universe. We live in a world where everything is strictly interconnected and subject to a single system.

Everyone knows that the Earth is surrounded by a dense air mass, which is commonly called the atmosphere. And any object, including the human body, is “pressed” by an air column that has a certain weight. Scientists empirically managed to establish that for every square centimeter human body Atmospheric pressure weighs 1.033 kilograms. And if you spend simple mathematical calculations, it turns out that on average a person is under pressure of 15550 kg.

The weight is colossal, but, fortunately, completely imperceptible. Perhaps this is due to the presence of dissolved oxygen in human blood.
What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on a person? A little more about this.

Atmospheric pressure norm

Doctors, in a conversation about what atmospheric pressure is considered normal, indicate a range of 750 ... .760 mm Hg. Such a spread is quite acceptable, since the relief of the planet is not perfectly even.

Meteorological dependence

Doctors say that the body of some people is able to adapt to any conditions. They don't even care serious trials like long distance plane flights from one climate zone in another.

At the same time, others, without leaving their apartment, feel the approach of changes in the weather. This can manifest itself in the form of severe headaches, inexplicable weakness, or constantly wet palms, for example. Such people are more likely to be diagnosed with diseases of the vessels and the endocrine system.

It is especially difficult when atmospheric pressure makes a sharp jump for a short time. According to statistics, most of the people whose body reacts so violently to changes in atmospheric pressure indicators are women living in major cities. Unfortunately, the rigid rhythm of life, overcrowding, ecology are not the best companions of health.

You can get rid of addiction if you want. You just need to be persistent and consistent. Everyone knows the methods. These are the basics of a healthy lifestyle: hardening, swimming, walking, running, healthy eating, adequate sleep, elimination bad habits, weight loss.

How does our body react to increased atmospheric pressure?

Atmospheric pressure (norm for a person) - ideally 760 mm Hg. But such an indicator is very rarely kept.

As a result of an increase in pressure in the atmosphere, clear weather is established, there are no sharp changes in humidity and air temperature. The body of hypertensive patients and allergy sufferers actively reacts to such changes.

In the conditions of the city, in calm weather, naturally, gas pollution makes itself felt. The first to feel this are patients who have a problem with the respiratory organs.

An increase in atmospheric pressure also affects the immune system. Specifically, this is expressed in a decrease in leukocytes in the blood. It will not be easy for a weakened body to cope with infections.

Doctors advise:

Start your day light morning exercises. Take a contrast shower. For breakfast, give preference to foods that are high in potassium (cottage cheese, raisins, dried apricots, bananas). Don't allow yourself to eat too much. Don't overeat. This day is not the most successful for great physical effort and the manifestation of emotions. Arriving home, rest for an hour, do routine household chores, go to bed earlier than usual.

Low atmospheric pressure and well-being

Low atmospheric pressure, how much is it? Answering the question, we can conditionally say if the barometer reading is lower than 750 mmHg. But it all depends on where you live. In particular, for Moscow, indicators of 748-749 mm Hg. are the norm.

Among the first to feel this deviation from the norm are “cores” and those who have intracranial pressure. They complain of general weakness, frequent migraines, lack of oxygen, shortness of breath, as well as pain in the intestines.

Doctors advise:

Bring your blood pressure back to normal. reduce physical activity. Include ten minutes of rest in every working hour. Drink more liquid, preferring green tea with honey. Drink morning coffee. Take herbal tinctures indicated for cores. Relax in the evenings under a contrast shower. Go to bed earlier than usual.

How changes in humidity affect the body

Low air humidity of 30 - 40 percent is not useful. It irritates the nasal mucosa. Asthmatics and allergy sufferers are the first to feel this deviation. In this case, moisturizing the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx with a slightly salty aqueous solution can help.

Frequent precipitation naturally raises the air humidity to 70-90 percent. It also negatively affects health.
High air humidity can exacerbate chronic diseases of the kidneys and joints.

Doctors advise:

Change the climate, if possible, to dry. Reduce your time outdoors in wet weather. Go for a walk in warm clothes. Remember vitamins

Atmospheric pressure and temperature

The optimum temperature for a person in a room is not higher than +18. This is especially true for the bedroom.

How is the mutual influence of atmospheric pressure and oxygen formed?

In the case of an increase in air temperature and a simultaneous decrease in atmospheric pressure, people with diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory organs suffer.

If the temperature drops and atmospheric pressure rises, it becomes bad for hypertensive patients, asthmatics and those who have problems with the stomach and genitourinary system.

In the event of a sharp and repeated fluctuation in temperature in the body, an unacceptably a large number of histamine, the main provocateur of allergies.

Good to know

What is the normal atmospheric pressure for a person, now you know. This is 760 mm Hg, but the barometer records such indicators very rarely.

It is also important to remember that the change in atmospheric pressure with height (while it rapidly decreases) occurs quite sharply. It is because of such a drop that a person climbing a mountain very quickly can lose consciousness.

In Russia, atmospheric pressure is measured in mm Hg. But the international system takes pascals as a unit of measurement. In this case, the normal atmospheric pressure in pascals will be equal to 100 kPa. If we convert our 760 mm Hg. in pascals, then the normal atmospheric pressure in pascals for our country will be 101.3 kPa.

It is known that atmospheric pressure during jumps affects the well-being and health of a person. Every third inhabitant of the Earth is affected by the attraction of air to the surface.

Let's see what this concept is and why it negatively affects well-being.

What is atmospheric pressure and how is it measured?

The definition of atmospheric (barometric) pressure is the air pressure on the objects present in it and on the surface. It is measured with barometers or thermohygrometers.

The following units are used:

• bars (1 Ba = 100 thousand Pa);
• Pascals (kPa, hPa, mPa);
• mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 133.3 Pa);
• atmosphere (1 at = 98066 Pa);
• kg force per cm 2 (1 kgf / cm 2 \u003d 98066 Pa).

Assuming that the air temperature is constant, the pressure decreases exponentially as it rises. For altitudes up to approximately 100 km, it is calculated by the formula:

p h - pressure at a certain height, Pa;

p 0 is the pressure on the surface, Pa;

ρ 0 is the density of air masses at zero altitude;

h is the height, m;

g is a constant equal to 9.80665;

e - base natural logarithm, a constant equal to 2.71828.

It is interesting: the maximum pressure at sea level was recorded on December 31, 1968 in locality Agatha Krasnoyarsk Territory and reached 812 mm. rt. Art. Lowest value took place on September 24, 1958 in the center of a typhoon near the Philippines and did not exceed 654.8 mm. rt. Art.

Normal atmospheric pressure

Normal pressure is 760 mm Hg. Art. At the same time, people feel comfortable or feel good.

The pressure is not stable and fluctuates daily. However, the body is able to safely withstand the widest range of values. So, in Mexico City average value no more than 570 mm Hg. Art. (due to being at a considerable height).

Changes are not felt by people. Let's say at night the column of mercury rises by 1-2 units. Jumps of 5-10 or more points can cause pain, and sudden strong fluctuations can even lead to death. For example, loss of consciousness occurs when the pressure drops by 30 points, i.e., at an altitude of 1000 meters.

The mainland or a certain country can be divided into zones with different norms of the indicator. The optimal value is determined by the zone of permanent residence. The human body is able to make adjustments to the unusual conditions of nature.

Banal acclimatization in the resorts is an example of this. Sometimes a person is unable to change. Thus, those living in the mountains experience poor health in lowland areas, no matter how long they live there.

The value of the standard pressure is thus clearly set. And comfort value has a wide range. It is individual and determined by the familiar environment. With prolonged acclimatization, the negative impact is minimized.

High and low atmospheric pressure

Low values ​​cause symptoms similar to climbing uphill. The lack of oxygen volume causes shortness of breath, the pulse becomes more frequent, pain occurs in the temples and squeezes the head.

All this poses a threat to those suffering from hypertension and atherosclerosis, as it causes thickening of the blood, lack of oxygen and an increase in the number of blood cells. The heart and blood vessels function in an enhanced mode, which contributes to an increase in blood pressure, tachycardia and arrhythmia. Very dangerous for the elderly.

Dizziness and migraines are also common, and those with allergies and asthma are more at risk of attacks. Unresponsive, healthy and persons young age feel sleepy and lethargic.

In areas of high values, the weather is calm, there are almost no clouds in the sky, and wind gusts are not strong. Dry and hot weather is observed.

In zones low pressure lots of clouds, rainy and windy. Due to such areas, coolness comes with rains in summer, there are a lot of clouds in the sky, and snowfalls in winter.

A large difference in the two zones serves as a factor causing hurricanes and storms.

Elevated values ​​have a detrimental effect on those suffering from low blood pressure, negatively affect digestion, the heart and blood vessels.

Atmospheric pressure - the norm for a person

People can get used to change. Do not be upset if it turned out that you live in a region of low pressure. For example, the inhabitants of skyscrapers do not feel the decrease, although a quick rise of 100 m is a lot of stress.

In the Central Asian zone, the norm is slightly reduced (715-730 mm Hg). For the middle zone of the Russian Federation, the norm will be 730-770 mm Hg. Art.

The body can adapt to different heights. According to doctors, if pressure does not have an extremely dangerous effect on people, then this is a variant of the norm. It all depends on adaptation. Doctors often refer to the norm as values ​​​​from 750 to 765 mm Hg. Art.

In Moscow, the norm is 747-749 mm Hg. Art.

Since Novosibirsk is located at an altitude of 120-130 m, the norm is 750 mm Hg. Art.

In Samara - 752-753, in St. Petersburg - 753-755 mm Hg. Art.

Norm in Nizhny Novgorod in the river zone - 754 mm Hg. Art., in the upland - 747.

It is worth noting: there is no overall best score. There are local rules. People are able to tolerate jumps in values ​​painlessly if they pass gradually.

How healthier image life and the more often it is possible to observe the daily routine (getting up, sleeping a lot at night, following a normal diet), the less a person is exposed to meteorological dependence.